! "
*
$ "
)
&
99 112 (
+ , :
16 / 07 / 92 2 34 5 67 , :
26 / 08 / 92
9 : ; ! " #
$%
&
'
# ()
*
"
+
,
- . //0
* .
2 3 45 2 6* )
&
"
78 / 9 6
: ; 6 * <
= /
>
/ 6
& ?
*
*
* - @ .
//0
# - .
&
<
+ &
A (*
B C 5 *
* D ) & @ A E 3 A ! ' F A /
* /G A H
6 5
H' #
% 6* )
A 4I +* 5
- . //0
D "
' J K ?
I% H D L
H
3 *
/G
% M / N / G
&
2 * + F * H O ; G .
9<
! : = ! >
:
% 6* ) A
A / I A A Q%
%
____________________________________________________________
? @A B CA : A7 D*
n.alimohammadi@ut.ac.ir:
1 . 6 F 3 2 R S
% 5* * 6/L 5@
T U % - M
" V /
T H 5
H W D "
/G . H 9I@
Q X 6* K* T Y=
U * 5/=;
= H/ N'&
Z ZR)
"
&
G
@ . ! " #
$%
&
'
* # ()
"
+
45 2 3 H @ G 6* )
&
Y/ @
* &
- . //0
/M 2 ![;
/(
) E 3 A ! ' F A / &
% =&\* )
' /%]
A
= H/'&
Y
W H
V
*
& ^M KK.*
F 2X . H
+
<'
' .
*
6 *
'
&
C " - @ C* A 5 A /G
_/) [ 6
/ F .
[ 6 H
* E %
» 6 )
_%
«
» 6 ) «
6* )
&
6(
.
(& _% 6 ) K 5* / '
H
> U b
* K 5*
'! &
c A +
I*
;
* '
&
A
AC=3 6=( 6@ /M C/'
Ib W * d
*
&
. (F H
_% C* K 5* ' D L H '
*
"
'L" / O (I/@ AC &
6@
: A K 5* C &
I e '
"
( 6 fI_* CK!
F
*
&
+ A J K ? C/=3 '
&
A (& & M 2 & D
H H_ % I e
&
*
&
.
&
3
&
%8 * '
&
F
* / Z / I e A
< 9 EK* -9 *
* . _% C* K 5* C K*
'
&
M A
I% H * '
A D
I / C*
'
&
e _*
H Z/(/ G < * ' &
6 (
V + A L
K A 5 A
- @ -[.'
* F
"
'
&
6=(
.b / g 2 * 9L
3 *
A
*
\ F b ! M
) A I% H 1345
: 269
q* F I% H (.
q* F - . , A6L =& 6/& * /N/M 5* F
. c
" M M @ F
*
) A I% H 1345
: 272 - 273
X * F (.
D A
E+ * , I% H
*
/L /M
A q ' A G " 2 =7 A K ] > Q( A *
* A - @ T R /MA
*
)
' ) /
&
$%
&
'
6 'I*
.
H I%
6 K 5*
6K/K) t A
(
A / A ! ' F - ) U
* & @ A E 3 C
&
c '
&
&
( F A 3
Z ) H/ 3 6/5
"
: - I5*
&
F H (
Z =* C* ! Y5 * /N/M
" 6/& * 6 t C* ! H / A
O u f/3 V f'5
/ / AC* !
* /
&
C & (
&
c v )
E. * M
* ? w
._
9/& M A
.
- . //0
# F & @
\M 6* ) &
6
, /(*
&9/% 6@
* .
# - . //0
%
*
! * q* F
* & @ A E 3 A / A ! ' F 2X . F *
& 3 9@
"
//0 6* ) %
%
&
H " - I5* 6I!
. H
Ix(*
L K* A
" ) H
# /
" q / c
130
% 6* ) A
\%z* q * { M V 2 K/K.
{& ^M
&
| )
:
H } -
# A
" q / A
C
* ) /G
% 6
J K ,
- . //0
@ /
Y
&
M 6
~6 \G
2 . FN
B O G ! :P
{ 2 ![;
'!
B 9 * / " % 6* ) 'I3 6/5
*
&
6>G ( 6K/K)
* & ^M fK.*
5L _*
&
I B * A
2X . /
A E 3 A
& @ A ! ' F H
) Z& @ .
&
* A %
I &
2 b K
# .
• * [; &
* # 6
:
H
&
E. * _I &
L
* # - * &
A
)
€ >* &
&
L '5*
H -
• (*
=
) A 1374
: 149 - 148
& (
%
* /@ 0F $+ * 2 '/(K
Z/(K Ib G
: 1 .
! >
G )
! :(
U H )
L ' { &
6/5 6.
%
#
* /IK
I &
) 1
) (
A 1374 : 148 - 149 Rapson,1962: 391- (
,.
&
*
"
H A
&
C
6 & ?
A ;
&
<
'&
4 / T G4
&
-
'&
5 / T G17 6
Q% M T ƒX '5*
"
S
* G .
) A 1374 : 149 (.
{+
{ & F &
& &
w
* # ;
6=( '
& /5*
.
) A 1374 : 149
H (
&
& &
/ /=
: ;
&
* I.*
c &
H Ix(*
6 .
2 . 4 G ! >
) C>
( : H
&
ƒX '5*
(&
:
+
" &
Q%
*
" {+
'F '&
) M
Prakrit
'& (
) Kharoshti
Q 6 (
6 %
{+
6 &
. U H / &
'& < &
6 6
* & G V G , @ 6*[! & ' 3 &
* # .
#
&
&
H
<=
& *
% & * @ Q
*
* O E G A
€"
A ;
" # 5
- d 180 . T
* G . H
)
d % 6* ) J K 5
A
T K*
) - 55 d . T
A (
*
6
) A 1374 : 149
.(
H/ (+
&
5 A T * - *
6 - * G (* &
.
Whiteheed,1914:5)
.(
& # 65 b , A
AH/
# = * - . A %
% &
*" F .
"
L
I & Y *
"
*
) C
Sehayler,1958:409- Madonald,1903:92-93-94
:(
[!
J _% H @
% A Q T T
&
)
6 (
( Z&
G F
<=
% &
.
% /L &
# [;
„ : F - @
&
H 5
&
T…
* G : ;
+ 2 (*
*
"
E3 6
E % 2 7 '
H/L H
2 (*
& ? / I /
)
@ AC 1328 : 9
/ ) (
% # 65 b V (G
6 .
& 5
& * *"
J K
* % - . % A *" F
;
, M
&
- /% E @ G
&
6( {K
= b % 6@ _L
/ + &
: H 9@
E
% &
E
/M IR %
.
% &
H @ G
&
<
E H b % 6 /
* - =
Rapson,1962: 391) -
AC @ 1328 : 13 - A 9 2 / 1384 : 358 (.
E % /L &
) B
2
(
% &
# A
L ) 5 &
†I &
' !
9G % &
. L M" E C / ‡
)
# L U
6 =; @ ;
(
G I=3 E H/ F
. , &
†I & E * /
) 3
! (
# U L
E 6=( % * )
g/F 6
x(* H A I
*
&
T '
/; %
% % b % 6/ =.*
.
& 5 Y AH/& E C/@
&
% &
6( {K
&
<
H '
&
5*
% ˆ %
)
>
% &
3 2 6 _I
Gardner,1914:19)
.(
e H
/M - K & f ; ƒX '5* >
*
"
O u
@ ? T '
A
* 5
D *
{K &
* .
v /* C % & &
% L M L * T D
/ A
/ I b %
* L M L * T D ƒ = K
Whiteead,1914:5-6- Comstock,1969:109-110)
* H 2 =7 ! * H (.
&
- O ; < 6
"
O ; I & E
†
Herakles) (
C &
Herakl) (
6 G
3A
Q%
'! 2 b 6
.
% &
[; 2 b - #
6=(
&
H/
% 6
ƒ = K D
C [; &
T… % / "
* )
6>G L "
6 . ' &
& 6+L E 6 M 3
M B
{ b ( 6 M
O ; ‰, G 6
. - ) 6K/K)
# M 9/
E
KI) {
< {|, L % |
3
Wilson,1842: )
218,219
.(
O ; A
/& H/ M 6'(3 S
( M
6 .
# &
. %
* ! % T /3
H :
&
t *
* )
* T… % / "
&
ƒ[=3
&
# %
H
&
A 5
6 % B9F
/ I %
' @ 5*
Ramsey,2005 , 47- )
Comstock,1969:110,113
- # & (.
6& =
&
T % / "
. H # L ! 2 b &
&
ƒ K/3 [;
<=
d /
&
T % / "
6 . T… 5 * &
* F 6
Z/ <
S '
&
*
&
) E ƒ[=3 &
# % A
< YL 3
* E*
Selby,1833/41:275)
E (.
# &
c A
[ *
* ' A6 " F % * B E K [; &
E*
O ; % / Š" ) ;
%
"
u <
T
» /G
«
Raged) ( 5*
»
+L /M
« F
* t .
V 9G H G u
/ H
(*
AV 9G "
H/ u
M
- (
V M T '&
*
Selby,1833/41:275)
A(
-
H
* 6@
A M
H E Ib
&
)
F E 5
V M ( E
T % / "
L 6
A2 > H
+L
[!
% T A E
% / "
T
&
% # : L ) # % T QK@ F
= * % / "
6
Gardner,1914:19- Selby,1833/41:275- - Narain,1957: 16,17- )
Mitchiner,1975:36 – Kovalenko,1995, 1996, :75 – kritt,2007:7
# KL (.
M &
* -
C3 ) &
/*
# &
c
& G 2 b
, Q #
, A 5 c
' H U
&
% 6* ) 'I3
@ { 9@
6 . H U &
&
'! 2X . +
c
"
* G . 2X . H
#
‹ A &
/78 " C C
&
% / " d / <=
T
Z/(K
* :
>
! 9
! :
"
(& &
*
&
&
L
%
6 . QR ! >
:
"
&
-[K T[!
* G
Wilson,1842: 218) (.
H A G D
&
! H/L V &
# ()
*
"
Gardner,1914:19) (
"
!
@ 5* / =&
*
* H 5*
/ C) * I% H 6
'
"
* : '
&
C G / F * 2 * T '
>
*
I) * 2 =7
.
, A
G^
&
I) * -
% #
A
L
I &
6 O ; <
&
_%
'! 2 b J
O ; E A
†I & B
"
6 :
" & ? C H/ N'&
G 2 b 6 M
9/ †I & B E
†I &
( |
( 6 M
E*
=L €
* ' -
6 * 2 b '&
.
* F H / f'5 G
6@
%
{ M G &
! (&
&
" <
X KI) %
. H/ M 6'(3 A
A†I & ‰, M E
/&
' 3 D*
2 A6 F .
% D *
6/'
% 6* )
E
% O ; <
N'&
/ H '
V (G 2 3
% &
|* J K T ' A
H/& % E E*
A
% IR
f ; /
6 A ;
& ? "
&
&
6 2 > * 6* ) J _. S 6/=•
.
3 . FN
B
4 :TU
T 5
A * / Œ
3 2 3 6@ G
Rawlinson, 1969: 57, 58- Gardner, 2005: )
(XX
% / .b %
O\)
Strabo,1961/2: 253)
/IK (.
-
T L
# T % / " &
6 F * T 3 [;
% 6* ) ' T[! / F
.
* 6@ * I
M CK (* 6L 3 &
b ! F
\G A6
Ib /M e ;
g A ƒ 3 * 6 \G T IB €
& |
• 9
d O ;
&
|(
. * / 6* K* % / " C K* €"
A
| L
| I K*
6 I
( Z&
5
' YIF % I gIb /M
. H
% / "
T A * /
-[K [! Y=
3 6 % *
A * I X L
3 V 5
* ' . % / "
* & H
@ 6
* Y=
[
T € & * '
* <
Z&
3 & * Z&
& *
€ I 6* )
U @ A H 3 & * Ž>) D *
& I')
6@ \M % =( 6/' )
Wilson,1842: 221)
" (.
/ % M 5
2[ * H @
€ & *
T C K* 6( - =3
V (G H/ N'& \G 2 @ * =F D * q@ & *
d O ; AT 6( G %
|(&
. % & * / 6( * / <' H/*
/G / >
H/&
Q%
G KI)
&
C/@ H @ G 6 ! * / '
&
F {+
& &
A IH*
I 6* ) 2 @ E *
"
&
& V (G
Tarn,1966:138)
" [! (.
* /
| 6 K 6 F & /
"
@ % /
G % C* &
' .
"
/ %
& 6 G T &
A
g @ 2X * '
Z&
M / { ' ) * / (
\G
* '&
* S % & %
* / (M
"
. 6/' ) * ' 5 * H
\G V (M * / d K_ *
. * / [!
A[; &
&
F
6 *
. H 6/>/ &
# L !
/(
* U (&
Wilson,1842:222)
- (.
* / &
• .L = /( L e ; • .L † F
* $L % 9I@
. , H
&
/IK
# % I=3 &
. K &
• ƒ = K * /
W
{ & - ' 6'(3 A
3 A )
+ I
(
% ) H/ N'&
@ 6
)
&
c ) ] > c H 6* ) K_ *
*
Wilson,1842:222)
' (.
(* &
# F 6'(3 * / Z&
&
K_ *
* ) /M T
A H
&
Q
R f ;
&
K_ * G T
/ .
* '
&
/M c
* / A
E % !
/ 6
<
' K &
A
6 S
A
/M M & *
, H A6 M 5* (
&
Z/ 2 b
• b
6 E* { O b
Wilson,1842:223) (.
'
* / &
A
{ E
E*
6 6 5* H ƒ & ?
B "
Jypiter) ( L
. K &
†I & E A * /
; 6
H =L +b
( 6
Wilson, 1842: )
(.222
* 6 & I'F E H A &
&
H/'&
2 b
# &
* )
*
H
% / " &
) x ( / I 6@
. H
* * / &
Z/(K '!
: [; &
A K &
A
&
(*
.
* ' e ; A &
' &
I & &
A
% / " b % )
x (
6 L
Wilson,1842:222) (.
[; &
A
3 6 6'
.
S E H
6
A 6 M A
†I &
! & 2 b
* A
+b L )
L % ‰, 6 (
6
< 3 G 6 6
M
, | 2 b ‹
6 M
@ G 3 6
.
' H
ƒ[*
/D 6 H/ (+
6 E
*" { ' * / 6
. H &
= &
" 4b
; 6
)
E
%
& 6*[!
% ' &
IF ˆ c
" /D / +
.
= 6 E
A O b H
A
; _%
% A
2 b '&
ƒ[*
# G
H
* c &
6 " 3 6L 2 =7
€ ) ;
€
& "
E '
c
D T T
? J K
'
&
Z&
% .
; H
6 H /
5* F c
% <
{ V[ &
L ' )
6* )
&
A 5* F <
ƒ[*
/ ! A
= 5* F
/N/M
*
&
2 ( }*
* G 3
6 T
. * / &
D C A
=/
&
E
(& 2 > * .
C
3 V 6 M †I & H (
3 6/5 H/ N'&
6 M H @ G F * q '& A{ /
* 6/5=
.
Madonald, )
1907/27: 158- Kurt, 1943/25:304
* O ) 2 'I (
H 6@
&
/
(& QI(* (
A
# 6
. %
&
&
X
@ (&
& ? 6>G
&
*
&
H
&
fI5 *
* * / .
U * / &
A
* ( A c
Q * A G 6
6 6'
S
6 M 6 @ G 3
A , - ) = C5
* & *
)
Wilson, 1842:222- Whiteead,1914:10-11 (.
* '
&
, (*
c
• 9
c ,
<, H E!
. Ae ; • .L c
3
{ " U A " H @ G A
9 B 6*[! H/
O 5* &
A /=
K &
6 * /
.
G^ * I/% * 2 >/b e H/ N'& "
2 > * K &
*
)
Wilson,1842:222
C/L (.
, E
A &
= " $/+ & G {/M
*
"
E
% '
F
Wilson, 1842:226-227- Whiteead, 1914:10-11)
H (.
F A C
# E &
c
%
&
* / c &
65 b & /78
#
% & " IR 6
Gaurganath, 1920: p.15,16)
:(
6>G
G^
&
H &
A
<
E 3 6 L E 6 &
.
L ) A
&
E 5
E )
* {K "
.
* / 5 A
@ V
*
! G 6* ) .
*
6 &
*"
6
&
*
&
. t *
F * 6* ) 'I3
*
.*
& # F {
* 6@ G .
>
6 / /
) *
4
A(
{@ 5*
A
6(
% 2 @ E *
{+ H
5 {+
€
&
6 . /M * &
&
&
78 /
6 \G
; 3 & & ' H
„
&
% '
* .
& ' H E
C/@ T ; % /IK 6
* H
*
&
C/@
* H
‹ F
&
& F & % &
H 5
|
%
6 /M
) AO 1380 : 198 (.
T ; %
C/@ †I &
& '
&
*
6 * 3
"
* 9R*
, K &
Z/(K (* &
. K &
'& 6 6'
[ <
%
† 5 * C/@ < 2 b 6
. ( †I & 6 M 6
6
6 M G ‰,
V 3 CG S <
. ' K &
*
* :6 I=3 &
*
H % 6+* =L
6
A 6 M
( 2 b †I & E 6
.
G^
&
* &
A Q% F
&
IF 6 c
b %
&
* +
Whiteead,1914:5)
6' (* & (.
6 3 L )
&
G 9 S A6
{|, V G
3
@ G 6
, 6 M
c L M"
E*
L E H
V ( H ' =
6 . L M"
H
E
X { 6
A ' { 6 9 " H/ M O ; ‰, 6
G ,
' &
> > * &
6 A /= F &
* / &
*
* * H
&
% < "
(&
Jenkins,1954/19:15) (.
H &
* T ; % , & & L & ' F
- C/@
% &
& * '
.
6@ * * 6* ) & % 6/' )
.
{+ *
3
%
C/ * )
5
&
('&
@ {
!
"
. #
&
c
I - &
2 > * % 6
.
; E
* A 2 b &
"
)
&
I.*
/' 6
" H @
%
=%
*
&
.
G^
&
H
E
6 &
6 M % E
&
f/>I .
4 . FN
B
?Q"
M ! / ‡ F
$+ * ƒ[* * 5 %
6
*
&
‘/&
* / % G
: L ) K 5* %
* ( BX @
6 .
/ ‡ 6 _I - * & M 6 _I
)
< H/' (
H/
-
&
135 - 160 d . T
K*
. H
% 5 F S *
- * =I;
F * G .
*
D * % - K* * 6 ') -
Yb € 6 'I3 6* )
* E Q%
& Q%
%
& 6*[!
I') % .
# - & / ‡ & M *
& 2 ) @ F
.
& V (G & & * O ; 9/* M M K_ * % 'I3 6( / ‡ A
; 5
* / 2 %
% ' 6/=•
.
Strabo,1961/2 :253)
+ & (
& &
% 2 M %
‹ F
*" &
. /G * 5 * &
# F A6* ) /! * q@
N'&
/ H I K*
& 2[') S * - '
G /
&
/ ) 2 €
YF *
{/ %
{/M 2 3 %
& 6
*
/ ‡
/ 2 3
A 6* )
%
3 -[.' J K I) * ' G
6 .
/ ‡ 9 &
/M 9/* M M &
6 . 6@ - ' &
A ƒ K &
(&
'
"
R
# € d 6
6 *"
H {+
K_ * &
»
«
Kunduz) (
» 3 « H/ N'&
9
&
C
6 6 *"
. / (* 2 (*
- 5
"
* 5_3 b {/
- K_ *
4 T
6
Wilson,1842:237)
.(
&
*
&
&
K
[ A (*
%
6 M
E I') - )
6 '&
.
K <, &
H/ N'&
&[ (* <, &
) [ '&
>K -
; / ( 6 ) - )
* .
5
K &
) 5
)(
Browne,
2003: 212
[ F (
L M" E 6 M %
@ G 3
K Q% '! 2 b
6 .
-)
Wilson,1842:237
H 5 (
* A '& &
E [ /= &[
4K
&
) /; C•*
(
# 6 M
6 . ,
&
*
"
[ U H A
[ %
* - / ‡ (M T… / ‡
3 >
6 . 6%
&
c / ‡
ƒ = K 6=(
&
&
% 2 > * 6
: , H
! • .L A
G 9
H/ N'&
F '&
[ A
5
% 6* ) =I;
2 =7 I) * \G
{/M I) * (G
& * V .
Chase 1948/46:41 -Jenkins,1954/19:15)
* (
H/ (+
A % & / ‡ &
&
/
‘ G
* &
5
/ ‡ /M =I;
6 F &
.
* H
H 6@
G^ &
& &
&
# 5 *
6
* Cb c
/ c
S
’/) & &
6(
J K
6L
* ' G^ &
&
* 6 % b E %
&
.
&
K A E / ‡
E
%[ Q%
& 6*[!
b 2
&
) L F E*
6 . K &
A ,
* A
6 6'
[ %
6 E*
"
) ; 5*
'&
• V G
G <
6 .
&
E *
E* &
6 M
&
E
*"
c F I') .
K &
3 6 6'
H H % =L < [ < QK@
A 2 b L M" E 6 M
* (
&
. K
/ ‡ A
O ; < V * M E
6 E* V % E O ;
.
Babelon, 1887:81)
G 2 b / ‡ (* & (
c Q * #
A
[
q3 6 6' 3 %
>K [ I') - ) 6 M
) /;
( E
% H
&
ƒX '5*
* &
Wilson,1842:238)
.(
U
V G , / ‡ (* &
6 .
U H
&
6 6' S 3
E I') - ) 6 M
-
. 5 U H 5_3 , /M T K_ *
6 )
6/L 5@ 9/* 6/'&
H T
*
&
. H ' &
&
A C A
# 2 > * L
.
%[ A / ‡ V G , &
q3 6 6' E
6 M
% { 6 ( L )
F * % C+
/M
6 ‹ F
. O ;
‰, 6' / M H/ M 6'(3
C/@ < A
E*
6
Wilson,1842:238,239)
.(
&
M U ) / ‡ *" 6
6* )
# € %
d
*
&
/G )
† 5 * & * * ' " &
* . G^
&
, ? / ‡ E! &
c
&
6 ƒX '5*
E 2 b E " 6
" O ; E
%
* IR * .
@ / • * 5
†I /I& 5 Œ
* 3 2 3
/G . ,
+ 2 (*
*
"
H
% 6* )
> "
/ &
% 6
:
;
2[ * C)
% .
H/ N'& H % U I &
C/I.
&
5 C/=3 "
AU Ae ; A† F
AC /5* A
Q% A &
* I) * H % 6* ) 6>G
D M
' J K ?
&
e _*
A 6 < 9 .
†I /I&
'&
{@[
U
6 * 3
. <
H K &
(*
6 '&
(&
.
2 'I
K 2 'I 9/' (*
6(/
K &
A
*
ƒ & ?
»
" (/L
«
Lisiasa) ( A6
H
6 ' =* 5* 0L • .L 'I
ƒ & ?
6(/ $+ *
6 @ G D * ,
.
(& V * % / ‡ H/ F ! †I /I& * q * .
&
F
†I /I& *
* Z/(K C
: <
K &
&
(& (*
:
K &
[
6 6' %
6 E
6 M
* E
F T , " =L 9/
6 . H
&
/(
= /D
(&
.
6 6'
* , =L E
B 6 M
2 b
( L )
9/ < {|, 6 E!
KI) " 6 6' _I 3
.
U
&
K
†I /I&
E
6 6'
@ G 3
6 M A
E* B E
6 A L ) A
<
KI) V 6 9/ {
3 .
I'F
†I /I& &
C 6 V G , &
# =L F
. H &
Q * 6
6 6' G =L
@ G 3
6 K ‰, I/@ E 6 M
.
&
V G , (*
A†I /I&
6 M # 6 6' I/@ E
L % E
6 . O ; < E
% E O ;
6 Q%
Q%
B9 &
H/
6 . E! H % 6* ) 4/5“
[; &
A
†* K
% F „ Z &
V C
"
Z/ G 6L ) G
E*
6@ //0
, 2 b „ V G
'& E*
L
CK/b 6@ ?
E 6=3 !
L )
6 ( Z =* † ! < QK@
C //0 A
.
% & I') 5 ('& , {@[ * & 2 @ E * #
- V @
T
6@ *
A
Jenkins,1954/19:15)
; (
&
*
"
H
&
c
F * 2 F * ' (.* 6@ % 6* ) M
G .
Gupta,1968:350) (
% 6* ) % &
- -
T &
E
&
Q%
KI)
& 6*[!
/ )
! " # $ % $
% $ ! " # $
5 . V:
L 'F
* &
A6@
/ A E 3 2X .
5 ! ' F
&
/78 9
6 .
5 % 6* ) / %
C 2 =7 5 3 & /G
* - ' " - = AC A† F AU Ae ; A
* A /5 Q% A &
* //0 "
A
,
- . H / ‡ * A * /
* % &
. ' H
H U e ; &
= /( &
c
* ? % 6* ) T K* 6/' )
E 3 6/ * / 2 =7
. ; H
) D
J K ?
'
&
H D L
I%
_% / H
6K _*
. H
*
* 5* F &
8 /78 %
' 7
6* ) &
&
/N/M 5* F
=*
-
* /
} ( 2
/
% F
& //0 6* ) &
"
' 6 & - ' .
5 ,
S & ? / ‡ S *
/
> "
&
%
! ' F E 3
A & I') H/ N'&
/G A I% &
F
2 X 2X =I;
A C A AU
† F
; e
&
//0
*
&
'/ 2 b G 6L ) G
& 5 V G ,
* C //0
&
2 9I@ 2 9I@ U G
2 9I@
H/ M 6
†* , V
* //0 C
c Q * Q * • 9 &
<, {K ’/)
6@ ? A +*
+
* /M d '&
. ;
6* ) M &
%
&
2 b A %
A6+*
A<, '&
A
& G
< 2 3 E
A E & G w
('&
w A
& G
& G QK@
E T 'G
=*
Z A • .L Q% & G
& G J _% > "
/M ?
*
/ )
-
G 6* )
M A H/
*"
I* *" g_
A
6 2 7 /L K T ! A E 3 - @
( K*
* A * / AT… A- &
g_ / ‡
/(
H/ M 3
/G * .
7 G
1 . '& < & 5* H 4
/ 2 '& & T G 8
/ 9 T G .
2 . /; ' " % .
3 .
/; I M
4 .
% |
5 . /
K &
) 75 / 233 T G
H/ H K 5* %
73 / 3
- 5* " % T G
55 / 7
* T G .
W C
I% H
! A ') L = H .) 1345
* K* (.
A A G H M '.* 'F A
'F
* 9
# .
M A C .) 1374
" 'I3 (.
A 9 * /
) '
&
9 * / "
' <I* d b 'F A(
A /
F % * 2 A .
AO T . T .) 1380 ( : A
'F
'I! A A# )
& @ .
'.* AC @ .)
1328 ( 78 : /
* ( 0@ " '
" IR* A
AZ ' A
Z >& - .
I! ') A 9 .)
1384 ( : ( 0@
A /* AC .
Babelon, E.(1887). Review of Greek and Roman, Numismatics Archaeological Institute of America.
Browne, G. M. (2003). Bayer’s Coin of Eucratides, Germmany Bonn, Zeitschritt fur Papyrologic und epigraphic.
Chase, G. H. (1948).Three Hellenisic Coins, Bulletin of the museum of fine arts, Boston, Vol, 46.
Comstock, M,B. (1969). Masterpieces of Greek Coinage, Boston , Museum of Fine Arts , Boston Museum Bulletin, Vol. 67, No. 349.
Gardner. P. (1914).The Coins of the Greek and Scythic King of Bactria and India in The British Museum, London, P, byorder of the Truss tees.
Gaurganath, B. (1920). Hellenism in ancient Indian, London, Butter worth.
Gupta, C.C.D. (1968).On a New Type of Brahmi JA Inscribed on Some Ancient Indian Coins, Cambridge University Press, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No.2.
Jenkins, G.K.(1954).Greek and Greco-Indian Coins from the HaughtonCollection,London, British Museum, The British Museum Quarterly, Vol,21 ,No ,3,
Kovalenko , S. (1995- 1996). The Coinage of Diodotus l and Diodotus II, Greek kings of Bactria, Silk ran art and archaeology .
Kritt, B.( 2007). Dynastic Transitions in the Coinage of Bactria. Antiochus Diodotus Euthydemus , Lancaster, PN: Classical Numismatic Group.
Kurt, W. (1943).Three "Bactrian" Silver Vessels with Illustrations from Euripide,The Art Bulletin, Vol. 25, No. 4.
Madonald, G. (1907).Early Seleucid Portraits, The Society for the promotion of Hellenic studies, Vole, 27.
Madonald,G,( 1903). Early Seleucid Portraits, The journal of Hellenic studies, Vol, 23.
Michener, M. 1975.Indo – Greek and – Scythian Coinage, London, Hawkins.
Narain, A.k. (1957). The Indo-Greek, London, Oxford.
Ramsey, G, C. (2005).Kingship in Hellenistic Bactria, Regina, university of Regina.
Rapson, E.J. (1962).The Cambridge History of India, Jullunder Bombay, Del hi – New Delhi.
Rawlinson, H.G. (1969). Bactria the History of A forgotten Empire, America, Manufactured in The United States of America.
Sehayler. V.R. C.(1958).The Bactrian Nickel theory, American Journal of archaeology, archaeological, Institute of America, Vol, 62 No. 4.
Selby, W.J. (1853), Justin History the World extracted From Trogus pomeius, translated with notes and a General index by, Henry .G. Bohn, London, York Street Covent Garden.
Strabo, (1961). The Geography, William Heinemann, London, Horace Leonard, Jon's.
Tarn, w.w. 1966 .The Greek in Bactria and India, London, Cambridge .
Whitehead, R.B.( 1914). Catalogue of Coins in the Panjab Museum, Lahore, Oxford, at the Clarendo Press, Vol, 1 .
Wilson, H.H.(1842).Ariana. Antique Antiquities and Coins Afghanistar, London, king'shead Court Goughs Quars.
