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8 DM; 1N k + 7 MK &K8 " '( J G &+ XN DS;

) Bosnia and Herzegovina V .Serbia

and Montene gro 2007 , Para .377-215 (

.

3 - 7 8 1999

@ " B IXN 1I+ " u f( V+ , P" 8 ,(p*F &!!:'

# XN1+ '( @ ' )*+ &! 7 MK V+ B # .

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&:N " R ; U : O D 1K w d W + @ 1N 7 IMK , I" &Z> I" DN M8C u 1

1; " DM; (

)«

Tadic ,1999, I .L . M V.38 (

.

4 -

@ " B XN1I+ " I? +C DI !2 DIZ F ? N '( ?; D [# , M*F &!!:'

H j d W + @ D" kx+ 7 MK V+ B # .

vF Dq" @ B :

» +C '( ' *+ D?NC , "

DIM?N @I 1I " 1I C " 5 MK = + 1# " Dq" ?

I8 3 I" k I+ 7 MK , 5( N @ D" S*N ? + '( D ; " k .

( 7 IMK @I

DN e"

y/N D 3 " , 1IK J *IK+ I? +C '( D" 31; z# ( 9DN M8( -" . /0 , 5

«

) Reports 1986.P.14 (

.

5 - 7 MK d W + I8 31I; $ Iq+ mI N , Ie +

) Graford, 2002 , P.106

DI (

&II+

( II 4 31IIN( j 4 7 IIT+ B IIK2 DII" B II

) Zafiro

@ MII8 9( )

(Stephens

( ]II &N II{:

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@+ wp" Dk 0

) Black Tom and Kingslad

I" U N ( ) Zafiro Case

P. 160 ( 1925) . P. 265( 1921) Reilroad Company V . Germand P 84 , 1930 (

6 - I F I# XN1+ d W + @ m N ,1KO , ( \ C .

7 I8 1901 ( ,( I2

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J *IK+ ( Ij I'( DI" 5

* N . F @ " ( j '( D " BC 8 ] ' 3(

1IN &I' MK 5

) UNR IAA, Vol . X, P.

689

.(

7 8 1903 7 SN d W + @ :5 ( 8 9pZ(mN ( ' M fpMH

) Ibid ( .

7 - I8 31I; G B &+p8 , a: D !2 1VM+ \ C ? +C &!H A Q+

. 4

I; I = *H B K2 D" m N , 4 |' S+ \ C @ le5 I8 31

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&+ 7 MK 7 :2 1KK

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) m + @ M' " 94 M:+

3 :; 9 -" . /0 = V' q+

3

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5

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) Groaford, op.cit .p. 105

. I/0 B *I : (

@ "

]!:' ( 31K*" 7 MK 3~ ( D" aK '( ' )*+ $ % H ,1 # DN F 5 B (C 4

, . Aa+ \ [2 @ " P L U12( = + a" 4 &H " ( VIW( @ @

&I/!

)1;

Ibid ( .

I ]I:2 J *MN P/Q V+ C D 8 $ q+ 7 8 @ &Z [# \ C4 , + B " "

'( D"

, B D 8 kx+ 7 MK B :5 , 5 2007

V+ ; lF DQG BC D" H

( • 8 31; $ q+ &Z [ \ C e D 8 &! 7 MK ( J *MN

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&+ V+

( 1; " t QG 1N . V+ ( 4 U 1 5 D?K 8 Aa+ DYNC DL MN

DIO

7 T+ B K2 D" • 8 7 :2 ]" # , + :

&+ 7 MK V+ C ( = I K DI" DI " 1N

d IN

1; " =( vM+ aNC .

&+ C 4 B ( &N1+ ' )*+ a

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.

&+ C 1aV d N a 4 B '(

D KV+ @ 1" D d W + @ D" 5

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» 4 , F ! fpH = + 1#

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= 4 L+

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\ C Ma

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(Text of the Draft)

( @ C D 8 $ q+ c8 j @

1K M+ 3~ ( .

c j $ % DYNC r 8 " •1N KV+ (

@ D" E " + 8 v ( N

1

&+ , (C .

U aO B *N K D ;

1907 3 I+ DN Q!*I+ , I F A I0 -I" &# I/0 & ? +C D+ KM8 ( 42

(

I8 4 @ +4 8 " &!:2( k + 7 MK ( , e' €; V+ 9A 0 &) N M " D+ KM8 ( e' €I; , I5( N ,

, I B I?+

I8 31I; f IV+ e' €; '( R8 = : : )

The law land worfare , FM, 27 -10, Department .of

the Army Field Manul , 1956 . Para . 301 and The law of wa on land , part , III, 1958 , Para , 503 . ( .

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( 9 8 31+C 3 +

(Crawford, op.cit.p.165)

7 MK •:!

Control)

D 3 ; , + D" (

( !v} 4 &; N DS!} @ ( DS!} ( R!* 9fpH M U LN D" S*N '( u

&"

* N &a .

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. ƒ~ ( 9]" /+

Direct) 15 KV+ @ D 8 fpH ]:2 U LN , " aK- j u Q ]+ ; „ G (

&+ A5 kx+ &K:W ( &V# ( 15 ]+ ; 1; "

. , KV+ ( D" &* !eN B "4 3~ ( ( @

DM D" =( vM+

2 + 1N

B "4 8 & + a" ( D" LK+ 7 0 @ 8 31; 5

.

@

]+ 1M# , KV+ D" 15 D*N B "4 D O 9 8 M- " 15 , KV+ 3… " U a"

* N KV+ @ , &* !eN B "4 &'( 9 8

) Article 17. P. 104. Para. 7

.(

3~ ( U a" @ :5

» u:

« 3 + D 16

( m N 9 8 31+C $ % .

3 + @

3~ (

aid» « (

assists» « f M+ B F~ ( @ C D * N b`-+ „ / # ( 8 31; 3 vM8

31; 7 :VM8 1N " =( vM+ , KV+ ( ( 1N

(Ibid)

.

$ :

% "& '()*+ (,

( c8 j @ 97 MK ( 15 ^ H

@ ( , V+ DO r 8 " D

&+ ' 0

&+ &' MK d N DO 9 e = S2 D" • = Sk B D" '( '(x*+ 1N

&+ •1; " DM; 7 SN ( 1; " DM F = G 7 MK ( 15 9&!:2 DYN KO vF B

:2 BC uvK > c`" B K2 D" nQ" + M m N 3… ( = !:2 @ KO 91; " 3 (C ]

&+ '( D" J *K+ , M

; .

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D ; 0

&:N " 9 8 31; 3 :5 = !:2 BC " , F

. '( •! 8( D" D &' MK B m +

D [# D " &:a+ nQ" 9 F ]?; 1 " ]:2 J *MN , M8 1986

1; $ q+

) ICJ ,

Reports 1986. P. 14

.(

MK M C D " @ c8 j 15 H ? +C '( D" J *MN ]" # 5

D" 9 "

DN F MK R8 31; L fpH = + 1# , " '( @ '(x*+ D , D" 5

1; @ S 7 MK 5 + ] !Q 3 F R8 KV+ @ •1; " DM; 7 SN .

% 4 B 9&

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8 DM F P/Q DZ F ? N .

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Contra)

D" (

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.

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(6)

; J *Q+ ? +C f % .

5 MK = !:2 ? +C ƒ M*F ; 7 :2 &! 7 MK (

@ 4 &eM*" ( • ( A} &!2 ( 5( N @ ,( D" 31N H '( •! 8( D" 31;

* N KV+ B 1" D*vN 10 & '( BC D" 5( N -

e 15 ; , aK+

-

= +1/+ ? +C D

2† B 5 H '( R8 D DN M8( -" . /0 ( -" . /0 " h V+ = + 1# J ?

&+

1; " 3 7 MK 15 9 ; .

7 MK B(1" 5 MK 4 , •! 8( D" & + 1# @ KO

D" ? +C 8 31+C ( .

D ; = Sk 1 " ]G ? +C &# /0 '(x*+ L , "

kx+ 7 MK ? +C

Effective)

y/N •K +4 &+ XN ( &+ XN = + 1# D" E " + (

. , 5

8 DM;

) «

Ibid (

&!2 V" &'( 9 8 7(x*+ 5 MK 4 B :0 , " ? +C '( D @ A}

,

&+ ? +C '( '(x*+ D" LK+ 5 MK U 1# ^ H

; D , + &KV ˆ ;

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1N ( ? +C '( D" ]:2 J *MN D , .

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Criminal Tribunal)

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]!:'

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,( " '( D 8 @

1; " DM; 7 MK .

7 MK B m +

Control)

15 H 31N( j 5 &V# ( R ; P" q+ 7 0 5 D" (

"

.

&:N XN 1 1L c`"

V+ , " & > " •N M8C 1 " &q ; 5 O D 1:av" 1N

15 # XN †1+ 7 MK

) «

Tadic(1999) Para 111

.(

1 1L c`"

DN M8C " 1/MV+ XN

@ " . /0 D , D:G `+ u B &‚/! , " ]!:'

@ " = :G `+ B K2 D"

8 &! 7 MK 9 8 U4> &!!:' .

( &' + @ +Š B :5 &V# ( 7 MK

&+ m N &+ XN = !:2 4 :0 ( ; ]+ ; ( 8 5( N @ m aL

; . D" D "

c8 j @ B ?!:2

D [# o eN € ] > D 1N $ q+

1986

( * O

D" . v @ O

•1+C (

&!:2 ( M ( = G D" 5 MK C D 1; $ q+ c8 j @ DZ F ? N ƒ1N( j 3 " ? +C '( = M8 , L+

) •1N

ICJ. Reports ,

1986 , Para. 115 (

1W , 5( N C .

B F 9Jp/N

, 5 3 " ? +C &!:2 ( & M (

= Sk c8 j @ &!G f15 •1N

" ? +C '( '(x*+

. f F j 115

, V+ B K2 D" kx+ 7 MK •q" W l+ ,‰ 9

@ V H '( mF z# ( &; ; ,( N D @ b `- , "

) Ibid ( .

+ ?0 u: d W + 9&K8 " ‹K B J G D" e!"

1; $ q+ &; ; , 5 .

'(

@ " B H , 2 $ % " &K8 "

XN 1+ D'Š*+ @ P" 8 ,(p*F , v &!!:'

(7)

@ 7 S# ( ( 8 J *K+ e!" '( D" J G &; ; , 5( N M D # '(x*+ 5 M

) Tadic (1999) Para. 117 (

.

V+ ,‰

u f(

) 1997 ( f F j 219

D- 1N B :5 DZ F ? N ,‰ D" KM8 " 9

F # XN1+ &!S#

. 1 F &vK+ m N &K8 " '( c8 j J 9DL MN .

u+ AN H

1 - c' O D" BC ( h M2 3 F @ D" ,1 % D" 7 F(

) bG 94 M:+

93 - 104

.(

7 8 1998 1 1L ,‰ ( &! 7 MK •q" W ( lj 7 F( u+ XN B 9 XN

f F j 124

,‰

1999 9 8 u &Vq# ,‰ D

# XN †1+

) B :5

.(

@ B

Up2 H XN &N ( , C B # XN †1+ " ,‰

. Aa+ 4 &? 1 ; ] > @

+ 4(1 4 ' ,‰ D" 9B ,‰

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. 7 8 ,‰ @ 1996

1; $ q+

. , 94(1 4 '

&+ &F1N4 B N 7 :; :*# D 8 ]G> &N N ( r S# V"

1K . 4 &! > D" (

&+ P + &'( 9Œ H r S# @ -N w c`"

1K U ?Q+ D D ;

.

& j( B

D '( D" r S# '( M -" . /0 S*N

. B ?+ &M'( F 8 1/MV+ B

" 15 H l+ M 7(x*+ '( BC 91; " DM; AaM+ 7 MK BC 1KO 5 ˆ

D" '(

1; " 3 ?N : 0 7 :2 V# + BC kx+ %

) ICJ, Report, 1999 Para.68 (

.

- - '()*+ (, "&

$ q+ c8 j @ B K ( @ 4 u U 1 9 kx+ ( &! 7 MK 5 + D" D " D 8

&+ z: V+ ( @ •> G C • 8 SMV+ '(x*+ P/Q , " V+

e 1? " ( 1N ;

D" c8 j @ ^ H 1KW VM+

8 $ q+ 7 :M0 ( &! % :

I

&+ D 8 BC 7( 7 :M0

]0 + h V B

.

&+ D & 5 ?5

@ 1N

1; 15 H $ q+ nQ" •+ 9 S" @ " 4 h V ˆ

D" . /0 ‚T? ( †1V qH DL MN ( 8 h V z B ?+ U12 U( 7 :M0 I

&+ ( (C

.

&8 " aNC _!M`+ N 9 F # XN †1+ 7 :M0 ( 5 1; 15 H op LK

; . 1 012 2 3 2 % 4 5

&+ D ( ,1KO , 5 ?5 97( 7 :M0 , M8 . ,‰ ( @ " 1N

1K z:

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:

@ " B ? ( '(x*+ D M+ DZ F ? N ,‰ , v , M*F &!!:'

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1 F $ q+ , v '(x*+ d W + 9,(p*F ,

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&+ & G aK 9 8 B + '( '(x*+ D

@`8 '( D" ]:2 J *MN 4 B

" 9 8 $ q+ , v '(x*+ D LNC &'( 9 ; " k kx+ 7 MK ( D vF U4> 9 + 8 *0 ( K+ D" D @ D „ G `+ ˆ ; $ q+ kx+ 7 MK D * N

= 4 L+ U12 4 , F ! , " 8 U4> D?!" 9 8 H " & > " •N M8C 4 7 MK d N

&" ( N + 4 @M8 B " @ " 4 ( B S? + A ? + D LNC 3… " 9 , v

@ " B 0pG Q

&+ , v ]!:' 4 91N ;

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1N ( &W V

) Ibid , at. PP. 1614-1615

.(

,(p*F B D ; XN 1 " &'(

DYNC 4 & ( vM+ V+ o lj ( , e A?0 (1G D" DZ F ? N ,‰ @M F XN "

7 8 1986 U 1# 9 " 3 :N $ q+

.

B :

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@ " B

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) Ibid

1 F $ q+ 7( + D &' ?; B :5 m N 3 F1 @ (

.

a : 5 D 8 1G H o( @ " & [# • ( &

'( D" ]:2 J *MN , "

1K 4 "

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. + 5

15 7 MK r 8 " ^ H M U 1 D " 15 H $ q+ d W + @ 931N( j 5 ( M D ; &+ LK+ 7 MK @ ,10 DO ( 8 DM F ]?; '(

'( D" l+

S*N .

B m + D" 3 eNC ( 4 0 7 MK ( 1M" 1 " + 5 9@ " K"

D '( D" ]:2 J *MN 7 MK @ , lF kŠ .

7 MK B m + @ V , + 9DMS'

8 3 :5 & p?-+ " '( D" ]:2 J *MN XK+ D" , ( W .

7 T+ , "

B ƒ1N( j

? +C (

) Yeager V. Islamic Republic of Iran. (1987) 17

4(1 4 ' 31N( j (( )

ECHR. Reports

P. 22. Para. 56 ,

1996-V

" nQ" ]Q+ 7 MK B m + (

.

@ + 5 D 8 BC Ma" j

@ " r ( &W # D" P0

^ H A : 31N( j " ^ H D ; 3 ]!:' &[M/+ (

e"

) Article. 8. Para. 5. P. 106

.(

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@ C 9 8

&+ 7 MK U av+ ,1 U a" D" LK+ 4

31N( j 8 @?:+ D O 9 ;

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31N( j ( 1; " V+ kx+ 7 MK 7 MK ,

( 1; " DM; 7 SN D" '( '(x*+ &!

; DZ 7 MK U av+ 4 1 *v &2 N D" &+ 8 ƒ1N( j 8 @?:+ 9DMS' .

B M" 1 ;

F R8 3 G U ?0 1 1 o( @

3 B &+p8 , a: D !2 ? +C , 5

315 -+

) 9@ - j 94 M:+

^ 15

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&+ D , e •N :N J *MN ? +C , 2† 9 $ q+ B

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D" &5 B 1 j , " op ( B S' % D" 312 /' M 3 + 4 z8 + *v XK+

51 -K+

~ ( D" D "

* ( D" B 3 Kj ( u: ]T+ &N F 1KM* u†*: 5

.

: ( 8 '( &N1+ '(x*+ DZ F ? N ,‰ Œ 1K+ '(x*+

D , +

D &' 0 ( " 15 H kx+ 7 MK 9J *MN V+ 9 8 $ q+ '( &N1+ '(x*+

B( + B +Š+ ( . + = + /+ , v '(x*+ 9,(p*F ƒ1N( j $ q+ '(x*+

" 15 H &! 7 MK V+ = G @ D 8 .

( &# /0 D ‡ 5 m N 3 F1 @

, " &/qK+

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1-APPlication of the Convention on the Prevention of the crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina V .Serbia and Montene gro ) 2007 , Para .377-215.

2- Case IT .94 -1, Prasecutor V. Tadic (1999) I .L . M V.38 -R 1518 . and Trial chamber (1997) I .L R . Vol . 112 .P.1.

3- Case Presecutor V. Tadic (1999) ILM. Vol, 38, P. 1518, at P 1541. and Para. 117.

4-Case. Presecutor V. Tadic, (1995) Para. 76. (&M 0pG ,‰ ).

5-Dupuy, The Judical Policy of The International and National and The Development of International law 45 Int. law B comp. l. q. 1. 11. 1996…Mohammed Bedjaoui Presentation on The International Court of Jastice at Fifty In (In Creasing the Effectiveness of the International Court of Justice 27 :1997).

6-European Court of Human Rights, Lizidou, V. Turkey, Merits. ECHR. Reports, 1996-V, P.

22. Para. 56.

7-G. Hafner, Risks, Ensuring from Fromentation of International law, official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty- Fifth Session, Supplement, No, 10 (A/55/10). Affical Assembly. A/CN. 4/1. 644(18 zzjULY 2003 ). Para. 729.

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8-Grwford, The Draft Articles on Responsibility of States For Inter national Wrongful Acts, Cambridge university , 2002.

9-Icj , Reports .2007 , para 377 -415 . 10-ICJ, Reports, 1999 Para. 68.

11-ICJ. Reports, 1986, Para. 115.

12-Michel Reisman , The Supervisory Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice , Recueil Des Cours , 1996, No , 9 .p 258.

13-Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua, ICJ, Reports 1986.

14-Prosecutor V. Tadic(1999) ILM. Vol, 38, P. 1518 at P. 1541, Para 111.

15-The Case Concrning Maritime Delimination between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribben see ( Nicaragua V Honduras ) [6 March Q 2000].

16-UNR IAA, Vol . X, P. 689.

17-www. Bastab .com / News/ 4157 . 18-WWW.icj – cij .org / ipesscom/2007.

19-wwwIcj – cij org / icj/ ipesscom / 1999.

20-Yeager V. Islamic Republic of Iran. (1987) 17(Iran- United State Claims. ) Iran-USCTR.

22. at. P. 103. See also Starrett Housing Gorp.V. Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1983) 4. Iran_USCTR 122. at. P. 143.

23-Zafiro Case .UNRIAA, vol,VI , P. 160 ( 1925) . Stephens ,UNRIAA,Vol ,I .V . P. 265 (1921) .Lehigh Valley Reilroad Company V . Germand ( Sabotahe Case). Block Tom and King Sland Incidents UNRIAA, VOL ,VIII . P 84 , 1930.

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