ĸn»
̳¿Y{
ÃZ Ê°a
½YËY
ÃÁ{
, ÃZ¼
,
µÂX»Ã|ÀË¿*
¼mÊ»¯ÃÅZ
¾¨¸e
E-mail: karami.tahereh65@gmail.com
Ê´¿§cÂe¾eZeÄÀ¯Ê³|¿µÁ|mÉZÅf»YZaÁÊZÀdË
Tetranychus turkestani
½ZÌWÁ|¯Ã{Y¿ZyYÃZ̳ÄÉÁ
¼mÊ»¯ÃÅZ
]ÄÌËÁa,
Á
©|»|Ì |¼v»
, ,
|YÊZÀZ¯ª]ZÉÂn¿Y{, Á
|ÌÆÃZ´¿Y{,ÉÁZ¯Ã|°¿Y{½Y{ZfY
YÂÅY½Y¼q
d§ZË{xËZe
\ËÂexËZe
Ã|Ì°q
dË
,Ê´¿§cÂe¾eZeÄÀ¯ÊZÀ
Tetranychus turkestani
Á|¯,ZÌyÉÁ
ÊËZ¼»
ÊËZ»{ ËY dve Ã]y Á
Ê^¿ d] , Â̸ Äm{
ÃÁ{ Á |{
ÊËZÀÁ
Ê°ËZe Ä ·Z»{»dZ
d§³Y«
¡Â¸]YÌaÃÁ{µÂ¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
Z] ]Y] \Ìee Ä] Ã]y Á ÊËZ¼»Á|¯ ,ZÌy ÉÁ Ã{Z» ÄÀ¯
, Á
{Â]Á
Z]]Y]\ÌeeÄ]¯~»½ZÅZ̳ÉÁ¢·Z]Z¿¶uY»Ì»Á±»½YÌ»
, Á {Â]|{
ÄÀ¯¼µÂ¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
ÉZÅ Z]]Y]\ÌeeÄ]Ã{Z»¢·Z]
, Á {Â]¯~»½ZÅZ̳ÉÁÁ
ºze½YÌ»¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
Z]]Y]\ÌeeÄ]Ã{Z»ÅÄ¿YÁ
, Á ºze¾Ì´¿ZÌ»Á{|
Z]]Y]\ÌeeÄ]Ã{Z»Å¶¯
, Á
|
½ZÅZ̳ÉÁ{
{Â]¯~»
Z]]Y]\ÌeeÄ]Ã]yÁÊËZ¼»Á|¯,ZÌyÃZ̳ÄÉÁÊÀmd^¿¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
, Á {Â]Ã{Z»|{
dÌ ¼mËY§YÊeY}w¿
(rm)
ÁÊËZ¼»Á|¯,ZÌyÉÁ
Z]]Y]\ÌeeÄ]Ã]y
, Á
|¾ÌÌ e
Ä]ÄmÂeZ]
ËÁ ʳ Á|ÉY]ÊÅZ̳½Z]Ì»¾Ëf^ZÀ»ZÌy,ʳ|¿µÁ|mÉZÅf»YZaÁÊfËÉZÅ
ÄÀ¯¶j»|Ì·Âe
T. turkestani
{Â]
ÃYÁ É|̸¯ÉZÅ
Tetranychus turkestani
, ,dÌ ¼mËY§YÊeY}w¿,ÊZÀdË
½ZÌWÁ|¯,ÊÀmd^¿
Ä»|¬»
ZÌy
Cucumis sativus L.
¾Ëf¼Æ» Y Ê°Ë
dY½YËY{ÉÌ·Zm½ZÅZ̳
{ZÌyd¯Ët
½YËY
½M|Ì·Âe½YÌ»ÁZf°Å
¾e
Ê»
µ{Z »Ä¯|Z]
dY½ZÆm{|Ì·Âe¶¯|{
(Anonymous, 2006)
{µÂv»¾ËYd¯Ët
½ZfÂy ½ZfY
½M |Ì·Âe ½YÌ» Á Zf°Å
Ê» ¾e
|Z]
(Anonymous, 2008)
d¯
¹Zn¿YÄ¿Zz¸³{ºÅÁÄ»{ºÅ½ZfÂy{ZÌy Ê»
{Â
Ê´¿§ cÂe ¾eZe ÄÀ¯
ºÆ» cZ§M Y Ê°Ë
½ZÅZ̳ĸ¼mYÁÉÁZ¯cÓÂv»
½ZÌWÁ|¯Ã{Y¿Zy
Cucurbitaceae
Ê»½ZÆmÁ½YËY{
|Z]
(Jeppson
et al., 1975; Kamali et al., 2001; Modarres Awal, 2001; Khanjani & Irani nejad, 2006)
ÉYY{ÄÀ¯¾ËY
ÉÁYÁdYÊ ÌÁÊ¿Z]Ì»ÄÀ»Y{
YÌ]
Ŀ³
dYÃ|Y³ÊÅZ̳
Kamali
(1988 & 1989)
,ZÌyÉÁYYÄÀ¯¾ËY
Á ZË ,ZÌ]· ,Ê^·Z ,Ã]y ,½Zn»{Z]
ÃZ̳ Ŀ³
Y³½ZfÂyY´Ë{
dYÃ{¼¿
Á¿,d]Â,Z»{
] į |ÀfŠʸ»Y ĸ¼m Y ÊÅZ̳ ½Z]Ì»
dË
ÄÀ¯ ÊZÀ
Ã{Y¿Zy ÉZÅ
Tetranychidae
ÌiPe
Ê»
|¿Y~³ cZÌÂyÄÀÌ»{Ä ·Z»¾Ë|Àq½ÂÀ¯Ze
ʳ|¿µÁ|mÉZÅf»YZaÁÊfË
T. turkestani
¹Zn¿Y
YÊ¿ZÅZ̳ÉÁ0Ze|¼Ä¯dYÃ|
½Zn»{Z],Ä^Àa¶Ì^«
dY Ã{Â] cÓ¬] Ã{Y¿Zy ½ZÅZ̳ Á
(Cagle, 1956;
Andres, 1957; Popov, 1981, 2000; Carey &
Bradley, 1982; Nemati et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2006 a, b; Sohrabi & Shishehbor, 2008)
½YÂÀ Ä] ½ZÌWÁ|¯ Ã{Y¿Zy ½ZÅZ̳ d̼ÅY º£Ì¸
ZeÄÀ¯½Z]Ì»
ªÌ«{Ä ·Z»pÌŽÂÀ¯Ze,Ê´¿§cÂe¾e
ʳ|¿µÁ|mÁÊZÀdËÄÀÌ»{ʸ»Z¯Á
T.
turkestani
dYÃ|¿¹Zn¿Y½ZÅZ̳¾ËY
Ê]¾ËY{
ʳËÁ
¶Ì^«YÊËZÅ Á±»,¡Â¸]YÌa¼¿ÃÁ{µÂ
ÉZÅf»YZaÁÉÁZ],¾Ì¤·Z]¼µÂ,¡Â¸]YÌaÌ»
·Z»{»ʳ|¿µÁ|m d§³Y«Ä
ÁÁ{Y»
ZÅ
½Z]Ì»½ZÅZ̳ÁÄÀ¯Áa
µZ ÃZ» ¾Ë{Á§ { Ê¿Zf¯e ¾eZe ÄÀ¯ ¾Ì¤·Z]
ÄeÂ]ÉÁY ʼfyÉZÅ
(Althea officinalis L.)
|ÌÆ ÃZ´¿Y{ ÉÁZ¯ Ã|°¿Y{ Ä» { {Âm»
¼mYÂÅY½Y¼q ÃZ̳ÉÁÃZ´ËZ»M{ÁÃ|ÉÁM
^¸]ºqZÌ]·
|Àf§ZËÁaʸ
ʸ^¸]ºqZÌ]·Á~]
½Y|¸³ ½Á{
Z¨eY Ä] Ê°ÌfÔa ÉZÅ
Á f¼Ìf¿Z
«
|¿|ÄfZ¯f¼Ìf¿Z
YÁ~]d¯ÉY]
| Ã{Z¨fY Ä» Zy
¶yY{ { Ã{·M ½ZÅZ̳
¨«
{Z ]Y Z] Ê]Âq ÉZÅ
f» Êf¿Z
|¿| ÉY|Æ´¿
¨« ¾ËY ¦¯ Á ¦¬
ŠĸÌÁ Ä] Z
Ã|Ã|ÌÂaY¿Z³YÉÂeĸÌÁÄ]ZÆ¿M¥YYÁÄÌ
{Â]
Y½ZÅZ̳É¿ZÌ¿¾Ì»PeÉY]
Z]Ê]ZfÆ»`»Ó
Á|̨¿
|Ã{Z¨fY{¿Z]`»Ó
¨«¾ËY ZÅ
ÉZ»{Z]ÃZ´ËZ»M{
d]ÂÁ Â̸Äm{
Ê^¿
|¿|ÉY|Æ´¿
{ É¿ ÃÁ{ µÂ
¨«
c Ä] ZÅ
dZ
ÁÊËZÀÁ
Ê°ËZedZ
{Â]
ÄeÂ]
ÊËZÅ
iY{į
ʻʳ|Ì°yZq{ÄÀ¯Ä]|Ë|ʳ{·M ÄeÂ]Z]|¿|
Ê»¾Ë´ËZmº·ZÉZÅ
|¿|Ë{³ ÊÀ¸¯¶Ì°eYa
Y,¶¿|ÀqÉY]½MÉY|Æ´¿Áʸ^¸]ºqZÌ]·ÉÁ
ÄÀ¯
ËZ»M¹Zn¿YÉY]{Âm»ÉZÅ
»ÉZÅ Ã{Z¨fYÄÂ]
|
Ã{Y¿Zy Y ÊÅZ̳ Ŀ³ Ä Y ËZ»M ¾ËY {
^ ZÌy ¶»Z ½ZÌWÁ|¯
Cucumis sativus L.
º«
Superdominus
Ã]y,
Cucumis melo L.
º«
É{Z]M ÃZ
ÊËZ¼»Á|¯ Á
Cucurbita pepo L.
º«
Red TMTD
| Ã{Z¨fY
½ZÅZ̳ Á~]
,ZÌy
Ã]yÁÊËZ¼»Á|¯
Ä]
½Y|¸³{Ä¿Z³Y|mcÂ
ÉZÅ
Z¨eYÄ]Ê°ÌfÔa
«Áf¼Ìf¿Z
f¼Ìf¿Z
|¿|ÄfZ¯
Ã{Z¨fYÁ~]d¯ÉY]Ä»ZyY
|
½Y|¸³ ¾ËY b
¨« ½Á{ ZÅ
{ Ê]Âq ÉZÅ
,| ¦ÌÂe ÓZ] { į ÊËY Ä]Z» ÃZ´ËZ»M
|¿|ÉY|Æ´¿
{Á|uY| ]
½ZÅZ̳įÊf«ÁÃZ»
Ä]
ËZ»M¹Zn¿YÉY]|¿{Â]Ã|Ìʳ]lÀaĸu»
ÉZÅ
|Àf§³Y«Ã{Z¨fY{»ÄÀ¯ÊZÀdËÄ]Â]»
¼¿Á|ÉÁ½Z]Ì»ÃZ̳ÌiPe
Ê¿Zf¯e ¾eZe ÄÀ¯ ÊZÀ dË Ê] dÆm
½Z]Ì» ÉÁ
Á Y ½ZÌWÁ|¯ Ã{Y¿Zy ¦¸fz» ÉZÅ
| Ã{Z¨fY ʳ] ®Ë{
»M ¾ËY {
®Ë Y|f]Y ËZ
µÂÄ]Ê°ÌfÔa¥®Ë¦¯{¶¼¸»ÄqZaÄ «
Á f¼Ìf¿Z
Z¨eY Á f¼Ìf¿Z
d§³Y«f¼Ìf¿Z
Y¹Y|¯ÅY¶»Z¯±]®Ëb
d§³Y«ÄqZaÉÁ¯~»½ZÅZ̳
±]¾ËËt
{Â]ÓZ]Ä]Á
Y®ËZ]Y¿®ËÂe±]ÄÌZuÁ
µZ¼f{
Ä]É~£Z¯
Ã|¿ZÂa0Ô»Z¯f¼Ìf¿Z
|
ĸÌÁ¾Ë|]Ze|Ë{³[»±]˶¼¸»ÄqZa ÃZe ¾¼ Á Ã| [» Ì¿ É~£Z¯ µZ¼f{
ÄÀ¯Y§Y±]¾fY|Æ´¿
{ÂÉ̳¸mÌ¿ZÅ
t
µZ¼f{YÊ°ËZ]ÉZÅY¿½{Y{Y«Ä¸ÌÁÄ]±]Å
|ºÌ¬eÃnu|ÀqÄ]É~£Z¯
{Y| e ÄÀ¯{|
|ÄfY~³ÃnuÅ{Ã{¯ÉÌ´f¨mÃ{Z»
Ya
ÃnuY®ËÅÊ]Z],dZ
¹Y|¯Å½Á{,ZÅ
ºzeÄ̬] ÁÃ|ÉY|Æ´¿ºze®Ë¬§
ÄfY~³ÉZÅ
ÄÀ¯ Á Ã|
|¿| ¥~u Ã{Z» ÉZÅ
¨«
¶»Zu ÉZÅ
®Ë{
d]Zi ÉZ»{ Z] ÂeZ]°¿Y ½Á{ ʳ] ÉZÅ
Â̸ Äm{
, ÃÁ{
ÊËZÀÁ É Ê°ËZe
Á
Ê^¿ d]Â
|¿| ÉY|Æ´¿ |{
Y ®ËÅ
Ãnu cZZ{Z]Á{ÁÄ¿Z^{ZÅ
Át^
Y| ]
Y« Ê] {» _°Á°Ì»ÂËfY ĸÌÁ Ä] Æ
Ze´Ë{ĸu»Ä]ÊfËĸu»®ËYµZ¬f¿YÁd§³ ÄÀ¯ ÂÆ ½Z»
Á Ã|ÅZ» ¢·Z] ÉZÅ
| d^i
¾Ë|]
,¢·Z]Z¿ ¶uY» ,ÊÀÌÀm ĸu» ½Z» c|» µÂ \Ìee ºzeYÌaÃÁ{
ºze,ÉË
ºzeYa,ÉË
ÁÉË
|d^iÄ¿Z³Y|mÂÄ]¢·Z]ĸu»
ËZ»M¾ËY{
¡Â¸]YÌaÉ|¦¸fz»¶uY»Ì»Á±»|{
|Ë{³ Ä^Zv» Ì¿
Ã{Z» ºze ½YÌ» Ä^Zv» ÉY]
,ZÅ
d¨m®Ë
Yf¼¯¼Z]Ã{Z»Á¿ÄÀ¯
{dZ
®Ë{ÉÁÃnu®Ë½Á{
|Ã{Y{Y«Ê³]ÉZÅ
ÄÀ¯¾ËY
|¿|Ê]_°Á°Ì»ÂËfYËÁÅZÅ ºze Á
Á Å { Ã{Z» Å Âe Ã| ÄfY~³ ÉZÅ
|Ë{³ dY{{ZË Á Z¼
ºze b
Ä] ¯~» ÉZÅ
ZeZÆ¿M|ÁÃ|Y|mÄ¿YÁcÂ
ÉÁ¡Â¸]ĸu»
|Ë{³ µZ^¿{ Ä¿Z³Y|m ʳ] ®Ë{ ®Ë {Y| e b
ÄÀ¯
ºze|Y¶ZuÃ|»Md{Ä]Ã{Z»Á¿ÉZÅ ZÅ
|¿|Z¼
Ã{Z»¶¯d^¿\Ìee¾Ë|]
Ä]ÉZÅ d{
ÄÀ¯dÌ ¼m¶¯Ä]Ã|»M
¿
Ã{Z»
d^¿½YÂÀÄ]
|Ë{³¾ÌÌ eÊÀm
Ã{Z»Ê Ì^±»Z]ËZ»MÅ ZÅ
½ZËZa d§ZË
ËZ»M Z]ÊÅZ̳½Z]Ì» ÅÉÁZÅ
|¿|¹Zn¿YY°e
ÉZ»MÄËne
¶uY»ÃÁ{µÂÉÁ½Z]Ì»ÃZ̳iYÄËZ¬»ÉY]
ÁÉÁZ],¾Ì¤·Z]¼µÂ,¡Â¸]YÌa¼¿¦¸fz»
ÄÀ¯ ÊÀm d^¿
T. turkestani
¿ZËYÁ ÄËne Y
ANOVA
¾Ì´¿ZÌ»ÄËZ¬»ÉY]Á
½Â»MYZÅ
LSD
ÉeÂÌb»Z¯ Ä»Z¿]
SAS
ÉZ»Mt{
Ã{Z¨fY
|
ÉÁZ]Êf˵Á|mºÆ»ÉZÅf»YZaÄ^Zv»ÉY]
|Ì·Âe·Zyw¿¾ÌÌ eÉY]Ë]YÁYªÌ¬ve¾ËY{
¶j»
R0= ∑lxmx
dÌ ¼mËY§YÊeY}w¿,
(
∑ e -rmxlxmx= 1
)
dÌ ¼m ËY§Y ÊÅZÀf» w¿ ,
(erm)
,
Âf»
¶¿®ËµÂ
T= ln R0 / rm
]Y]Á{½Z»Á
dÌ ¼m ½|
DT= ln 2/rm
| Ã{Z¨fY ÉY]
¦ËZ¿®mÁYÓZ]ÉZÅf»YZa[}Z¯Ë{Z¬»Ä^Zv»
ÉeÂÌb»Z¯Ä»Z¿]Á
|Ã{Z¨fYSAS (Maia et al.,
2000)
]YÁ¾ËY{
lx
½Z¿
{Ã|¿{Y§Yd^¿Ã|ÀÅ{
µÁ|mYÊ¿Z»Ä¸Z§Å Áʳ|¿
mx
Âf»´¿ZÌ]
Ã{Z»Y®ËÅLYYÄ]Ã||Ì·ÂeÃ{Z»kZf¿
dÌ ¼mÉZÅ
dY
f»YZa¾ËYÄ^Zv»ÉY]
mx
ºzeÂf»
ÉZÅ
µÁ|m Ê¿Z» ¶Y§ { Ã{Z» Å LYY Ä] Ã| |Ì·Âe Ä]ÊÀmd^¿{,ʳ|¿
ËZ»MµÂ{Ã|»Md{
Ê»[
{Â
hv]ÁlËZf¿
¼¿ÃÁ{µÂ
¡Â¸]YÌa
ÄÀ¯ ¡Â¸] Y Ìa ¼¿ ÃÁ{ µÂ Y ¶Zu lËZf¿
ÊÅZ̳ ½Z]Ì» Ä ÉÁ ¿ Á Ã{Z» Ê´¿§ cÂe ¾eZe ÃZ¼µÁ|m{\ÌeeÄ]½ZÌWÁ|¯Ã{Y¿ZyY¦¸fz»
dYÃ|Ã{Y{½Z¿
YÌa¼¿ÃÁ{µÂ¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
ÄÀ¯ÉY]¡Â¸]
ÊËZ¼»Á|¯,ZÌy½ZÅZ̳ÉÁÃ{Z»ÉZÅ
]yÁ Z]]Y]\ÌeeÄ]Ã
, Á ÁÁ
ÄÀ¯ÉY]
Z]]Y]\ÌeeÄ]¿ÉZÅ
, Á
|Ë{³Ä^Zv»Á
½Z¿¿ZËYÁÌ·Z¿MY¶ZulËZf¿
ÊÀ »¥ÔfyYį{Y{
¼¿ÃÁ{µÂ¾Ì´¿ZÌ»¾Ì]ÉY{
Ã{Z» ÄÀ¯ ¡Â¸] Y Ìa
P<
, , ,df=
¿ÄÀ¯Á(F=
,P=
, ,df=
(F=
½Z]Ì»ÉÁ
{Y{{ÂmÁ¦¸fz»ÊÅZ̳ÉZÅ
Sohrabi & Shishehbor
¼¿ ÃÁ{ µÂ 2008
ÄÀ¯ ¡Â¸] Y Ìa
T. turkestani
ºq ZÌ]· ÉÁ Y
]Y]\ÌeeÄ]Ä]Z»ÉZ»{{ÊfÌqZÌ]·ÁZ»,ʸ^¸]
Z]
, Á ]®Ë{¿Ä¯|¿{¯Y³Á
Ä
dY ÉZm Ä ·Z» Y ¶Zu lËZf¿
ËZ µZu ¾ËY Z]
ÉÁYÄÀ¯¾ËY¡Â¸]YÌa¼¿ÃÁ{µÂ¾Ì¬¬v»
½Z]Ì»
Äf§ZË Y f¼¯ ¦¸fz» ÉZÅ ªÌ¬ve ¾ËY ÉZÅ
|¿{¯Y³
¡Â¸]YÌa¼¿ÃÁ{µÂµZj»ÉY]
½Á{¸Ìe¯ÉÁÊ´¿§ cÂe¾eZeÄÀ¯
ÉZ»{{Ä^Àa
] Â̸ Äm{
Z] ]Y
Á
Carey &
Bradley, 1982
ÉZ»{ { ½Zn»{Z] ÃZ̳ ÉÁ Á
Z]]Y] Â̸Äm{
Á
Nemati et al., 2005
dYÃ|Y³
¥ÔfyY¾ËY¶¸Ä¸¼mY Ê»ZÅ
½YÂe
½Z]Ì»½{Â]\ZÀ»{cÁZ¨eÄ]
¾ËYÉY]ÊÅZ̳ÉZÅ
{¼¿ ÃZY ÄÀ¯
cÂe ¾eZe ÄÀ¯ 0ÓZ¼fuY ÉY] Ê´¿§
Ê¿ÓÂ c|»
ÄfY{ Y¬fY ½Zn»{Z] Á Ä^Àa ÉÁ Ée
fÌ]ª]Ze¶Ì·{Ä]½M¼¿ÃÁ{µÂ¾ËY]ZÀ]ÁdY dYÄf§ZËÅZ¯,½Z]Ì»Á{¾ËYZ]
µÁ|m
½ZÀ̼YĸZ§Á¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
Ê´¿§cÂe¾eZeÄÀ¯¡Â¸]YÌa¼¿ÃÁ{µÂ|{
Á|¯,ZÌyÉÁ
ÁÊËZ¼»
Ã]y
ÃZ̳
½Z]Ì»
ºze N duYfY ÁÓ
¦¼¿ÂeÁa µÁY
¹Á{duYfY
¦¼¿ÂeÂW{
duYfY
¶¯ ¹Â
ZÌy
b
a
a
b
ab
b
a
b
Ã{Z»
ÊËZ¼»Á|¯
ab
a
a
b
b
b
a
b
Ã]y
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
ZÌy
b
a
a
a
a
a
a
b
¿
ÊËZ¼»Á|¯
b
a
a
a
a
a
a
ab
Ã]y
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
N
ËZ»M{»{Y§Y{Y| e
¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
ÊÀ »¥ÔfyY|«Z§f»¥u®Ë¶«Y|uÉYY{ÉZÅ t{Y{
|ÀfÅ
¡Â¸]YÌaÉ|¶uY»cZ¨¸e
ÃZ¼µÁ|m{
ÌaÌ»Á±»Y¶ZulËZf¿
dYÃ|Ã{ÁMÊ´¿§cÂe¾eZeÄÀ¯¡Â¸]Y
¾Ëf¼¯
^ ZÌy ÉÁ ¶¯ Ì» Á ±» ½YÌ»
Á
Ã]y ÉÁ Ì» Á ±» ½YÌ» ¾ËfÌ]
| Ã|ÅZ»
Sohrabi & Shishehbor
2008
|{
ÉÁYÊ´¿§cÂe¾eZeÄÀ¯¡Â¸]YÌaÌ»Á±»
Ä]Ä]Z»ÉZ»{{ÊfÌqZÌ]·ÁZ»,ʸ^¸]ºqZÌ]·
Z]]Y]\Ìee
, Á
Y³|{
dYÉZmÄ ·Z»Y¶ZulËZf¿Yf¼¯Ä¯|¿{¯
µÁ|m eÄÀ¯¡Â¸]YÌaÌ»Á±»|{
Á|¯,ZÌyÉÁÊ´¿§cÂe¾eZ
Ã]yÁÊËZ¼»
½Z]Ì»ÃZ̳
É|ĸu»
ZÌy ÊËZ¼»Á|¯
Ã]y
ºze
ÁÓ
µÁYduYfY
¦¼¿ÂeÁa
¹Á{duYfY
¦¼¿ÂeÁ{
¹ÂduYfY
¶¯
¾Ì¤·Z]¼µÂÁÉÁZ]
ºzeYÌaÃÁ{µÂÊ]Y¶ZulËZf¿
,ÉË
ºze ÃÁ{
ºze Y a ÃÁ{ ,ÉË
¼ µÂ Á ÉË
ÃZ¼ µÁ|m { ¾Ì¤·Z]
dY Ã| ÄÔy µÁ|m
¿ZËYÁÄËne
(ANOVA)
ÃÁ{µÂ¾Ì]į{Y{½Z¿
zeYÌa º
ÉË
,P=
, ,df=
Á(F=
ºze Y a ÉË
,P=
, ,df=
(F=
½Z]Ì» ÉÁ
ÊÅZ̳ ÉZÅ ÊÀ » ¥ÔfyY ËZ»M {»
{Y{{ÂmÁÉY{
½Z¿¿ZËYÁÄËneµÁ|m¾ÌÀr¼Å
ºzeÃÁ{µÂ¾Ì]į{Y{
½Z]Ì»ÉÁÉË
ÊÅZ̳ÉZÅ
ÊÀ » ¥ÔfyY ËZ»M {»
Á ÉY{
{Y|¿ {Âm
,P=
, ,df=
(F=
½Z]Ì» ÉÁ ¾Ì¤·Z] ¼ µÂ
¦¸fz» ÊÅZ̳ ÉZÅ
{Â] cÁZ¨f»
ÄÀ¯ ¼ µÂ ¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
Y Ã{Z» ¢·Z] ÉZÅ
Ze ÊËZ¼»Á|¯ ÉÁ Á
Ã]y ÉÁ Á
{Â]cÁZ¨f»
¿ZËYÁÄËneµÁ|m
(ANOVA)
¾Ì]į{Y{½Z¿
Ã{Z»¢·Z]{Y§Y¼µÂ
½Z]Ì»ÉÁ ÊÅZ̳ÉZÅ
{»
ÊÀ »¥ÔfyYËZ»M {Y|¿{ÂmÁÉY{
,P=
, ,df=
(F=
Y ¿¢·Z]{Y§Y¼µÂ¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
ÉÁÁ
ZeÊËZ¼»Á|¯
{Â]cÁZ¨f»Ã]yÉÁÁ
lËZf¿
µÂ¾Ì]į{Y{½Z¿¿ZËYÁÄËneµÁ|mY¶Zu ÄÀ¯ ¼
ÉÁ ¿ ¢·Z] ÉZÅ
½Z]Ì»
{» ÊÅZ̳ ÉZÅ
ÊÀ »¥ÔfyYËZ»M {Y|¿{ÂmÁÉY{
,P=
, ,df=
(F=
ºze½YÌ»Y¶ZulËZf¿
Ä¿YÁÉË
ÃZ¼µÁ|m{ºze½YÌ»¶¯Á
Ã|Ã{Y{½Z¿
dY
ÃZ¼µÁ|m
ÃÁ{µÂ{Y|¿ZfYÉZyÁ¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
ºzeYÌaÉZÅ ºze,ÉË
ºzeYaÁÉË
,ÉË
,¾Ì¤·Z]¼µÂ
Ã]yÁÊËZ¼»Á|¯,ZÌyÉÁÊ¿Zf¯eÄÀ¯¶¯ºzeÁÄ¿YÁºze
½Z]Ì»ÃZ̳
ÃÁ{
É|ÉZÅ
ZÌy ÊËZ¼»Á|¯
Ã]y
ºzeYÌaÃÁ{
ÉË
b(
ab
a
ºzeÃÁ{
ÉË
a
a
a
ºzeYaÃÁ{
ÉË
b
b
a
ÄÀ¯¼µÂ
Ã{Z»ÉZÅ
b
b
a
ÄÀ¯¼µÂ
¿ÉZÅ
a
a
a
Ä¿YÁºze
a
ab
b
ºze½YÌ»¶¯
a
b
b
Ã{Z»{Y| ef¿Ya¶yY{{Y|Y dYËZ»M{»ÉZÅ
¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
t{Y{ÊÀ »¥ÔfyY|«Z§f»¥u®Ë¶«Y|uÉYY{ÉZÅ
|ÀfÅ
Ã]yÉÁÄ¿YÁºze¾Ì´¿ZÌ»¾Ëf¼¯
Á
ZÌyÉÁÄ¿YÁºze¾Ì´¿ZÌ»¾ËfÌ]
Ã|ÅZ»
|
¾Ì] į {Y{ ½Z¿ ¿ZËYÁ ÄËne µÁ|m Ê]
½Z]Ì» ÉÁ Ä¿YÁ ºze ¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
{» ÊÅZ̳ ÉZÅ
ÊÀ »¥ÔfyYËZ»M {Y{{ÂmÁÉY{
,P=
, ,df=
(F=
ÄËneµÁ|mY¶ZulËZf¿Ê]
r¼Å ¿ZËYÁ ºze {Y| e ¶¯ ¾Ì] į {Y{ ½Z¿ ¾ÌÀ
½Z]Ì»ÉÁÃ|ÄfY~³
Ì¿ËZ»M{»ÊÅZ̳ÉZÅ
ÊÀ »¥ÔfyY {Y{{ÂmÁÉY{
,P=
, ,df=
(F=
ÉY]Ä ·Z»¾ËY{Ã|Ã|ÅZ»¼µÂ
¾Ì¤·Z]
ÄÀ¯
T. turkestani
¹Zn¿YcZ ·Z»ËZlËZf¿Y
,Ä]Z» d]Zi ÉZ»{ { Ã|
e¯
{Â] e ÃZ
Carey &
Bradley
(1982)
ÉZ»{{į|¿{Y{Y³
Äm{
Ã{Z»¾Ì¤·Z], Â̸
|¿{¯¼Á
Nemati et
al.
2005
ÉZ»{{Ã{Z»¾Ì¤·Z]į|¿{Y{Y³
Â̸Äm{
{¯¼Á
Sohrabi & Shishehbor
(2008)
¼ µÂ
À¯
/ Ä YÃ{Z»¢·Z]ÉZÅ ]Y]\ÌeeÄ/]
/ Z]
, Á
{ÊfÌqZÌ]·ÁZ»,ʸ^¸]ºqZÌ]·ÉÁÁ
ÊËZ»{ ËY
|¿{Y{ Y³ Â̸ Äm{
Y
¥ÔfyY¾ËY¶¸Ä¸¼m Ê»ZÅ
ÃZ̳Ŀ³{cÁZ¨eÄ]½YÂe
{¼¿ÃZY½Z]Ì»
Carey & Bradley
(1982)
Ä^ÀaY
Y½Z]Ì»ÃZ̳½YÂÀ ] Ä°Ì·Zu{{¯Ã{Z¨f
Nemati et
al.
2005
Á ½Zn»{Z] Y Sohrabi & Shishehbor
(2008)
|¿{¼¿Ã{Z¨fYcÓ¬]Y
¶ËÓ{ËZĸ¼mY
Ê» Ê·Z¼fuY dÌ ¼m { cÁZ¨e Ä] ½YÂe
¾eZe ÄÀ¯ ÉZÅ
{¼¿ ÃZY Ê´¿§ cÂe dÌ ¼m YË
¾ËY ¦¸fz» ÉZÅ
Z¨f»ÉYÄË~¤eÁÊÌv»ËYdveÄÀ¯
Y~·ÁÃ{Â]ÊeÁ
Ê»cÁZ¨f»,¦¸fz»½ZÅZ̳Ä]d^¿ZÆ¿MÀ¯YÁ
|Z]
Ê» iR» ¶»Y ËZ ½ZÌ» Y
ËZ»M ËY Ä] ½YÂe
{¼¿ÃZY
Y ÉÁZ] Y ʨ¸fz» Ë{Z¬» ÊÅZ´ËZ»M cZ ·Z»
Ã{Y{ Y³ Ŀ³ ¾ËY ÉY]
|¿Y
Carey & Bradley
(1982)
´¿§ cÂe ¾eZe ÄÀ¯ į |¿{Y{ Y³
{ Ê
ÉZ»{
¾Ì´¿ZÌ»ÂÄ]Ä^ÀaÉÁ Â̸Äm{
dYÃ{¯|Ì·Âeºze{|
Y³Ä]ZÀ]
Nemati
et al
2005
ÉZ»{{Ê¿Zf¯eÄÀ¯ºze¶¯¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
Â̸ Äm{
{Â] {|
Sohrabi &
Shishehbor
(2008
{Ê¿Zf¯eÄÀ¯Ä¯|¿{Y{Y³
ÉZ»{
Â̸ Äm{
¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
, Á
,ʸ^¸] ºq ZÌ]· ÉÁ \Ìee Ä] Y ºze {|
dYÃ{¯|Ì·ÂeÊfÌqZÌ]·ÁZ»
¾Ì´¿ZÌ»¾ËY]ZÀ]
ºze¶¯{Y| e
ÂeÃ|ÄfY~³ÉZÅ
T. turkestani
ºze¶¯{Y| e¾Ì´¿ZÌ»Yʸ §Ä ·Z»{
ÄfY~³ÉZÅ
{Â]f¼¯Ã|¹Zn¿YcZ ·Z»´Ë{{Ã|
¾ÌÀr¼Å
ʸ §Ä ·Z»{Ê¿Zf¯eÄÀ¯ÉY]Ä¿YÁºze¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
Âe Ã| ¯} Ë{Z¬» Y
Nemati et al.
2005
Á
Sohrabi & Shishehbor
(2008
{Â]f¼¯
Nemati et
al.
ÉZ»{ { Ä¿YÁ ºze ¾Ì´¿ZÌ» 2005
Äm{
Y Â̸
|¿{Y{Y³{|
Sohrabi & Shishehbor
(2008
ºze ¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
YÄ¿YÁ
, Á ZÌ]·ÉÁ\ÌeeÄ]{|
|¿{Y{Y³ÊfÌqZÌ]·ÁZ»,ʸ^¸]ºq
{cÁZ¨e
{ cÁZ¨e ¶¸ ĸ¼m Y ÊÅZ̳ ½Z]Ì» ½{Â] \ZÀ»
Ê»¦¸fz»cZ ·Z»{ºze¶¯ÁÄ¿YÁºze½YÌ»
|Z]
ÁÁ|¯,ZÌyÃZ̳ÄÉÁÊÀmd^¿¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
Z]]Y]\ÌeeÄ]Ã]y
, Á {Â]Ã{Z»|{
Y³ Ä] ZÀ]
Zhang et al.
b
ÊÀm d^¿ 2006
ÉZ»{{Ê]Ô³ÉÁÊ¿Zf¯eÄÀ¯
Â̸Äm{
dY Ã{Â] Ã{Z»
Cagle 1956
į {Y{ Y³
Ê¿Zf¯e ÄÀ¯ ÊÀm d^¿
{ ,{Â] Ã{Z» |{
Ä°Ì·Zu
Carey & Bradley
1982
ÁÃ{Z»|{
Nemati et al
2005
|¿{Y{Y³YÃ{Z»|{
¾ÌÀr¼Å
Sohrabi & Shishehbor
(2008
d^¿
YÊ¿Zf¯eÄÀ¯ÊÀm
, Á Ä]YÃ{Z»|{
Y³ÊfÌqZÌ]·ÁZ»,ʸ^¸]ºqZÌ]·ÉÁ\Ìee
|¿{Y{
ʳ|¿µÁ|mÉZÅf»YZa
Z¬]ÊÀvÀ»
(lx)
Á
¾ÃËÁÉÁZ]
(mx)
¾eZeÄÀ¯
¶° { ¯~» ÊÅZ̳ ½Z]Ì» Ä ÉÁ Ê´¿§ cÂe ÃZ¼
dYÃ|Ã{Y{½Z¿
¾eZeÄÀ¯Z¬]ÊÀvÀ»
YÁÄ]Z»Â¯~»ÊÅZ̳½Z]Ì»ÄÅÉÁÊ´¿§cÂe {Â]µÁY¿
ÄÌ·ÁY¾ÌÀ{cZ¨¸eįdZÀ »½Y|]¾ËY c| Z] eÓZ] ¾ÌÀ { Á dY ¾ÌËZa
ËY§Y É{ZË
Ê»
|]ZË Á¹ZÆqÁZeÊËZ¼»Á|¯Á^ZÌyÉÁ
wÉÌ»Á±»¡Â¸]Ya¹ÂÁZeÃ]yÉÁ
{Y|¿
¾eZeÄÀ¯Ê³|¿µÁ|mÉZÅf»YZa
{Ê´¿§cÂe
ÃZ¼µÁ|m
dYÃ|Ã{Y{½Z¿
cZÔY ZY]
dÌ ¼m ËY§Y ÊeY} w¿ ¾ËfÌ] ¯~»
ÉÁ
dÌ ¼m ËY§Y ÊeY} w¿ ¾Ëf¼¯ Á ^ ZÌy Ã]yÉÁ
Ä]
¾Ì]ÉZ»M¿YÁ|»Md{
¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
t { ZÅ
ÊÀ » ¥ÔfyY {Y{ {ÂmÁ Y{
P
, , ,df=
µÂ ¾ÌÀr¼Å (F=
[¸»ËY{Ê´¿§cÂe¾eZeÄÀ¯¶¿®ËÃÁ{
y Á ÊËZ¼»Á|¯ ,^ ZÌy ÉÁ Á
\Ìee Ä] Ã]
, Á {Â]Á
{» ½Z»¾ËfÌ]
Z]]Y]dÌ ¼m½|]Y]Á{ÉY]ZÌ¿
ÉÁÁ
ZÌ¿{»½Z»¾ËeÃZe¯ÁÃ]y
ZÌyÉÁÁ
|Ë{³Ä^Zv»
dÌ ¼mËY§YÊeY}w¿½YÌ»
rm
Á
¶j»|Ì·Âe ·Zy w¿
R0
Ä ·Z» { Ã| Ä^Zv»
Ê] ËZ lËZf¿ Y f¼¯ ÉZm
{ ÊÅZ´ËZ»M ÉZÅ
ÄÀ¯{»
T. turkestani
½Z]Ì»ÉÁ
¦¸fz»ÊÅZ̳ÉZÅ
{Â]
Ä]Z»ÉZ»{{
Popov
1981 rm
Á
R0
ÄÀ¯¾ËY
Z]]Y]\ÌeeÄ]Y¼¯ÉÁ
Á
Y³
{¼¿
Ä]Z»ªÌ¬ve®Ë{
Carey & Bradley
1982
©Â§ ÃZ»M Á{
{ Á Ä^Àa ÉÁ ¯~» ÄÀ¯ ÉY] Y
ÉZ»{
Z] ]Y] \Ìee Ä] Â̸ Äm{
Á
|¿{¼¿½ZÌ]
¾ÌÀr¼Å
Nemati et al
2005
{
\ÌeeÄ]½Zn»{Z]ÉÁY©Â§f»YZaÁ{Ä]Z»ÉZ»{
Z]]Y]
Á
|¿{¼¿¹ÔY
Sohrabi & Shishehbor
(2008
{Y©Â§ÃZ»MÁ{
ÊfÌqZÌ]·ÁZ»,ʸ^¸]ºqZÌ]·ÉÁÁÄ]Z»ÉZ»{
Z]]Y]\ÌeeÄ]
, , Á , ,
|¿{¼¿Y³
ÉY]Ã|Y³Ë{Z¬»cZ ·Z»¾ËY{
rm
Á
R0
Ä]Ë{Z¬»YfÌ]
Ê»ZuÄ ·Z»{Ã|»Md{
|ÀZ]
LZÀjfY Ä]
rm
Ä]
Ä ·Z»{ Ã|»M d{
Sohrabi &
Shishehbor
(2008
Ä]įÊfÌqZÌ]·ÁZ»ÉÁ
rm
Ä]
ZÌ] Ä ·Z» ¾ËY { ^ ZÌy ÉÁ Ã|»M d{
dY ®Ë{¿
į dY Äf°¿ ¾ËY ´¿ZÌ] cZ ·Z» ¾ËY
½YÌ»
rm
ÊÀ » Â Ä]
Ì̤e ½Z]Ì» ÃZ̳ Z] ÉY{
Ê»
|À¯
¥ÔfyY ¾ËY cZËÂfv» d¸ Ä] dY ¾°¼» ZÅ
ÊËZ̼Ì
, dÌ·Â]Zf»,ÊËY~£d̨̯
ZfyZÁÄË¿ZiÉZÅ
|Z]½ZÅZ̳±]
ÃZ¼µÁ|m
ÉÁZ]Áʳ|¿µÁ|mÉZÅf»YZa Ã]yÁÊËZ¼»Á|¯,ZÌyÉÁÊ¿Zf¯eÄÀ¯
ZÌy ÊËZ¼»Á|¯
Ã]y
f»YZa
N
N
N F
df P
R0
a b
b
,
rm a
b
c
,
a b
c
,
a T a
a
,
c DT b
a
,
N Ã{Z»{Y| e
ËZ»M{»ÉZÅ
¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
t{Y{ÊÀ »¥ÔfyY|«Z§f»¥u®Ë¶«Y|uÉYY{ÉZÅ
|ÀfÅ
ÃZ¼¶°
Z¬]ÊÀvÀ»
lx
¾ÃËÁÉÁZ]Á
mx
ZÌyÉÁ\ÌeeÄ]Ê´¿§cÂe¾eZeÄÀ¯
ÊËZ¼»Á|¯,(a) Ã]yÁ(b)
(c)
cÁZ¨e ¾ÌÀr¼Å Ä] dY ¾°¼» Ã| Ã|ÅZ» ÉZÅ
Á,ËZ»MËY{cÁZ¨e¶Ì·{
ÃY|¿YÉZÅ ÁÉ̳
|Z]cZÔYÄËne
Ä ·Z»Y¶ZulËZf¿Ä]ÄmÂeZ]
Ã|¹Z/n¿YÄÀÌ»¾ËY{įÊeZ ·Z»´Ë{Ì¿ÁZu
ʻdY
»½Z]Ì»ÃZ̳¿įd§³ÄnÌf¿½YÂe Ê
|¿YÂe
Ä]iY
YÂzÅZ̳ʸj»|Ì·ÂeÁÊfËÉZÅf»YZa]ÊËY
{Y~´]
Ê»½Z¿ÉZmÄ ·Z»lËZf¿
½ZÌ»{į|Å{
Ê»½Z]Ì»¾Ëf^ZÀ»ZÌy,ËZ»M{»½ZÅZ̳
|Z]
Z¬]w¿lx ¾ÃËÁÉÁZ]w¿mx
Z¬]w¿lx ¾ÃËÁÉÁZ]w¿mx
a b
c
Y« Ã]y Á ÊËZ¼» Á|¯ \Ìee Ä] ½M Y | ] Á Ê»
|¿Ì³ ÉY]ÉËÄ»Z¿]¹Z´ÀÅ{¾ËY]ZÀ]
dËË|»
¾ËY dÌ]¸» |ËZ] ½ZfÂy ½ZfY { ½ZÌWÁ|¯ cZ§M {̳Y«¿|»Ê´¿§cÂe¾eZeÄÀ¯ÉY]½ZÅZ̳
]
Ê»{ZÆÀÌaÄ ·Z»¾ËYY¶ZulËZf¿ ZY į{Â
Á³Y{
ºf̯Y d§MÊ´¿§cÂe¾eZeÄÀ¯Ä¯ÊËZÅ
Ä] ¹Y|«Y ZÆÀe Á Ã| ÌÅa ZÌy d¯ Y dY \·Z£
d¯
{{³Ã]y
ºfÌËZ{įdYÊÆË|]
ÉZÅ
dÌ¿ \·Z£ d§M ½YÂÀ Ä] ÄÀ¯ ¾ËY į ÉÁZ¯
Ê»
{¼¿¹Y|«YZÌyd¯Ä]½YÂe
Ê·Z¼fuY¶¸Ä¸¼mY
Ä]½YÂeʻ¯~»½Z]̻Ľ{Â]\ZÀ»{¥ÔfyY
±]d§Z]{cÁZ¨e
Ê°Ȩ̈
{Âm»ʷMcZ^̯eZËÁ
±] {
ÊËZ̼Ì
{¼¿ ÃZY Ä] ½{] Êa ÉY]
Ê»É| ]cZ ·Z»Ä]ZÌ¿cZ§ÔfyY¾ËY¹Ì¿Z°»
|Z]
REFERENCES
1. Andres, L. A. (1957). An ecological study of three species of Tetranychids (Acarina: Tetranychidae) and their response to temperature and humidity. Ph. D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley, 49pp.
2. Anonymous. (2006). Yearly data book (2005). Publication of Management and Programming Organization, 806pp.
3. Anonymous. (2008). Khouzestan Agricultural data book (2005-2006 agronomic year). Publication of Khouzestan Jahad Keshavarzi Organisation, 145pp.
4. Cagle, L. R. (1956). Life history of the spider mite, Tetranychus turkestani McG. Virginia Agriculture Experimental Station. Technical Bulletin, 124, 22pp.
5. Carey, J. R. & Bradley, J. W. (1982). Developmental rates, vital schedules, sex ratios and life tables for Tetranychus urticae, T. turkestani and T. pacificus (Acarina: Tetranychidae) on cotton. Acarologia, 23(4), 333-345.
6. Carey, J. R. (1993). Applied Demography for Biologists, with Special Emphasis on Insects. Oxford University Press, 206pp.
7. Jeppson, L. R., Keifer, H. H. & Baker, E. W. (1975). Mites injurious to economic plants. University of California Press, Berkely, London, 614pp.
8. Kamali, K. (1988). Tetranychid mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) injurious to plants in Khuzestan. In:
Proceeding of Iran Proc. XVIII. International Congress of Entomology, Vancouver Canada (Abstract). P.
357.
9. Kamali, K. (1989). A part of plant mites fauna of Khuzestan. Agricultural Journal of Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, 73-83. (In Farsi).
10. Kamali, K., Ostovan, H. & Atamehr, A. (2001). A catalogue of mites and ticks (Acari) of Iran. Islamic Azad University Scientific Publication Centre, 192pp. (In Farsi).
11. Kanjani, M. & Haddad Irani-nejad, K. (2006). Injurious mites of Agricultural Crops in Iran. Bu-Ali Sina University, 220pp. (In Farsi).
12. Maia, A. D., Luiz, H. N., Alfredo, J. B. & Campanhola, C. (2000). Statistical influence on associated fertility life table parameters using Jackknife technique: computational aspects. Journal of Economic Entomology, 93, 511-518.
13. Modarres Awal, M. (2001). List of Agricultural pests and their natural enemies in Iran (Revised Edition). Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Publication, 429pp. (In Farsi).
14. Mossadegh, M. S. & Kocheili, F. (2003). A semi descriptive checklist of identified species of Arthropods (Agricultural, Medical,…)and other pests from Khuzestan, Iran. Shahid Chamran University Press, 435pp.
15. Nemati, A., Solimannejadian, A., Shishebor, P. & Kamali, K. (2005). Evalution of the effect of temperature on biological parameters of Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski (Acari:
Tetranychidae). The Scientific Journal of Agriculture, 28, 209-222.
16. Popov, S. Y. (1981). Survival tables and biological parameters of the spider mite Tetranychus turkestani.
Izvestya timiryazevskoi selskokhzyastvennoi akademi, 1, 124-133.
17. Popov, S. Y. (2000). The temperature development curves of the Atlantic spider mite Tetranychus atlanticus McGregor (Tetranychidae). Entomologicheskoe - Obozernie, 79(3), 550-556.
18. Roy, M., Brodevy, J. & Colutier, C. (2002). Relationship beetween temperature and developmental rate of Stethorus punctillum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and prey Tetranychus mcdanieli (Acari:
Tetranychidae). Environmental Entomology, 31(1), 177-187.
19. Zhang, Z. (2003). Mites of greenhouses identification, biology and control. CABI Publishing, 234pp.
20. Zhang, Y. X., Ji, J., Wang, F. T., Chen, X. & Chen, F. (2006a). The fecundity potential of Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski (Acari: Tetranychidae). Acta Phylophylactica Sinica, 33(4), 379-383.
21. Zhang, Y. X., Wang, F. T., Ji, J., Chen, F., Yi, Z. B., Wang, X. M. & Chen, X. (2006b). Evaluation of Amblyseius cucumeris Oudeman for control of pest mites of Koerle pear and strategy for its practical application. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 399(30), 518-524.