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DI (
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689
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the Army Field Manul , 1956 . Para . 301 and The law of wa on land , part , III, 1958 , Para , 503 . ( .
( 9 8 31+C 3 +
(Crawford, op.cit.p.165)
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Reports 1986. P. 14
.(
MK M C D " @ c8 j 15 H ? +C '( D" J *MN ]" # 5
D" 9 "
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1986
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1986 , Para. 115 (
1W , 5( N C .
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.
V+ ,‰
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? +C (
) Yeager V. Islamic Republic of Iran. (1987) 17
4(1 4 ' 31N( j (( )
ECHR. Reports
P. 22. Para. 56 ,
1996-V
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.
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1-APPlication of the Convention on the Prevention of the crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina V .Serbia and Montene gro ) 2007 , Para .377-215.
2- Case IT .94 -1, Prasecutor V. Tadic (1999) I .L . M V.38 -R 1518 . and Trial chamber (1997) I .L R . Vol . 112 .P.1.
3- Case Presecutor V. Tadic (1999) ILM. Vol, 38, P. 1518, at P 1541. and Para. 117.
4-Case. Presecutor V. Tadic, (1995) Para. 76. (&M 0pG ,‰ ).
5-Dupuy, The Judical Policy of The International and National and The Development of International law 45 Int. law B comp. l. q. 1. 11. 1996…Mohammed Bedjaoui Presentation on The International Court of Jastice at Fifty In (In Creasing the Effectiveness of the International Court of Justice 27 :1997).
6-European Court of Human Rights, Lizidou, V. Turkey, Merits. ECHR. Reports, 1996-V, P.
22. Para. 56.
7-G. Hafner, Risks, Ensuring from Fromentation of International law, official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty- Fifth Session, Supplement, No, 10 (A/55/10). Affical Assembly. A/CN. 4/1. 644(18 zzjULY 2003 ). Para. 729.
8-Grwford, The Draft Articles on Responsibility of States For Inter national Wrongful Acts, Cambridge university , 2002.
9-Icj , Reports .2007 , para 377 -415 . 10-ICJ, Reports, 1999 Para. 68.
11-ICJ. Reports, 1986, Para. 115.
12-Michel Reisman , The Supervisory Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice , Recueil Des Cours , 1996, No , 9 .p 258.
13-Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua, ICJ, Reports 1986.
14-Prosecutor V. Tadic(1999) ILM. Vol, 38, P. 1518 at P. 1541, Para 111.
15-The Case Concrning Maritime Delimination between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribben see ( Nicaragua V Honduras ) [6 March Q 2000].
16-UNR IAA, Vol . X, P. 689.
17-www. Bastab .com / News/ 4157 . 18-WWW.icj – cij .org / ipesscom/2007.
19-wwwIcj – cij org / icj/ ipesscom / 1999.
20-Yeager V. Islamic Republic of Iran. (1987) 17(Iran- United State Claims. ) Iran-USCTR.
22. at. P. 103. See also Starrett Housing Gorp.V. Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1983) 4. Iran_USCTR 122. at. P. 143.
23-Zafiro Case .UNRIAA, vol,VI , P. 160 ( 1925) . Stephens ,UNRIAA,Vol ,I .V . P. 265 (1921) .Lehigh Valley Reilroad Company V . Germand ( Sabotahe Case). Block Tom and King Sland Incidents UNRIAA, VOL ,VIII . P 84 , 1930.