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)
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2< <` <
5 k <<D <<I <<% Z )
<< )
µg g-1
100 (
a/<6. N< j/-/ 5 0 < [4 > + R/64 >D D / , )
Bowen, 1976
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1
+ <<l K N<< J$@ e<< d2
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Banfalvi, 2011
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+ <<l # 5<60 /<m ,
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n<<
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i <<D
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a <<4 ) (Pb
N <<4 8 )
(As
><<d 0
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( ` <<<
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Williams, 1981
.(
C <) + # 560 2
*> U8 + , iP
a/< 2 a8 + ,
<
>D/<
)
Buhl & Hamilton, 1990; Liobet et
al., 1988; Pawlisz et al., 1997; WHO, 2001
.(
+ iP4
D D pL + , 5<60 2 ( X/
( C/
7 4 , + < (< I 8 + < + <,
+ ,pL 8
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(2001
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1. essential
2. non-essential
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+ <,
6 << 0 )
Towill et al., 1978; Langard &
Norseth, 1979; Liobet et al., 1988; Buhl &
Hamilton, 1990; WHO, 2001; Abel, 2002
.(
< + <l <% Z 9, ) < ><D /@
#Uw <` (
*><D # /<O/ J j/-/@ : J j/-/ 5 0 <?
/<<
)
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D <48 + <, 1
e< d e< @
8 + , p@
h ><, /` * < , (< <4 #
<
)
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.(2002
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+ l # + <
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*><
<L ><I
D /<<<
<<<
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)
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Rainbow, 2002
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.(2002
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@ + 2< <7 >< ) i <G
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.(
< ?@
<4 2<J + <l K # 5<60 i<) { D
i D J D
4 + , 2 3 <4 # 560
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George et al., 1980;
Chavez-Crooker et al., 2003
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+ <, <
($) + , 7 , +5 8 7 P
() >D (<
/<
9 : * 7
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+ <<,
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al., 2001; van Duren et al., 2006
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.(2007
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.
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;
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C J O K )
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+ R <
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&
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<G6K
($) + +
- g , 2
10 <@
mg
g-1 DW
20 <4 *>< • 5<7 )
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Mauri et al., 1990; Bustamante & Miramand,
.(2005
Q/.4 1< : (<$) (<4 + 5<60 a8 +
2 <
Lamellidens marginalis Lamellidens
carrianus Indonaia caeruleus
2 <<<
28 /
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2 / 356 @
µg g-1
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±7 8 / 977
• 57 <4 *>
)
Waykar & Deshmukh, 2012
.(
• 5<7 S <4
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) (2011
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Abdullah et al., 2007
.(
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C D 4 , C ?D @
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# /<O/
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2009; Fukunaga & Anderson, 2011;
Molokhia & Sleem, 2011
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# << - . + <<
)
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Fukunaga & Anderson, 2011; Waykar &
Deshmukh, 2012
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+ l < D 8 /<
. o Z + 560 () ?D8 +
4 + l
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( < G D
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1
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(2009
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*>
)
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(1995
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.
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Metian
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(2009
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• 57 (< ]>
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= <<%
<< # <<$@ <<GD # 5<<60 << (<<PO /
2 3 4 L
2 <4 *>< < h 9L 8 a|O
)
Viarengo et al., 1981; Pourang et al., 2010;
Al-Subiai et al., 2011
.(
^ << D
• 5<<7 *><<
I (.
?@
0 1 : ( O 2 3 4 # 560
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l g ] 4 (<
+ /<
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Metian et al., 2009;
Pourang et al., 2010
.(
Stewart
) (1999
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C >D 4 * ) • 57 @U , .
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