In the second step, Mamdani fuzzy inference system was used to determine the overall quality of the effluent. One of the strongest and well-known models in the distribution of species is the maximum entropy (Maxent).
The effect of general form and relative compactness of Tehran residential buildings on pollution resulted from heating in winter season
- Type 9
- Type 7
- Type 5
- Type 3
- Type 1
In the following, the optimal states of the heating load will be calculated and analyzed in relation to the ratio of the opinion to the wall in different types. In Figure 1, no. 3 is presented as a sample in the three-dimensional modeling with the percentage of openings relative to the wall and the degree of penetration of radiant energy as its heating load. Three-dimensional modeling of type 3 with the percentage of openings in relation to the wall and the rate of penetration of radiant energy as its heating load.
Modeling in 10 types and three states of the window-to-wall ratio resulted in the analysis of 30 types and signs of heating load and CO2 emissions in Design builder software, which were evaluated during 6 cold months in Tehran. In the graph of heating load and CO2 emission with WWR, type 4 has the lowest heating load and CO2 emission in the average cold months in Tehran. Type 7 with WWR=10 and types 6 and 10 with WWR=25.40 have the highest heating load and CO2 emission in the average cold months in Tehran.
In general, as the relative compactness of building increases, the heating load and Co2 emissions decrease.
Estimate the value of improving air quality in the Tehran City: Application choice experiment method
The results of the conditional logit model are reliable if the options in the choice sets are independent. In the above model , and is the coefficient of the characteristics of the alternatives (X), the coefficient of the interaction effects of the socio-economic characteristics with the price and the coefficient of the interaction effects of the socio-economic characteristics with the Alternative Specified Constant (ASC) respectively. . The purpose of this study is to assess households' willingness to pay to reduce each of the effects of air pollution in southwest Tehran, including increased mortality, decreased horizontal visibility, and increased washing costs.
A choice experiment method was used to estimate the willingness to pay for each of the air pollution effects. A conditional logit model was estimated to examine the factors influencing households' willingness to pay to reduce air pollution. Hausman McFaden's results indicated that the results of the conditional logit model were not reliable, so a nested logit model was estimated.
The average annual willingness to pay 319,140 Rials per household and improve air quality in southwest Tehran was 118,705 billion Rials.
Assessing the level of citizens' satisfaction about urban environmental quality (Case study: Hamedan City)
To our knowledge, no studies have been designed to investigate the intention to use meteorological information in Iran so far. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the intention to use meteorological information by Iranian farmers. A structural equation model was developed to investigate relationships between factors that influence the intention to use climate information and forecasts.
In fact, the results suggest that respondents' self-efficacy and outcome expectancy help predict an individual's intention to use weather and climate information. The model accounted for 59% of the variance in intention to use climate information and forecasting. Also, the structural equation modeling revealed that the perceived usefulness (P< 0.001, β= 0.72) can explain 52% of the variation in the perception of the behavior of others. First, the results revealed that self-efficacy and outcome expectancy are directly significant predictors of intention to use climate meteorological.
In other words, with increased self-efficacy and expectation of results, farmers will have more intention to use meteorological information.
Evaluation of groundwater vulnerability of Miandoab plain to nitrate using genetic algorithm
According to the results of the DRASTIC model for the plane and 25% of the field, respectively located in areas with very low, medium, high and very high vulnerability. In the genetic algorithm method, the optimal parameter weights are obtained by maximizing the objective function. The map optimized using the genetic algorithm method shows that about 17% of the fields are located in very low, medium, high and very vulnerable areas.
According to the results of the model, the central parts of the Miandoab plain were introduced as more vulnerable areas. The optimized map using the genetic algorithm method shows that approximately and 17% of the plains are located in very low, moderate, high and very vulnerable areas. According to the results of the model, the central parts of the Miandoab plain were introduced as more vulnerable areas.
Evaluation of diversity and functional group as one of the biodiversity indices in response to altitudinal gradients (Case study: Cheshme Sarkho.
Evaluation of diversity and functional group as one of the biodiversity indices in response to elevation gradients (Case study: Cheshme Sarkho
The feature dispersion index and the feature divergence and feature richness at all peaks are interstitial and have not changed much. As the results show, there is no significant difference between the frequencies of the groups, but there is a significant difference between the heights of the species in different functional groups. According to Figure 4, the height of the species in the functional group was the highest, so that group was placed in a separate group by itself, and the height of the species in the other groups was in the same group, with the difference in group 2 had to mean.
Therefore, in the present study, the uniformity in the characteristics of the vegetation is the same at all altitudes, although the variability and variability of the plants are very different, but the plants that were present in the area did not have significantly different characteristics and did not change dramatically. Therefore, effect size has no significance in functional attribute diversity (FAD1). This confirms that in a situation where the richness of the function is reduced, additional use of food resources occurs and the function is reduced.
The results of comparing the height of six functional communities show that the height of the second community is greater than other communities because it includes shrubs and vegetative forms.
Urban streetscape quality in Tehran metropolis
In order to identify and document the dimensions, criteria and indicators of the streetscape, this article first considers definitions and concepts of urban streetscape, and then refines theories and thoughts about the streetscape in 30 Iranian and international studies, of which authors were selected considering the frequency of citing their studies in related major scientific articles. In the following section, the most important domestic and international experiences with urban streetscapes are discussed. To this end, 18 successful national and international experiences are reviewed, and relevant studies are analyzed with a focus on dimensions and indicators for the streetscape.
This supermatrix has been formulated in two parts, including: Iranian and international theories and national and international experiences. Iranian and international researchers and national and international experiences are placed in 48 columns, and the streetscape indicators are placed in 60 rows. This paper first formulated comprehensive streetscapes and then provided a standard framework for streetscape evaluation.
This step was carried out in two parts, including refining the theories of key streetscape researchers, taking into account domestic and international opinions, and refining the most important and successful international experiences.
Investigation of farmers’ preferences to participation in payment for ecosystem services (PES) program of Ghazvin plain watershed
In our case study, the chosen attributes are related to, on the one hand, different methods of servicing ecosystems, and on the other hand, incentive measures aimed at encouraging farmers to join the PES program. To set the choice to be presented to the interviewers, all the possible combinations of the levels of all attributes were generated. The selection of choice sets among all possible combinations was based on a reduced and D-Optimal approach of 16 alternatives, which were divided into two blocks, taking into account orthogonality within and between blocks.
In addition to the eight choice sets, interviewees were also asked about their perception of the current state of the environment in the studied area, as well as their activities and their socio-economic and demographic characteristics. In this study, we assess farmers' preferences for three different levels of conditionality, two methods of payment and two methods of service delivery. Two methods of payment are as fixed annual cash payments to single farmers and non-payment (use of agricultural land through new methods of irrigation) which is significant.
Two methods of service delivery are to change the pattern of cultivation and improve irrigation methods which are significant, but farmers prefer to change the pattern of cultivation.
The role of water resource management in controlling quantitative and qualitative water resource changes due to climate change in the catchment
The role of water resource management in controlling quantitative and qualitative water resource changes due to climate change in catchment areas.
The collection of data in the theoretical foundations section is carried out through library studies and through questionnaires in the field research section. Partial least squares method is used for questionnaire data analysis and structural equation modeling by smart PLS software. The samples of this study consisted of 56 specialists and experts in the field of natural resources and environment, as well as managers in charge of the water supply section in Marivan city.
In the first step, using structural equation modeling with partial least squares, a measurement model was determined through reliability and validity analysis. In the second phase, the structural model assessment was carried out through path analysis and measurement of coefficients between latent variables as well as the model fitting. According to the study, there is a meaningful reduction in rainfall rate and relative humidity and temperature increase in the watershed basin of the Zarivar wetland; so it is gradually moving towards climate change.
The results analysis and interpretation of structural equation modeling represents the effectiveness rate of water resource management on restoring and maintaining the quality and quantity of water resources of watershed basin of Zarivar along with climate change is 0.401 and 0.413 respectively.
