Western Dry Region; Trans-Ganga Plains Region

(1)

Agro-climatic Zone (ACZ) Based

Strategic Planning for Development of Agriculture

A g ro - C lim a tic Z o n e B a s e d P la n n in g

Dr. S. K. Malhotra

Agriculture Commissioner

Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare,

Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, New Delhi

NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURE RABI CAMPAIGN 2020-21

21 September, 2020

(2)

Features of Indian agriculture.

 Dependency of Indian agriculture on rainfall (52% area of cropped area)

 Prevailing socio-economic situation such as-

Heavily fragmented land- holding size

Huge population pressure on land and water resources etc., are the major parameters for multiplicity of cropping systems.

 In the impact of climate change &

changing scenario Agro Climatic Zone base planning assume

importance

(3)

Agro-Climatic Zone Based Planning

A g ro - C lim a tic Z o n e B a s e d P la n n in g

• WHY Agro-Climatic Regional Planning? For more scientific utilization of natural and manmade resources available in the country for production of crops with high productivity and quality.

• Present status of information on ACZ:

• Planning commission: Divided into 15 Regions delineated on climatic factors, physiography &

water resources.

• 1992:ICAR: 20 Agro- Ecological Regions (AERs) - soil and length of growing period for scientific planning.

• AERs were revised in 2016 based on climatic and soil data.

(4)

Agro-Climatic Zones of India

A g ro - C lim a tic Z o n e B a s e d P la n n in g

ACZ no.

Name of ACZ Major AERs

Covered

1. Western Dry Region, Trans-Ganga Plains Region AER 2 & 4 and part of 5

2. Upper Gangetic Plains Region, Middle Gangetic Plain Region, Lower Gangetic Plain Region

AER 6, 13 &15 3. Central Plateau and Hills, Western Plateau and

Hills, Western Coastal Plains & Ghats

AER 7, 10, 20 &

part of 5

4. Eastern Himalayan Region AER 16,17 & 18

5 Western Himalayan Region AER 1 &14

6. Southern Plateau and Hills AER 3, 8 & 9 7. Eastern Coastal Plains & Hills, Eastern Plateau &

Hills

AER 11, 12 &19

• Crop planning to address the issues relating to climatic variability & interventions.

• Four days ACZ conference : organized on 3-4, 7-8 Sep, 2020

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Western Dry Region; Trans-Ganga Plains Region Strategic Planning for Agriculture Development

A g ro - C li m a ti c Z o n e 1 (R a ja s th a n , P u n ja b , H a ry a n a )

» Diversification from rice-wheat to maize, mustard, sunflower, pulses, low water requiring cash crops.

» In arid and semi-arid region of Rajasthan, diversion of wheat and ground nut to moth, mung bean, jeera, isabgol, bajra, rapeseed &

mustard: limited irrigation.

» Move towards Precision Agriculture with optimum water and nutrient use through drip, fertigation, conservation agriculture, mechanization

» Ground water recharge through natural watershed system and artificial recharge.

» Adoption of agro-forestry systems including medicinal plants and animal husbandry in arid region.

» Export promotion (basmati rice) & Import reduction in (oilseeds) (Atmanirbhar Bharat).

» Part of ACZ is highly vulnerable to climate

change (drought).

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Upper, Middle and Lower Gangetic Plain Regions - Strategic Planning

A g ro - C li m a ti c Z o n e 2 (U P, B ih a r, W e s t B e n g a l) » Provide a more enabling environment for agricultural development by managing flooding, salinity, water quality to bring it at par with Trans-Gangetic region.

» Intensification of Agriculture viz. 300% crop intensity, agri- horticultural system, integrated farming systems.

» Mechanization, easy credit to enhance productivity and reduction in production drudgery particularly in Bihar.

» Improve the productivity of the staple crops: resource conserving technologies.

» Promotion of high quality mango, litchi, mentha, potato to enhance export for Atmanirbhar Bharat

^.

» Promotion of short duration oilseed crops like R&M (toria),

sunflower and summer mung in cropping sequences to

reduce import under Atmanirbhar Bharat

^.

(7)

Central Plateau and Hills, Western Plateau and Hills, Western Coastal Plains & Ghats -

Strategic Planning

A g ro - C li m a ti c Z o n e 3 (M a h a ra s h tr a , M .P . , G u ja ra t, G o a )

» Watershed based planning, land configurations (broad bed & furrow, ridge & furrow) for SWC, black cotton soils.

» Soil and water management, reduce sea inundation and biodiversity conservation of Western Ghat and islands.

» Promotion of quality oranges in black cotton soils, grapes, onions & pomegranates in red soils and pepper, coffee, tea, spices in Western Ghat for export earning under Atmanirbhar Bharat.

» Improving productivity of major oilseeds like soybean, groundnut, mustard, safflower to reduce import of edible oils (Atmanirbhar Bharat).

» Land use planning involving diversion of cotton

from shallow soils and oranges from deep

clayey soils to end sufferings of farmers facing

financial crunch in Vidharbha.

(8)

Eastern Himalayan Region -Strategic Planning

A g ro - C li m a ti c Z o n e 4 (A ru n a c h a l P ra d e s h , A s s a m , S ik k im , Tr ip u ra . M e g h a la y a , N a g a la n d , M a n ip u r, M iz o ra m

» Conversion of shifting cultivation areas to settled agriculture with Sloping Land Agriculture Technology (SALT).

» Toposequence based land use systems with water harvesting and SWC measures as integral component.

» Promotion of multilayered systems for high value component like coconut + Arecanut + palm+

oranges + Pineapple + vegetables; and orange, peach, pineapple, jack fruit, banana with vegetables and plantation crops like tea, coffee and rubber .

» Exploitation of export/ high value crops like pineapple, Naga chilli, ginger, turmeric.

Expansion of area under oil palm to reduce import of edible oils for Atmanirbhar Bharat (ANB).

» Enhancing time of land lease from 1-2 years to

more than 5 years for settled agriculture.

(9)

Western Himalayan Region - Strategic Planning

A g ro - C li m a ti c Z o n e 5 (U T o f J. K . & L a d a k h , a n d H im a c h a l P ra d e s h a n d U tt a ra k h a n d )

» Adoption of climate resilient agriculture like agro-forestry, agri-horticultual, horti-pastoral systems, conservation agri.

» Promotion of Apple and Apricot and other temperate fruits such as peaches, pears, cherry, almond, litchis, walnut & offseason vegetable, flowers.

» Change of subsistence to high value horticulture based agro-forestry systems in sloping land and floriculture, medicinal plants and vegetables in valley.

» Development of e-marketing platform for supply of inputs and sale of produce at farm gate.

» Export oriented crops like kala jeera, saffron

and sea buckthorn in cold desert of Ladakh

(10)

Southern Plateau and Hills - Strategic Planning

A g ro - C li m a ti c Z o n e 6 K a rn a ta k a , K e ra la , A n d h ra P ra d e s h , Te la n g a n a , P u d u c h e rr y, T a m il N a d u ,

» Topo sequence and soil based crop planning in a landscape from hill top to valley to utilize limited water and good soils for high value crops and rice.

» Adopt perennial crops (Oil palm, Coconut) and annual crops (Winter groundnut, Sunflower) to make India self reliant (Atmanirbhar Bharat) in edible oils.

» Intercropping with horticultural crops like mango, tamarind, pomegranate and sapota for income generation.

» Drips and sprinklers to use the available water more efficiently, increasing net irrigated area and providing sustainability in summer months.

» Karnataka is leading state is in the production of coffee, raw silk and sunflower , organics and millet.

» Southern states have been divided in to sub

regions for specific crop planning & resource

management.

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Eastern Coastal Plains and Hills, Eastern Plateau & Hills - Strategic Planning

A g ro - C li m a ti c Z o n e 7 O d is h a , Jh a rk h a n d , C h h a tt is g a rh , a n d U T o f A n d a m a n & N ic o b a r .

» Diversification from upland rice to plantation and pulses and oilseeds with utilization of limited water potentials .

» Targeting rice fallow for oilseeds, pulses and contribute making India self sufficient in edible oils and pulses under Aatamnirbhar Bharat.

» Plantation of cashew nut on upper reaches and paddy-pisiculture in lower reaches to fetch better economic returns to the farmers.

» The Andaman and Nicobar Island has great potential for growing oil palm and rubber plantation to meet the edible oil requirements of the country.

» Improving cropping intensity, utilization of rice fallow and multi- tiered agriculture to achieve regional food security and eradicate poverty.

» 23 districts are at high risk of climatic vulnerability leading to

more frequent droughts. Crop planning will account for these

changes to have minimum impact on production.

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MI = [(P-PE)/PE]100

Where P = Average annual Rainfall

PE = average annual Potential Evapo-transpiration

Value of MI Climatic zone

< -66.7 Arid

-66.6 to -33.3 Semi -arid

-33.3 to 0 Dry sub-humid 0 to + 20 Moist sub-humid +20.1 to + 99.9 Humid

100 or more Per-humid

Climatic Classification

Raju et al. (2013) in Current Science

(13)

Climate Change Risk Assessment

 IPCC’s AR5 views risk as a resultant of

vulnerability, exposure and hazard

(14)

Vulnerability Exposure Hazard - Historical

Hazard – future (Projected change in 2020-49 over 1976-2005 for RCP 4.5) Normal Rainfall, mm NSA, %TGA Cyclone proneness,

rating Annual rainfall, %

Degraded land, % TGA Rural population density, No/sqkm

Flood proneness,

%

June rainfall, % AWHC, mm S&M farmers, % Drought

proneness, % severe drought

July rainfall, %

GW availability, ham/km²

SC-ST population,

%

Rainy days, Number

NIA, % No. of cross bred

cattle, % ACU

Max T, ⁰C Livestock density,

ACU/km²

Min T, ⁰C

Fertilizer use, kg/ha Unusually hot days, Number

Literacy, % Unusually cold days, Number

Gender gap, % Sub-zero temperature days,

Number SHGs, % villages with

SHGs

Drought proneness, % Market density, No/lakh

holdings

Dry spells, score

Road connectivity, % villages

99 percentile rainfall, %

Electrification, % HHs Change in events with > 100

mm rainfall in 3 days, % Inequity (Ag. Workers,%

- AgGDP,% )

Highest rainfall event

Income per capita, Rs Rainfall in three consec. days

Indicators selected for various dimensions of risk to

agriculture

(15)

Risk catego

ry

List of Districts

No.

of Dis tric ts Very

High Bhind, Jhabua 2

High

Morena, Datia,

Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur, Panna, Rewa, Shahdol, Sidhi, Mandsaur,

Ratlam, Barwani, Betul, Dindori, Mandla

14

Medium

Sheopur Kalan, Gwalior, Shivpuri, Guna, Damoh, Satna, Umaria,

Neemuch, Ujjain,

Shajapur, Dewas, Dhar, Indore, Khargone(West Nimar), Rajgarh, Vidisha, Katni, Jabalpur,

Chhindwara, Seoni, Balaghat

21

Low

Sagar, Khandwa(East Nimar), Bhopal, Sehore, Raisen, Harda,

Narsinghpur

7 Very

low Hoshangabad 1

(16)

Risk

Category District No.

Very High Dahod, Panchmahal 2

High Anand, Banaskantha, Dang, Kheda, Narmada, Patan

6

Medium Bharuch, Gandhinagar, Mehsana, Porbandar, Sabarkanta, Vadodara, Valsad

7

Low Ahmedabad, Amreli, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Kutch, Navsari,

Surendranagar

7

Very Low Junagadh, Rajkot, Surat 3

(17)

Risk catego

ry List of Districts

No.

of Dist ricts

Very High

Ganganagar,

Hanumangarh, Churu, Jhunjhunu, Alwar,

Karauli, Dausa, Sikar, Nagaur, Jodhpur,

Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jalore, Pali, Bhilwara, Dungarpur, Banswara

17

High

Bikaner, Bharatpur, Dholpur, Jaipur, Sirohi, Ajmer, Tonk, Bundi, Rajsamand, Udaipur

10

Mediu m

Sawai Madhopur, Chittorgarh, Kota, Baran, Jhalawar

5 Low

Very low

(18)

State-wise distribution of districts based on of climate change risk

State Ver y low

Low Me diu m

High Very

High Total State Very

low Low Medi

um High Very

High Total

AP 0 3 6 3 1 13 M’pur 0 0 3 6 0 9

Arun. P 0 1 5 6 1 13 M’laya 0 0 0 1 6 7

Assam 0 2 14 5 2 23 M’ram 0 0 1 5 2 8

Bihar 0 0 14 13 10 37 N’land 0 2 0 5 1 8

Ch’garh 0 0 10 6 0 16 Odisha 0 0 11 13 6 30

DD&H 0 1 0 0 0 1 P’cherr

y 1 1 0 0 0 2

D’manD

iu 0 0 2 0 0 2 Punjab 0 2 6 4 5 17

Goa 0 1 1 0 0 2 R’stha

n 0 0 5 10 17 32

Gujarat 3 7 7 6 2 25 Sikkim 0 0 0 3 1 4

Haryan

a 0 0 8 8 3 19 TN 4 9 11 5 0 29

HP 0 1 3 6 2 12 T’gana 0 2 5 2 0 9

J&K 0 1 3 7 3 14 Tripura 0 2 2 0 0 4

Jh’khan

d 0 1 11 6 0 18 UP 0 1 21 26 22 70

K’taka 0 3 9 12 3 27 U’khan

d

0 0 4 2 7 13

Kerala 0 0 1 5 8 14 WB 0 0 3 11 3 17

MP 1 7 21 14 2 45 India 10 49 204 201 109 573

M’shtr

a 1 2 17 11 2 33

Source: Rama Rao et al., 2019

(19)

Unlocking the Yield Potential in Crops - An Agro-climatic Approach based on natural resources

 Identifying crop-wise districts with high un-reaped yield potential

 Estimation of yield efficiency of a district

Raju etal 2013, 2018, CRIDA



Huge inter-district yield variation in a crop



Key determinants of productivity of a crop



Major districts of a crop can be grouped into certain number of clusters based on factors that we have less/no choice (may not be of equal sizes)

Factors that have less/no choice Factors that have choice (amenable through

policy)

Climate Soil

Share of irrigated area

Share of a season (Kharif/Rabi) in area

Input use through N, P and K

Use of HYV

Plant protection

(20)

Yield Efficiency Index at District level

 Let yield of i^th crop in j^th district falling in k^th

cluster is X_ijk and maximum yield for i^th crop in k^th cluster is M_ik.

 Yield efficiency of j^th district with respect to i^th crop is

Z_ij = X_ijk/M_ik

 Yield efficiency of Districts based on Z_ij value

Yield efficiency

Z

ij

Efficiency Unreaped potential

0 - 0.50 Low High

0.50-0.75 Medium Medium

0.75-0.90 High Low

0.90-1.00 Very High Very Low

(21)

Available at http://www.icar-crida.res.in:8129/

Decision Support System

(22)

(23)

Crop Districts having high rainfed yield potential (efficiency < 0.5) for improving yield

Rice Banswara (RAJ), Jhabua (MP), Sivhar (BIH), Nasik (MAH), Sidhi (MP), Dindori (MP), Panna (MP), Sahibganj (JHA), Gumla (JHA), Satna (MP), Rewa (MP), Mandla (MP), Katni (MP), Hazaribag (JHA), Damoh (MP), Umaria (MP), Shahdol (MP), Almora (UK), Koriya (CG), Jabalpur (MP), Kishanganj (BIH), Chatra (JHA), Panchmahal (GUJ), Nandurbar (MAH), West Singbhum (JHA), Gopalganj (BIH), Vaishali (BIH), East Singbhum (JHA), Korba (CG), Sarguja (CG), Pakur (JHA), Pune (MAH), Dantewara (CG), Lakhimpur (AS), Phulbani (Kandhamal) (ORI), Seoni (MP), Nabarangpur (ORI), Jashpur (CG)

Sorghum Hamirpur (UP), Tonk (RAJ), Ajmer (RAJ), Madurai (TN), Pali (RAJ), Karur (TN), Namakkal (TN), Salem (TN), Thiruchirappalli (TN), Latur (MAH), Alwar (RAJ), Coimbatore (TN), Bharatpur (RAJ), Dhar (MP), Dindigul (TN), Nalgonda (TEL), Banaskantha (GUJ), Solapur (MAH)

(24)

Pearlmill et

Osmanabad (MAH), Sangli (MAH), Koppal (KAR), Belgaum (KAR), Churu (RAJ), Jalore (RAJ), Barmer (RAJ), Pali (RAJ), Solapur (MAH), Jaisalmer (RAJ), Jalaun (UP), Jhabua (MP), Chitrakut (UP), Patan (GUJ), Pratapgarh (UP), Ahmednagar (MAH), Bijapur (KAR), Beed (MAH), Surendranagar (GUJ), Rajkot (GUJ), Ajmer (RAJ), Raichur (KAR)

Maize Pali (RAJ), Sitapur (UP), Sonbhadra (UP), Sabarkanta (GUJ), Shravasti (UP), Osmanabad (MAH), Kheda (GUJ), Lalitpur (UP), Ajmer (RAJ), Ballia (UP), Tonk (RAJ), Gonda (UP), Palamu (JHA), Barwani (MP), Jhabua (MP), Budgam (J&K), Banaskantha (GUJ), Sirohi (RAJ), Kupwara (J&K), Dhar (MP), Baramulla (J&K), Bahraich (UP), Panchmahal (GUJ), Dahod (GUJ), Unnao (UP), Khargone(West Nimar) (MP), Dhule (MAH), Dewas (MP), Baran (RAJ), Jaunpur (UP), Kota (RAJ), Perambalur (TN), Doda (J&K), Hardoi (UP), Chitradurga (KAR), Jalna (MAH), Patna (BIH), Dungarpur (RAJ), Kanpur City (UP)

(25)

Finger

millet Nasik (MAH), Koraput (ORI), Gumla (JHA)

Chickpea Chitradurga (KAR), Bidar (KAR), Koppal (KAR), Banda (UP), Gadag (KAR), Mandsaur (MP), Dharwad (KAR), Raichur (KAR), Parbhani (MAH), Gulbarga (KAR), Bagalkot (KAR), Mahoba (UP), Hamirpur (UP), Cuddapah (AP), Latur (MAH), Churu (RAJ)

Pigeonpea Satna (MP), Prakasam (AP), Anantapur (AP), Khammam (TEL), Sidhi (MP), Cuddapah (AP), Adilabad (TEL), Raichur (KAR), Bijapur (KAR), Mahabubnagar (TEL), Rangareddy (TEL), Solapur (MAH), Nalgonda (TEL), Raisen (MP), Warangal (TEL), Medak (TEL), Kurnool (AP)

Blackgra m

Jhansi (UP), Chhatarpur (MP), Hamirpur (UP), Thirunelveli (TN), Rewa (MP), Bhilwara (RAJ), Guntur (AP), Osmanabad (MAH), East Godavari (AP), Jalaun (UP), Panna (MP), Satna (MP)

(26)

Crop Districts having high rainfed yield potential (efficiency < 0.5) for improving yield

Greengra

m Bijapur (KAR), Khurda (ORI), East Godavari (AP), Raichur (KAR), Ganjam (ORI), Bagalkot (KAR), Koppal (KAR), Gadag (KAR), Belgaum (KAR), Nagapattinam (TN), Vizianagaram (AP), Mahabubnagar (TEL), Barmer (RAJ), Rangareddy (TEL), Gulbarga (KAR), Srikakulam (AP), Dharwad (KAR), Osmanabad (MAH), Bidar (KAR), Hingoli (MAH)

Groundn

ut Gadag (KAR), Anantapur (AP), Bellary (KAR), Chitradurga (KAR), Chamarajanagar (KAR), Belgaum (KAR), Tumkur (KAR), Haveri (KAR), Kurnool (AP), Dharwad (KAR), Kolar (KAR), Barwani (MP), Nasik (MAH), Davanagere (KAR), Chittoor (AP), Khargone(West Nimar) (MP), Jhansi (UP)

Sesamum Hamirpur (UP), Mahoba (UP), Sirohi (RAJ), Banda (UP), Jalaun (UP), Hardoi (UP), Lalitpur (UP), Bundi (RAJ), Tikamgarh (MP), Jhansi (UP), Jalore (RAJ)

(27)

Crop Districts having high rainfed yield potential (efficiency < 0.5) for improving yield

Soybean

Barwani (MP), Bidar (KAR), Satna (MP), Chhatarpur (MP), Khargone(West Nimar) (MP), Khandwa(East Nimar) (MP), Belgaum (KAR), Jhabua (MP), Chandrapur (MAH), Dharwad (KAR), Beed (MAH)

Castor Nalgonda (TEL)

Cotton Nanded (MAH), Wardha (MAH), Dharwad (KAR), Panchmahal (GUJ), Perambalur (TN), Amravati (MAH), Jhabua (MP), Ratlam (MP), Washim (MAH), Haveri (KAR)

Lentil Dindori (MP), Katni (MP), Vizianagaram (AP), Srikakulam (AP), Rewa (MP), Mandla (MP)

Rapeseed

&

Mustard

Shahdol (MP)

(28)

Aridity index for drought proofing

(29)

Major commodities identified for export in different ACZs

1. ACZ- 1: Basmati rice, jeera, isabgol

2. ACZ-2: Mango, litchi, potato, sugarcane menthe

3. ACZ-3: Grapes, onions & pomegranates in red soils and pepper, coffee, tea, spices in Western Ghat

4. ACZ-4: King chili, strawberry, dragon fruit, turmeric, kiwi, cardamom, black pepper, tree bean and jack fruit

5. ACZ-5: Temperate fruits (apple,

apricot,), almond, saffron, kala jeera, sea buckthorn

6. ACZ-6: Coffee, silk pomegranate and Oil palm and coconut

7. ACZ-7: Cashew, rubber, fish

(30)

Import substitution

Edible Oils, Pulses, Cashew, Fruits & Nuts.

 Strategy for Edible Oil & Pulses : Increase in domestic production through area expansion and productivity

 Strategy for Cashews :

 Area expansion and replacement of senile plantation

 Compact area approach for cultivation and improving productivity

 Strategy for Fruits & Nuts:

 Availability of seed and elite planting material

 Fruit wise production strategy to be framed

 Cold chain logistics so that year round availability is there

 Value added/processed product industry to be set up

(31)

Important cropping patterns:

Rice-wheat

Rice-rice

Rice-gram

Rice-mustard

Rice-groundnut

Rice-sorghum

Pearlmillet-gram

Pearlmillet-mustard

Pearlmillet-sorghum

Cotton-wheat

Cotton-gram

Cotton-sorghum

Cotton-safflower

Cotton-groundnut

Maize-wheat

Maize-gram

Sugarcane-wheat

Soybean-wheat

Sorghum-sorghum

Groundnut-wheat

Sorghum-groundnut

Groundnut-rice

Sorghum-wheat

Sorghum-gram

Pigeonpea-sorghum,

Groundnut-groundnut

Sorghum-rice

Groundnut-sorghum And

Soybean-gram.

(32)

AGRICULTURAL REGIONS IN THE COUNTRY

Five agricultural regions :



Rice region: extending from the eastern part to include a very large part of the north-eastern and the south-eastern India, with another strip along the western coast.



Wheat region: occupying most of the northern, western and central India.



Millet-sorghum region: comprising Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and the Deccan Plateau in the centre of the Indian Peninsula.



Temperate Himalayan region: Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand and some adjoining areas.

Potato, cereal crops (maize and rice), and temperate fruit crops.



Plantation crops, Spices region: Assam and the

hills & plains of southern India where good

quality tea and spices are produced.

(33)

Natural Resource maps

Cropping patterns

(34)

Existing cropping patterns in India based on rainfall pattern

Area where

annual rainfall is above 1150 mm

Area where

rainfall ranges from 750-1150 mm

Area where

rainfall is below 750 mm

Most of the areas in Assam, Kerala, Orissa and West Bengal

Large parts of Tamil Nadu, Uttar

Pradesh and

Andhra Pradesh,

Comprising parts of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,

Maharashtra Rajasthan.

Most of the farmers are engaged in rice cultivation.

Occupy about 1/3 of the total

cultivated area in the country

Occupies

nearly one third of the cultivated area.

Basic problems in these areas pertain to limited irrigation and poor drainage.

Large potential for creating minor

irrigation facilities.

Little hope for raising cropping intensity, unless major and medium irrigation

facilities are

provided.

(35)

Cropping systems of irrigated ecosystems

 Depending upon the natural water resources, each region has certain area under irrigated agriculture.

 Distinct irrigated ecosystems: Indo-Gangetic Plain region including the states of Punjab, Haryana, plains of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and plains of Jammu & Kashmir.

 Among the states, Punjab ranks first with 94.6 per cent cropped area under irrigation followed by Haryana (76.4%) and Uttar Pradesh (62.3%).

 Principal crops having sizeable % of area under irrigation:

Sugar Cane (87.9%)

Wheat (84.3%)

Barley (60.8%)

Rapeseed And Mustard (57.5%)

Rice (46.8%)

Tobacco (41.2%)

Cotton (33.2%)

Chickpea (21.9%)

Maize (21.8%) And

Groundnut (19.2%).

(36)

Imbalanced Fertilizer Use in India

Zone Fertilizer Use (kg/ha)

N:P:K ratio

East 143.7 4.2:1.7:1

North 189.3 19.7:5.6:1

South 175.9 3.8:1.8:1

West 96.2 6.3:3.0:1

All India 137.4 7.1:2.7:1

• Ideal fertilizer consumption ratio should be 4:2:1 but the present consumption is highly skewed towards Nitrogen

• 85% of the total fertilizers are consumed in 290 districts and only 15% is consumed in remaining 449 districts

Source: Fert. Statistics 2018-19

(37)

Resource maps for micronutrients

(38)

 Infrastructure Facilities

• Irrigation

• Transport

• Storage

• Trade And Marketing

• Post-harvest Handling And Processing Etc.

 Socio-economic Factors

• Financial Resource Base

• Land Ownership

• Size And Type Of Land Holding

• Household Needs Of Food, Fodder, Fuel, Fibre And Finance

• Labour Availability; And

 Technological Developments

• Improved Varieties

• Cultural Requirements

• Mechanization

• Plant Protection

• Access To Information

Crop planning decisions with respect to

choice of crops & cropping systems in ACZ

need attention on:

(39)

Way forward



Potential zones (20) delineated by ICAR–NBSSLUP on the basis of land resources (soil, water and climate) for 17 important crops and oil palm may be used as base for scientific crop planning.



Climate vulnerability based mapping done by ICAR- CRIDA (drought, flood, cyclone, hailstorm) and suggested climate resilient cropping systems and technologies for up scaling. (contingency plan for 650 districts for drought management).

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As a part of climate resilient agriculture, potential crops and climate resilient varieties, cropping systems and integrated farming systems be decided for each climatic zone.

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Land resource evaluation of country for suitability of different crops to serve as tools for diversion of unsustainable cropping systems to sustainable ones leading to higher production, more returns and

ecology restoration.

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Resource based crop diversification plan (Maize-

Mustard-mung) for replacing rice-wheat system in

dark zones(Pb, Haryana, UP)

(40)

Way forward….

 Provide a more enabling environment for agricultural development by managing ACZ specific problems of flooding, erosion, salinity, acidity etc. mapped already by ICAR.

 Market orientation based on ACZ for quality seed &

planting materials, inputs, infrastructure for marketing, supply chain & value addition for specific commodities/crops of each zone for agriculture and allied sector development.

 Recent initiatives of government e-marketing, Aatamnirbharbharat, FPOs be effectively utilized for potential crop production in different Agro-climatic Zones.

 Identify critical gaps for each zone like agricultural infrastructures viz. machinery, processing, marketing, input supply, technological and socio-economic for major policy interventions.

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