بررسی روند کاهش باقی مانده دیازینون درغوره تحت شرایط مزرعه

» ĸn ÃZ̳Š¿Y{

Ê°‹‚a

½Y€ËY

ÃÁ{

, ÃZ¼‹

, -

µÂXˆ»Ã|ÀˆË¿*

Ê]Y€e½ZˆuY

¾¨¸e eh_torabi@ut.ac.ir

E-mail:

ŠÅZ¯|¿Áʇ€]

Ê«Z]

ã{½ÂÀˁZË{Ã|¿Z»

ğ‚»–ËY€‹dve

Ê]Y€e½ZˆuY

Ê»€ÆmÊ^·Z—¶Ì¸yÁ

, , ÉÂnŒ¿Y{

ª]Z‡

|‹YʇZÀ‹Z¯

Á

½Y€ÆeÃZ´Œ¿Y{Ê Ì^—ž]ZÀ»ÁɁÁZŒ¯†Ë{€a{Zf‡Y

d§ZË{xËZe

-

\ːexËZe

Ã|Ì°q

Ä]

ÁY|¿YœÀ»

³ Ì

»É€

Ê«Z]½Y‚Ì ğ‚»–ËY€‹dveã{½ÂÀˁZË{Ã|¿Z»

, ʌËZ»M ʗ

ZÆ]

½Zfˆ]ZeÁ

É“½Z‡Y€yɁÁZŒ¯cZ¬Ì¬ve‚¯€»´¿Y¡Z]{

|ƌ»

|‹¹Zn¿Y

Á{{½ÂÀˁZË{ªÌ¬ve¾ËY{

dœ¸£

|‹Ä̏Âe Ã

Y‚Å{

€]Y€]Á{Á dœ¸£

Ä̏Âe

Ã|‹

Y‚Å{

{

Á{

d]¿

Z§Ä]Á ĸ

Á

‰ÁZ]½Zq«ʌ¼Œ¯º«´¿YÉÁ€]

À»µÂ¼ »

˜ Ĭ

º‡

|‹Ê‹Za

­Â¸]s€—\·Z«{ŠËZ»M

Ã{ZÌaY€°ećZ]ʧ{Ze¶»Z¯ÉZÅ

|‹

Ŀ¼¿

Ê¿Z»¶Y§{ÉY{€]

, , , , , º‡Y| ]Á

¹Á{d]¿ʋZa

ĸu€»

ã

Ž·ZyÁkY€zf‡YY†aÁ|‹¹Zn¿Y

ɁZ‡

Ê«Z]

d§MÃ|¿Z»

Z§kY€zf‡Y‰ÁÄ]Š¯

Á€¯ ÃZ´f‡{ –‡Âe ½M Y|¬» ,|»Zm

» ʧY€³ÂeZ €³Z‡ZÀ‹ Ä] ‚Æn» ɁZ³

½ƒÁ€fÌ¿

-

€¨ˆ§

ÁY|¿Y

|‹É€Ì³

lËZf¿…Z‡Y€]

, µÁYÉZŁÁ{½ÂÀˁZË{ºœŸYŠz]

Á ʘÌv»–ËY€‹dve

|‹Ä˂ne Á

{½M€¼ŸÄ¼Ì¿

{Z¼Ìe {ÁÃ|‹Ä̏Âe Á{

€eÄ]€]Y€]

\Ìe Á

Á

|»Md‡|]

įÉ—Ä]{Â]Ã|‹Ä̏Âe{Y€fŒÌ]€]Y€]Á{{{½ÂÀˁZË{Ä˂nedŸ€‡

½M ¾Ì] ¥ÔfyY

ÊÀ » €Ì£ €yM ÉZŁÁ { ZÅ

|‹ Y{

Ŀ¼¿ {

¹Á{ ʋZb¼‡ Y ¶^« ɀ̳

Ê«Z]Ŀ´rÌÅ

d§M¾ËYÄ˂neÃ|ÀÅ{½ZŒ¿Ä¯|Œ¿Ã|ÅZŒ»½ÂÀˁZË{Ã|¿Z»

Ì]ʗŠ¯

ćÁdˆ

º‡Y| ]ÃÁ{Á

{Â]µÁYʋZa

ÃYÁ ÉZÅ

É|̸¯

kY€zf‡Y

§

//

Z

»Zm

//

| ,]

///

Ê«Z Ã|¿Z»

Ë{

///

,½ÂÀˁZ

£ //

,ÃÂ

¼Ì¿

//

Ä

¼Ÿ

/

€ ,

ʧY€³ÂeZ»Á€¯

ɁZ³

Ä»|¬»

YÊ°Ë ,´¿Y¥€»{Y»

ã

…Z¿´¿Y

d‡Y į

c Ä] 0Ze|¼Ÿ

Á ã

[M

£

Y€« Ã{Z¨f‡Y {» ÃÂ

Ê»

{€Ì³ [M ã

ÊËÁY{YÂy¶Ì·{Ä]

Aminian et

al, 2006

,½M{€§Ä]€vÀ»º —Á

¾Ë‚´ËZmÊÅZ³

ÁÃ|‹Â¼Ì¸]MÁį€‡

{

Y€´Ë{Êy€]ÁÊ¿Y€ËYɂb‹M

Œ¯

ÊÀ‹Zq ½YÂÀŸ Ä] Ä¿Y€fË|» ÉZË{ Ä̋Zu ÉZÅ

ʏZyÃZ´ËZm {Y{

Hayoglu et al., 2009

[M ã

0Ó¼ » Ä¿Y{ ½{€¯ Ä· ªË€— Y Á ÊfÀ‡ Ĭˀ— Ä]

ÉZÅ

|Ì·ÂeZŒ§€iY{ã

Ê»

€§Ä¿Â³pÌÅÁ{‹

M ÉÁÉÁ

ʼ¿c½M

{€Ì³

Hayoglu et al., 2009

Àa\‹

´¿YºÆ»cZ§Mĸ¼mY´¿YYÂyċÂy

ʻɓ½Z‡Y€y½Zf‡YÁ½Y€ËY{

cYZˆyį|‹Z]

É{ZˁÉ{Zf«Y

¦¸fz»¶uY€»{´¿YµÂv»Ä]Y

¶³ Ê»{YÁÃ|̇´¿YÁã,ÊÅ{

{Z‡

Behdad,

2009

µ€fÀ¯œÀ»Ä]Ád§Mĸ¼uc|‹Ä]ÄmÂeZ]

º‡ 0Z^·Z£ ,½M

ʋZa d]¿ ć { ZÅ ÉZÆf¿Y

³¸

,ÊÅ|

ã

Á ÊÅ{

Á ‰€e ĸu€»

Z] ZÅ´¿Y ½|‹ ¾Ë€Ì‹

d§MYÃ{Z¨f‡Y

Š¯

½ÂÀˁZË{¶j»ÊËZÅ Ê»c

{€Ì³

Sheikhi et al, 2010; Behdad, 2009

ãĸu€»

ʳ

ÃÂÌ»½|‹¾Ë€Ì‹Ä]ÄmÂeZ]Ád‡YÃZe¯0Ó¼ »´¿Y º‡ Ä] ÄmÂe Z] Ê·Á {‹ d‹Y{€] {Á |ËZ]

į ʋZa

Ê»¹Zn¿Yĸu€»¾ËY{ZqZ¿Ä]½YÁZŒ¯

|ÀÅ{

{ÂmÁ,

Ê«Z]

d§MÃ|¿Z»

Š¯

¾ËY{½ÂÀˁZË{¶j»ÊËZÅ

Ã{ÁM€§

Ê»

|¿YÂe Z̈]

|‹Z] Ã|ÀÀ¯ ½Y€´¿

‰Á

ʨ¸fz» ÉZÅ

ÁkY€zf‡YÉY€]

ɁZ‡Ž·Zy ÃÂÌ»{½ÂÀˁZË{

ÁcZm

½M¾Ë€f¼Æ»Ä¸¼mYįd‡YÃ|‹‰Y‚³cZn˂^‡

ZÅ

|»Zm Z§ kY€zf‡Y Ä] ½YÂe Ê»

Solid Phase

Extraction

;Akiyama et al, 2002; Snyder et al, 2003; Pico et al., 2006 ;Ettien et al, 2006;

Cengiz et al,

,2006

žËZ» žËZ» kY€zf‡Y

Liquid Liquid

Extraction

Gebara et al, 2008, Ripley et al.,

2000

Ã|‹žË€ˆeµÔuZ]kY€zf‡Y,

Accelerated

Solvent Extraction

;Cervera et al, 2010

Obana

et al,1997

€r¯‰ÁÁ

QuEChERS

Turgut et

al, 2010

{€¯ÃZ‹Y

Ã{Y{½ZŒ¿cZ¬Ì¬ve¾ÌÀr¼Å

|¿Y

ÃZ´f‡{

ɁZ³ ʧY€³ÂeZ»Á€¯

½ƒÁ€fÌ¿ €³Z‡ZÀ‹ Z]

-

€¨ˆ§

ÄÀ˂³ NPD

Ê^‡ZÀ»

ÁY|¿Y ÉY€]

ɀ̳

d§M

Š¯

½ÂÀˁZË{ ¶j» €¨ˆ§ Á ½ƒÁ€fÌ¿ ÉYY{ ÉZÅ Ê»

dœ¸£ ,ÓZ] ḋZˆu d¸Ÿ Ä] Y€Ë |‹Z]

º¯ ÉZÅ

d§M

€fÆ]Y,Š¯

ʻɀ̳ÁY|¿Y

|À¯

Wang et al.,

2010

ʇ€]

Ê»½ZŒ¿ZÅ

ÊeZ ·Z˜»Z»Œ¯{|ÀÅ{

Ê«Z]ŠËZaÄÀÌ»{

ÀŒu¾ËYÃ|¿Z»

ÊeӐv»{Š¯

ÄqZÌaÁZÌaĸ¼mY

Yadegarian, 1998

…Ô̳,

Haji Razagh, 1998

ZÌy,

;Ganjeyi Zade Rohani,

2008 Salahi Ardakani, 2009

Rezvani Moghaddam

et al, 2009

Äm³ , Ê´¿€§

;Ganjeyi zade rohani,

2008 Salahi ;Ardakani, 2009

Rezvani

Moghaddam et al, 2009

Â]€y Á

Rezvani

Moghaddam et al, 2009

Ád‡YÃ|‹¹Zn¿Y½ÂÀ¯Ze

…€f‡{ { 㠍y { ʋY‚³ dˆÌ¿

— Ä]

cZ ·Z˜» ¾ËY ʸ¯

¿ Ê» ½ZŒ

Å{

] |À Ê«Z Ã|¿Z»

½ÂÀˁZË{

Äfˆ],Œ¯¦¸fz»ª—ZÀ»{cӐv»¾ËY{{Âm»

]

Y‚»{Ã|‹µZ¼ŸYdˀË|»Â¿Áʼ̸«Y–ËY€‹Ä d‡Y Ã{Â] cÁZ¨f»

Rezvani Moghaddam et al,

2009

Œ¯YkZycZ ·Z˜»{

ºÅ ÊÀ^»Ê‹Y‚³

€]

{ ã{ ½ÂÀˁZË{ ʌÅZ¯ Zf§ ʇ€] ZË ŠËZa

‡{

{Â^¿ …€f

µZu ¾ÌŸ {

,

{ É{| f» cZ‹Y‚³

€ËZ‡ { ½ÂÀˁZË{ Ã|¿Z¼Ì«Z] ŠÅZ¯ |¿Á Ây Ã{Y{½ZŒ¿Ä¯d‡YÃ|‹€ŒfÀ»cӐv»

|¿Á¾ËY|¿Y

¶Ì^«YÊËZÅÂf¯Z§€ËZ‡Zed‡Y½Z»¶»ZŸž]Ze€fŒÌ]

½|À¯d‡ÂaZËŒfˆ‹

Cengiz et al., 2006

½Y‚Ì»Á

Ê«Z]

]ĈËZ¬»{½MÃ|¿Z»

\̋Z]®Ì¼fˆÌ‡¹Â¼‡Z

Ê»ŠÅZ¯É€e|Àe

|]ZË

Prieto et al., 2002

|¿Á¾ÌÌ eªÌ¬ve¾ËYY¥|Å Êf‡Z¯

{½ÂÀˁZË{

¥€» ½Y‚Ì» Á{ { ğ‚» Ê Ì^— –ËY€‹ { Á ã

lËZf¿Ä¯d‡YÃ|‹Ä̏Âe½Y‚Ì»€]Y€]Á{ÁÃ|‹Ä̏Âe

¾ËY { d‹Y{€] Y ŠÌa ÃÁ{ ¾ÌÌ e { |¿YÂe Ê» ½M

v»

{€Ì³Y€«Ã{Z¨f‡Y{»µÂ

½Z»lËZf¿¾ËY

\‡ZÀ»

º‡¾Ë€yM¾Ì]

Ê»ŽzŒ»Yd‹Y{€]ÁʋZa

Ze|ÀÀ¯

½M…Z‡Y€]

, [MÄÌÆedÆmº·Z‡µÂv»

€ËZ‡Áã

ۤ

M Ã{Á {{€³Ä“€ŸYZ]Ä]ZÅ

‰ÁÁ{Y»

ZÅ

ğ‚»{ŠËZ»MÉY€mY|ÀËY€§

­Â¸]\·Z«{ŠËZ»M

{ʧ{Ze¶»Z¯ÉZŠć

Z¼Ìe Z]

©€—cZ¬Ì¬veÃZ´fˆËY´¿Y½Â̈°¸¯¡Z]{Y€°eć

½Z‡Y€y Ê Ì^— ž]ZÀ» Á ɁÁZŒ¯ cZ¬Ì¬ve ‚¯€»

É“

½Zfˆ]Ze Á ZÆ] {

|‹ Y€mY ć

Z¼Ìe

Ã|‹Ä̏Âe¥€»¶»Z‹

½ÂÀˁZË{

Y‚Å{

, Á{

Ã|‹Ä̏Âe½Y‚Ì»€]Y€]

Y‚Å{

|ÅZ‹Á

[M ʋZa

½Á|]

§M d

Š¯

|¿{Â]

¦Ë{

dveʸv»´¿Yº«ÉZÅ

{į,½Zq«ʌ¼Œ¯ZËZ¿Z˜¸‡,|̨‡ÊŒ¼Œ¯½YÂÀŸ

,d‡YY{Ây€]ÊÆmÂe¶]Z«dŒ¯€Ët˜‡YĬ˜À»

|‹[Zzf¿YªÌ¬ve¾ËYÉY€]

¶»Z‹­Â¸]€Å

dy{

d‹Z¯ ¦Ë{ ®Ë {

|‹ [Zzf¿Y

|uYÁ ʌËZ»M ÉZÅ

¶»Z‹

Z¼Ìe į |¿{Â] dy{

Á ZŠĿ¼¿

ÉÁ ɀ̳

½M d§€³ c ZÅ

{ ʳ{€]{Z] €iY ¥~u œÀ» Ä]

|uYÁ Ä]dy{Á{|uYÁ€ÅY| ]Á¶^«ÊŒËZ»MÉZÅ

|‹Äf§€³€œ¿{Ä̋Zu½YÂÀŸ

ʋZb¼‡

¶¯dyYÂÀ°Ë

Ä]ÄeÂ]

†¿Ó‰Zb¼‡–‡ÂeÁĬ˜À»µÁY|f»‰Á

Y{

|‹¹Zn¿YʗÁ€z»µZ¿Z]Áʿ£€§

½Z»{µÁYd]¿

€yM

¶³ ÊÅ{

ÃÂÌ»¶Ì°ŒeÁ€‹Á µÁY¶ˆ¿Ä¸¼uZ]į

d§M

´¿YYÂyċÂy¹€¯

d‡Y¥{Z»

Á

¹Á{d]¿

| ] Á

¹Z´ÀÅ Ä]

½|‹ [M €a Ä¿Y{

į ã ÉZÅ

ÃY€¼Å d§M ¹Á{ ¶ˆ¿ ĸ¼u Z] 0Ó¼ » ,d‡Y ¥{Z»

d§€³c

Ŀ¼¿

Ê¿Z»¶Y§{ÉY{€]

, , , ,

,

Á

†a º‡Y

‹Za

¹Á{d]¿Ê

|‹¹Zn¿Y

ہ{

ʧ{ZecÄ]ʌËZ»M|uYÁ€ÅYdy{®Ëd]¿

Á[Zzf¿Y

É´·YZ]´¿YċÂy ÊËZ”§

X

œÀ»Ä]

Ŀ¼¿ ½{€¯ ʧ{Ze

½M ¶yY{ Y ÉY{€]

|‹ d‹Y{€]

Old, 2003

Ŀ¼¿½{€¯•Â¸z»Y†a

ZÅ ,

Y|¬»

‡ÔaĈ̯{ÊËZƿĿ¼¿½YÂÀŸÄ]¹€³

Y€«Ã€ÌeÊ°Ìf

|‹ Ã{Y{

Ŀ¼¿

ÉZ»{ { ZÅ

Ze …Â̈¸‡ Äm{

¶¼uÃZ´ŒËZ»MÄ]¾´¼Å •Â¸z»ÄÌÆeÉY€]ĸZ§Ô]

|¿|‹

•Â¸z»

¥Á€› { Ã|‹ |¼nÀ» ¾´¼Å ÉZÅ

ĸZ§Ô] ®Œy xË ÉÁ ªËZŸ Á ²¿ ÀÌe Âz»

Ê°‹‚bÅZ̳ ÃÁ€³ ÃZ´ŒËZ»M Ä] ‚Ì·Z¿M ¹Zn¿Y dÆm ÃZ´Œ¿Y{ ɁÁZŒ¯ Ã|°Œ¿Y{

½Z» Ze Á ¶¬fÀ» ½Y€Æe

ÉZ»{{ŠËZ»M

-

|¿|‹ÉY|Æ´¿…Â̈¸‡Äm{

Ž·ZyÁkY€zf‡Y|ÀËY€§

ɁZ‡

Ž·Zy Á kY€zf‡Y

‰Á …Z‡Y€] ɁZ‡

Cook et al

(1999)

cY€Ì̤e ʼ¯ Z]

d§€³ c

xË Y †a

,ÊËY{

Ŀ¼¿Y¹€³

¾´¼Å

½Á{ÁÄf‹Y{€]Ã|‹

Č̋¥€›

Á|‹ÄfzËÉY ¼¿pH

ÁY|¿YÄ¿

|‹É€Ì³

Ã{Á|v»{½ÂÀˁZË{€fÆ]ÉY|ËZa¶Ì·{Ä]

¾Ì]pH

-

cZ̸¼Ÿ ¹Zn¿Y ¾Ìu ½ÂÀˁZË{ Ä˂ne µZ¼fuY ŠÅZ¯ Á ÉY€] Ã{Á|v» ¾ËY ½{Â] \‡ZÀ» ¾ÌÀr¼Å Á kY€zf‡Y

Ž·ZycZ̸¼Ÿ¹Zn¿Y

|»ZmZ§kY€zf‡Y‰ÁÄ]ɁZ‡

,

Ŀ¼¿pH

|ˆ¯Á|ÌźË|‡µÂ¸v»–‡ÂeZÅ

Ä]µZ»€¿

»

|‹Ã|¿Z‡€œ¿{»Ã{Á|v

ÁZ]Á{,kY€zf‡Y¶¼Ÿ

½{€¯Ä§Z“YZ]

ʸ̻

,‚ËZ¿ÂË{[M€fÌ·

ʸ̻

€fÌ·

Á µÂ¿Zf»

ʸ̻

c Ŀ¼¿ Ä] ¶Ë€fÌ¿Âf‡Y €fÌ·

d§€³ d‡|]µÂ¸v»,ª¸ »|»Zm{Y»¥~uœÀ»Ä]

c|» Ä] Ã|»M

ƒĄ̂ˀf¿Z‡ { Ĭ̫{

€] Á{

d§€³Y€«Ä¬Ì«{

YcZ]‡YÃ|‹Y|mÊËÓZ]µÂ¸v»Á

ʧZ

ɀf»Á€°Ì» ÉZÅ

€˜« Z] Á Ɂ·¸‡ †Àm Y

~§ZÀ»

€f»Á€°Ì»

|‹Ã{Y{Â^Ÿ

Ž·Zy œÀ» Ä]

‰Á ʧZ“Y {Y» ¥~u Á ɁZ‡

[}Zm ÉZÅ ½Âf‡ Á |»Zm Z§ kY€zf‡Y

C₁₈

dyZ‡

Varian

€]Y€] ½Âf‡ ºnu,

ʸ̻

Ã{Z» Y|¬» Á €fÌ·

[}Zm

» ʸÌ

¹€³

|Àf§€³ Y€« Ã{Z¨f‡Y {»

Y|f]Y

½Âf‡

YÃ{Z¨f‡YZ]ZÅ

ʸ̻

Äfˆ‹µZ»€¿½Y‚´Å€fÌ·

|¿|‹

†b‡

ʸ̻

½MµZ^¿{Ä]Á‚ËZ¿ÂË{[M€fÌ·

ʸ̻

½Âf‡ Y ¶Ë€fÌ¿Âf‡Y €fÌ·

|¿|‹ Ã{Y{ Â^Ÿ ZÅ

½Âf‡ ÉÁ Y kY€zf‡Y ĸu€» Y Ã|»M d‡|] µÂ¸v»

Ze|‹Ã{Y{Â^Ÿ

ÀˁZË{

½Â

½Âf‡[~mĿ¼¿{{Âm»

{‹

½Âf‡ ½M Y †a

–‡Âe ZÅ

ʸ̻

µÂ¿Zf» €fÌ·

ž¼m ʏz» ¥€› { Á |‹ Äfˆ‹

ÉÁM

|Ë{€³

µÂ¸v»

ž¼m ÉZÅ

Z³ ½Zˀm ½|Ì»{ Z] Ã|‹ ÉÁM

ÉZ»{ { ½ƒÁ€fÌ¿

Êf¿Z‡ Äm{

ºnu Ze {Y€³

ʸ̻

€fÌ·

Ŀ¼¿ \Ìe€e ¾Ë|] Á |¿|‹ €Ìz^e

ZÅ ÉY€]

ÁY|¿Y

³ ÃZ´f‡{Z]ɀÌ

ɁZ³ ʧY€³ÂeZ»Á€¯

Z]GC

€³Z‡ZÀ‹

½ƒÁ€fÌ¿

-

€¨ˆ§

|¿|Ë{€³Ã{Z»M

ÁY|¿Y|ÀËY€§

ʫZ]ɀ̳

Ã|¿Z»

½ÂÀˁZË{

ÁY|¿Y ÉY€]

ʫZ] ɀ̳

Ã|¿Z»

½ÂÀˁZË{

ÃZ´f‡{ Y GC

µ|»

7890A

dyZ‡

Agilent

|‹Ã{Z¨f‡Y

{»½Âf‡

ÉÔÌaZ¯Â¿YÃ{Z¨f‡Y µÂ—Z]ÁHP-5

«,€f»

€˜

¸Ì»

Ê [}Zm ÄËÓd»Zz“Á€f»

€f»Á€°Ì»

{Â]

€¨ˆ§½ƒÁ€fÌ¿Â¿YÃZ´f‡{Z‡Z°‹M

NPD

{Â]

Á ÓZ]Â¸yZ]¹Â̸ŁY

¶»ZuZ³½YÂÀŸÄ]

|‹ Ã{Z¨f‡Y ªË‚e ºnu

c Ä] Á €fÌ·Á€°Ì»

Splitless

|‹¹Zn¿Y

\Ìe€eÄ]€³Z‡ZÀ‹ÁªË‚e¶v»ÉZ»{

Á

Êf¿Z‡Äm{

|¿|‹ºÌœÀe{Y€³

ZŒ§Á¶»ZuZ³½Zˀm

\Ìe€eÄ]½Âf‡{½M

ʸ̻

ÁĬ̫{{€fÌ·

Êa

ÉY…Y psi

Äq€ÅɁZ‡Y|mœÀ»Ä]Á|¿|‹¾ÌÌ e

s€‹ ¾Ë|] ÊËZ»{ Ä»Z¿€] Y ½Âf‡ { ½ÂÀˁZË{ €fÆ]

|‹Ã{Z¨f‡Y

ÄÌ·ÁYÉZ»{

Êf¿Z‡Äm{

c|»Ä]{Y€³

Ĭ̫{

|‹ºÌœÀe

dŸ€‡Z]†b‡

Êf¿Z‡Äm{

Ä]Ĭ̫{{{Y€³

ÉZ»{

Äm{

Êf¿Z‡

c|» Ä] Á |‹ Ã|¿Z‡ {Y€³

|‹š¨uZ»{¾ËY{Ĭ̫{

dŸ€‡Z]0Y{|n»

Äm{

Êf¿Z‡

ÉZ»{ Ä] Ĭ̫{ { {Y€³

Êf¿Z‡ Äm{

{Y€³

Y †a į |‹ Ã|¿Z‡

Z] Z»{ ¾ËY { Zœf¿Y Ĭ̫{

dŸ€‡

Äm{

Êf¿Z‡

ÊËZÆ¿ÉZ»{Ä]Ĭ̫{{{Y€³

Êf¿Z‡Äm{

c|»Ä]Á|‹Ã|¿Z‡{Y€³

{Ĭ̫{

|¿Z»Ê«Z]Z»{¾ËY

ªË‚e¶¯½Z»c|»

{Â]Ĭ̫{

½ÂÀˁZË{ÉY€]ÉY{Z]½Z»–ËY€‹¾ËYZ]

Ĭ̫{

{Â]

¶°‹

Êf‡Z¯Ä]ÊÆfÀ»Zf§¦ÌÂe

½ÂÀˁZË{

Zf§ ¦ÌÂe œÀ» Ä]

Êf‡Z¯ Ä] ÊÆfÀ» 

½ÂÀˁZË{

Y

µÁYÄ^e€»®ÌfÀ̯ķ{Z »

Ä·{Z »

|‹Ã{Z¨f‡Y

Banerjee et al, 2008 ;Sternsen, 2004

Ä·{Z » ^{ሾCሿt = ሾCሿ1 e−kt}

,Ä·{Z » ¾ËY { į

[C]_t

Ã{Z» dœ¸£

½ÂÀˁZË{

{

ã

ʸ̻\ˆu€]

¸̯€]¹€³

¹€³

½Z»{

,t [C]₁

dœ¸£

ÄÌ·ÁY

½ÂÀˁZË{

½Z» {

Ę]Y ªË€— Y į €¨

Ê»Ä˂neµÁYÄ^e€»®ÌfÀ̯

,{‹

k

Ä˂nedŸ€‡d]Zi

½Z»|uYÁ€]

t^-1

Á

½Z»t

Á

Ê»

|‹Z]

€¼Ÿ ļ̿ Ä^‡Zv» ÉY€]

½ÂÀˁZË{

DT₅₀

c|»

Ê«Z]įʿZ»

Ä]Ã|¿Z»

Ê»{ÂyÄÌ·ÁYY|¬»

|‡

Y

Ä·{Z »

|‹Ã{Z¨f‡Y

Banerjee et al, 2008

» Ä·{Z 

DT50= lnሺ2ሻ× k⁻¹

dœ¸£ÄÌÆe

{Y|¿Zf‡YÉZÅ Á

,½Â̇Y€^Ì·Z¯ÊÀvÀ»º‡

ŽÌzŒe|uÁÊ]ZˁZ]

Y|f]Y½Â̇Y€^Ì·Z¯ÊÀvÀ»º‡œÀ»Ä]

dœ¸£

,

, , Á ʸ̻

Z]Á|‹ÄÌÆeµÂ¿Zf»{€fÌ·€]¹€³

½MªË‚e ÃZ´f‡{Ä]ZÅ ÊÀvÀ»,Ã|‹€¯}–ËY€‹{GC

yÄ·{Z »Á½Â̇Y€^Ì·Z¯

– Ä·{Z »

{į|»Md‡|]

Ę]Y¾ËY

,C ,Y m

Á

i

,Ŀ¼¿dœ¸£¥€ »\Ìe€eÄ]

Ê»–yY|^»Y‘€ŸÁ–y\̋,ÃZ´f‡{x‡Za

|À‹Z]

€Å {Y|¿Zf‡Ydœ¸£

€ÅºnuÁ|‹ªË‚eÄ^e€»

ªË‚e {Â]€fÌ·Á€°Ì»

Ä·{Z »

Y = m. C + i

ŽÌzŒe|u€Ë{Z¬»

Limit Of Detection

Á

|u

½|‹Ê¼¯

Limit Of Quantification

YÃ{Z¨f‡YZ]

cZ ]€»¶«Y|uÉZ˜y~m‰Á

Root Mean Square

Error Method

½Â̇Y€^Ì·Z¯ ÊÀvÀ» Ä] ÄmÂe Z] Á

|Ë{€³Ä^‡Zv»

Corley, 2003; European Medicines Agency,

1995

Y‘€ŸÁ\̋Ä]ÄmÂeZ]Y|f]Y‰Á¾ËY{

½Â̇Y€^Ì·Z¯ÊÀvÀ»Y|^»

€Ë{Z¬»Ã|»Md‡|]

ŠÌaY

Ã|‹ÊÀÌ]

Y_P

|‹Ä^‡Zv»

€ÅÉZ˜y½Y‚Ì»†b‡

Ã|ÅZŒ»

E Ä·{Z »ªË€—Y

dËZÆ¿{Á|»Md‡|]

|‹Ä^‡Zv»ZÅZ˜ycZ ]€»Â¼n»

Ä·{Z »

E = หY

_p

− Yห

cZ ]€»¶«Y|uÉZ˜y~mY|¬»

RSME

Z]ºÅ

Ä·{Z »YÃ{Z¨f‡Y

|‹Ä^‡Zv»

Ä·{Z »

RMSE = ቈ

σⁿ_j=1E_j² n ቉

1 2

ʼ¯ |uÁ^LOD ŽÌzŒe |u €Ë{Z¬» dËZÆ¿ {

½|‹

cÓ{Z »…Z‡Y€]LOQ

Á

|¿|Ë{€³Ä^‡Zv»

Ä·{Z » LOD = 3. RSME

m Ä·{Z »

LOQ = 10. RSME

mÊ]ZˁZ] |{ ¾ÌÌ e œÀ» Ä]

Recovery

,

Ŀ¼¿Ä]½ÂÀˁZË{{Y|¿Zf‡Y

Ŀ³€Å|«Z§Ä¯|ÅZ‹ÉZÅ

d§M

Š¯

dœ¸£ Á{ Á |Ë{€³ ħZ“Y |¿{Â]

Á

ʸ̻

|‹ ÄÌÆe Y€°e ć { ¹€³Â¸Ì¯ €] ¹€³

†b‡

ÁY|¿Y Á ɁZ‡ Ž·Zy ,kY€zf‡Y cZ̸¼Ÿ

Y|¬» ɀ̳

–‡Âe ½ÂÀˁZË{

ÉY€] Ã|‹ Ã{Z¨f‡Y ‰Á Ä]ZŒ»GC

Ŀ¼¿

d§€³c,ʸYÉZÅ .

ÉZ»McZ^‡Zv»

Êf‡Z¯Ä]ÊÆfÀ»Zf§ÉZ»MÄ˂neÉY€]

½ÂÀˁZË{

Á

Ę]Y ½{ÁM d‡|]

Á ZÅ

Y‚§Y ¹€¿ Y ėÂ]€» \ËY€“

Sigma plot

Äzˆ¿

|‹Ã{Z¨f‡Y

Á†¿ZËYÁÄ˂ne

¾Ì´¿Z̻ĈËZ¬»

Y‚§Y¹€¿–Ìv»{ZÅ Äzˆ¿SPSS

|‹¹Zn¿Y Ã{Y{½{€¯\e€»ÉY€]

YZÅY{¼¿º‡ÁZÅ

Y‚§Y¹€¿

Excel

Äzˆ¿

|‹Ã{Z¨f‡Y

hv]ÁlËZf¿

]ZˁZ]|{,½Â̇Y€^Ì·Z¯ÊÀvÀ»

ŽÌzŒe|uÁÊ

ªË‚e Z]

–y Ä·{Z » ,ÃZ´f‡{ Ä] Ã|‹ ÄÌÆe dœ¸£

c Ä] Ã|»M d‡|]

Y= 1358X + 134.2

Z]

R²=0.999

½MÉÓZ]½{Â]ʘyY½ZŒ¿Ä¯|»Md‡|]

ÉZÅ{Y|¿Zf‡YÃ{Á|v»{

Ze ʸ̻

€]¹€³

€fÌ·

{Â]

µÁ|m{ŽÌzŒe|uÁÊ]ZˁZ]lËZf¿

Ã{Y{½ZŒ¿

Ã|‹

¿ į |¿Y

½ZŒ

Á ‚Ì·Z¿M ‰Á ÉÓZ] ḋZˆu Ã|ÀÅ{

Ž·ZyÁkY€zf‡Y¶uY€»½{Â]|»MZ¯

ʻɁZ‡

|‹Z]

Êf‡Z¯Ä]Á|¿Á

½ÂÀˁZË{

ã{

Ŀ¼¿{

œÀ»Ä]į,¹Á{d]¿ʋZb¼‡Y¶^«É€Ì³ Ê«Z] Ê ¼ne €iY ŠnÀ‡

µÁY ĸu€» ½ÂÀˁZË{ Ã|¿Z»

º‡

pÌÅ,d§€³cʋZa

Ê«Z]Ŀ³ Ã|¿Z»

ZŒ»ÉY Ã|Å

Ê»½ZŒ¿Ä¯|Œ¿

ÀŒu|Å{

½{Â]®q¯d¸ŸÄ]Š¯

ÃÂ̻ÁY|¿Y

¬»[~m¹|Ÿ,ZÅ //

¯Y|

//

–ËY€‹dveÁʧZ

½YZ] ĸ¼m Y ʘÌv»

¾Ì] Y ¶»Z¯ — Ä] ÃZÆ] ÉZÅ

d‡YÄf§

lËZf¿

Ŀ¼¿

º‡Y†aɀ̳

¹Á{ʋZa

½ZŒ¿

Êf‡Z¯Ä]Á|¿Á{Y{

½ÂÀˁZË{

{

¥€»½Y‚Ì»Á{€Å

Ä̏Âe

€]Y€] Á{ Á Ã|‹

µÁY Ä^e€» ®ÌfÀ̯ µ|» Y

Ä·{Z » É Ã{€¯ ÉÁ€Ìa d‡Y

ÊÀ » į

,µ|» ÉY{

ÊÀ » Á \ËY€“

½M ÉY{

{ µ|» cZzŒ» €ËZ‡ Á ZÅ

½Y‚Ì»

|m{€]Y€]Á{ÁÃ|‹Ä̏Âe¥€»

µÁ

½ZÌ]

Ã|‹

|¿Y

¦·Y

[

¶°‹

-

¥Y€³ÂeZ»Á€¯

GC

¦·Y

|ÅZ‹Ä¿Â¼¿

[ {Y|¿Zf‡Y ,

½ÂÀˁY{¹€³Â¿Z¿

µÁ|m

- ã{½ÂÀˁZË{ÉY€]ŽÌzŒe|uÁÊ]ZˁZ]€Ë{Z¬»

Ã|‹ÄÌÆedœ¸£

€fÌ·€]¹€³Ê¸Ì»

Ê]ZˁZ]|{

ά%RSD

¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

( LOD

ʸ̻

€]¹€³

€fÌ·

LOQ

€]¹€³Ê¸Ì»

€fÌ·

ά

ά

€Ë{Z¬»

Ê»½ZŒ¿Zŀf»YZa¾ËY

€œ¿{»µ|»|ÀÅ{

Êf‡Z¯Ä]ÊÆfÀ»Zf§

½ÂÀˁZË{

½Y‚Ì»Á{{ã{Y

Ê»¾ÌÌ^eÊ]ÂyÄ]¥€»

|À¯

ÁÃ|‹Ã|ÅZŒ»€Ë{Z¬»

ŠÌa

¶°‹{Ã|‹ÊÀÌ]

Ã|‹Ã{Y{½ZŒ¿

|¿Y

¾ËY€]

{ ã { ½ÂÀˁZË{ €¼Ÿ ļ̿ …Z‡Y

 Ä̏Âe ¥€»

µ{Z » \Ìe€e Ä] €]Y€] Á{ Á Ã|‹

Á

Á

|‹Ä^‡Zv»

¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

Ê«Z]½Y‚Ì»ÉZÅ

{½ÂÀˁZË{Ã|¿Z»

€]Y€]Á{ÁÃ|‹Ä̏Âe¥€»{½Z»€Å

{

µÁ|m

Ã|‹ Ã{Y{ ŠËZ¼¿

|¿Y

»

{ ½ÂÀˁZË{ ÄÌ·ÁY Y|¬» ¾Ì´¿ZÌ

º‡Y†aÃ|‹Ä̏Âe¥€»

€]Y€]ʋZa

ʸ̻

¹€³

Y†adËZÆ¿{į{Â]¹€³Â¸Ì¯€]

Ä]Á

|u€Ë

½|‹ ʼ¯

LOQ

d§ZË ŠÅZ¯

Á{ ¥€» {» {

º‡Y†a¾Ì´¿ZÌ»¾ËY€]Y€]

€]Y€]ʋZa

ʸ̻

¹€³

Y†adËZÆ¿{į{Â]¹€³Â¸Ì¯€]

Ä]Á

ʸ̻

|̇¹€³Â¸Ì¯€]¹€³

µÁ|m - ÃZ»MÁZŀf»YZa€Ë{Z¬»

Ã|‹Ä̏Âe¥€»{µÁYĸu€»®ÌfÀ̯ķ{Z »ÉY€]Ã|‹Ä^‡Zv»ÉZÅ

€]Y€]Á{Á

½ÂÀˁZË{

Ã|‹Ä̏Âe¥€»

½ÂÀˁZË{

€]Y€]Á{¥€»

ZÌ »ÉZ˜y Y|¬» ÉY{ÊÀ » ZÌ »ÉZ˜y Y|¬» |uYÁ Zŀf»YZa ÊÀ »

ÉY{

K Day^-1

C0

mg.kg^-

1

DT50

Day

-

-

-

-

R²

µ|»

cÓ{Z »{Zŀf»YZa

Á

|¿YÃ|‹¦Ë€ e

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Ã|¿Z»Ê«Z]½Y‚Ì»¹€³Â¸Ì¯€]¹€³Ê¸Ì»

ʋZb¼‡Y†aÉZŁÁ

cY|ÅZŒ»

Ã|‹Ä̏Âe¥€»

ÊÀÌ]ŠÌa Ã|‹Ä̏Âe¥€»

½ZÀ̼—Y¶Y§

Ã|‹Ä̏Âe¥€»

cY|ÅZŒ»

€]Y€]Á{¥€»

ÊÀÌ]ŠÌa

€]Y€]Á{¥€»

½ZÀ̼—Y¶Y§

€]Y€]Á{¥€»

¶°‹

- º‡Y†aÉZŁÁÄ]d^ˆ¿Ã£{½ÂÀˁZË{Êf‡Z¯Y{¼¿

ʋZa

½ZÀ̼—Y•Â˜yįʸv»{

ºÅ€]¾ÌËZaÁÓZ]

Ê»ª^˜À»

ÊÀ »¥ÔfyY,|¿Â‹

{Y|¿{ÂmÁ¥€»½Y‚Ì»Á{¾Ì]ÉY{

µÁ|m

- Ê«Z]½Y‚Ì»¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

½Z»{½ÂÀˁZË{Ã|¿Z»

ã{¦¸fz»ÉZÅ

½ÂÀˁZË{

Ã|‹Ä̏Âe¥€»

½ÂÀˁZË{

€]Y€]Á{¥€»

Y†aÉZŁÁ

º‡

ʋZa Ì«Z]¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

¼ Ã|¿Z {Y|¿Zf‡YÉZ˜yά ¹€³Â¸Ì¯€]¹€³ ʸ̻

|{ ŠÅZ¯

Ì«Z]¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

¼ Ã|¿Z {Y|¿Zf‡YÉZ˜yά ¹€³Â¸Ì¯€]¹€³ ʸ̻

|{ ŠÅZ¯

ά -

ά

- ά ά

ά ά

ά

ά

ά ά

ά - BQL

BQL

½|‹Ê¼¯|u€Ë

Below Quantification Limit

½Z¼Å ¶°‹ į —

Ê» ½ZŒ¿

Å{

| |¿Á , Ä] Á

Êf‡Z¯

ÂÀˁZË{

»Á{{½

½Y‚Ì Á{ÁÃ|‹Ä̏Âe¥€»

lË|eÄ]į|Àf‹Y{ɀe|Àe\̋µÁYÉZŁÁ{€]Y€]

Ê» ŠÅZ¯ \̋ ¾ËY

|]ZË Ê» €œ¿ Ä]

|¿Á |‡

Ä] Á

Êf‡Z¯

d§M Y|f]Y{½ÂÀˁZË{¶j»Ê°Ì¼fˆÌ‡€Ì£Š¯

dve ÃÂÌ» d§Z] Y kZy Á

€ÌiPe

¶j» ʘÌv» ¶»YŸ

,ÃZÆ]½YZ]

,cY€u,|̋Ây¿

Á{Z]½Zˀm Ạ̀

Y€«

Ê»

Ê»Ä˂neY|f]Y½Z¼Å{½MºœŸYŠz]Á{€Ì³

{‹

Ê»|ÌËZeY€»Y¾ËYºÅ€´Ë{cZ¬Ì¬ve lËZf¿

|ÀÀ¯

Ä]

|¿ÁªÌ¬ve®Ë{µZj»—

Êf‡Z¯Ä]Á

Ê«Z]

Ã|¿Z»

d§M

Š¯

Äm³ { ®Ì¼fˆÌ‡ €Ì£ Á ®Ì¼fˆÌ‡ ÉZÅ

f§€³Y€«ÄˆËZ¬»{»ʴ¿€§

|À

¿½MlËZf¿Ä¯

{Y{½ZŒ

d§MÊf‡Z¯Ä]Á|¿Á

Š¯

d^ˆ¿®Ì¼fˆÌ‡€Ì£ÉZÅ

d‡Y €e|Ë|‹ µÁY ÉZŁÁ { ®Ì¼fˆÌ‡ cZ^̯€e Ä]

Prieto et al, 2002

¶»ZŸ ¾Ë€f¼Æ» ªÌ¬ve ¾ËY {

d§MÄ˂ne

Äm³ÃÂÌ»ÉÁ®Ì¼fˆÌ‡€Ì£Š¯

Ê´¿€§

½Z¼Å { µÂ¸v» |Ë|‹ €Ìz^e Á Ê¿Zfˆ]Ze ÉÓZ] ÉZ»{

d‡YÃ|‹‰Y‚³Y|f]Y

…€f‡{{ºÅɀ´Ë{ž]ZÀ»

½M { į |ÀfˆÅ

d§M Êf‡Z¯ Ä] Á |¿Á ZÅ

Š¯

ÉZÅ

Ã|‹ ‰Y‚³ ʌÅZ¯ ´¿Y { Y|f]Y Y ºÅ ®Ì¼fˆÌ‡

d‡Y

Banerjee et al, 2008

,

€´Ë{Êy€]įʷZu{

d§M{»{|¿Á¾ËY|¿{Y{½ZŒ¿cZ¬Ì¬veY

Š¯

ÉZÅ

ÃÂÌ»{®Ì¼fˆÌ‡

Ê»ZÌy¶j»ÉY

»Z¯|¿YÂe cÁZ¨f»0Ô

|‹Z]

µZj» — Ä]

Keramat et al (2005

®Ë {

Ê«Z] ½Y‚Ì» |¿{Y{ ½ZŒ¿ ªÌ¬ve

oZ« Ã|¿Z»

Š¯

Ä] Á ʌËY‚§Y ÃÁ{ ®Ë Y †a ZÌy { ¶Ìˆ¯ÓZf»

d‡YÃ{Â]ŠÅZ¯

½Y‚Ì»|Àf§€³ÄnÌf¿½ZŒËY d§M

Š¯

kÁYÄ]ÁZÆq¥€›ÃZ̳d§Z]¶yY{{®Ì¼fˆÌ‡

Ê»{Ây

Y†aÁ|‡

Ê»ŠÅZ¯lË|eÄ]½M

|]ZË

¾ËY

Ê»½ZŒ¿€»Y

{|¿YÂeÊ»ºÅÃÂÌ»d§Z]Ád‡Âa|Å{

d‡Âa0ÓZ¼fuYįÉÂv¿Ä]|‹Z]€i»ZÅ|¿Á€Ì̤e¾ËY ÃÂÌ»

Äm³ Á ã ¶j» ÊËZÅ

¶]Z¬» { Y|f]Y { Ê´¿€§

}¨¿

d§M

Š¯

Ê» d»ÁZ¬» €fŒÌ]

|ÀÀ¯

Ä°ÀËY ¾¼“

º‡Ê¸§–ËY€‹cÁZ¨e

ÂÌ»¾ËYʋZa Ã

Y|ËZ^¿YZÅ

¿

€œ

¶»ZŸÄ¯d‹Y{Á{

Áº‡¾fˆ‹{ÃZÆ]½YZ]

{Z»€³

µÂ¸v» žË€‡ €Ìz^e d§M

Š¯

ÉZÅ

€Ì£ Á ®Ì¼ḟ

Ê»ÃÂÌ»ÉÁÄf§Z˞¼ne®Ì¼fˆÌ‡

¿YÂe À

€i»Z̈]|

‹Z]

À

|

½Y‚Ì»

ÉZ˜y Ã|‹Ã|ÅZŒ»{Y|¿Zf‡Y ZÅY€°e¾Ì]

µÁY ÉZŁÁ {

µÁ|m Ê» ‚Ì¿ Y

€iY Ä] ½YÂe cY

{Y{d^ˆ¿Ê˜Ìv»

µÁ|mÄ]ÄmÂeZ]

½ÂÀˁZË{Ä˂nedŸ€‡d]Zi,

k

Á{Â]Ã|‹Ä̏Âe¥€»Y€fŒÌ]€]Y€]Á{¥€»{

{{Y{½ZŒ¿¥€»½Y‚Ì»Á{{Êf‡Z¯Y{¼¿ÄˆËZ¬»

Á Ã|‹ ª^˜À» €´Ë|°Ë €] Y{¼¿ Á{ ,ÊËZÆf¿Y ÉZŁÁ

½M¾Ì]ÉY{ÊÀ »¥ÔfyY

d‹Y|¿{ÂmÁZÅ

¶°‹

¥€» ½Y‚Ì» Á{ { ã { ½ÂÀˁZË{ €¼Ÿ ļ̿

\Ìe€eÄ]€]Y€]Á{ÁÃ|‹Ä̏Âe

Á Ä^‡Zv»Á

|Ë{€³ µÁ|m

{ Ã|»M d‡|] lËZf¿ Z] lËZf¿ ¾ËY

¾Ì]½ZÅZ̳{Y½ÂÀˁZË{€¼ŸÄ¼Ì¿Ä¯€´Ë{cZ¬Ì¬ve Ze Ã{€¯ ‰Y‚³ Á

d‹Y{ d¬]Z˜» 0Ô»Z¯ |¿Y

Kamrin, 1997

; Prieto et al, 2002

ʇ€]

{ |¿{Y{ ½ZŒ¿ ZÅ

Œ¯ €ËZ‡

ºÅ ZÅ

|À¿Z»

Z»Œ¯

Ã|¿Z»Ê«Z]Zn»|uÉY€]ÉY|¬»

Maximum

Residue Level

d‡YÃ|Œ¿¦Ë€ eã{½ÂÀˁZË{

€§Áã€f¼¯¥€»¶Ì·{Ä]0ÓZ¼fuY€»Y¾ËY M

Ã{Á ÉZÅ

½M Ã{ÁY€§€ËZ‡Ä]d^ˆ¿

¿YY¶ZuÉZÅ

´

{

½ZÆm

Ê»

|‹Z]

Ã{Y{½ZŒ¿cZ¬Ì¬ve

–Ìv»{½ÂÀˁZË{|¿Y

ÉZÅ

–ËY€‹{ÁÊ]M É|̇Y

dve Ä˂ne0Z Ë€‡–Ìv»ÉZ»{

ÃZe¯€¼ŸÄ¼Ì¿ÁÃ|‹

dŸZ‡|Àq|u{

{Y{

Moore

et al., 2007

½MÄ˂ne|¿Á€]ÊÀ^»Ê‹Y‚³½ÂÀ¯Ze

[M{

ã

, Ê»É|̇Y–Ìv»®Ëį

|‹Z]

0Ó¼ »Á

{

Ê» ÉY|Æ´¿ Á ÄÌÆe –Ìv» ÉZ»{

,{‹

€ŒfÀ»

Ã|Œ¿

d‡Y

½MY Ã|¼Ÿ¥Z»YÊ°ËįÊËZm

´¿Y

½Y€ËY{

Ä]

Ä] Ê·Z¼‹ Á É“ ½Z‡Y€y { Ây c

M [ ʻã

ÉÁ€“ÄÀÌ»¾ËY{ÊeZ¬Ì¬ve¹Zn¿Y,|‹Z]

Ê»€œ¿Ä]

|‡

ɀ̳ÄnÌf¿

ʸ¯

{ { ½ÂÀˁZË{ {Y{ ½ZŒ¿ ªÌ¬ve ¾ËY

¥€» ½Y‚Ì» Á

ºœŸYŠz]ÁÃ{Â^¿Y|ËZa½Y|Àq€]Y€]Á{ÁÃ|‹Ä̏Âe Ê»Ä˂neʘÌv»–ËY€‹dveµÁYÉZŁÁ{½M

{‹

ËZf¿ ¾ÌÀr¼Å

{ ½ÂÀˁZË{ Ä˂ne dŸ€‡ {Y{ ½ZŒ¿ l

cÁZ¨eÁ{Â]Ã|‹Ä̏Âe¥€»Y€fŒÌ]€]Y€]Á{¥€»

ÊÀ » Ê«Z] ¾Ì] ÉY{

{ ¥€» ½Y‚Ì» Á{ ¾ËY Ã|¿Z»

ŁÁ

|Œ¿ Ã|ÅZŒ» €yM ÉZ

½Zˁ µZu ¾ÌŸ {

ÉZÅ

]Æ

|uYŠÌ]¥€»YʋZ¿Ê˜Ìv»dˆËÁÊf‹Y|

d‹Y{€œ¿{|ËZ]YÃ|‹Ä̏Âe

ÉY‚´‡Zb‡

ɁÁZŒ¯cZ¬Ì¬ve‚¯€»¹€fv»¾Ì·ÂXˆ»Yĸ̇ÂÀË|]

ÉZÅZ¯ ¹Zn¿Y { į É“ ½Z‡Y€y Ê Ì^— ž]ZÀ» Á

ğ‚»

Ã{»€§ c|ŸZˆ» ªÌ¬ve ¾ËY ÉY

 |¿Y Ä¿Z¼Ì¼ ʻʿY{|«

{{€³

REFERENCES

1. Akiyama, Y., Yoshioka N., & Tsuji, M. (2002). Pesticide residues in agricultural products monitored in Hyogo prefecture, Japan, FYs 1995–1999. Journal of AOAC International, 85(3),692-703.

2. Aminian, A., Aminian, B., Nekooian, A. A. & Hoseinali, F. (2006). Effect of unripe grape juice (verjuice) on plasma lipid levels in rabbits rendered hypercholesterolemic by feeding egg yolk. Acta Medica Iranica, 44(4), 230-234.

3. Banerjee, K., Oulkar, D. P., Patil, S.H., Dasgupta, S. & Adsule, P.G. (2008). Degradation kinetics and safety evaluation of tetraconazole and difenoconazole residues in grape. Pest Management Science, 64, 283–289.

4. Behdad, E. (2009). Basic entomology and plant pests in Iran (6^th Ed.). Yadbud publications. Isfehan.

Iran.(In Farsi)

5. Cengiz, M. F., Certel, M.,& Gocmen, H. (2006). Residue contents of DDVP (dichlorvos) and diazinon applied on cucumbers grown in greenhouses and their reduction by duration of a pre-harvest interval and post-harvest culinary applications. Food Chemistry, 98, 127–135

6. Cervera, M. I., Medina, C., Portolés, T., Pitarch, E, Beltrán, J., Serrahima, E., Pineda, L., Muñoz, G., Centrich, F. & Hernández, F. (2010). Multi-residue determination of 130 multiclass pesticides in fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry.

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 397, 2873–2891.

7. Cook, J., Beckett, M. P., Reliford, B., Hammock, W. & Engel, M. (1999). Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in fresh fruits and vegetables using procedures developed by the Florida department of agriculture and consumer services. Journal of AOAC international, 82(6), 1419-1435.

8. Corley, J (2003). Best practices in establishing detection and quantification limits for pesticide residues in foods. In Handbook of Residue Analytical Methods for Agrochemicals. (pp: 59-75) John Wiley &

Sons Ltd.

9. Ettiene, G., Ortega, S., Sepu´lveda, J., Medina, D., Buscema, I. & Sandoval., L. (2006). Dissipation of organophosphorus pesticides in green onion (Allium fistulosum), cultivated in forced system called

“Barbacoas”. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 76, 415–421.

10. European Medicines Agency. (1995) Note for guidance on validation of analytical procedures: text and methodology (CPMP/ICH/381/95)

11. Ganjeyi Zade Rohani, F. (2008). Measuring the residue of pesticides in green house cucumbers and tomatoes and their comparison with maximum residue levels. Final report of the research project. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Tehran. (In Farsi).

12. Gebara, A.B., Ciscato, C. H. P. & Monteiro, S. H. (2008). Pesticide residues evaluation in fruit samples commercialized in São Paulo city, Brazil, 2002-2005. Revista Brasileira de Toxicologia, 21(2), 87-92.

13. Haji Razagh, N. (1998). Determining the residue and pre-harvest period of diazinon on cherries. Final report of the research project. Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute. (In Farsi)

14. Hayoglu, I., Kola, O., Kaya, C. Özer, S. (2009). Chemical and sensory properties of verjuice, a traditional Turkish non-fermented beverage from Kabarcik and Yediveren grapes. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 33, 252–263.

15. Kamrin, M. A. (1997). Pesticide Profiles: Toxicity, Environmental Impact and Fate; Lewis Publishers:

Boca Raton. pp 157-159.

16. Keramat, J., Talebi, Kh. & Mosaffa, L. (2005). Determinig the variations of metalaxyl fungicide in cucumbers produced under traditional and industrial green house conditions. Journal of^Sciencesand Technology ofAgricultureand Natural Resources, 9(1), 205-213. (In Farsi).

17. Moore, M. T.; Cooper, C.M.; Smith Jr., Cullum, R.F., Knight, S.S., Locke, M.A. & Bennett, E.R. (2007).

Diazinon mitigation in constructed wetlands: influence of vegetation. Water, Air, Soil Pollution, 184, 313-321.

18. Obana, H., Kikuchib, K., Okihashia, M. & Horia, S. (1997). Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in foods using an accelerated solvent extraction system. Analyst, 122, 217–220.

19. Old, J. (2003). Conducting crop residue field trials. In Handbook of residue analytical methods for agrochemicals: John Wiley & Sons.

20. Picó, Y., Fernández, M., Ruiz, M.J. & Font, G. (2006). Current trends in solid-phase-based extraction techniques for the determination of pesticides in food and environment. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods, 70(2), 117-131.

21. Prieto, A., Molero, D., Gonzalez, G., Buscema, I., Ettiene, G. & Medina, D. (2002). Persistence of methamidophos, diazinon, and malathion in tomatoes. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 69, 479–485.

22. Rezvani Moghadam, P., Ghorbani, R., Koocheki, A., Alimoradi, L., Azizi, G. & Siyamargooyi, A.

(2009). Evaluation of pesticide residue in agricultural products: a case study on diazinon residue rate in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), cucumber (Cucumis Sativus) and melon (Cucumis melo).

Environmental Sciences, 6(3), 63-72. (In Farsi).

23. Ripley, B.D., Lissemore, L.I., Leishman, P.D., Denommé, A.A. & Ritter, L. (2000). Pesticide residues on fruits and vegetables from Ontario, Canada, 1991–1995. Journal of AOAC International, 83(1), 196- 213.

24. Salahi Ardakani, A. (2009). Determining the residues of endosulphan and diazinon on cucumber and tomatoes in Kohgiluye and Booyer Ahmad Province. Final report of the research project. Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center of Kohgiluye and Booyer Ahmad. (In Farsi).

25. Sheikhi, A., Najafi, H., Abbasi, S., Saber, F. & Rashid, M. (2010). Guide to pesticides in Iran 2009.

Paytakht Book Publication. (In Farsi).

26. Snyder, J.C., Thacker, R.R., Boeniger, M. & Antonious, G.F. (2003). Potential of solid phase extraction disks to aid determination of dislodgeable foliar residues of chlorpyriphos, malathion, diazinon, and acephate. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 45(4), 429-35.

27. Stenersen, J. (2004). Chemical pesticides mode of action and toxicology. CRS Press, Florida, USA. 274 pp, ISBN 0-7484-0910-6.

28. Turgut, C., Ornek, H. & Teresa, J.C. (2010). Determination of pesticide residues in Turkey’s table grapes: the effect of integrated pest management, organic farming, and conventional farming.

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 173, 315-323.

29. Wang, D., Weston, D. P., Ding, Y. & Lydy, M.J. (2010). Development of a sample preparation method for the analysis of current-use pesticides in sediment using gas chromatography. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 58, 255–267.

30. Yadegarian Haji Abadi, L. (1998). Determining the residue of diazinon in onions and green onions. Final report of the research project. Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute. Tehran. (In Farsi).