ﻲﻳارﺎﻛ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ شور
يﺎﻫ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ ، عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا
،ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺑﺎﺛ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ
ﺖ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ و و ﺎﻨﻏ دروآﺮﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ
ﻞﮕﻨﺟ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ يز
ﻒﺠﻧ ﻲﺘﻌﻳﺮﺷ اﺮﺘﻴﻣ يدﺎﺑآ
ﻲﻠﺑﺎﻛ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ،1
∗
ﻲﻤﻳﺮﻛ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺻ ،2
ﻲﻳاﺪﺧ ﺪﻴﺣو ،3
يﺮﻛﺎﺷ هﺪﻴﭙﺳ ،4
يﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺪﻴﻌﺳ و 5 6
1 ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ،ﺖﺴﻳز ﻂﻴﺤﻣ و تﻼﻴﺷ هوﺮﮔ ،ﺖﺴﻳز ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺪﺷرا ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ ﻪﺘﺧﻮﻣآ ﺶﻧاد-
2 - ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ،ﺖﺴﻳز ﻂﻴﺤﻣ و تﻼﻴﺷ هوﺮﮔ ،رﺎﻳدﺎﺘﺳا
3 - د ،ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ،ﺖﺴﻳز ﻂﻴﺤﻣ و تﻼﻴﺷ هوﺮﮔ ،ﺖﺴﻳز ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺪﺷرا ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧا
4 - ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ،ﺖﺴﻳز ﻂﻴﺤﻣ و تﻼﻴﺷ هوﺮﮔ ،ﺖﺴﻳز ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ ﻪﺘﺧﻮﻣآ ﺶﻧاد
5 - ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ و ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ هوﺮﮔ ،ﺖﺴﻳز ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺪﺷرا ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﺖﺴﻳز ﻂﻴﺤﻣ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ،ﺖﺴﻳز ﻂﻴﺤﻣ يﺰﻳر
6 - ﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﺷر ﺪﺷرا ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ ﻪﺘﺧﻮﻣآ ﺶﻧاد ناﺮﻬﺗ تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ و مﻮﻠﻋ ﺪﺣاو ،ﻲﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،يژﺮﻧا و ﺖﺴﻳز ﻂﻴﺤﻣ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ،ﺖﺴﻳز ﻂﻴﺤﻣ مﻮ
) ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
3 / 8 / 1388
، ﺐﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
16 / 2 / 1389 (
ﭼ هﺪﻴﻜ
ﻞﮕﻨﺟ عﻮﻨﺗ و ﺎﻨﻏ زا و ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺎﭘورا يﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻲﺣاﻮﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ نﻮﻓ ياراد زﺮﺒﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ خﺮﻤﻴﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﻛﺮﻴﻫ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ
ﻞﺑﺎﻗ يا
رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ زا ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ
. شرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ ،ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ شور رﺎﻬﭼ ﻲﻳارﺎﻛ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا رد
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ و ﺖﺑﺎﺛ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ و ﺶﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﻬﺟ شور ﻦﻳﺮﺗارﺎﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا
زور نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ زا يرادﺮﺑ
ﻨﺟ رد لﺎﻌﻓ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ زا فﺮﻌﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻬﺷﻮﻧ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ قﺮﺷ رد ﻊﻗاو دوﺮﻴﺧ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ و ﻲﺷزﻮﻣآ ﻞﮕ
ﺮﻴﻫ يﺎﻫ درﻮﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻛ
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ .
،ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ شور رد ﻪﺳ
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شور رد و ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ و ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ ﻚﻳ لﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ يا
، ﺞﻨﭘ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ
ﻞﺻاﻮﻓ ﻪﺑ 250
ﺖﺑﺎﺛ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ زا ﺮﺘﻣ ﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ و
. ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ و طﺎﻘﻧ زا ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻲﻃ ﺎﻫ
ﻪﺳ نﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ رد راﺮﻜﺗ 1387
درﻮﻣ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ يرادﺮﺑ .
هداد شور ﺎﺑ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻓﺮﻃ ﻚﻳ ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ
ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺪﺷ . ﻲﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ دروآﺮﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ زا يراد
شور ﻦﻴﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ و ﺎﻨﻏ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ يﺎﻫ
دراد دﻮﺟو يا F3,104=9.85, P=0.00)
و ﺎﻨﻏ ياﺮﺑ F3,104=57.35,
P=0.00 ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ ياﺮﺑ (
شور ﺎﺑ هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ و ﺎﻨﻏ و شور زا ﺶﻴﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ يﺎﻫ يا
دﻮﺑ . ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ ﺮﮕﻳد يﻮﺳ زا يا
شور ﻦﻴﺑ هﺪﺷ دروآﺮﺑ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ و ﻲﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ و ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﻞﺻاﻮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ يﺎﻫ
يراد ﺪﻨﺘﺷاﺪﻧ . شور ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ يﺎﻫ
ﻞﺻاﻮﻓ ﺎﺑ يا
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ و ﺖﺑﺎﺛ يراد
ﺮﻈﻧ زا نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ و ﺎﻨﻏ دروآﺮﺑ ﺪﻧداﺪﻧ نﺎﺸﻧ
. شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻖﺒﻃ ﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ يﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﻳارﺎﻛ زا هﺪﻧﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ
شور ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ يﺎﻫ
يا ﺖﺳا رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ .
هژاو يﺪﻴﻠﻛ يﺎﻫ :
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ ،ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ ،نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ و ﺎﻨﻏ ،دوﺮﻴﺧ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ و ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا
.
∗
لﻮﺌﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ :
ﻦﻔﻠﺗ : 2222045 - 0261 رﺎﮕﻧرود :
2227765 - 0261 Email: [email protected]
ﻘﻣ ﻪﻣﺪ
رد ﻪﻤﻫ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ زا ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ و ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ حﻮﻄﺳ ﻲﺘﺴﻳز يﺎﻫ
شور ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺳا يزﺎﻴﻧ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﺑ دروآﺮ ﺢﻴﺤﺻ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ و
ﻲﻣ سﺎﺴﺣا ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ زا دﺎﻤﺘﻋا
.(Bibby, 1999; دﻮﺷ
Witmer, 2005)
هداد ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ﺖﻬﺟ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
شزرا ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ تاﺮﺛا ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ رﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻧراد ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻪﺑ يﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ زﺎﻴﻧ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
دﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ
Sutherland, 2006a) .(
ﺎﻣا روآﺮﺑ د و ﺖﺳرد
نﻮﭼ ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ زا دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﻞﺑﺎﻗ عﺎﺿوا
ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ) ﻞﺼﻓ و هﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳز ،اﻮﻫ و بآ (
ناﻮﺗ و ﻪﻧﻮﮔ رﺎﺘﻓر ،
هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ دراد ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﺮﮔ
;Diefenbach et al., 2003)
;Norvell et al., 2003 Verner & Milne ;1989
;Bibby & Buckland, 1987;
(Verner, 1985
.
ﻲﻣ نﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳا رد اﻮﺗ
راﺮﻗ ﻲﺗادﻮﺟﻮﻣ هﺮﻣز رد ار نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ن
ﮓﻧر ﻪﻄﺳاو ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ داد اﺪﺻ و ﺮﺳ ﺮﭘ ،ﻦﺷور ﺐﻠﻏا يﺰﻴﻣآ
ﻲﻧﺎﺳآ ﻪﺑ ،ندﻮﺑ ﺪﻳد رد و لﺎﺳ زا ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ رد ندﻮﺑ ﻲﻣ راﺮﻗ شرﺎﻤﺷ درﻮﻣ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ
2006b)
Sutherland,
.(
ﻪﺘﺒﻟا
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﻫ عوﺮﺷ زا ﺶﻴﭘ يرادﺮﺑ
ﺖﺳا مزﻻ نآ زا فﺪﻫ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ .
ًﻼﺜﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ زا فﺪﻫ ﺖﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻣ
يرادﺮﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ دروآﺮﺑ ﻚﻳ رد هﺪﻧﺮﭘ زا ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ .
فﺪﻫ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻫﺎﮔ
،
زا ﻲﺼﺧﺎﺷ ندروآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺳا ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ .
،فﺪﻫ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ زا ﺲﭘ
حﺮﻃ ﻪﺋارا ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﻣاﺰﻟا فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ و ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ
يﺎﻫزﺮﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ دﻮﺧ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ
رادﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ ،ي
ﺪﺻ رد ﺪﺻ )
يرﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ (
و ﺎﻳ دروآﺮﺑ شور ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ،ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ
دروآﺮﺑ شور ﺎﻳ شرﺎﻤﺷ )
شور ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ،يا
،يا
ﻪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ،ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ و ﺎﻫ
(...
ﺖﺳا .
ياﺮﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ زا ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺮﺘﻣارﺎﭘ دروآﺮﺑ )
و ﺎﻨﻏ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ عﻮﻨﺗ يا
( شور ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا
ﻪﻛ
ﻲﻣ ود رد ار ﺎﻬﻧآ ناﻮﺗ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻪﺘﺳد
دﻮﻤﻧ يﺪﻨﺑ
2006b)
Sutherland,
.(
شور ﻞﻣﺎﺷ لوا ﻪﺘﺳد
صﺎﺧ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ زاﺪﻧا ﻢﺸﭼ رد ﺖﺧاﻮﻨﻜﻳ ﻊﻳزﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺳد و ﺖﺳا 1
شور مود ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻊﻳزﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻪﭙﻛ
2يا
ﺖﺳا . شرﺎﻤﺷ ﺪﺣاو رد ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺎﻫ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ ،يرادﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ
-
١Landscape ٢-Clump distribution
ﻪﺸﻘﻧ و يراﻮﻧ و ﻲﻄﺧ ﻠﻗ زا يرادﺮﺑ
ﺖﻔﺟ وﺮﻤ ﻪﺟﻮﺟ يﺎﻫ
روآ
ﻲﻣ راﺮﻗ لوا ﻪﺘﺳد رد شرﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﻜﻴﻟﺎﺣ رد ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ
رد
ﻲﻨﻠﻛ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺟﻮﺟ ي يروآ
ﻪﻠﮔ و ﺪﻧﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ياﺮﺑ نﺎﮔ
ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻪﭙﻛ ﻊﻤﺠﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﺪﻴﻔﻣ ،ﺪﻧراد يا
2006b)
Sutherland,
.(
رد شرﺎﻤﺷ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ
يﺎﻫ
و ﻲﻄﺧ
ﺪﺣاو ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺎﻫ يرادﺮﺑ
) ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ يا
(
شور ود
لﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻄﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﻌﻟﺎ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ
- ﻪﺑ هﮋﻳو نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ
ﻲﻠﮕﻨﺟ - هﺪﺷ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ رد و ﺪﻧا
ﻲﻧاﺪﻴﻣ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زا يرﺎﻴﺴﺑ
ﻲﻣ راﺮﻗ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ
.
ﻲﻄﺧ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ شور رد
ﻲﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻲﭘﺎﻴﭘ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﺖﺒﺛ ﻪﻜﻴﻟﺎﺣ رد دﺮﻴﮔ
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شور رد و صﺎﺧ ﻲﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻞﺻاﻮﻓ رد شرﺎﻤﺷ ﻦﻳا يا
مﺎﺠﻧا ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻣز هزﺎﺑ رد ﻲﻣ
دﻮﺷ . و ﻲﻄﺧ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻻﺎﺑ يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ شور ءﺰﺟ يا
ﻲﻣ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ رد ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ شرﺎﻤﺷ ياﺮﺑ و ﻲﺑآ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻜﺸﺧ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ راﺮﻗ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ ،ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻚﻳ زا يداﺮﻓا ﺎﻳ ﺎﻫ .
زا
شور ﻦﻳا ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ
و هﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳز و هﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻪﻄﺑار ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ رد ناﻮﺗ
ﻮﮔ ﻲﻌﻄﻗ ﺎﻳ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻪﻧ
هﺮﻬﺑ هﺪﻧﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﺴﺟ
Sutherland, 2006a) .(
دﻮﺟو ﺎﺑ ﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻦﺘﻓﺮ ،نﺎﻬﺟ ﻲﻧﺎﺑﺎﻴﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ ﺮﻤﻛ ﺮﺑ ناﺮﻳا
ﻞﮕﻨﺟ ،ناﺮﻳا ﻲﺑﺮﻏ لﺎﻤﺷ و لﺎﻤﺷ ﻲﺣاﻮﻧ هﻮﺒﻧا يﺎﻫ
ﻞﮕﻨﺟ ﻚﻨﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻚﺸﺧ و ﺮﺗ
يور ﺮﺑ ناﺮﻳا بﺮﻏ رد طﻮﻠﺑ ﺮﺗ
ﻞﮕﻨﺟ و سﺮﮔاز هﻮﻛ ﻪﺘﺷر ﻲﻧﺎﺘﺴﻫﻮﻛ ﻊﻔﺗﺮﻣ ﻲﺣاﻮﻧ يﺎﻫ
ﻳز ،نﺎﺘﺴﭼﻮﻠﺑ و نﺎﻣﺮﻛ هﺎﮕﺘﺴ
بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻲﺷزرا ﺎﺑ رﺎﻴﺴﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ زا ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ يا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ زا ﻪﻛ هﺪﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ . ﻞﮕﻨﺟ ،ﺮﻛﺬﻟا قﻮﻓ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ زا لﺎﻤﺷ يﺎﻫ
ﻞﮕﻨﺟ و نرﺎﺒﺳرا ياراد زﺮﺒﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ خﺮﻤﻴﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﻛﺮﻴﻫ يﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺎﭘورا يﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻲﺣاﻮﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ نﻮﻓ .
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﺗﻮﺒﻛ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻲﻠﮕﻨﺟ
ﺰﺒﺳ بﻮﻛراد ،3
بﻮﻛراد ،4
5هﺎﻴﺳ ﻲﺘﺧرد ﺖﭙﻴﭘ ، قﺎﺟ ﻲﺟ ،6
و 7
...
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻳا لﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﺪﻨﻳآ
Evans, 1994) (
.
ﻞﮕﻨﺟ رد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ يا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ عﻮﻨﺗ و ﺎﻨﻏ ﻢﻏﺮﻴﻠﻋ يﺎﻫ
دروآﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻘﻴﻗد و ﻲﻤﻠﻋ شور نﻮﻨﻛ ﺎﺗ ،ناﺮﻳا يرﺰﺧ
-
٣Wood pigeon (Columba palumbus) ٤-Green Woodpecker (Picus viridis) ٥-Black bird (Turdus merula) ٦-Tree Pipit (Anthus trivialis) ٧-Jay (Garrulus glandarius)
ﮔﮋﻳو ﺮﻳﺎﺳ و ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ ،ﻢﻛاﺮﺗ ،ﺎﻨﻏ ﻲ
نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺸﻧ ﻪﺋارا )
نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و نﺎﻴﻧﻮﻨﺠﻣ 1384
.(
يﻮﺳ زا
هﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﺮﮕﻳد لﺎﺳ ﻲﻃ رد يدﺎﻳز نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
رد ﻲﻌﺳ ﺮﻴﺧا يﺎﻫ
شور ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻦﻳﻮﻧ يﺎﻫ
هدﻮﻤﻧ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﺪﻧا
Manuwal & Carey, 1991) .(
زا ﺎﻣا
ﻲﻤﻧ شور ﻚﻳ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺟ نآ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ رد ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
ﻲﻳارﺎﻛ زا
ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا زا فﺪﻫ اﺬﻟ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ رادرﻮﺧ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻜﻳ رد لﺎﻌﻓ زور ﻲﻠﮕﻨﺟ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ شرﺎﻤﺷ ياﺮﺑ شور ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ دﻮﺑ ناﺮﻳا يرﺰﺧ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺳا ه
.
شور و داﻮﻣ ﺎﻫ
- ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ
ﻞﮕﻨﺟ ﻪﺑ رﻮﺸﻛ لﺎﻤﺷ يﺎﻫ 103
ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﺰﻴﺨﺑآ هزﻮﺣ
هﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ دوﺮﻴﺧ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ و ﻲﺷزﻮﻣآ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ و ﺪﻧا ﺮﻳز ناﻮﻨﻋ
هزﻮﺣ ﺰﻴﺨﺑآ هزﻮﺣ زا يا 45
ﻞﮕﻨﺟ
،رﻮﺸﻛ لﺎﻤﺷ يﺎﻫ رد
ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ 10 ﺮﻬﺷﻮﻧ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ قﺮﺷ يﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ نﺎﺘﺳا رد
نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻊﻗاو
. رد ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ
27' 36º
' ﺎﺗ º 40 36 و ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ ضﺮﻋ 32'
51º ' ﺎﺗ º 43 51 لﻮﻃ
ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻲﻗﺮﺷ
Shataee Joibary, 2003) (.
ا ز ﺟ ﻪﺑ لﺎﻤﺷ
ﻪﮕﻠ ي نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ دوﺮﻴﺧ يﺎﺘﺳور و ﻲﻠﺣﺎﺳ راﻮﻧ ،
بﻮﻨﺟ زا و تﺎﻗﻼﻴﻳ ﻪﺑ
يﺎﺘﺳور و ﻚﻴﻠﻛ
زا و ﺖﺳا دوﺪﺤﻣ
عﺎﻔﺗرا ﺎﺗ ﺮﻔﺻ دوﺪﺣ 2050
ﺎﻳرد ﺢﻄﺳ زا يﺮﺘﻣ شﺮﺘﺴﮔ
دراد
Sramadiyan, 1985) .(
ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﻳا 8800
رﺎﺘﻜﻫ و هدﻮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺧدور ي ﻲﻠﺻا ﺶﻜﻫز دوﺮﻴﺧ ﺖﺳا نآ
.
رد ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺪﻨﺑ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ
ﻪﺑ يراﺪﻠﮕﻨﺟ حﺮﻃ ي 7
ﺶﺨﺑ
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ
Shataee Joibary, 2003) (.
ﻢﻧ ﺶﺨﺑ
دوﺮﻴﺧ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺖﻔﻫ زا ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻴﻣود ﻪﻧﺎﺧ ﺖﺳا ) ﻞﻜﺷ 1 ( . عﺎﻔﺗرا زا ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻳا 380
يﻻﺎﺑ يﺮﺘﻣ
عﺎﻔﺗرا ﺎﺗ ﺎﻳرد ﺢﻄﺳ 1352
ﺮﺘﻣ شﺮﺘﺴﮔ و ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻚﻳدﺰﻧ
ﻪﺑ 15 ﺻﺎﻓ رﺰﺧ يﺎﻳرد هرﺎﻨﻛ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ هدﺎﺟ زا ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ ﻪﻠ
دراد . ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻳا ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ 992
ﻪﺑ و ﺖﺳا رﺎﺘﻜﻫ 27
ﺶﺨﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ دﻮﺷ
. ﻪﻨﻣاد ﻪﺑ لﺎﻤﺷ زا ي
ﻞﮕﻨﺟ ﻲﺑﻮﻨﺟ يﺎﻫ
ﻞﮕﻨﺟ ﻪﺑ قﺮﺷ زا ،ﻲﭘﺪﻨﺑ و ﻚﻠﭼ ،رﺪﻨﻠﭼ ﺶﺨﺑ
زاﺮﮔ ﺑ زا ،ﻦ
ﻪﻧﺎﺧدور ﻪﺑ بﻮﻨﺟ ي
بﺮﻏ زا ،دوﺮﻴﺧ و
ﻪﺑ بﺮﻏ لﺎﻤﺷ
ﻪﻧﺎﺧدور و ﻢﺗﺎﭘ ﺶﺨﺑ ي
ﻲﻣ دوﺪﺤﻣ دوﺮﻴﺧ دﻮﺷ
Daghestani, 2003) .(
ﻪﻧﺎﺧﻢﻧ يﺮﺳ ،ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ-1ﻞﻜﺷ
- ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ شور يرادﺮﺑ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ نﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ ﻂﺳاوا رد يرادﺮﺑ )
دادﺮﻣ 1387 ( تﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ
10 ﺖﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا زور
Edwards et al, 1981) (
. و هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
ﺖﻋﺎﺳ زا زور ﺮﻫ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﺖﺒﺛ 8:30
ﺎﺗ 11 و ﺢﺒﺻ 15 ﺎﺗ
17 ﻳاﻮﻫ و بآ ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ رد و ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﻪﻣاداﺮﻬﻇ زا ﺪﻌﺑ ﻲ
ﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣﺎﻧ )
ﺪﻳﺪﺷ دﺎﺑ ﺎﻳ و ﺪﻳﺪﺷ نارﺎﺑ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ (
ﺪﻳد ﺎﻳ و
ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻣ دوﺪﺤﻣ
;Selmi et al., 2003)
;Kilgo et
al., 2002
;Mitchell et al., 2001 Bibby et al., 1992
.(
راﺮﻜﺗ ﻪﺳ رد يرادﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ )
ﺪﻌﺑ راﺮﻜﺗ ﻚﻳ و ﺢﺒﺻ راﺮﻜﺗ ود
ﺮﻬﻇ زا ( ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا يرادﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺎﻫﺪﺣاو رد .
او ﻦﻳا ﺪﺣ ﺎﻫ
ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ رد 25
ﻲﻠﮕﻨﺟ يﺎﻫ هدﻮﺗ ﻪﻴﺷﺎﺣ زا يﺮﺘﻣ
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺮﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻪﻴﺷﺎﺣ ﺮﺛا ﻪﻛ دﻮﺷ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ نﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃا ﺎﺗ
ﺮﺑ
دﻮﺑ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ يرادﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺎﻫ ﺪﺣاو
Mitchell et )
al., 2001
.( ﺐﻴﺷ رد يرادﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﻛ ور نآ زا يﻻﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
25 % ﻪﺑور يراﻮﺷد ﺎﺑ ﺪﺣاو راﺮﻘﺘﺳا ،دﻮﺑ ور
يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺑ ﺐﻴﺷ ﻪﺑ يرادﺮ ﺪﺷ دوﺪﺤﻣ نآ زا ﺮﺘﻤﻛ يﺎﻫ
. ياﺮﺑ
شور رﺎﻬﭼ زا نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ شرﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ
يا ﺮﻳاود رد
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يرادﺮﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ ) 1
50 ﺮﺘﻣ ( ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ ، يا
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺮﻳاود رد يرادﺮﺑ
ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ ،2
3ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ) 25 فﺮﻃ ود زا ﺮﺘﻣ (
ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ و
4
Manuwal & Carey, 1991) (
ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا .
لﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻂﺧ ﻪﺳ ،ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ شور رد
1 و ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ
ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﺎﺑ 200
ﺖﻣﻼﻋ و ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻤﻫ زا ﺮﺘﻣ
ﺪﺷ يراﺬﮔ .
هﻮﺒﻧا ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ و ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ دﻮﺟو ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧآ زا
هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧا و ﻲﻫاﺮﻤﮔ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ رد زا ﺮﮔ
ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ
دﺮﮔ ﻳ ﺪ
، طﻮﻄﺧ ﺪﺷ ﻲﻌﺳ اﺬﻟ رد ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ
ﺮﻴﺴﻣ
ددﺮﮔ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
Wakeley, 1987) .(
هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ رد ﺮﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ نﺎﻣز ﺎﺑ يرادﺮﺑ
ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ 5
/ 0 ﺎﺗ 1 ﻂﺧ لﻮﻃ رد ﺖﻋﺎﺳ رد ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ
ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ دﺮﻛ
. ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻦﻳا
ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﺎﻄﺧ نﺪﻣآ دﻮﺟو ﻪﺑ زا يﺮﻴﮔﻮﻠﺟ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ و ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺶﻴﺑ شرﺎﻤﺷ زا نداد ﺖﺳد زا ﺎﻳ و هﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﺮﻫ رﺎﺑ ﻚﻳ زا
-
١ Fixed-radius point count ٢-Variable-radius circular plot ٣-Fixed-width transect ٤-Variable-width transect
ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﺎﻳ ﺪﻨﻛ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ﻞﻴﻟد ﻪﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ زا يداﺪﻌﺗ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ،ﺮﻴﺴﻣ لﻮﻃ رد ﺮﮔ
Manuwal & )
Carey, 1991
.(
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شور رد يا
5 ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ طﻮﻄﺧ زا ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ يور ﻪﻄﻘﻧ
ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد .
دﻮﺧ مﺪﻋ زا نﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃا رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻲﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺪﺣاو ﻦﻴﺑ 5
ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ،يرادﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺎﻫ
ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ طﻮﻄﺧ زا ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ رد طﺎﻘﻧ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ 250
ﺮﺘﻣ رد
ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ
Manuwal & Carey, 1991) .(
تﺎﺼﺘﺨﻣ
ﻲﻃ ﺎﻬﻧآ يﻮﺘﺴﺟ و ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ طﺎﻘﻧ زا ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ يرادﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد GPS
ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ ﺖﺒﺛ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ .
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ياﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ رﺎﻜﻫار رد يرادﺮﺑ
نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﺖﺒﺛ ياﺮﺑ رﺎﻈﺘﻧا و كﺮﺤﺗ مﺪﻋ شور ﻦﻳا دﻮﺑ 6
.
تﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ يرادﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺪﺣاو ﺮﻫ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ رد اﺪﺘﺑا ﺮﮔ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺖﺸﮔزﺎﺑ زا ﺲﭘ و هدﻮﻤﻧ ﻒﻗﻮﺗ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ﻲﺑ ﻪﻘﻴﻗد ﻪﺳ تﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ،ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻣارآ 8
ﻪﻘﻴﻗد ) تﻮﻜﺳ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺎﺑ
ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ( ماﺪﻗا نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﺖﺒﺛ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ
دﻮﻤﻧ
Manuwal & )
Carey, 1991
.(
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شور رد ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ و ﺖﺑﺎﺛ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا
ﺰﻛﺮﻣ زا ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻣ عﺎﻌﺷ رد هﺪﺷ هﺪﻴﻨﺷ ﺎﻳ هﺪﻳد نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺪﺣاو ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ ﻂﺧ فاﺮﻃا ﻲﺘﺑﺎﺛ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ و يرادﺮﺑ
ﺪﻧﺪﻳدﺮﮔ ﺖﺒﺛ .
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شور رد ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﻦﻳا ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ يا
50 ﺮﺘﻣ
ناﺰﻴﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ شور رد و ﺳ رد ﺎﻄﺧ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﮕﻨﺟ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ يرﺎﻤﺷﺮ
25
ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﺮﺘﻣ
1987)
Wakeley,
.(
شور رد
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ و ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا
هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ و هﺪﺷ هﺪﻴﻨﺷ ﺎﻳ هﺪﻳد نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻪﻴﻠﻛ ﺖﺒﺛ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮔ
ﻲﻣ ماﺪﻗا يرادﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻞﺤﻣ ﺎﺗ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ دﻮﻤﻧ
. ود ﻦﻳا
ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ شور ناﺰﻴﻣ
دﻮﺟﻮﻣ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻢﻛاﺮﺗ
ﻲﻣ رﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ رد ﺪﻧور
Manuwal & Carey, )
.(1991
- يرﺎﻣآ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﺑ هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ و يا
ﺪﺣاو ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺎﻫ و شور رﺎﻬﭼ زا ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ رد ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يرادﺮﺑ
-
٥Spetial autocorrelation ٦-Sit and wait
ﻪﻓﺮﻃ ﻚﻳ ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ زا قﻮﻓ شور رﺎﻬﭼ ﻦﻴﺑ
1
ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا .
رﻮﺻ رد ﻦﻴﺑ راد ﻲﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا دﻮﺟو ت
هداد ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻲﻛﻮﺗ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ نﻮﻣزآ زا ،ﺎﻫ
ياﺮﺑ 2
هوﺮﮔ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا فﻼﺘﺧا ياراد يﺎﻫ
Daiz, )
(.2006
راﺰﻓا مﺮﻧ زا ﺎﻫﺰﻴﻟﺎﻧآ مﺎﺠﻧا ياﺮﺑ
SPSS 16
هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
ﺪﺷ . ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ردﺎﻧ ءﺰﺟ شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ يا
ياﺮﺑ 3
هداد ﻞﺻﺎﺣ يﺎﻫ و ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو زا و ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ شور ود ﺮﻫ زا
شور ود ﻦﻳا ﺖﻗد ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ رﺎﻴﻌﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧا ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
Krebs, 1998) .(
ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
- هﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ
رد ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻲﻃ يرادﺮﺑ
ﻲﻧاﺪﻴﻣ يﺎﻫ 16
ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ رد هﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ
ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ مﺎﻧ
ﺖﺳﻮﻴﭘ رد ﺎﻬﻧآ
ﺖﺳا هﺪﻣآ .
ﺸﻴﺑ زا ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ رد هﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻦﻳﺮﺘ
ﻚﺸﺠﻨﮔ ﻪﺘﺳار نﺎﻧﺎﺳ
Passeriformes) (
ﻦﻳا رد ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ
ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫﺎﻛﻮﺗ هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ نﺎﻴﻣ 3
ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ
يا ار
ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ اراد ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ رد .
ﻦﻴﻫﺎﺷ ﻪﺘﺳار نﺎﻧﺎﺳ
Falconiformes) (
ﻦﻳا زا ﺚﻴﺣ ﺖﺷاد راﺮﻗ مود مﺎﻘﻣ رد .
ﻪﭙﮔرﺎﺳ )
Buteo buteo
( رﻮﻛ و هﺎﻴﺳ رﻮﻛ )
Milvus milvus
(
رد تﺎﻗوا ﺐﻠﻏا رد ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﺳار ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ود ﺪﺣاو زا رﻮﺒﻋ و زاوﺮﭘ لﺎﺣ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺖﺒﺛ يرادﺮﺑ و
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ جرﺎﺧ تﺎﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ زا اﺬﻟ .
- نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ و ﺎﻨﻏ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻖﺒﻃ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ و يا
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺎﻫﺪﺣاو ﻦﻴﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ شور رد ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يرادﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ ،ﺖﺑﺎﺛ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ و ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﺪﻨﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ يراد
) لوﺪﺟ 1 .(
رد
هداد ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ رﺎﻬﭼ زا ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ رد ﺎﻫﺪﺣاو ﻦﻳا زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ يﺎﻫ
ور ﻦﻳا ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ رد و مﺎﻏدا ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ شور ش
ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ زا ﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ ناﺰﻴﻣ راﺮﻗ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ درﻮﻣ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ و يا
ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ .
-
١One-way Analyses of Variance ٢-Tukey tes
٣-Rarefaction method
ﺎﻨﻏ دروآﺮﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ زا داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ شور ود نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ و ﺖﺑﺎﺛ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ و ﻲﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا
ﺎﺑ يراد
ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ شور ياﺮﺑ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳا
ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ يﺎﻫ
دﻮﺑ قدﺎﺻ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ و ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ضﺮﻋ .
ﺎﻣا
شور يﺎﻫ و ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ شرﺎﻤﺷ
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ دروآﺮﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ زا يا و ﺎﻨﻏ
ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ يراد ﻲﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ
P= 0.00 ) ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ ياﺮﺑ
نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ و يا ؛
لوﺪﺟ
2 .(
ﺟ شور سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ و ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ردﺎﻧءﺰ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ ياﺮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ رﺎﻴﻌﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧا رد يا
شور يﺎﻫ زا ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ شرﺎﻤﺷ
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ دﻮﺑ يا ) لوﺪﺟ
3 .(
هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ و
يا
شور رد دروآﺮﺑ ﻦﻳا ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو و ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ
شور ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ ﻣ ،يا
ﻲ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ناﻮﺗ
شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﻛ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ
ﻂﻴﺤﻣ رد ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﮕﻨﺟ ﻲﻳارﺎﻛ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ
دراد يﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ .
لوﺪﺟ 1 - شرﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻪﻓﺮﻃ ﻚﻳ ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ ﺪﺣاو ﻦﻴﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ و يا
رد ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يرادﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺎﻫ
ﺷ شور ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ ،
،ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ
ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ و .
ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ و ﺎﻨﻏ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﮓﻧر ﺮﭘ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ .
نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ
يا
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ
ﺖﺑﺎﺛ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا
6 6
/ 3 A1-15
5 / 5 1
/ 3 B1-15
7 / 4 7
/ 2 C1-15
45 45
N
58 / 1 031
/ 2 F
218 / 0 144
/ 0 P-value
42 42
df
ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ
6 / 32 6
A1-3
22 5
B1-3
16 6
/ 3 C1-3
9 9
N
86 / 2 846
/ 2 F
134 / 0 135
/ 0 P-value
6 6
df
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ
ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا
6 / 2 7
/ 3 A1-15
5 / 5 1
/ 3 B1-15
5 9
/ 2 C1-15
45 45
N
161 / 1 484
/ 1 F
323 / 0 238
/ 0 P-value
42 42
df
ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ
6 / 39 6
A1-3
3 / 28 3
/ 5 B1-3
6 / 26 3
/ 4 C1-3
9 9
N
719 / 1 375
/ 2 F
257 / 0 174
/ 0 P-value
6 6
df
لوﺪﺟ 2 - ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺮﭘ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ و يا
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ ،ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ شور رﺎﻬﭼ ﻦﻴﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻧ يا
ﺖﺑﺎﺛ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ و يا
ﻪﻓﺮﻃ ﻚﻳ ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ .
نﻮﻣزآ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ﭗﻴﺗ ﻦﻳا ﻦﻴﺑ راد ﻲﻨﻌﻣ يﺎﻫ توﺎﻔﺗ post-hoc
Tukey ; )
level : 0.05 (
ﺎﺑ يدادراﺮﻗ ترﻮﺼﺑ و ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﺎﻳ a
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد نﺎﺸﻧ b )
ﻞﺒﻤﺳ ،ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ درﻮﻣ راﺪﻘﻣ ود ﻦﻴﺑ راد ﻲﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ مﺪﻋ ترﻮﺻ رد
ﺪﻨﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻞﺒﻤﺳ ﻪﻃﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ رد راد ﻲﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ دﻮﺟو ترﻮﺻ رد و نﺎﺴﻜﻳ .(
ﮓﻧر ﺮﭘ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ شور رﺎﻬﭼ رد نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ و ﺎﻨﻏ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد نﺎﺸﻧ .
نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ
ﻴﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎ يا
108 108
n
35 / 57 85
/ 9
F
000 / 0 000
/ 0
P-value
104 104
df
36 / 1 (a) 88
/ 4 (a) ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ
48 / 1 (a) 22
/ 5 (a) ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ
69 / 0 (b) 17
/ 3 (b) ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ
ﺖﺑﺎﺛ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا
69 / (b) 36
/ 3 (b) ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ
عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ
لوﺪﺟ 3 - ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ ياﺮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ رﺎﻴﻌﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧا و ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو رد نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ يا
رﺎﻬﭼ شور ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﺖﺑﺎﺛ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا
ﺎﺑ يا
ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ و ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ ،ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ عﺎﻌﺷ .
رﺎﻴﻌﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧا
ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو
90 / 0 81
/ 0
ﺮﺗ
ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧا
92 / 0 84
/ 0 ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ
93 / 0 86
/ 0 ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ
ﺖﺑﺎﺛ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا
94 / 0 89
/ 0 ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ
ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ عﺎﻌﺷ ﺎﺑ يا
ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ و ﺚﺤﺑ يﺮﻴﮔ
شور هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻖﺒﻃ ﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ يﺎﻫ
شور ﻪﻄﻘﻧ يﺎﻫ يﺎﻨﻏ دروآﺮﺑ رد يﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﻳارﺎﻛ زا يا
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺪﻧرادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ و يا .
مﺎﺠﻧا تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﻂﺳﻮﺗ هﺪﺷ
Ratkowsky and Ratkowsky 1979)
( ﺰﻴﻧ
شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺒﺛ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ داﺪﻌﺗ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شور زا ﺶﻴﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ ﺖﺳا يا
Dawson and .
Robertson
راﺰﺘﺸﻛ رد دﻮﺧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻲﻃ رد ﺰﻴﻧ يﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ اﺪﻴﭘ ﺖﺳد ﻲﻬﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﻟزﻮﻴﻧ
Verner & )
Ritter, 1985
.(
Verner and Ritter 1985)
( رد ﺰﻴﻧ رد دﻮﺧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﻃ
شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺪﻴﺳر ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ﺎﻴﻧﺮﻔﻴﻟﺎﻛ يﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﻳارﺎﻛ زا نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ دروآﺮﺑ رد ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ شور ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ يا
ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ
Svensson (1980) Anderson and و
Ohmart (1981)
ﻢﻫ ﺖﺷاد ﻲﻧاﻮﺧ
Buckland .
2006) (
راﺰﺘﺧرد رد دﻮﺧ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﻃ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻊﺗاﺮﻣ و ﺎﻫ
Montrave
Estate
ﻲﻜﻳدﺰﻧ رد
Leven
ﺪﻨﻠﺗﺎﻜﺳا رﻮﺸﻛ رد دﻮﻤﻧ مﻼﻋا
نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ دروآﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﻛ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شور ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ يﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﻳارﺎﻛ زا ﺖﺳا رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ يا
.
ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﻟﺎﺣ رد ﻦﻳا
Dobkin Rich و
1998) ( ﻲﻃ
رد دﻮﺧ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
Refuge Hart Mountain National
Antelope
ﺮﻈﻧ زا ﻲﺗوﺎﻔﺗ نﻮﮔروا ﻲﺑﺮﻏ بﻮﻨﺟ رد ﻊﻗاو
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ دروآﺮﺑ شرﺎﻤﺷ و ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ شور ود ﻦﻴﺑ يا
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ يا ﺪﻧدﻮﻤﻨﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻪﻛ
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
Anderson and Ohmart (1981)
اﻮﺧ ﻢﻫ ﻲﻧ
ﺖﺷاد
Edwards et al (1981) . رد دﻮﺧ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﻃ
هﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳز رد ﻊﻗاو ﺎﻴﺒﻤﻠﻛ ﻪﻧﺎﺧدور ﺮﻳاﺰﺟ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺪﻴﺳر ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ نﻮﮔروا ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ يا
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ شرﺎﻤﺷ شور ﻂﺳﻮﺗ هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد شور زا ﺶﻴﺑ يا
ﺖﺳا ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ .
ﺮﻈﻧ زا يراد ﻲﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻖﺒﻃ ﺮﺑ شور ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ و ﺎﻨﻏ دروآﺮﺑ و ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ يﺎﻫ
شور ﻪﻄﻘﻧ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺷاﺪﻧ دﻮﺟو ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ يا
. ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧآ زا
ا ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ و عﺎﻌﺷ هزاﺪﻧا ز
هﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳز ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ ﻂﺧ
ﺮﮔ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ناﻮﺗ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﻢﻛاﺮﺗ ﺮﻈﻧ زا هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﺗﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ رد اﺬﻟ دراد ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺎﺑ ﺮﮔ
ﺻﺎﻓ ﺮﺜﻛاﺪﺣ ﻪﻠ
ﻞﺑﺎﻗ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ نآ رد ﻪﻛ ار يا
ﺪﻫد راﺮﻗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻣ ار ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
Wunderle, 1994) .(
ﻲﻣ اﺬﻟ ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ رد راد ﻲﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا دﻮﺟو مﺪﻋ ناﻮﺗ
هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ترﺪﻗ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ار هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﺎﺑ ﺮﮔ
نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ياﺮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ زﺮﻣ زا ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا شور رد ﻪﻄﻘﻧ يﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ يا
ضﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ و ﺖﺑﺎﺛ عﺎﻌﺷ
ﺖﺴﻧاد طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ .
تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮﺜﻛا فﺪﻫ ﺮﮕﻳد يﻮﺳ زا
ﻂﺳﻮﺗ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ترﻮﺻ رد ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﺷور ﻪﺑ نﺪﻴﺳر هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺪﻣﺎﺠﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻲﺘﺑﺎﺛ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻢﻛ ناﺮﮔ .
شور ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﻖﻴﻗد ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﺪﻨﻣزﺎﻴﻧ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ هﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻛ ترﻮﺻ رد ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺮﮔ
ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻢ
هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ندﻮﺑ رد ﻲﻳﺎﻄﺧ ،ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺖﺳردﺎﻧ ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ و ﺮﮔ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ دروآﺮﺑ ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ دﺎﺠﻳا نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ و يا
.
شور ﺖﻳﻮﻟوا ﻢﻏﺮﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ور ﻦﻳا زا ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
شور ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ زا ﻲﻀﻌﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻲﻣ دﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ار ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﻨﻛ ﺪﻨ
DeSante, 1981; Edwards et al., 1981; Franzreb, )
1981a, b
.(
شور ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﻳارﺎﻛ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ يﺎﻫ
شور ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ار ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ يﺎﻫ
يا ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻫد
ﻪﻛ
ﻲﻣ ار ﺮﻣا ﻦﻳا ياﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ نﺎﻣز تﺪﻣ فﺮﺻ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ
و ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ،نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ شرﺎﻤﺷ ﺑ ﺖﻗد ﺖﺒﺴﻧ شور ﻦﻳا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ يرادﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﻻﺎ
داد
(Anderson & Ohmart 1981; Bibby et al., )
1992; Fancy & Sauer, 2000
ار ﻪﺘﻜﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺒﻟا .
ﺰﻴﻧ و هﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳز ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ نﺪﺷ ﺖﺨﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ داد راﺮﻗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻣ
ﻪﭽﺘﺧرد و ﻲﺘﺧرد ﺶﺷﻮﭘ نﺪﺷ ﻢﻛاﺮﺘﻣ يا
، ﻲﻳارﺎﻛ زا
شور ﺘﺳﺎﻛ ﺖﻜﺴﻧاﺮﺗ يﺎﻫ شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا و هﺪﺷ ﻪ
يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻲﻣ راﺮﻗ ﺖﻳﻮﻟوا رد يا دﺮﻴﮔ
Buckland, 2006) .(
اﺬﻟ
ﻲﻣ دﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ شور بﺎﺨﺘﻧا رد دﻮﺷ
ﺶﻳﺎﭘ ياﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ يﺎﻫ
راﺮﻗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻣ هﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳز و ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ ،نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ دﺮﻴﮔ . ﻲﻧادرﺪﻗ و ﺮﻜﺸﺗ :
تﺎﻤﺣز و يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ زا ﻪﻠﻴﺳو ﻦﻳﺪﺑ
د ،دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﺪﻴﺣو ﺮﺘﻛد نﺎﻳﺎﻗآ درﺎﻄﻋ مارﺪﭘ ﺮﺘﻛ
، نﺎﻧﺎﺒﻗﺮﻗ
و ﻲﺷزﻮﻣآ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ ﻲﻳاﺮﺟا و يرادا ردﺎﻛ و ﺶﻜﺘﻤﺣز رﺪﻗ و ﺮﻜﺸﺗ ﻪﻧﺎﻤﻴﻤﺻ دوﺮﻴﺧ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻧاد
ددﺮﮔ .
References
1- Anderson, B.W., and Ohmart, R.D. 1981. Comparison of avian census results using variable distance transect and variable circular plot techniques. Pp. 186-192 in C. J. Ralph and M.Scott (eds.), Estimating numbers of terrestrial birds, Studies in Avian Biology NO. 6, Cooper Ornithological Society.
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ﭘ ﺖﺳﻮﻴ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ رد هﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ
ﻲﺳرﺎﻓ مﺎﻧ
ﻲﻤﻠﻋ مﺎﻧ
ﻲﻟﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻪﭙﮔرﺎﺳ
Buteo buteo
رﻮﻛ رﻮﻛ هﺎﻴﺳ
Milvus migrans
ﻲﻠﮕﻨﺟ ﺮﺗﻮﺒﻛ
Columba palumbus
يرﻮﺳ بﻮﻛراد )
ﻲﻏﺎﺑ
Dendrocopos syriacus (
ﻲﻳﺎﻜﻴﻟا
Troglodytes troglodytes
خﺮﺳ ﻪﻨﻴﺳ
Erithacus rubecula
ﻲﺘﺷد ﻚﭼ ﻚﭼ
Oenanthe isabellina
هﺎﻴﺳ يﺎﻛﻮﺗ
Turdos merola
فﺎﭽﻔﻴﭼ ﻚﺴﺳ
Phylloscopus collybita
ﻪﻨﻴﺳ ﺮﻴﮔ ﺲﮕﻣ خﺮﺳ
Ficedula parva
ﺪﻴﻔﺳ ﺮﺳ ﺲﭘ ﻚﺴﻳر خﺮﭼ
Parus ater
گرﺰﺑ ﻚﺴﻳر خﺮﭼ
P. major
ﻲﻠﮕﻨﺟ ﻲﻠﻛﺮﻤﻛ
Sitta europaea
ﻲﻠﮕﻨﺟ هﺮﻬﺳ
Fringilla coelebs
ﺪﻴﻔﺳ هﺎﮕﻣد هﺮﻬﺳ
Pyrrhula pyrrhula
قﺎﺟ ﻲﺟ
Garrulus glandarius
Comparing efficiency of Fixed-radius point count, Variable- radius circular plot, Fixed-width transect and Variable -width
transect methods to estimate richness and abundance for forest birds
M. Shariati Najafabadi 1, M. Kaboli∗2, S. Karimi 3 , V. Khodai4, S. Shakeri5 and S. Mohammadi6
1-Msc Environmental, Department of Fishery and Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran 2-Assistant Professor, Department of Fishery and Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran
3-Msc student, Department of Fishery and Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran 4-Bsc Environmental, Department of Fishery and Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran 5-Msc student, Department of Environmental management and planning , Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran
6-Msc Environmental, Department of Environmental sciences, Sciences and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
(Received date: 25/Oct./2009 , Accepted: Date 6/May/2010)
Abstract
Hyrcanian forests in northern slope of Alborz support high bird richness and abundance same as central of Europe. In this study, efficiency of different methods including fixed-width transect, variable-width transect, fixed-radius point count and variable circular plot samplings were compared in order to present the most reliable methods for surveying and monitoring of diurnal forest birds in forested Alborz mountains. Three 1 km long transects and fifteen fixed and variable radius points which located 250m far from each other along the transects was performed. Each transect and point was visited 3 times during august 2008. One-way ANOVA was performed to analyze the data. The results revealed significant differences of bird richness and abundance between the points and transects sampling methods (F3,104=9.85, P=0.00and F3,104=57.35, P=0.00 for bird richness and abundance respectively). In contrast, no significant differences in richness and abundance between variables and fixed transects as well as between fixed-radius point count and variable circular plot samplings were found. Overall our results suggest transect method yielded greater bird richness and abundance than point count method, therefor, they can be more useful for preparation birds listing in forest ecosystems, but this also depends on habitat characteristics.
Key words: Kheyrud forest; Bird richness and abundance; fixed-width transect; variable-width transect; fixed-radius point count ; variable circular plot.
∗
Corresponding author: Tel:+982612222045 Fax:+982612227765 Email:mkaboli@ ut.ac.ir
