! "#
$
%
&!'(
)*
!((
+
$,-
!((
) ! "#$ % & '($ * +,- (
*
!
"
#$
"
$$ #$
"
)
%& " '"
: ((
/ (*
/ ++
,"- '"
:
**
/ (.
/ +0 (
2$ 3 4 5 6 27 8 9 ;<
2=8 >" ? <
%4
@ ! "" A BC 2$ D< E 2 2&
& #
$ 4 F 2G" = HIB< # 2!4 C 2 F 24 J <
$ 4 F 9 KL <
2$ 3 $
%4 . N 2
9 $
$ 4 F 2$ 3 <
2 E 2F (..
OP 2B A 8Q # F 6 (...
#
"
RF 2=8
S ,F TJ- 9 US N F
. 24 8Q # 2$ @ 2B 28Q <
@ B # ?
%V WF X J7 9 E %Q HIB<
F . 2$ Y 4 N 2 2$
$ 4 F <
GZB4 ?"
G"# # %B4 G #& 4 N 2
2$
# <
$ 4 F F GZB4 <
[ # "#
N2
B< 4 N 2
2$
%&$ Q \4 .
H" " =
$ 4 F 24 J WF < HIB< # 2=8 <
F .
$ 4 F @4 WF 9 Y
UZ4 # @# WF 2 2
]< ^# WF "
.
$ 4 F B< <
9 # 2& " ]"_& @# WF 2 @4 WF 9 _
]< ^# WF 2 @# WF
. ,4 `L N 2 H"
$ 4 F 2$ ?a" # B< $ 9 <
9
F \4 Ab ,"5 c .
$ 4 F %B4 <
[ # G"#
N2
b ,"5 c H"
2 A ,
$ 4 F B< # ?a" <
F . R " S "9 < 9 a" 2d !E 9 B<
$ 3 2
R <
F %""
R <
%4 S H"
R e" < $ F " = ^ BF <
F
$ 4 24 J %7 6 # 2&$ Ac G %7 ? H"B E 2 f 3 <
F C 2 #
%7 & Vg "9 N 2 2!4
$ Q \4 R G"9 3 "" <
.
! :
G"9 3
$ 4 F 2$ 3 <
WF Ab ,"5 ? <
* :
: :
E-mail: [email protected]
$,,
./ 0.+ 1 2.3# %4 5
67 8%9 5:
...
!"
#
$ % &'
()
* ("
) (+) ,') (-.+
()
/0 1"0 2! (34
#5
$ 6
) &3 78 +' %
9:
)
Bengtsson, 2000
( =* (!> 6 .
() !?4 7" 6 @ /
6
A"
% B) : C 2% !?4
()
* ("
Mesdaghi (2001)
D E%
A"
!?4 - %
/) F:0 2:
.
(4 / /H: ) !" I+J
-3*
FK () (
(:# :L
AM 1L." %0C 2"
N
(McNeely etal., 1990)
. (:#
!' OM
(M+
!J PQ) 7H
%
)
Asri, 2006
.(
2% ) (R:0
A" 35 S /0 PM: 9C
%
)(
() (" - 6 2 %"" S T
4 6 U ) # V
+' & N @ () W
#X -
% Q 6 N
B Y0 Z) BN BN
A" 1 ! %0C BN
!?4 N
)
Noss, 1999
( .
A" [ 6 !J /B !?4 %
Y'
N ("
6 4
() F:0 () A"
. ) (-.+
(:#
A" B B % !?4 %
\ B %
(]I
Z) /N )
ZW: ( 6 : C -.+
N .
(3'
#N % )
B
Evenness
?2%:
( A"
() ^!Q % \2- *
)
C - U J
# .
A" U 6 (.9 () !?4 %
/ /B H ^!Q 7 6) /H: 7]
6C# T:
6 B 1 ) \F:: 1
6 )) _+
(@ ( ) ) `+M B %
-
V (3' )
#N 6 () 3: %
(:# % C @ 4 Y'
N
(Pilevar, 2002)
.
7?4 \2N % /
() 6N ) 62F /
A"
YK . `3 F H" !?4 %
H"
N) )
Marvi Mohadjer, 2006
( `3
a* !J 0 F) !?4 %
N ) )
/B YK .
.-C (:# % ZW:
a* 4 (!24 PN@ V" ) !?4 %
%#
(:#
# 5 !?4 =*
$
() \b / / c2% Crow
) deed ( 5
7?4 B V" ) (M+ f) 6F@ %
) : ] (-.+ /?H (
(W: 6
F) (" : `+M _+ /B A" )
P%"
% (N
%
g W PN@
YN () H) (- 4 (" 2:
%
) ) (
(" N (4 AF (: 6
7?4 @ ) ) (" 2F %- (C# T:
N (h 6 (:# V"
7?4
% N ) F)
B 6R2%
7?4 :2% ) /0 N) -3* %
)
VanBuren &
Blom, 1996
( )) .
(:# Zi 6 (M+
F) !2 (:# j% /0 (" !?4 K )
(:# () /0 - (C?: ZW: Z ("
: " 2!] -3* 7?4 /0 / N #
(W / () ] (M `4
Heterogeneity
Gap Norm
! "#
$
%
&!'(
)*
!((
+
$,-
$,&
(M ) #
#N !?4 =* %
F) ) 5 ) () (W 6 M ) N
F) (:# ) ) M
#N %
YN 7?4 % %
B @ N .
(:# ) 78 62F (M+ 1
: M /" 2" #
k () ("
ZW: !Q % 2 =C % #
)
/0 / Z) H: 7J /N .
6 ZW: E%
P%X@
(:# ) (M+ 1 B %
!?4 ZW: !2 (:# j% /0 ("
(C?:
) A@ PQ) 2 % 7@
( . C-
#N T () (W / () N (3' %
(:# @ ) (M 6R2%
#N : ^!Q % (:# #
@ FH
#N ) V % (
T 6
% E% ?
6
(-.+
.
"#$ % "$&
(-.+
B H%X@ N0 7?4 ()
ZW:
. 7?4 6 l
6) FN: mN !h
7 2 36o 0 4 36o .2N n 2
3 51o 3
4 51o
`] ]N \*
. 7?4 6 l
PQ) PQ) (h
A@
) 7cH (-.+
% ) 7N o .(
A@ PQ) pqq
- c%
6Q:
B H%X@ N0 7?4 PQ) .
PQ) 6 or
7@
(h s () 7@
tuv
94 c%
7@
2 % .
A%
N@
(HM:
4 A@ PQ) %# `
(Asadi, 1985)
7@ (HM: )
) /H:
w!) (-4 HQ) ("
x /2
7@
% oos ool F) !2 /0 (" ]
ZW: Z K ) N
() (-4 6
2]
7@ VN@ % 2
oql N ("
!2 ZW: !?4 a* V.] ) F)
2:
N . )) () (4 ) 6 (-.+ 6 E%
PQ)
w!) (-4 Q:
– 7@ /2 oql
(h
) H 9: 6 c Q: -3* 7?4 ()
) : # (:#
YQ: (-.+ 6
N ) 7N u .(
$,<
./ 0.+ 1
2.3# %4 5 67 8%9 5:
...
–
!"
#
! ""
$
' ()
: T () #
#N (:# % (3N
-) () )0 oqq
ls -+] N *
(:2:
oqqq -) (M+ 7N
T:
@ VN _'y z@
N . z@
/N {QH
|'. /0 yQH ) (:2: (-+] 9"
+] (:# Z: z} 35 VN 20 _+
( ) ) Z2
/B )
+]
<
u cm
( 6R2%
35 YN |'. F:0 -]
N . () (3' T
(:#
() /B `+M _+ 2W B %
# 1 /" ) (3' (:2: (-+] % (:
Z: U / () /B `+M _+
9C
Ecological Methodology
#N
?2%: %
N (3' T: B .
#N
Z:
"$ 9C ) 7]
(3' 7)] U [
. )) 6 +] 1 # 1 (@ K (:2: (-
M N) (N [ (:#
#N %
J \- B ?2%:
N
(:#
?%
a+
("
(-+] (:# 7]
(:2:
N) (N 4 .
: ? (:# 1 ("
4 (:2: (-+]
(:# D - V )
(:#
) ) ) 4 % o
N .
Species Richness
D ) ) P%X@ 6
#N (:# -
N
. ) : # B
k
%
N (8 -
) `)
k 6F) (
: Z "
.
#N % /}2 B
2
/!
3: : C ) T ()
(:#
N (C# " () (-.+ (M+ % .
=3*
T:
Smith Wilson
) (1996
#N & N (8
F:0 ) 6F
#N 4 B 7M
(:# D )
~ : (:# % ()
O (-4 )
Krebs,1999
( .
)) 6
#N /}2 %
)
Simpson,1949
( (h
% (:2: ~ % (:# () O )
() 2h (:#
/H: (-4 : % %
/:N
x )
Shannon,1949
( D 3" ("
B (:# () 3: H)
%
%#
6R2% :
#N
N2
) (-.+
(:# ?2%:
] C#
.
YN ) T () ^!Q %
#N (:# 4 * () YN % T: %
(3' N
U : z}
#N %
C# ] (-.+
. () V 6 ("
#N %
Simpson
Smith and Wilson
Shannon-Wiener
# #
# # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # #
# # # # # # #
# #
#
!
! "#
$
%
&!'(
)*
!((
+
$,-
$,!
(:# D (:# B
N (3' ?2%:
N (M ? ) Z Z \ YN N {QH
#N Z YN "$ %
\ YN (:?K
U h
. T 6 ) )
E#2." /0 x
) \: ) ) E:2 /
-3 J N %
#N %
/0 \: ` N (3' J F
("
O" /0 N : \: ` % z. ."
C# ] .
() (4 )
(c
#N %
?2%: B c )
# :
(:#
^!Q -.+
N T ()
(M
#N V YQ: % 6 F:0 6
N U V 0 (-.+
. )) 6
#N V C-
N - E ': (h
% /H: H) .
N (3' 6?: (hW:0
)
#N
% ^!Q E ': 3:
U V /2% (h 6?: () -
U () - E ': / 9 C# ] (M 3
#N ) N) % (
V 6
V 6
#N
#N 6H) (h
N) U V
(Dastangoo, 2005)
.
: =M' 6
# ) T: % tuvt
N ZW: (-.+ (M+ B (@
. 6
(M+
os (:#
7?4 B 2 (!24 9B %
(Carpinus betulus)
B
(Diospyrus lotus)
!W:
)
Parrotia persica
(
!@ C
(Acer velutinum)
k
(Fagus orientalis)
w!)
(Quercus orientalis)
N
(Acer cappadocicum)
(Alnus subcordata)
~!
(Ulmus glabra)
( )
Rhamnus frangula
( 2:
(Tilia begonifolia)
H OI#
(Prunus avium)
4
(Ulmus carpinifolia)
H W:
(Ficus carica)
1: )
(Sorbus torminalis)
%H N
. M
#N
% (M+ 7" ?2%: B D
\4 o N /H:
. M
#N %
YN 0 /0 ~: (-.+ (M+ %
F:0 (M T ()
\4
% u t N (8 :
.
/2%
\4 (" * u
(TI
EIB N
YcN
#N |'. % /:N /}2 %
x
N2
- .
\4 N (8 ~:
9:
- EIB "
#N (:# D %
YN B + (M+ %
(-.
.
#N U V ?2%: B c %
\4 (-.+ !?4 (M+
N (8 .
=)+
M ) /! 2 #N \4 6
lo () 3: H) U V J
#N / /}2 #N %
#N ?2%:
N2
) U V 6H)
M tq
J .
(:#
H OI# % 1: ) H W: 4
[ (-.+ (M+
: F:0 A"
: (4 7)] - |'.
. F 1: ) H W:
) (M+ 6 (@ 1
:) 7. 62
N) / :4 & $) \M: F:0 [ .
% (
)4 % F4 () EH
: .2N 2:
C H)
h
(Marvi Mohadjer,
2006)
Z#
() (4 ) C U4 F4 (
2 (-.+ (M+
) 7@
oql ( )4
)D N) : H OI#
(:# 9 @ :
[ ) %?H & N T: ()
F (M+ 6 H OI# (:#
.
$,$
./ 0.+ 1
2.3# %4 5 67 8%9 5:
...
! "# $%"&
ANOVA ' ( )
.
*(&+
,&- . /0+
% /0+
( /0+
F
P-value
/
± / /
± / /
± / / * /
/ N2
± / /
± / /
± / /
* /
/
± / /
± / /
± / / *
/
:*
%
* + ,+ -./ ! "# $%"&
' ( ) 01
*(&+
,&-
. /0+
% /0+
( /0+
P-value
!"
#
!" $#%&'
/
± / /
± / /
± / *
/
/
± / /
± / /
± / *
/
()#*
+ ,#
/
± / /
± / /
± / *
/
:*
%
2 3114 5 6 789# 7":;
*(&+
,&-
"&1
"&2)
# 34
5 6%
78- 9
/ /
/
/
()#-
+ ,#
/ / / /
/ / / /
N2
/ / /
/
/ / /
/
*(&+
,&-
*(&+
"
!
#
!" $#%&'
/
± /
/
± /
()#*
+ ,#
/
± /
/
± /
/ N2
± /
/
± /
! "#
$
%
&!'(
)*
!((
+
$,-
$,=
(-.+ (M+
#N D
) (:# - (
z} Z YN () Z YN ()
\ YN
P%"
) . (-.+
("
(Onainda etal. 2004)
) : ZW: :}
( M (" C (W: 6
#N YN % 6 %
YN () %
P%" i) )
. T: () )
6 P 9C
(@ +] P 9C % +] M3* /B (" %
i) +] M3* () 6@
(:# - : %
E$
:N . )] 6R2%
) [C V"
: : %?H `) V V3 )* $D (@ (2% N
%
i) M3* () : : 6@ YN 4
" ) ( (:# D P%" () W (. 6
i) +] M3*
N .
#N YN () Z YN 9: ?2%: %
P%" \ YN () Z YN P 9C Z ) . M 6H) ? 3 () () w)
Z (M3*
.
\C &) O ) %
M P%" P 9C ) 6 YN ( %
(:# D 7 ( (:#
(:# ( ) ) `+M _+ 2W _+ ` %
(@ 6) `+M (:# %
^!Q % PM:
"
(Dastangoo, 2005)
. - (K % F)
(:#
(:# ( ) ) `+M _+ 2W % % %
(@ 6) `+M _+ ` N) H) YN %
(:# ^!Q B %
N)
(:#
C % B P 9C 9: YN /0 .
M /) H)
#N 3: Z YN
:# D ) Z YN () (
: w3
(:# - 6?:
YN () 3: Z YN %
H) Z .
/ 9 ) $#5 7 6 ))
(:# `+M _+ 2W _+ B ` %
(@ 6) `+M (:# %
% ^!Q .
_
YN (" 6 4 ) (" # / (!> 6 (:# - Z i) F:0 : C %
/K
(3'
#N 6 B ?2%: %
N `+M _+ U (-.+
6?:
+) N ! () Z YN /B +]
F:0 >
Z YN 68@
6 M $.
#N %
(C P%" Z () Z YN .
M P%"
#N ! () \ YN () Z YN %
(:# D
) ( (:# - 6?: (" - 6 %
\ YN H) Z YN )
(:0
i) \ YN /B +] 6?:
.
(:# - (hW:0 (@ - %
\ YN (" %
7H Z YN 2" %
() W
P%"
#N \ YN () Z YN %
N . (h (:?:2%
) N / 6 V
#N 0)
(:# B c ?2%:
#N (h
N) (N U V J 6H) .
6)
#N B c %
#N /! 2
U V 6H) 6 ))
() :
V / 6
#N O ) B c (3'
7 N C- U V .
/
#N %
/H: 0 () ~: ?2%:
#N
N2
T: () 6 )) U V J 6H) : (:# ) E% (h
B %
3M =* H: ) F) 2 =*
N) Q:
N
# 6 V N2
#N
) (:# ?2%: ) %
.
Dastangoo
) ( 2005
(-.+ 9:
k (M T () ("
^!Q %
(:# 0) ~: () ZW: !?4 /B
C F)H
#N 2 % x
/!
N2
V ()
#N % V
2" )
B % (:# ?2%: B M /2:
2: C- 7@ _+
.
@ ) O )
(:#
) ) ( (: 6
(:# (" " (4 7?4
) N %
7?4 :2%
T () 6 )) N) -3* %
$,
./ 0.+ 1 2.3# %4 5
67 8%9 5:
...
-C 5 ) .
7?4 ) %
(W 1 () :
#N %
!2 5 (M /0 ) N (M+
N (M+ ) !?4 ) 2:
. FH@ 6 )) ` 4 ) N
7?4 ~ %#
\2N % M
#N %
:: .B 62" F:0 (" !?4 =*
(3' : -3* . (C# J N
. (3.
(M Z?%
#N ) % ( =* 0
T: (M+ (" " (4 ) (W 6 ) ?
?N0 - . (! (-4 |'.
-
) F) ...
N) (M+ 6 :2%
.
References
- Asadi, M. 1984. Investigation on vegetation communities in Kheiroud forests. Msc thesis, University of Tehran, 97 pp.
- Asri, Y. 2006. Vegetation Ecology, PayameNoor University press, 209 p.
- Bengtsson, J., S.G. Nilsson, A. Franc & P. Menozzi. 2000. Biodiversity, disturbances, ecosystem functions and management of European forests.Forest ecology and management, 132: 39-50.
- Crow, T.R.; D.S. Buckly; E. Nauertz and J.C. Zasada. 2002. Effects of management on the composition and structure of northern hardwood forests in Upper Michigan. Forest Science 48(1):129-145.
- Dastangoo, D. 2005. Camparing the methods of tree species biodiversity indices estimation (Neka- Zalemrood Forest). Msc. Thesis. Gorgan University, 90p.
- Ishii, T.H.; Sh.Tanabe and T. Hiura. 2004. Exploring the relationship among canopy structure, stand productivity and biodiversity of temperate forest ecosystem. Forest Science, 50(3): 342-354.
- Krebs, C. J. 1999. Ecological methodology. Happer & raw press, 330 p.
- Marvi Mohadjer, M. 2006. Silviculture. University of Tehran press, 387 p.
- Mesdaghi, M. 2001. Investigation on the species richness and life forms under different utilization levels in rangelands of northeastern Iran. Journal of agriculture and natural resources 7: 55-62.
- Noss, R.F. 1999. Assessing and monitoring forest biodiversity: A suggested framework and indicators, Forest Ecology and Management, 115:135-146.
- Onaindia, M.; I. Domingguez; I. Albizu; C. Garbisu and I. Amezaga. 2004. Vegetation diversity and vertical structure as indicators of forest disturbance. Forest Ecology and Management. 195: 341-354.
- Pilehvar, B. 2002. Determination of forest reserve area required for protecting plant biodiversity with appropriate pattern in Vaz forest. Ph.D Thesis. Tarbiat Modarres University, 370 p.
- Poorbabaei, H. 1999. Woody species biodiversity in Gilan forests. Ph.D Thesis, Tarbiat Modarres University, 370 p.
- Shannon, C.E. 1949. The mathematical theory of communication. In: Shannon, C.E. & W. Weaver, (Eds.).
The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press, 29-125 p.
- Simpson, E.H., 1949. Measurement of diversity. Nature, 163: 688-694.
- Smith, B. and J.B. Wilson. 1996. A consumer’s guide to evenness indices. Oikos 76: 70 – 82.
- Van Buren, E.M.L. and E.M. Blom. 1997. Hierarchical Framework for the Formulation of Sustainable Forest Management Standards, Backhuys Publishers, 82p.
407 - 399 . pp , 2011 , 4 . No , 63 . Vol , sources Iranian Journal of Natural Re ,
Natural Environmental Journal of
407
Estimation of species diversity in forest different stories (case study: Patom district of Kheyrud forest)
Z. Nouri *1, J. Feghhi2, Gh. Zahedi Amiri2 and R. Rahmani3
1 Ph. D. Student, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran
2 Associate Prof., Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran
3 Associate Prof., Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, I.R. Iran
(Received: 02 March 2010, Accepted: 12 January 2011)
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the tree species' diversity in a region with no management planning and introduce the calculated indices as the norm for sustainability assessment. DBH of all tree individuals, and their stories were recorded in the inventory grid (75 m × 100 m) sample plots.
Subsequently, richness, evenness (Simpson, Smith & Wilson) and heterogeneity (Simpson, Shannon-wiener and N2) indices were calculated. The richness index shows decreasing trend from the third story to first one. The heterogeneity indices increase from the third story to second and then decreases to first layer. These indices were calculated for the study area and also for each story, separately. Among the evenness and heterogeneity indices, Smith & Wilson and N2 showed the highest CV, respectively. Since one of the criterions in assessing forest sustainability is comparability of species' diversity in managed forest and natural woodlands, so, species' indices in the unmanaged region with natural state are proposed as a tool to evaluate forest sustainability.
Keywords: Biodiversity, species diversity indices, Tree layers, coefficient of variation, Hyrcanian forests, Iran
*Corresponding author: Tel: +98 911 1584369 ,Fax: +98 261 2249312 , E-mail: [email protected]
