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E-mail: [email protected]
ﺎﻫﺮﺘﻣارﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ي
ﻓاﺮﮔﻮﻣد ﻴ
ﻚ ﺮﺼﻣ راﻮﺨﮔﺮﺑ ي
ﻪﺒﻨﭘ
Spodoptera littoralis (B.) (Lep.: Noctuidae)
.
ور ي اﺬﻏ ي ﻋﻮﻨﺼﻣ ﻲ اﺮﺷ رد ﻳ ﺎﻣزآ ﻂ ﻳ
ﺎﮕﺸ ﻲﻫ
درواﺪﺧ ﻪﻟﺎﻫ
1ي دﺮﮔ اﺮﺤﺻ ﺪﺣا ،
*2
ﻣا دﻮﻌﺴﻣ ، ﻴ
ﻓﺎﻌﻣ ﺮ
3ﻲ ﻧ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﺮﻔﻌﺟ و ﻴ
رﻮﺑﺎﺸ
4ي
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هژاو ﺎﻫ ي ﻠﻛ ﻴ ﺪ ي :
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%
$ -P Q5"
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RE+ ISE#- Q5"
.
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
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#$%
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(Boisduval)
"&'( )* +, )&-. /
&
"0$1 2 (34 5$6 5#7 5#$%
8 &9 6&!
. 2 / &92*
<=
8 # >3 89&? &@
#A A
B&!0? / "&?!
&9 / "&'( C?D9 @!
'9 )
Avidov & Harpaz, 1969
.(
C-. G
)H 2 A&$ 5#$% & )* / "I +,
!
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Sneh et al., 1981; Sannino et al., 1996
.(
K #! C-.
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(Navon, 1985;
Gomez de Aizpurua & Arroyo, 1994)
.
/ I
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littoralis
. S
2 O
D4
# "2 P 2 #! &9/
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Leodonton sp.
5
Trifolium sp.
2
Bromus spp.
"2 ?JD9 2
QR /9 "&9
Amaranthus sp.
5
Rumex sp.
2
Solanum nigrum
C1 6 9&G .
#! &92* S79
8 T& 0? &% U 2 2 B&'!& DR K #! 2 '-
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6
(Martins,
2000)
.
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8 6
(Navon, 1985)
.
+ f 2&' 8 >g 8 &9 8
h2% "!
S. littoralis
&/. [ 6 9&YG
8 6 #i 2 #?,
/ "&?! #A
&,.
j1&
!
(Moore & Navon, 1964, 1969;
Levinson & Navon, 1969; Poitout et al., 1972;
.
Kehat & Gordon, 1975; Navon & Keren, 1980;
.
Navon, 1985)
.
- 8
S1
(Lewis, 1942; Leslie, 1945;
Birch, 1948)
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2
&9
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6
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Yang, 2003)
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6
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Chi & Yang, 2003)
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6
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r #
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(Age-Stage Two-Sex Life-Table)
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Liu, 1985; Chi, 1988)
.
1! &!
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, 2
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4
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6
(Gupta et al., 2005; Azidah & Sofian-Azirun,
.
2006)
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8P 2 8' / "&9
Spodoptera
exigua
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8 9 #IV&n .
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B&!0?
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xDR ',! 9 B&G
#$W / C-.
c 0- 8H k 5# >3 t@&6 "&9
e& &? "2 6 t@&6 5C?IDW y2@
Amaranthus retroflexus
! 2 2 +N &? "2 B.
B. [1' xDR
#DV U- 5#$% B&9&? "2 2 "
! BY!&'-.
(Greenberg et al., 2001)
#IV&n .
B&!0? #N C1 6 B&G 0? "Y Q' "&9
8P 2 ! 8' / "&9
S. exigua
?vw
>
"K #!
C?IDW c 0- 8H k 2 U&N )G DR K #N +N "2 B.
K #! U 8I
B&9&? &1 / c?! "
C1 ! S 2 &
(Shafqat et al., 2009)
.
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c92P%
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, 2
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2 B.
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ﺎﻫ شور و داﻮﻣ
Spodoptera
littoralis
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6 .
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ﺎﺘﻧ ﻳ ﺚﺤﺑ و ﺞ
!"
#$
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C / #?/ #A B&G O!& 81!
81&6
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2
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6 2 K:
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2
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>g
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6
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2W .(
B&G o &'
+ "6 2 K ?Y&? #A #!&G C-.
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Afify
et al.
(1970)
2
Sivapragasam & Syed (2001)
K
# "! + 6 2
S. exigua
5 /2 C1!
2.
2
Azidah & Sofian-Azirun (2006)
B&G
B&!0? "2 # h2% #A Q' "&9
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#!
8 /2 1 . [ 6
#IV&n K
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C- .
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Azidah & Sofian-Azirun
(2006)
2* 2 K
"
S. exigua
2
"
B&!0?
"&9
!
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)
? B&!0 (
!?
&
/2 C1!
2.
.
#IV&n Y "
(Gupta et al., 2005)
K
2 2*
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S. litura
2
"
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8 ) !
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2
8*K g + f / 6 ??I 8I?$K 8 >
C1 .
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( =*&) (>? ( /.
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@
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E A=F
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±
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± .' / -A
5 )
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) /.
( /2 / 22
± A7 / /A7
Idris & Emelia (2001)
81! #!
?vw + f
6 2 "2 "2* # 8 >g
? 8
S. exigua
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8I K ?! "
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&9
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Q'
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m 8 6
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# 8?6 2 K #N "K #!
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B. "&92*
/ /9 QR
/
/ 2 /2
? d-N &
/
/2 N h0
(Berdegue et al., 1998)
.
? Y&
?
8?6 2 K #
S. litura
/ B. "&92* #A
? N # >3 4N &
/
± /
>3 &! 2 /2 / #
>g
"
R 8
/
±
/ h0 /2 6
(Gupta et
al., 2005)
.
?6 2 K 8
S. littoralis
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B&MM [1 . C1! )
C1 ?@
.
bV&!& 2 K
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6
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/
±
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2
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2
"
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/
± /
2 /2
2
"
>g
"
R 8
/
± / 2 /
(Gupta et al.,
2005)
# ?D9 "! 2 ?JD9 2 ">g "2
8R / 6 h0 /2
C1
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Gupta, 2002)
.
.) $ , - /
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h2%
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Ricinus communis
) BR #!
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/
± /
C1 6 h0 /2
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Anderson, 2006)
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/
2
/
±
/ h0 /2 6
(Medhat & Anderson,
2006)
5
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c92P%
m'@
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9 . h0
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C1 6 .
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6 h0 )
Khalid Ahmad et al., 1997
( XI! 2 8
*K )G DR K Y 8
h0
N
(Afify et al., 1970)
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&9 8 +9
$ 8
! m'@ W2 SR !
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W2 &
(Sivapragasam & Syed, 2001)
.
m'@
8I
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bV&! )G DR K
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2
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&9
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8 )2&' G h0
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1!
8 Y
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h2%
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2
"
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) #!
BR
? B&!0 ( 5 /
±
/ #! +
"
& 9
C1 6 2.!
)
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.(
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2
"
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/
± /
2 2 +
"
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/
±
/
#! +
/
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C1 6 h0 & 9 )
Gupta et al., 2005
(
.
0?
C-. "0 D B
2.! + 6
(Seth
& Sharma, 2001)
. )2&
V #! &9
? m'@ U
f
>g + 8 C1 &'1 .
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7 Spodoptera littoralis
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9 Chi and Liu (1985)
o &' y&1!
. C1!
U "6 2 K
Q' "2*
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5
?!
&
/2
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! . / d%
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/2
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&M! O!& 81!
"
S. littoralis
#'-& h2%
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6 + # #A 2
1 2*
#YJ?9 56 8D 9&G "? 2
"2* ?1 #A 8
5 2 j? #!
5
2
? 2 W2
. ?1
2
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9&G ? 2 6
. U&A G #
/2 / 8I ,
DR B& &% &
&! D9 z&M! B0?
1 c 0-
! 5 # c9&A o C-&
. z&M! O!& !&!
8V20 O!&
monotonous
8 6&!
) U6 (.
&1 2 / Q?
B. 8?- Q? 5?
8 z&M! 56&!
(lx)
+?1 1 !!
6 8 5 8 U& z&M!
?! #n! 8 U6 #A 6
8 B&G 1 &! O / 9
(Southwood,
1994)
.
*
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C1 6 .
2 l 8 5
2 DR K ?
k 8Y'9. #!
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8
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C1 C!&v .
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9 .
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8 5C1 2 C1 D O(2 #A
?
/ 8$?A _
&
a 2 l 6&! ?
(Akcakaya et
al., 1999)
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"2
S. littoralis
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) U6 ( 8W # 5
? 2
&?!
d~1 &
? 2 8 c 0-
!&
.
O! 'D, / 8
8/ 2W 5
8/ ?
(ex)
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6&!
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(eo)
8/ ?
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S. littoralis
"2 #'-& h2%
8R ">g
2
/2
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Chi, 1988
.(
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(1985)
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.
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8
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(Chi & Yang, 1993; Chi, 1988)
.
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Carey (1993)
k 2 V 8H "&9 /
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5
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(a/b)
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/ 3*
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) (DT
*23 / 7
Spodoptera littoralis
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
(زور)
ء خ
Egg L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 Pupa Female Male
H 6 7 (# I/+ HJ (K, L &M&
Spodoptera littoralis
NO;P Q =*&) (>? ( /. <'
9&' k 8
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S. littoralis
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S. littoralis
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8 c 0-
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9@
(Carey, 1982)
.
! '&%
"
S. littoralis
Spodoptera littoralis
0 10 20 30 40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
(زور)
(زور)ز ا
Egg L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 Pupa Female Male
H G 7
# &M&
, SF 8 #;
T (# J
Spodoptera littoralis
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(1930)
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Fisher
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Fisher, 1930; Pianka, 1994
.(
Spodoptera littoralis
0 50 100 150 200 250
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
(زور)
نا
Egg L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 Pupa Female
H U 7 HV#1*E T SF 8 (# J
Spodoptera littoralis
NO;P Q =*&) (>? ( /. <'
!
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8 B&G 2 V 2! #A 9
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Carey, 1993
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g
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(Chi & Liu, 1985)
.
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[ 6
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.
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