تغییرات جمعیت شته‌های کلزا، زیست‌شناسی گونه شته خردل Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. و کارآیی دشمنان طبیعی آن در مزارع کلزای خوزستان

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E-mail: khajehzadeh1334@yahoo.com

ﻪﺘﺷ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ز ،اﺰﻠﻛ يﺎﻫ

ﻳ ﺖﺴ ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻲ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ

لدﺮﺧ ﻪﺘﺷ

Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.

ﻲﻳآرﺎﻛ و

اﺰﻠﻛ عراﺰﻣ رد نآ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ نﺎﻨﻤﺷد ي

نﺎﺘﺳزﻮﺧ

ﻪﺟاﻮﺧ ﻪﻟاﺪﻳ

1هداز ﻲﺸﻜﻠﻣ ﻦﺴﺣ ﺪﻴﺳ ،* نﺎﻴﻧﺎﻬﻴﻛ ﺮﺒﻛا ﻲﻠﻋ و2

3

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Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)

: 0

Myzus persicae (Sulzer.)

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K*LA !$% " # +;

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هژاو يﺪﻴﻠﻛ يﺎﻫ :

!$% B6*+5 7**8 B+*: !& B% Bg .

ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ

! "# #$ %#& # '&

Brassica napus L. var.

oleifera

( )#*#+, -

# ! .&

(Brassicaceae)

/#$

. $ / 12$3 $ #$

(3 43(

) 36 (%

#9$ "3' ; .< =' (

43( + ( #& $ >+ ?* #$ @(

=#*

$ * A#2 >$#B 9+4 #C

(Shirani Rad &

Deshiry, 2002)

. 2/ #$ '& )#+ ( ,D 3

=#*

(9B ;)E '+F#G HI& )#- D 3 $ JK# !(

3 AE @3#2 L 9/ #$ =(#,#K ;@M4 A3# ( 2N9, JK# 43( O( ; * )

PQ # PR (%

+39G 3

#<&

) ST (%

+U ( CK# #1 #

/#$ 2/ +39G 3 43(

) Abdolramani, 2003

.(

)#2K )#2K3 (I& ( '& HI& 9 VWK ;3(

'N X HN#

.

$

=(Y ( )E HI& 9 VWK &

)#2K Z

!( #K ( (#2-*

[ [\

$

36 !( #K ( (#2-*

\[

\ +K(

) Absalan et al., 2007

( HI& 9 ]WK X 'N 3 (

#K

#*

I^ (Y $ E !( = (#& (2K ( =9+1

=(3#I&#_ @(3 /#$

. 2/ >+ $ '& #+,

J J =#_2N#$ > ( 91+K # - @9I6 2/ )^ =

#*

9,

(Dixson,

1974)

. 2/

"# $ , K ;#*

2/ =#*

.&

Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)

9 2/

(Kalt.)

Lipaphis erysimi

* 'CK 2/ 3

Myzus persicae

(Sulzer)

$ =#`2B H+* =( '& =3(

(Brar et

al., 1987; Sharma & Bhalla, 1991)

3 , 3 3

#6 ( 2* )#+F#a+^ O#`2 @#NE 'CK 2/ &

9I6 ;*

HK (^ =

(Star et al., 2004) .

2/ @(#

3 $ D 9 / ;*, =2$ (

X*#& b!#$ 3 $ +

(3c$ )'

# [[

% 3 + )'

# (3c$ 43(

% HK /

(Kelm et al., 1995)

.

92$9d 2/

9I6 HNE ( =

)#2K3* 3 )#2e#G

& / N9f 9-!

X+$ (

* X*#& O(

(Hamid & Amad, 1980; Raj, 1998)

.

@(# >! 92_ - 9 2/

=

43( =#*

)#2K3* g9G#(3 ( 3 /#$

,E b!#$

% #+, (

Brassica carinata

43( / 9-! X*#& b!#$ & /

/

(Bakhetia, 1984)

. K(9$ #$

h ++

f @9 + H

2/

/ 3 .e CY )#

+ f K ( )E + (#_^ ;)#2

#K#/ 'e i(' ( 2/ , 2/ &

#$ .e

39N C

\ % / 2#/ J#4 ,

(Modarres

Najafabadi et al., 2005)

. )&# )#2K )#2K

2/

;9 =#*

'& #+, =3( * 'CK 3 .&

/ g(',

(Eastop & Hodjat, 1978;

Khajehzadeh, 2004)

LK (3 @(#

( 2/

'e i('

= ( )#2K g/ ( 9 2/ $ E

!( #K

\[

\ ; [ % / (3E9$

(Khajehzadeh &

Kariminezhad, 2008)

g3( 3 $ .& 2/

>j+

&

.

& ;"9, * 3 AE L 9/ ( =#*

>#& (Y $ 2/

# >+-I 9-$ =#*

/ .

2/

(G ;#*

3 $ # =#*

E "# ( 3

( 9-$ #K Y

(Jayma & Ronald, 1991)

* 3 AE L 9/ $ 2$ .& 2/ > f >k #K ( >

/#$

(Khanjani, 2004)

.

d l#m ( .& 2/

)#/ =( #+ n2

b!#$ =k $ #_E o 9* & HK =f2 f+CY HNE @(# 3 H+f X*#&

/ . K(9$ (

2/

CY )#/ 3 .e +

f

# ( )E +

;)#2p

f 3 #*9,(#p/ , , q

(#G F2 +

#*

= (3E r 2/ )E

= /

(Kxdamshoev,

1983)

. (9$ ( K 3 9s @9I6 )N +

'e i('

mW ( ;92

3 HNE ,

9I6 ,

+ r t3Ie # $ uf2 e / =(3E ;#*

(2#$

= v1 3 #*

#*

= K + N9 +

$

(Kismir, 1992) .

Diaeretiella rapae

92_ )! $ (#G

F2 +

;#G3( 9K9K ( HNE 3(/

= 9E ;##e ;u$#K ;#p

92K + 3 # + * ( e / 9$ "#

[ % 2/

#*

(#G ( 2 e

(Bonnemaison, 1965)

. (C

( )#2K3* 3 )9 +

O ' 9 (#G F2 + 2/

HK / g(', .e .

Raj & Lakhanpal (1998)

;

Lotfalizadeh (2002)

3

Khajehzadeh (2004)

3 )9,(#p/ 2K9_N

H (#G / F( )9 n2d uY# ( HNE =#*

HK

(Malkeshi et al., 2004)

.

!"#

$ :

% &'! ()*

&+$ , -

" ./

...

1

w(#B K(9$ (

=(#+$ =#*

( .& 2/

f ;=3M, 91$

[ 2K( $ uf2 w(#B ,

Entomophthorales

w(#B $ uf2 , o 3 *

=#

Deutromycetes

9, #K#/

) Sivcev, 1991

.(

#_ g92, $ #$

2/

J#4 3 .e

)$

'e i(' ( ,

= 4 $ (Ie 9K#9K +

9

K3 @#f#W ;)#2K )#2K +

f

$ x` ( +

y

= ;

2/ H+f @9++h

)E f+CY )#/ 3 .e

#6 ( ;HK 2N9, @(O 2/ ( ( @#f#W &

+3 =9$ u+mk c ;$ '+^# (I& ( 9 HN9, "#< (I& VWK ( 9 2/ #$ l#C( ( (#$

.

1 H#/ ;u+mk =9 ?*

= @9++h

2/ H+f 2/ x`d$ '& =#*

)#/ 3 9

K(9$ 3 9 2/ , =y+$ ;)E f+CY

Xm

* 3 AE >! 3 f+CY )#/

H+f X*#& (

)E HK #$ # /#$

)#- ;@#!MY )E $ $#

HK f+CY / =#K#*( 3 C g(39G $ $#

2/ )E H+f X*#& =9$ JK# )# ( ._

@(#

/#$ 2/ 3 .

شور و داﻮﻣ

ﺎﻫ

r (z $ , #K#/ 3 =(3E

n2d =#*

9* ;'& =3( #fN 2/

Z [ i(' C9 o ;3(

='&

)#2K9_/

#*

;(33#/ ; +6 ;* n2d =

)#_C_$

) )3 9_/ 3 ='&9 Xd$

( $ =(9$

E >!

. ='& i(' +{*

)#2K9_/

#*

=

c ;'9_(

._ =/( >69 ( .* g/ 3 N ;

'&

) {4 ;,9$^

?M4 3 *, ;*

=$

(

HN9, @(O =(9$

. ( & #m =(9$

2/ H+f ;HN9, @(O #*

(Y $ 'e $

#*9WB ( N#`

=

;!(' H+f )'+ 3 A#d2

2/

/ ++f #_E ( #*

. #$

H+f r i $

2/

r< |#/ ;$ f< i & #*

(K)

9N 9 E HK $ :

X S K X

= 2−

2

) =X 3 +1#+

S2

= v# (3 ( f 3 (n

=#W A^(#^ ( / n 9f #2! H+$#B ~#K 9$

N (#+f 9

(Radjabi, 2003)

:

X K c

X n K

2

= +

) =K

;r< |#/

=X +1#+

( / CK#k .

|#/ (m N ( (&c L$3( #2K #$

r<

/

= f 3 E HK $ K

/ Z

=

n

/ CK#k .

(#$ 9* ( 9$#$

>ON $ =(9$

9*

92 #f 3 $ o

( N#` (Y $ $

#*9WB

= 9* #+, =yN ~#K9$ 3 A#d2 ;!('

HB ‚9$ K $

#G ;#+ ; %#$ =#*

+ o 3

>, B#K fWB

(W$ ?M4 3 >, =3#6 ='&9 *

2/ 3 / A#d2 N#` M#&

vG #_E =3( =#*

#1I #E $ #m2 +& ~#K9$ ;

Rezwani, 2001) .(

, o+- $ 3 #K#/

H/# 3 g(#/ #*

9, . 2/ ;+ U =9$

Kƒ $ / #K#/ =#*

/ #K( (I& -/'a*#+, @#m+mk .

g3( ~#K9$

McCloskey et al.

(1998)

O( 3 C 39N O(

@#fN

*#I

@ K 2/ ,

* 'CK =#*

;9 2/ ;

2/ 3 ( .& =#*

=(9$

> „ L$3( #*

/ CK#k :

+ ++f =9$ +{*

, i )' (&c =#*

)a+K |#/ )#2K )#2K n2d uY# ( 9N #$

9 :

3 2 1

1 _i

n

i

p D^{= −}

∑

₌⁼

) pi

= …, f HC , >& i< $ i

=#*

;2/

=n

, f 2/ =#*

( / #2K .

!"#

"$%

f @9++h 2/ H+

)/ 'CK )# '& =#*

?M4 69 )# #G # # )#$E ( '&

Y *

#K

#*

=

!(

\

\ .K !(' ( #12 I /#G

#$ )#_C_$ =(3#I& @#m+mk

=(9$

=#*

[

× X

=

× X

=

HN9, (9B K(9$ ( 3(

. @9++h K(9$ =9$

9 2/ H+f )

J#4 , (

H! $ H+f '&9

>, B#K =3( 2/ =%#$

g3( ;*

(Monfared, 2001)

/ #2K .

#$

Y =9+,

3 )E A9† >O#6 3 E $ O( ;E B#K )E #2K #$ 3 E HK $ ,E |#/

"

"t

,E |#/ 3 O( ;E B#K Y

Y #K 3

(9$

= .* #$

#m / .

* 3 AE >! Xm ++f (z $ )

(

C H$Y( ;@(96

,(#$ 3 ( H+f @9++h 9$

G 3 9 2/

$ )9$

+ 12C* )'

f + H

2/

9/ ( #*

CY L + f ; #12 K#/* =#*

k 3 +_ )#_C_$ )#2K9_/ K#/*

Y$9 =#*

K9 + 9, . .

&

'( )% *" + )+,

H / 92& L 9/ ( 9 2/ K#/

) =#

ºC

R

± Rˆ

C H$Y( 3

ˆ

±

‰Q O(

( #$

,9$ o g3( #2K

(Star et al., 2004)

"#<

HN9, . (z =9$

=92G / 2N9, 9z ( X

=92G 9* ( 3 3( ( Š#$ # 2/ o X

‹K =

=/( >69 3 (9B '& # ) ‚9$ =3#6 H!#K K 9* 3 2N9, 9z 9 3( 9* ( 2/

q (#$

h ++

/ HCΠ@9 .

) f ;3 3 i39/ #$

H/#

?c6 ;/ g(#/ ) 3 /

. # (

9! Y 3 > o (3 Y ;2/ 9* Ž#2 f CK#k 2/

/ HCΠl$9 3 ( 3 .

f #†

9/ ( 2/ >

CY L + f

#2 $ #$

9/ ‹ L

#E

*#1I CK#k g3( ~#K 9$ ;

Darvish Mogeni

& Rezwani (1998)

Modarres Najafabadi et al.

(2005)

.

-. / +

-. / +

Y

#K

#*

= TS

ST

(_ 3 '& H/#& #$

2/

9* ;#*

Q

‘ r $ @(#C 3(

@9I6 =(3E

2/ f+CY )#/ Š#$# >69 3 >#&

i(' ( #*

.K ='&

@#m+mk #12 ( $#d2 I /#G

9, )#_C_$ =(3#Ie .

#$ >#& @9I6 =(9$

9I6 ( #2K I ;9+,

( (#-/ 3 .+m2 *#

…O#N $ !(' (#WB

ˆ #f 3 92 Rˆ

"#< $

2/ 3 f+CY )#/ , >69 9 #K 3 HN9, =#*

r #2K #$ / #+

=(3E

‚9$

#*

3 B#K ;

?M4 3 f+CY )#/ 2 >69 =3#6 =#*

HN9, @(O #1I #E $ #m2 .

L 9/ (

1I #E ( *#

-#$

=# ( ?#/ -+2KMG =#*

ºC

R

± Rˆ

C H$Y( 3

ˆ

±

‰Q 3 O(

P H!#K

/ > C >#& @9I6 $ #/3(

. #K#/ vaK

#m HN9, "#< r$# ~#K9$ #_E

.

+F2 (#G =#*(C 9* $ / #K#/ =#*

2/ / E 9$ ;/ #+ =#*

#_ #K#/ =

/ #K( -/'a*#+, @#m+mk Kƒ $ .

vG

@#`dI ~#K9$ ^(#-/ f+CY )#/ #K#/

H+f ;=9*#

; , 3 v / HCΠ3 g(#/ #*

9, ++f J#4 , =(#E K(9$ #$ 3 .

++f =9$

#$ ;.+2 (#G O(

=(9$

Rˆ

3 'e $

B 9* >ON ( !(' 9* 9W

ˆ ;* >, B#K o 92

Q 2#K 2/ =3#6 B#K 92 9& rWB ( 9 =#*

2/ g(#/ vG 3 B#K ;/ #+ 3 .#K =#*

#*

-#$ ( 9WB $ ?#/ -+2KMG =#*

Q i#( 3

ˆ

2#K $ HC #*(C )/ E vG 3 (9B 92

E g(#/

2/ f $ #$ 3 "B ;#_

O( ;#*

, o+- $ #$ 3 |dI .+2 (#G 3 #*

g(#/

+F2 (#G (C J#4 , ;Y$9 =#*

/ |dI .

-. / + !"#

(9$

= f + CY )#/ H +

f 9/ #$

L

$#I 2/

#*

/ "#<

. 9$

= (#e ='& !(' o

.K )#_C_$ =(3#I& @#m+mk #12 ( I /#G

9, A#d2 .

(#e ( 3 '& !(' )/ 'CK vG

(9$

= f + $ @(#C 9 2/ H

.z =(9$

[ Š#$# 3 Š#$ >69 3(

^(#-/

o+- 3 +F2 (#G =#*(C 3 ._ =#*

#*

, ~#K9$

#_E f HCΠ3 g(#/ ;#*

vaK 3 9,

>p/

3 #*9,(#-/ H+f @9++h

9, .K( #*+F2 (#G .

+&

>p/

#9$ ( #*

Excel

=(#E >+k 3 '< 3 .+K9

#*

= K#/*

3

CY )#/ 9Œ

+ f ) t3Ie v1 ;#*

#*

= 3 >,

!"#

$ :

% &'! ()*

&+$ , -

" ./

...

(2#$

= ( f 9$

+ H 2/

#*

9$ ( #

Minitab

#2K #$

'+#E g3(

Step wise regression

HN9, "#<

.

ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ

(

=(9$

=#*

#K

#*

!( =

\

\

( $#d2 i(' ( )#2K9_/

#*

)#2K n2d =

r ;v K $ uf2 2/ , K ;)#2K

=(3E

( H+f 39N O( J+9 $ & / #K#/ 3 $ @(#C! '& !(' :

.& 2/ ;9 2/

* 'CK 2/ 3 .

=(9$

Y / "#< =#*

#K

#*

=

\

\ , )#I

L. erysimi

39N #$

Z[

vG 3 HK $ )#2K ( , 92I+$ 2/

$ )E , J+9 =#*

B. brassicae

3

M. persicae

39N #$

=#*

\ 3

\ 2N9, (9B 2/

) 3 .(

+{*

)#2K9_/

#*

( )3 3 c =

)a+K |#/ #$ )#2K )#2K

/ 3 / , i )'+ 92& 3 92I+$ =( J+9 $

=

$ '& i(' ( )

3 .(

=(9$

#K ( / "#< =#*

\

\

( 39N O( 92I+$ 9 …2/ & )#I HK 2/

)

\ / O(

( ( 2/ 3 [

O(

=(9$

HK / *#I #*

. & HK #6 (

36 * 'CK 2/

\ % 2/ >&

r =#*

/ =(3E

)#2K ( $ ( )#2K

. 3 HK x#`2

( 2/

36 Z O(

=(9$

/ *#I #*

HK #K (

\

\ +* '+

3 E HK$ ‹ #2

, 9239N )! $ 9 …2/

) / O(

( 3

, )! $ * 'CK 2/

O( 92I+$ & =

@#fN

*#I ) Z / Z O(

( ( (

=(9$

#*

/ 2#/ ;2/

.

#K 3 i< ( ‹ #2

\

\ 3

\

\ 3 HK #O '+

Y #K 3

39N O( 92I+$ 9 …2/ ;=(9$

) [ / ( * 'CK …2/ 3 H/ , K +$ ( (

O( 92I+$

*#I @#fN )

Z / Z ( +$ ( (

, H/ #*

) 3 .(

12!

3 %.$"# %. -, 4 5, " % 1# % " 6. 7% " . 8

3

Brevicoryne brassicae

Lipaphis erysimi Myzus persicae

%&''$ ! "#$ %&''$ ! "#$ %&''$ ! "#$

* '#+

* '#+

* '#+

* '#+

* '#+

* '#+

/ - - / 0 / - -- / 0 / / 1''

0 / - / / 0

- / 0 / 0 / - 234

/ - / 0 / 0 0 / 0 0 0 / - / 0-- 53'

/ - - / 0 / 00 00 / 0 0-0 / 0- 00 / 00 0 67

/ - - - - - 0 0 / 00 / 0 0 /

- / - 0 / - / 0 - 0 / / / 8!!'

0 / - / / 0 - / 0 / - / - 9$1

0 / - / - / 0 / 0 / / 0 :

/ - - - - - - / 0 / / 31

-- -- -- -- -- -- - --

;< =>

12!

9 3 8 2;

4 5, " % 1# " 6. % " . 2< ('8 1. =>?* @ %.$"# %.

9 9

0 9

0

"#$ *

!

*

%&''$

"#$ *

!

*

%&''$

"#$ *

! *

%&''$

2 ?&@

/ - 0

/

/ /

/

/ Myzus persicae

/

/

/ /

-

/

/ Lipaphis erysimi

/ 0-

/ 0

/

/ 0 -

/ 00

/ 0 Brevicoryne brassicae

-- --

-- --

-- --

;<

AB

!"#

"$%

2/ , K ;'& #+, =/( n2d >69 (

$ =3(

)# ~#K9$ & / 9*# '& =#*

9/ A uY# ='& i(' ( )#/(_

)#2K B

) )#_C_$

( $ @(#C!

: 3 9 2/ ;* 'CK 2/

.& 2/

$- 2/ +3 :

+/#6 ( & HK =

f+K3 n+Y =3( '& i(' n!

#*

# 9* =

Brassicaceae

3( VWK =3( # = 93 ( 3 9*#

‚9$

#*

$ + #G = ,9$^ 69 ( '& =#*

9m2

/ . K "3 + ( 2/ H+f )

69 (

*, ( +1#+ #$ ; /

Ž3 $ $ 9* ( 2/

+K(

) >p/

.(

)+, :

2/ , +3 2/

= ( &

p 3 &9G (Y $ 3 / 9*# '& i(' +/#6

=

=3( # _$ > 3 (

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يرادﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ نﺎﻣز

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اﺰﻠﻛ ﻪﺗﻮﺑ 25 رد ﺎﻫﺮﮔرﺎﻜﺷ داﺪﻌﺗ

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اﺰﻠﻛ ﻪﺗﻮﺑ 25 رد ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷ داﺪﻌﺗ

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اﺰﻠﻛ ﻪﺗﻮﺑ 25 رد ﺎﻫﺮﮔرﺎﻜﺷ داﺪﻌﺗ

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

اﺰﻠﻛ ﻪﺗﻮﺑ 25 رد ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷ داﺪﻌﺗ

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اﺰﻠﻛ ﻪﺗﻮﺑ 25 رد ﻪﺘﺷ داﺪﻌﺗ

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اﺰﻠﻛ ﻪﺗﻮﺑ 25 رد ﻢﺴﻴﺘﻳزارﺎﭘ ﺪﺻرد

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اﺰﻠﻛ ﻪﺗﻮﺑ 25 رد ﻪﺘﺷ داﺪﻌﺗ

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Mk† #6 ( & 9+G = ;/#$

=92& H+* 9$#$ ; (9B (9m2K >k ((9$

=#_K39 3 #m2 #26 H! $ # /#$

+$

=(#

O# H+* (#$ # @9I6 LK ((9$

(Esmaili et al., 1993)

( #$ 3

9+, (9B .

9*# '& i(' ( & 2/ , +3

& $ 9 2/ ;/

‚9$

#*

>69 ( '& #+ =

{4 ;/( +3 ;#*

‚9$

#*

B#K 3 #_2 = =#*

>,

>k ( * , +K 3 (9B (9m2K

B#K #_2 @/ =3( & $ .& 2/ .* 2/

>, {4 (#& ( 3 * ch *#+, 9+/ #*

&

. $ 2/ #sN (#I2 k J+9 '& =#*

(#I2 k #$ $#I '& $ =3(

2/

#*

3(

= .e $

#e ( + 9 + $ # HK

) Trumble et al., 1982

.(

+*

) .& 3 9 2/ & m2f +mmk 9

9%#$ 3

‚9$

#*

#2K >$#B )y392+ 9+„ >k &

A

43( 3 +39G ( (9m2K >k ( /#$

#2K 9+„ )E =(3(#$ =9$ 3 (9B ; #

- ' ( 9$#$

#_2 .2 9 3 / 9m2

J#4 $ #$ 3 ((9$ =92I+$ @(# >+#2G , ;)#2K )#2K ( 9 2/ H+f )$

.K 3 HK ((9$ =92I+$ H+* 2/

/#G =#*

VWK (

; 3

( J+9 $ (#2-*

#K

#*

!( =

\

\

;

\[

\ 3

\\

\[

! 9$

+

HK $ )#2K ='& i(' ( 2/ +*

) 9&c

)#2K @##C ”6 ~#/(#e #$

.(

h ++

f @9 + Y 9 2/ H

K(9$ #K 3

$

m2 @9ΠJCK +

#_3# .

=

* 3 AE

@9Π#

4 + m29 + 3( 9$ * 3 AE .

= , /( (3 +

)#*#

+ )#$'

/#$

(Bodenheimer & Swirski, 1957)

. )(#$

#*

=

/

$# b!#$

= 2/

#*

3( e /

= >, B#K

( (9B *

) Solmon, 1969

.(

K(9$

$ ; f+CY )#/ & )#I #*

“3I& J+9 [

Wm v1 ;=

E. balteatus

3

#$

& ((9$ =92I+$ H+f 'CK =(

9+U #$ #_E H+f

* $ HC # o # 2

2/ H+f Ž3 $ '& =#*

#CW "! & K(

$ ;9 2/ H+f Ž3 #$ #*9,(#-/ H+f Ž3 $ #*9,(#-/ 3 9 2/ (96 …#2KE >B6 @3#

“3I& x`

[ Wm l$9 =

=(W$ ;/#$

36 ( 9 2/ (96 #2KE &

◦C

(Campbell

et al., 1969)

“3I& 3 [

Wm ( =

◦C

9&„

) Shojai, 1989

.(

( x` $ 9+U

#$

36 $ #_ (

# K(

. i39/ ( 9+U

^(#-/ W$ 3 3 ; ch ;H+#fN )'+ 3 #*

2/ #_E ch #$ #m ( # K LK3 ( #*

H+f 2/ =(#<

(#_ =9$ N#& >+#2G #*

2/ H+f 2+ ((9$ #*

. >69 ch )'+

“3I& Š#$ @9I6 3 =3(%

2/ #*

#*

[ 2/

) Annad, 1983

#*3(% ;(

= v1 36 +N9+K =#*

Z 2/

) Sharma & Bhalla, 1991

3(

/ 3 2/

'+ # @9I6 =(3(#$ )'+

Z 9, (3E9$ .d

HK

) Nimala & Verna, 1996

. (

“3I& >$#B H+f $ #$

[ Wm = Ž3 +$ 92e ?M2 ;#*9,(#-/ 9 #K #$ #m (

“3I& H+f [

Wm 9 2/ #$ = )

Z [

3(

( ch >+#2G 3 #*9,(#-/ 9 #K #$ #m (

“3I& 92I+$

$ & #*

+K =#*3(% ch >+

@(O )E Š#$ @9I6 3 n2d ,

+ {* ;9 +

! Xe3

= 'N $ HCj f X

+ / b!#$ 2/ H

3(

= , + # + / 'e92 2/ )#$' .

<+2 (

%

H+f X 'N $ l$9 9 2/ H+f @9++h '& i(' ( #_&3I&

/#$

. / %O

CY + f

* #$

12C

#m ( HCj CY / #$

+ f

(

= 12C*

ch (

``d 2/

9

(#2N(

e

) Kismir, 1992

.(

g (39G =9$ 9$#$

2/ *C 92& =9$ =#K#*( 3 C ;'& =#*

“3I&

[ Wm

^(#-/ 9 #K #$ #m ( = ( #*

((9$ H+k( )#2K .

'N f X +

!( #K ( #*9,(#p/ H

\

\

#m ( #K #$

\

\ ( 'N $ ) f X

+ H

2/

#*

= + x e HC #K )E ( )#$'

*C $ 2$3 >!

/#$

(Solmon, 1969)

.

, 92_

(#G #$ W$( ( & = 2/ .+2

=#*

3 #+ ( '&

, HK / g(', )9

Diaeretiella rapae

/#$

. (#G )'+

.+2

(C

\ # / 9kO L 9/ (

(Nimala &

Verna, 1996)

3

\ / / % (

#K

#*

= Z

HK / (3E9$ * g9G #^#+* H# (

(Raj &

Lakhanpal, 1998)

.

#6 (

i(' ( e HK

'e

= (C H+f )#2K

D.rapae

"3 + (

Ž3 $ (39N ( 3 K(

9/

@(96 ( L

>#& ,+K( #6 ( #+, 3 X 'N #6 ( L+k 2/ H+f O( 3 $ ( 3 2N# X 'N (#$ =#*

9'CK9K i(' =K $ 39G #6 /#$

. #$ 9$#$

2/ H+f Ž3 2/ ;H+ uCW #*

( @(#

2/ .+(#G LK2 H! +* $ 3 ; (3 =#*

.& '&

)

\ [ / (%

=#*(C # 9$#$ 3 $

2/ H+f X*#& ( +F2 (#G )#$'+ =#*

;*#&

e x` $ =( )#2K ( #*(C

* + (#G9a F2 +

#*

& HK (#e X*#e b!#$

#*(C

/

) Kazemzadeh Arjas, 2003

(