53 1
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( Vol 53, No 1, Spring 2022 (45-58)
DOI:10.22059/ijhs.2021.323696.1929
* Corresponding author E-mail:[email protected]
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Effect of different light spectra on growth characteristics and photosynthesis yield of four cultivars
of coleus (Solenostemon scutellarioides L.)
Davood Kazemi1 and Maryam Dehestani-Ardakani2*
1, 2. M.Sc. Student and Assosiate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Ardakan University, P.O. Box 184, Ardakan, Iran
(Received: May 18, 2021- Accepted: Oct. 03, 2021 )
ABSTRACT
In order to investigate the effect of different light spectra on growth and photosynthetic properties of four cultivars (‘Red’, ‘Black Dragon’, ‘Velvet Red’ and ‘Improd’) of coleus, in six growth chambers equipped with normal greenhouse light (control), 100% blue light, 15% blue light+85%red light, 30% blue light+ 70% red light, 15%Blue light+65% red light+20% white light and 30% blue light+50% red light+20% white light, a factorial experiment as a completely randomized design was done. After five weeks of exposure of plants to different lights, photosynthetic biophysical parameters and plant growth characteristics were investigated. The maximum quantum yield of PSII (FV/FM) and relative maximal variable fluorescence (Fm/F0), significantly increased in combined treatments of 30% blue+70% red (‘Red’), control (cultivars ‘Black Dragon’and ‘Velvet Red’) and a combination of 30% blue+50% red+20% white (‘Improd’ cultivar) was obtained. The specific energy fluxes per reaction center for energy absorption (ABS/RC) significantly increased in ‘Improd’ cultivar with 100%blue light, a combination of 15%blue+65% red+20%white and control treatments. Since PIABS can be used as an indicator of PSII life, the results of the present study indicate that the control treatments (‘Velvet Red’), 30%blue+70%red (‘Red’), 30%blue+50% red+20% white (‘Black Dragon’ and
‘Improd’) were suitable treatments to support the natural function of photosynthesis.
Keywords: Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, light quality, light spectra, morphology.
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.K + O 50 .K +1*#7 20 .K <. N* ."R3
B/ ) . 1c
.(
z+
Rashidi et al.
(2017)
"! A E N 1"
#`7 Q+14 # 8+# N" O 1*#7 Z" #!
..2 ($ & N t R!
8+
'a Q2 E ",
%( )*
# #
#
%"$
&
O 1*#7 c"T*
\ R *
;
#?+./+
Y 1,
<.
@3 )
Randall &
Lopez, 2014
8+ z+ .(
Q -I A5#,
#? "
#" [!
@ZX*
# ' 1*#7 O A
<#
Q+14 # ."R3
A7 3 #`7 67
"
"
Q2 %( )* e 7 * ' &
E N & ' n" #! A @Z ! R *
@"L J4 ..
A .?
&
e # ' f+#
A QD B"L E O
p+#T!
+
&#",'(a
@F 3 8"L#Z"a E'* ' 6"h2!
t R!
B"!' 'f"
QD
# ‰*
)
Ahmad et al., 2002
.(
\.
' O
\.*
']9 E *;
) EO
Jeong et al.,
2014; Fukuda et al., 2016
( 8"2d ']9 ' 1*#7
A B"L e # ' "4 p+#T!
)
Folta & Spalding, 2001
(
#/( 0 E 1"*
e # ' f+#
# ‰*
F# .@3
;
E#?N -I z+
3 #
&
'F _`3
@"L J4
e # ' +#
e # ' "4 A
6 l' #*
# ' 1*#7
O _`3
@"L J4 E'* ' 8"L#Z"a U+
#""i!
t R!
E ",
# ‰*
* ) .2
Ahmad &
Cashmore, 1997
* E N #^ 9 Q -I z+ .(
.
k3 I A ( Z" #! + < 3) ' %"$ A @Z e 7 +',
67 A ' & # @3 \ R * g*
"
"
Q+14
! 'K @3 A 4 + Q t R! E 1"* O ' _`3 .@ " Š K e 7 #+ 3 '* '?L 8+ A
Rashidi et
al. (2017)
A . # E " 1"
_`3 ' ']9 O
QD
8""J!
<.22 ,-+
&
($ & N N+
@T!
"!
@ A A ',
&
A Q+14 E 1"*
(EO
@Z
& ' .K 30
: O .K 70
#U2* (1*#7 A
%"J^
#!
E.
z+
'* \ RK .. 3 #
@ ! &
'* &.2 ; \ 0g$ B* OJIP
1 23' 4 < ? 3 #/( 0 F 3
* ) .2
Stirbet et
al., 2018; Goltsev et al., 2016
.(
@D"D9
<; .
&#", u 3 '(4 B"4 #(
'* (* \ 0g$
A 1 23' 4 < ? 3 & #/( 0 @"J^
<-+
A= PSII
* . . <. #+PI @ 3 Q <.2 E N O-J PSII
@3 ) & .9 8" S H! '* ! 0g$ 8"2d
1 23' 4
* A= PSII
. (
#) 3 =1a Q J-I
E'2+' ' 3gI @3 <#
E N I-P
<.2 ; Q
<. #+PI G#$
@3 PSI
)
Yusuf et al., 2010, Ripoll et
al., 2016
.(
E 1"* 8+# N"
Z #"i * u 3 '(4 #X .9
)
Fm/F0
( ) 42 / 5 ( #X .9 6 "3' 4 +
)II Fv/Fm
(
) 81 / 0 67 (
"
"
Z" #! "!
30 .K O
70 .K A 1*#7 B/ ) .*O @3 -a, b
2 .(
A(K 9 z+
Khazaei et al.
(2021)
. E N @D `* t 2J &
S .a 1 . z+
A+1U!
u +
# 67 '
# F#
\ "K'HF p+j'L'4 '*
E *.
*' ' E'*;O
>#OJIP
8 9
%3'+
.
Table 1. Results of variance analysis effect of cultivar and light on some morphological traits and quantum efficiency of OJIP of coleus.
Means of squares
d.f Source of variation
PIABS
ABS/RC
ΦE0
ΦD0
Fm/Fo
Fv/Fm (ΦP0)
Height
Stem diameter
Number of stem
11.64**
1.08**
0.011**
0.008ns 0.54*
0.008ns 291.45**
5.49**
166.05**
3 Cultivar (a)
3.95*
0.29**
0.004**
0.004**
1.44**
**
0.004 30.31**
5.68**
10.14**
5 Light (b)
3.70**
0.11**
0.003**
0.003**
0.84**
**
0.003 14.91**
1.32* 2.82**
16 a × b
1.17 0.03 0.0009 0.0005 0.19
0.0005 1.26
0.59 0.79
47 Error
24.42 8.31
6.06 9.78
10.26 3.08
4.66 9.95
19.35 -
C.V (%)
**
* A :ns n"!#!
\ R!
2J*
S 9 _`3 1
5 2J* \ R! 'Z .K
**, * and ns: Significantly difference at the 1 and 5 % of probability levels and non-significantly difference, respectively.
15% B +85% O '.K 100 :100% B A )(, L' J* ' . :Control) ' 67 B D * # 8"? "* A + D* .1 B/
:R
.K 15 + O ' 85 .K 1*#7 '
30% B +70% R
30 :
.K O ' + 70 .K 1*#7 '
15% B +65% R + 20% W :
15 .K + O ' 65 .K + 1*#7 ' 20 .K ."R3 '
30% B +50% R + 20% W
30 :
.K + O ' 50 .K + 1*#7 '
20 .K (."R3 ' #
AF .J! .a
A7 3 #`7 .b
t R! .c
%3'+ 8 9 .
Figure 1. Mean comparison interaction effect of cultivar and light (Control: Greenhouse light, 100% B (Blue), 15% B (Blue) +85% R (Red), 30% B (Blue) +70% R (Red), 15% B (Blue) +65% R (Red) + 20% W (White) and 30% B (Blue) +50% R (Red) + 20% W (White)) on (a). Number of branches, (b). Stem diameter and (c). Height of coleus.
ab b bc b a b
fg fgh g.i f.h g.i fg
f.h ef fg f.h cd f.h
hi i i i de i
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Number of branches
Light x Cultivar Red'
Black Dragon' Velvet red' Improd'
a e e e bcd ab
cde e e e e e
abc e e e e dede e cde de de e
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Stem diameter (cm)
Light x Cultivar Red'
Black Dragon' Velvet red' Improd'
a gh fg fg bc gh
cd de fg ab de de
fg hi ij hi fg ef
j k ij k ij j
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Height (cm)
Light x Cultivar Red'
Black Dragon' Velvet red' Improd'
(a)
(b)
(c)
.D* 8+#
Fm/F0
67 . "!
"
"
) 32 / 3 Z" #! "! ( 30
.K + O 50 .K
+1*#7 20 .K 67 ."R3
"
\'L
"
) 29 / 3 (
.D* 8+#
Fv/Fm
) 69 / 0 67 (
"
\'L
"
Z" #! "!
30 .K + O 50 .K +1*#7 20
.K B/ ) . <. N* ."R3 2a, b
67 .(
"
p(
E', "
"
\'L
"
#+ D* 8+#!b
Fm/F0
Fv/Fm
B/ ) . BK 9 . 2a, b
67 .(
"
#f + "
.D* 8+# N" 1"
Fm/F0
Fv/Fm
Z" #! "!
30 .K + O 50 .K + 1*#7 20 .K A ."R3 -
B/ ) .*O @3 2a, b
.(
.D*
Fm/F0
. 67
"
"
100 .K O
"!
Z" #!
15 .K + O 65 .K +1*#7 20 .K
."R3 67
"
#f +
"
"
p(
E',
"
"!
Z" #!
30 .K + O 50 .K +1*#7 20 .K
."R3 67
"
\'L
"
Q .@4 + 8+
Q
* . '!
A n"3O E. 3 A 1 #*
Q2 Q+14
.J!
1 #*
Q2 S J4#"C l' #*
. A
#U2*
A
Q+14 u 3 '(4 8"2d
Q S D
&j#
p+#T!
<.
; A0' U*
8 O A
@ 3 1 #*
Q2
. )
Kalaji et al., 2016; Aliniaeifard et al., 2018
.(
c+#
<.+
SO E . Q2!
4 ^
#) 3 B PSII
* . '!
E . ,. ;
& ' B 7 y")N!
‹g*
S J4#"C
<.
+;
' )
Aliniaeifard et al.,
.(2018
! 'K A E ",
@T!
Q2!
+ .2 *
'Z sO
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& +;
;
S'(3
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PSII
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&
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'
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c+#
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&
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Bayat et al., 2018
(.
A*.K A
& NC ."=' g"!
S J4#"C
&; 3 1 #*
Q2
PSII
S D
&j#
@3 b .T* PSII
* .2 )
Rapacz
et al., 2015
.(
@
<.
@3 A
# ' O
#
; E #
A ; A
A B"4 1*
. 8+
'
@"( 7 8+
A A '$
6"D * r0
e ' * E.
S'(3
&
E Z ? A ; AU"
; E.
O . ' 8+
z+
c3'!
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&
S'(3
&
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A ; .a
<.
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A m#J*
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#7
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@3 ..*O ' 1*#7
@"( 7 e ' * E ' S'(3
&
E Z ? A ; .a
<.
; B"4 1*
@ .
)
Mott, 2009
.(
' O * . '!
r0 6"3 I
A
S'(3
&
E Z ? ) A ;
‡ #F E'! #I ( S J4
&; 3
ƒ I
&
'! #I
& NC
= 3gI AU"
; E.
A ;
#, )
Mott, 2009
.(
"
#X .9
< ;
*' '
"
"3' 4 6 A II
E '20
"
#X .9
#/( 0
*' '
"
+
"
#/( 0
*' '
<'DL
"
A
@Z u 3 '(4
#"i *
#X .9 B"4 #(
%"K'!
* .2 )
Feyziyev, 2020
.(
U2+
Q
B 7 a'!
φPo(Fv/Fm)
φEo
"!
. 67
"
"
<. N*
. A
#? N Q
+
#/( 0
*' '
" ' 4
@3 PSII
. E ", c+#
Q2!
E *.
#/( 0
*' '
# '*
@0#3 PSII
S D
E # /L
< ;
*' ' +
@Z Q
* .2 )
Solomon, 1999
.(
E ", Y #I A 4 +
@T!
' O .D*
B"4 #(
8"= I
&#!
@Z A E ",
Y #I A 4 +
@T!
' Z" #!
. AU"
1 23' 4
. O 1"
#
@3 ) Hogewoning et al.,
.(2010 /+
; B+b Q 1 23' 4
# ' O
8/ *
@3 Q+14 Gg!
&j#
' A
\ 'K
*#,
@ R9 A(K 9
A
@(0 S J4 E.
E. N #4
= " " ' 4#"C
< ", . .
\ JL `*
#?+
1"
Q+14 E. N #4
= " " ' 4#"C
# ' O Y 1,
<.+ #,
@3 ) Allen et al., 2008
.(
@ ! A OJIP
E '20
#I
& # + 3 2
&j#
&
+;
E N PSII
<
<.
@3 E N
<.2
#""i!
@"J^
#/( 0 1 #*
Q2
8 O PSII
8"2d G#$
<.2
<. #+PI
.@3 PSII
Q -I
#^ 9 y)N*
. A
<#"U ;
S D E # /L ) (ETC
A '$
n3 2*
", A
@T!
c+ # S# 2 . * .22 * ..2
E # /L S D *' ' #/( 0 8+# N"
) ФEo (
) 56 / 0 67 (
"
E', p(
"
Z" #! "!
30 .K
+ O 50 .K + 1*#7 20 .K A ."R3 A .*O @3
E N "! 8+ 1 23' 4 s'(`* + <.2
* B/ ) . 3a
.D* 8+# .(
ФEo
) 42 / 0 67 (
"
"
. "!
"
#f + "
Z" #! "!
15
.K + O 65 .K + 1*#7 20 .K <. N* ."R3
B/ ) . 3a
67 .(
"
\'L
"
E 1"* 8+#!b
ФEo
) . BK 9 . 56
/ 0 B/ ) ( 3a
67 .(
"
#f + "
.D* 8+# N" 1"
ФEo
) 51 / 0 "! (
Z" #!
30 .K + O 50 .K + 1*#7 20 .K
A ."R3 B/ ) .*O @3
3a
67 .(
"
"
8+# N"
E 1"*
ФEo
Z" #! "!
30 .K + O 70 .K
B/ ) . <. N* 1*#7 3a
.(
.D*
ФEo
A
#? "
*' ' #/( 0 < ;
* .
* E N < 4 e A E' " p+ A .
* .2 BD 2* E # /L S D <#"U ; A E # /L . '!
)
Arslan et al., 2020
.(
A @3 <. < E N
E 1"* /NF Q2! c+#
ФEo
< ",
Chenopodium
quinoa
)
Manaa et al., 2021
8+b ( #Z2+ &
) E #? 4O
Arslan et al., 2020
.@4 + Q ( A
e
E 4 E # /L
#U2*
A
@ #9 E # /L
#!#4
;
<. QA
r0 A
<#"U ; S D E # /L * . #,
B/
2 . 8"? "* A + D*
# B D * 67 ' )
Control
: . ' L' J*
A )(,
100% B
: .K 100 O '
15% B +85% R
:
.K 15 + O ' 85 .K 1*#7 '
30% B +70% R
30 :
.K + O ' 70 .K 1*#7 '
15% B +65% R + 20% W
15 :
.K + O ' 65 .K + 1*#7 ' 20 .K ."R3 '
30% B +50% R + 20% W
30 :
.K + O ' 50 .K + 1*#7 ' 20
.K ' (."R3
# . a
#X .9 u 3 '(4
#"i * Z )
Fm/F0 (
. b
#X .9 +
6 "3' 4 )II
Fv/Fm
( 8 9
%3'+
.
Figure 2. Mean comparison interaction effect of cultivar and light (Control: Greenhouse light, 100% B (Blue), 15% B (Blue) +85% R (Red), 30% B (Blue) +70% R (Red), 15% B (Blue) +65% R (Red) + 20 W (White) and 30% B (Blue) +50% R (Red) + 20% W (White)) on a. Relative maximal variable fluorescence (Fm/F0), b. Maximum quantum yield
of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) of coleus.
f c.f ab a a.d d.f
a.c d.f a.d b.d d.f b.e
ab d.f a.d a.d b.e f
b.e ef b.e c.f ef b.d
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Fm/F0
Light x Cultivar Red'
Black Dragon' Velvet red' Improd'
hi b.g ab a a.e e.h
a.c d.h a.e a.e g.i b.fab e.h a.e a.d b.f i
b.e g.i b.g c.g g.i a.f
0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82
Fv/Fm
Light x Cultivar Red'
Black Dragon' Velvet red' Improd'
(a)
(b)
15 :15% B +85% R O ' .K 100:100% B A )(, L' J* ' . :Control) ' 67 B D * # 8"? "* A + D*. 3B/
.K + O ' 85 .K 1*#7 '
30% B +70% R
30 :
.K + O ' 70 .K 1*#7 '
15% B +65% R + 20% W
15 :
.K
+ O ' 65 .K + 1*#7 ' 20 .K ."R3 '
30% B +50% R + 20% W
30 :
.K + O ' 50 .K + 1*#7 ' 20 .K
(."R3 ' #
#/( 0 .a
) E # /L S D *' '
ФEo
( ) &j# Gg! *' ' #/( 0 .b ФDo
%3'+ 8 9 ( .
Figure 3. Mean comparison interaction effect of cultivar and light (Control: Greenhouse light, 100% B (Blue), 15% B (Blue) +85% R (Red), 30% B (Blue) +70% R (Red), 15% B (Blue) +65% R (Red) + 20% W (White) and 30% B (Blue) +50% R (Red) + 20% W (White)) on (a). Quantum yield of electron transport (ФEo) (b). quantum yield of
energy dissipation of coleus (ΦD0).
8+# N"
#/( 0
*' ' Gg!
&j#
) ФDo (
) 304 / 0 ( 67
"
\'L
"
"!
Z" #!
30
.K + O 50 .K +1*#7 20 .K ."R3 A
@3
.*O B/ ) 3b
.(
8+#
.D*
ФDo
) 18 / 0 ( 67
"
"
"!
Z" #!
30 .K + O 70 .K 1*#7
BK 9 . A E N
<.2 + s'(`*
1 23' 4
* . B/ ) 3b
.(
N -I
&
"F y)N*
. A E 1"*
+ 1 23' 4 '
O 1*#7
Q+ 14 A 4 +
@3 )
Wang and Kaufman, 2016
.(
67
"
"
8+#!b E 1"*
ФDo
) 301 / 0 ( .
BK 9 . B/ ) 3b
.(
67
"
p(
E',
"
1"
8+# N"
.D*
ФDo
) 26 / 0 (
"!
Z" #!
15
.K + O 65 .K +1*#7 20 .K ."R3 A
@3
.*O B/ ) 3b
.(
67
"
#f +
"
8+# N"
E 1"*
ФDo
) 28 / 0 (
"!
100 .K O Z" #!
15
.K + O 65 .K +1*#7 20 .K ."R3
<. N*
. B/ ) 3b
.(
>#
&
‡ 2R3 .
A 4 +
@T!
c+ # ' Z" #!
1*#7 ) 90 .K ( O ) 10 .K (
i a.g a.e a.c a.g d.ha.f b.g c.g a.e g.i aab a.d a.e a.e f.i b.g
f.i hi e.i e.i i a.g
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
ФEo
Light x Cultivar Red'
Black Dragon' Velvet red' Improd'
(a)
ab c.h hi i e.i b.e
g.i b.f e.i e.i a.d d.h
hi b.e e.i f.i d.h a
d.h a.c c.h c.g a.c d.i
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
ФDo
Light x Cultivar Red'
Black Dragon' Velvet red' Improd'
(b)
@Z A
", A
cD4 m#J*
' 1*#7
#7
A 4#, . '
@"4#
&1 23' 4
&#!b A
@3 .*O
)
Matsuda et al., 2008
.(
&j#
<-+
# 1 #*
Q2 A (RC)
c3'!
E 1"*
sPa ' A
& ;
#
1 #*
Q2
(ABS/RC)
8 4#, E # /L A
& ;
#
1 #*
Q2
) TR0/RC = M0. (1/VJ)
&j# (
Gg!
<.
A
& ;
# 1 #*
Q2
(DI0/RC)
<; . -
&#", * '
#
• 3 a #F
& DL W+#3
u 3 '(4 B"4 #(
<; .
&#", ..
# * I
ABS/RC
<; . 8 O
# '*
1 #*
Q2 S J4
%+#J!
* .2 .
Q+ 14 B 7 Aa'!
ABS/RC
Q
<; . 8 O
E N * . * . '!
; S J4#"C
&; 3
PSII
S D
&j#
p+#T!
<.
; S J4#"C PSII
A
& .9 S J4PSII
. )
Öz et al., 2014
.(
"!
67
"
#f +
"
100 .K ' O Z" #!
; 15
.K O + 65 .K 1*#7 + 20 .K ."R3 .
#U2*
A 8+# N"
E 1"*
)
ABS/RC
. ( B/ ) 4a
.(
8+#
ABS/RC
) 69 / 1 ( 67
"
\'L
"
"!
.
<. N*
.
B/ ) 4a
.(
67
"
"
8+#!b E 1"*
ABS/RC
) 39 / 2 ( . BK 9 . B/ ) 4a
.(
67
"
p(
E',
"
"
\'L
"
1"
8+# N"
ABS/RC
A ) n"!#!
39 / 2 50 / 2 (
"!
Z" #!
15 .K
O + 65 .K 1*#7 + 20 .K ."R3 A
@3 .*O
B/ ) 4a
.(
A 'F .2 *
<.
@3 A Q+ 14
ABS/RC
8/ *
@3
; Q+ 14 +ABS
Q
. RC
.
; U O A Q+ 14 J7
#"CABS
B T*
@3
‹b 9 Q
S J4 RC
Š R!
* . 4 ) 2J+
Q+ 14 S J4#"C RC
.(
; B+b Q+ 14
ABS/RC
n+#)!
B"4 #(
; o+#$
&#"I
• ;
>#
;
Q2!
)
Boureima et al. 2012
(
< #,
&.2 .U*
8 O
; 1 #*
Q2 S J4#"C A PSII
S J4 * .
)
Kalaji et al., 2016
.(
; 8+
Q+ 14
ABS/RC
"!
100 .K ' O )
"
#f +ﺍ
"
( Z" #!
;
15 .K O + 65 .K 1*#7 + 20 .K ."R3
e 7 )
"
#f +
"
"
p(
E',
"
"
\'L
"
(
. )
"
"
"
#f +
"
( * E '!
l' #*
A Q
<; .
# '*
8 O 8"2d
S J4#"C
&; 3
PSII
@ )
Çiçek et al., 2019
.(
E N
<
<.
@3
A 'a
# ' 1*#7 O
& # Q+ 14 .D*
1 23' 4 yL F
& #^
* .2 8+
! 'K
@3 A .D*
' 1*#7 B7 .9 70 .K B
\.
Q !
= . )
Savvides et al., 2012
.(
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