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L ,1#
: _ ! $7 D! N: A =#
F 6 # # kg CO2 eq
09 / 262
kg SO2 eq 35
/ 7 kg NOX eq 42
/ 19 04MJ / 723 F 7 : ; . 0 4 e. 4!
5 47 4 PD47 4 A ( 48 C
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.(
CK [ D
Y 5 1 4 S
5
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J 5 9# N . ) B* 3
= 4 14!
.
0 7 2007 S CK 5
:3 5 / 5 :4*
4D ] 2 BS [ 4L
5 4J 4$) 14. F4
144 [ m 442$.
)
Energy Balances, 2008
.(
1S ] 2 5 4J
4!
F4 Y $ .147
4J 5
L :4 U
4 48;
4 4-
S 5 47 . 4! 14S ] 42 471$
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)
Islamic Consultative Assembly, 2009
.(
447 ( 8944#
44 F 447 44- 44J
5
,1#
5:
7 6 7 4
471# ] :4J F4 I
:4
1!
)
Akbari et al., 2007
.(
^
= 4
>
. / 3 ( >?
1!
)
Iriarte
et al., 2010
.(
H . /
( 4 3 _4
012 m . :3 5
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; PJ 44L 4J
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Alizade & Keynejad, 2008
.(
: ,1#
N: A BS PD
#
= A [ U 4
4
5 / 13 144 p-447 =44#
44 :443 ; 44 S 6
/ 6
1 0 7 $GJ 2009
1 )
FAOSTAT,2009
.(
F FE1#
FG
$ HV#
4 S C4K J 5
XL DE C
F/ J $4
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s $ 4 , - 4G J t 4$
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Brentrup et al.,
2004b
( 5 4 (VG 4! 4-
] 42
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] 2 C XL FS ,;
F4 Y $ 14S
H I1444J F444S1
444G P444D 444#
= ( 89444#
- ,1#
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R7 :4!
)
Gasol et al.,2007
.(
s 4$
=44
? #
>44 5 44J 1S [ )$447 F44S 44
8 C! ! X4 894# 4-
F 1 5 FS
=
= .17 [ )$7 PD7
5 J L B4? B4 3 B 7 J 1$S #
( 89#
- = 48 # 77 ; 4 :*
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14J w; ( 4 x# 4 L 4 CJ S = / :44! 447 447 44 H I144J F$ : 447
)
Wang et al., 2007
.(
$ s
= 4 F4 , -
7 FS 4 CJ 4S F $4 N:4 A :4 ,1#
47 F$ : 47 L ( v :4 ,1#
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-
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1. Eutrophication
2 . B >
%
?- F , - 1 4! $47 D!
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. 4 5
F 1 : # ; 7 4 N T
5 4 K#
= X4
44- 44$GJ [ 144S ] 442 1
:44! [ )$447
)
Farsi, 2009
(
F- ) 1 (
2 2
n (Z ) (X )
= σ −µ
µ
= k E = k 4 X
47 F4 1
(X− µ) µ zT1
10 :*
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D 74
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F$L A :!
.
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X Z A .17 ] 2 B
N:4 A $GJ J
x$ 1E F FE1#
5 J 1$S # i1 # PU 1A 1A
4J U F4?- ( 5
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S 5 0 :$
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=
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Modarres Razavi, 2008
.(
( :4^
80 PTO
447 144# :44*
:44! F44$L A 44{ 144#1
)
Koocheki & Hosseini, 1992
.(
4252 U 1$S # [ k$7 $7 D!
1$S # ! =71A L
285 47 14#
1444#1 56 S ( 1444 :444 # 444
2053 [ k$4447
0 :$
#
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S
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18
, 444$
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:444E 0 1
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4 4 4! $47 D! $GJ :4J
)
Mirhaji, 2011
.(
2 . 2 .
$ - C )%>
8% %
2#
: 1 ;
| [:! ; $ 1$S L [ )$7
7 . 1 ; $ 1$S L
|
= F4 F4E1# F , -
44 ( 44UV 144 O 447
44 , -
Brentrup
G J )
(2000
:4! F$L A { I 71$
}
17 :*
Y $ F 14S 64, ^ F4$L 4S
: [ F ( 1*
NH3-N
2#
: 1!
.
$
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4 1$S L O 7 NOx
= 4 ,
x#
( 1J w;
47 [:4! ; .
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= 0 47 4 2006
:4* _4 14S Y 4$
226 66
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2
$ % 1392
Y $ F S F4 $GJ J F$L ( 14*
N2O-N
4 $
: I :4 S )
Snyder et al., 2009
.(
X4 4 $
NOx
:3 10 :*
X
N2O
$ F$L A { [:!
:4!
)
Gasol et al., 2007
.(
5 06 1 . 8/
* "9 : ; . - < ;= 20 3 0 ./% >? @ A B
>0#
0
i1 ( U ( U
) U 7
$GJ (
PK!
=J; A F7 C . 3
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,1, 25
/ 1
S j (Vy 5
/ 1
: 1
=S D 1
H R 7 I 5 1$S #
5 / 0
! 5
/ 2
44 $ 44!
Z A ] 442 B44
44 $ B 44!
J A 5 F K A 5 7 T;
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2 7 [:! FZ .
44 S 44DE 447 44 ; O 447 5
$447 D!
p-7 ! $47 D! N:4 A 4 S
65 X4J
N: A ! BS $GJ 420
F4 47 [ 14 =4# X4J
# U 71$ G U 5
/ 6 47 $GJ =#
. F4 4 $
Z A [ 1S ] 2 B
4 5 :43
S S 5 _ ,1# N: A =#
5:
7 [:! F 7 .
5 06 2 .
; C 3 A B 3 $ ?
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5 J A [: T;
F K A 5 1$S L
* $ ) S N A1 ,
$ (
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6
10 -
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73
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CH4 6
10 -
× 173
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10-
× 2 / 22
SO2 3
10-
× 4
)*
Tzilivakis et al., 2005 (
) Dehghani, 2009
(
2 . 3 .
* 3D )
= F , - 4 89# [ A A
C DE 47 F$ :
G . H I1J K#
L 47
[:4!
447 .
=44 F44 3 :44 8944# [ 44A 44J e. 44!
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89# [ A e. ! : J
X 8
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Brentrup et al., 2004a
:(
) 3 (
i j j i, j
j
ICI =
∑
[(E or R ) CF ]×
1. Impact category indicator (ICI)
S # $ 6
] 2 j
=4# 4J 4 j CFi,j
1$S 4L
F?
:
25 5 S # 6
j
D7j
P 894# [ A
i
7 . F? 1$S L :
5 894# [ 4A 4J :4 J 4
$I B S # J 6 47 F 1 8
) 0 :4E 3 .(
, F B
$S L 1 4J 1 5 F4?
5:4 4
( 4 , -
k :! F$L A [ D )
Reddy & Hodges, 2000
.(
2. Characterization factor
5 06 3 .
> 3 B +,% A
;1 A0 : A B /$= E B
;1 A0
* = %
[ A 89#
6 S # : S
8 J 5 J 1$S L
F?
*5:
DE C A
(kg CO2 eq) CO2,N2O CH4
CO2=1 CH4=21 N2O=310
F$ : 7 (kg SO2 eq) SO2,NOX NH3
SO2=1/2 NOX=0/5 NH3=1/6
H I1J G .
(kg NOX eq) NOX NH3
NH3= 4/3 NOX=1/2
K#
B Z A ] 2 (MJ) 86
/ 42
)*
Reddy & Hodges, 2000 (
) Brentrup et al., 2004a (
2 . 4 . F% 8 ) %
^
= PD7 F 3 ( 89#
- 47
BS F , - 1 8;
- _ F?- = 4 #
1!
. - 4 0 e. !
۱5 7 894# [ A J
i
1#
F ; 7 )
Brentrup et al., 2004a
:(
IC Ii N =i N V
i
ICIi
F? e. ! 5:
89# [ A F4 3 FS i
B ^ F 47 [:4 ;
NVi
0 4 1$S 4L 5 47
4 5
4?- 44 44E 5 8944# [ 44A 4J
i Ni
e. 44!
0 5 7 89# [ A 7 i
.
= - J 1$S L F , 5
0 5 7
!
7 [:! F 7 .
J 1$S L 5
0 5 47 4
?#
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E 4
4 F 47 14!
4^
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.
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F44 K A 5
)
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(CH4 NOX
SO2
# Y
5 F 1 S 7
[:4 ; )
Energy Balances, 2008
( X4 4 $
NH3
4 , - O 47
Mirhaji
) (2011
4!
47 [:4! ; 4 .
0 :4E 4 X4 4 $
S # ( 4 L 4 ] 2
4 4
:J .
5 06 4 . * = % $ ?
E J F
S # (
X S # $ (
] 2 0 7
CO2 ,N2O CH4
570
0 =# 1 5
: S
= S
NOX
1808553
=#
SO2
1598617
=#
NH3
526587
=#
L ] 2
106
× 2741738 0 Y k
*
)*
Transportation Energy Data Book, 2008 (
2 . 5 .
>
J F 8
5 4J 1A 4 1A 4-
$I O 7 B
; J F F -, 47
.
J 1$S L 5 J
$I B 7;
6 894# [ 4A J
4 :4J } 4 F4/ J =4
1$S 4L 4J
1 . Normalization indicator
€ X # :!
: J
$I B
$ ; 4 8 5
F4 F -, 4
4 47 . =4 4 F4 , - 5
F 7 1$S L ; J
5 894# [ 4A F47
A C DE 7 F$ : G4 . H I1J H
]:J # F * L 47 [:! [ )$7 2
)
Brentrup et al.,
2004a
.(
89# [ A A
C DE S BG# I 14#1
2. Distance-to-taeget
F- ) 4 ( :
228 66
"#
2
$ % 1392
447 F$ : 144J G44 . H I CJ 44S B44G# I
7 F$ : -47 H I14J 4^ 4{ 14
L A .
5 #
= 1$S L J
K#
4 L 4
H
1]:J 7 [:! [ )$7 .
=
F , - ]:4J
100 F4$L A 4{ 0 47
447 [:44!
)
Brentrup et al., 2002
.(
44.v J
S : 5 1 ) N . ) ( 4
( 4 4A 5 (
:$
5 0 7 1387 4
137 4
,1# FG444 :444
N 444. 444) ( 444
444A 5
1575120000 1444 0 4447 FG444
)
Energy
Balances, 2008
.(
0 :E ) 5 ( J 1$S L 5 0 5 7
44J [ 44A 44J 5 8944#
44 447 8
5 44J
-
= F , - :J
.
5 06 5 . A B /$= E 5
A )
> 3 +,% A B
89# [ A )
:3 ( 1$S L
0
*5 7 1$S L J
0 7
DE C A
(kg CO2 eq)
8143 05
/ 1 2005
F$ : 7 (kg SO2 eq)
52 8
/ 1 2008
H I1J G .
(kg NOX eq)
63 4
/ 1 2008
K#
(MJ) 39167
14 / 1 2007
E *
70 :! F$L A { ) 1 )
Statistical Center of Iran, 2009 (.
3 .
%+8 H
=4 F4 , - 4D
4 L .147 Z A
B44
Y $ [ 1S 6, ^
5 ,1#
: _ N:4 A =#
! $7 D!
F4 64 # # 4
21 , 4$
3 / 21
S N A1 F 7 : ; . 4 , - 4r 3 45 :4*
U F .17 ] 2 (
D#
4
= 4! S B4 ^
l1 1!
. 7 $7
^ 3 4I
= 47;
! 1S ] 2 1 T [
B ] 2
$
? ; F
7 J 1S 47 . 0 :4E 6 S # ( 4
$ F$L X 4 ,1# 4 $
:4 _4 =4#
N: A
= 4 F , - :4J
. X4 4 $
CO2
$ J S # ( 7 4! FS ] 42
Z A 7 B . 1 ; 4 $ [ 14S ] 2 | 4
7 S # ( F Y $
$ 7 .
5 06 6 .
./% $ ? ;$E $ * = %
;= 20 3 <% L 0
<
; . - :
>0#
0 .
F$L $ ( S #
$ X )
N A1 S (
$
NH3 37
/ 4 [
N2O 66
/ 0 [
N2O 00038
/ 0 B Z A
NOx 066
/ 0 [
NOx 46
/ 0 B Z A
CO2 33
/ 57 B Z A
CH4 0036
/ 0 B Z A
SO2 084
/ 0 B Z A
F? e. !
5:4 894# [ 4A 4 A
C 4DE 4
X A C DE ,1#
:4 _4 N:4 A =4#
kg CO2 eq
09 / 262 :! F 7 . BG!
1 4J A N:4S 4J PD47 5
1.Target-time-period
F44 K A 5
=44 44 44 F44 , - :44J
.
N2O
89#
= # jA A
4 A 48 C
4DE 47 . 4
FG X
$ A ;
CO2
14 $ S )
0 :4E
6 ( F , B
$I B 4 ; j4A 8
14 . O 47
J
= 4* 4 [ 1S 0 :E 4 $
N2O
47
N6 O 3 + A; C 3 A B 3 2 0= B MN). 1 G@#
X 7
$ : ,1#
: _4 $47 D! N:4 A =4#
!
kg SO2 eq
35 / 7 :4! F 7 .
BG4!
2
S # N :S J PD7 (
= 8 :J
.
89# [ A 47
F$ : 4 $
NH3
47 S # ( 4
= 8
$ D7 P 14S ; 4 $ 1
7 [ . 2#
: 1 ;
| D 8 4 4
8 5 4J
- G4 . H I1J 47 QR47
F$ : ,1#
:
! N: A .
1 ; 4 $ 1 | 4
F4 ( 14*
2#
: [ 1#
42# FS ! D•
: 1 ; | 4
_ L : L G X
! 47
$4 4 $
N2O
:4 F 47 O 4 3 14S ] 42
. 4 $
1 ;
| [ 1S
$ 7 F )79$ 7 J 1S
F [ 1S X
5 [ )$7 14!
7 [ )$7 J 1S
5 F Y $ 7 PS
.
G@#
2 .
;$ 0 ) + * = % 2 0= B MN)
X G . H I1J ,1#
: _ 4 N:4 A =#
kg NOX eq
42 / 19 :44! F 447 .
BG44!
3 PD447
S # N :S J (
= 8 :J
. =4
8 X 7 8 : J F$ :
$
NH3
F X
44 J
= 44 $I 144 B
$44
? ; F44
44
NOX
PD #
= B U 47 . =4 F4 , - 894# [ 4A
K#
L A ] 2 ?L Z
B F$L A { F? e. ! :!
5:
894# [ A 4 K#
4 4
X K#
,1#
: _ $47 D! N:4 A =4#
4 ! 04MJ
/ 723 :4! F 47
. 0 :4E 7
0 5 7 [ A J 5 89#
,1#
: _4 N:4 A =4#
[ [ )$47 ! $7 D!
4J 5 4
:J . G . H I1J = $4
PD47
447 ( 8944#
44 44- 44 .
e. 44!
250 200 150 100 50 0
204.71
57.33
0.075 N2O CO2 CH4
Global Warming Potential (kg CO2eq)
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
6.99
0.26 0.1
NH3 NOX SO2
Acidification (kg SO2eq)
230 66
"#
2
$ % 1392
0 5 7 PD7
8 5 J A C DE 47 F$ :
G44 . H I144J 44 K#
44! 44 44
F444 6444 # # 444
032 / 0 141 / 0 308 / 0 018 / 0
:! F 7 .
@ Q R S/B + * = % 2 0= B MN) .3 G@#
5 06 7 . 5 A )
> 3 B
# # $) N# 20 3 <% L 0 ./% +,% A
4 . +8 I
*, )
= - F , ( 89#
- A C DE
7 F$ : G . H I1J K#
4 L 4
U CK ,1#
:
# ! $7 D! N: A
=
:!
. PD
= # B U 4
8 5 4J 4
4-
7 H I1J F$ :
[ 1S ] 2 7
. D F 7 5
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