, ) (
*
:
:
E-mail: [email protected]
ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ شور ﺎﻫ ي كﺎﺧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ زرو
مأﻮﺗ ي ﺎﺑ
ﺪﻣ ﻳ ﺮ ﻳ ﺎﻘﺑ ﺖ ﻳﺎ ي
ﮔ ﻴ ﻫﺎ نژوﺮﺘﻴﻧ حﻮﻄﺳ و ﻲ اﺰﺟا و دﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ
ي دﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ
د مﺪﻨﮔ ﻳ
ﻢ ) ﺎﺘﺳﻮﮔآ ﻢﻗر (
سرﺎﻓ نﺎﺘﺳا ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ رد
ﻳ ﺤ ﻲﻴ
1مﺎﻣا ﻠﻋ ،* ﻲ ﺪﻤﺣا
2ي ﻟ كﺮﺴﭘ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ و
3ﻲ
!"#
$
%
&
'
) (*& +&, :
- / - / .0 1 2&3, +&, :
/ 4 / .5 (
هﺪﻴﻜﭼ
!
"#
$
!
% &#' () *
+,#
-
! &#' ./
0 01 2
3 0 4567 8 4569 : 0 02* ;2%
< ;=2%
0
< >%
. 01 @ (A BCD E
*
! F ;< /
. (A
! G*
HI
< >% JK .
! 01 2 &#' - G<
./
0
L G +
) 4 8 @!1 '<
% +
O! PQ RT1
8 '<
D @!1
+ O! PQ 5T2
8 J
! PQ O
(T3
T) O
D
$ +U
! ) O"L 7V 4VV
$ +0 L
B
OR1 R2
(R3
H G +
% T)
+,#
) O"L 4VV RVV
*
% #!
+,#
WC/
; XY 0 B
ON1 N2
(N3
H G + 8
H .
#%
Z
* +2% ;1 % O+,#%
L [
EH .
\"]
$ +0 % 0 %!
;! [ 3 .
./
0 ^ % [
- 0 % @#2 <
./
0 ! PQ )
g/m2
V4 /
``
( 1 .
^a b %
H D 201 ! G$#
. +0 O % @ 0 %!
[ %
+0 @#2 H D +,#% $ G$# ^a b Y %!
% [
0 Y
N3 × R3
1 .
$ \"] * +1 0 *] Z#% * A
:] E!cF 2 d< +,#% * * ;!
YJ B %
+0 0 ; 0 %!
Y % [ .
هژاو يﺪﻴﻠﻛ يﺎﻫ :
O ./
0
% * O +,#
$ O
! .
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
!
!
"#$
%&
' () *+ , ,
$ -. $ &
/ 0 ( %1. -+2
*+ #
%1.
(3
( 453
%& ( )
Emam, 2007
.(
#(
9 + )
/#; <=>
0 (?
) &
@A ( A / $ #C/ 9
D#
$ *. *E( 453 ! %1. *+ #1.
#F G H
$ 9; #C/ 9 ( ! %1.
(+ I
%&
)
Emam, 2007
.(
"
$ JK& IL#
$ %1.
G(
$ . H M ! N#(
0
#1.
( O#) $ *+ I
%&(
; )
Emam, 2007
( ' *? P#'D
+ ( ! *+ 1 #CE; # I
($&
.
+ 0
&
/ 0 ( 0 N *?
9Q1/'RS
%"#$
P" T *+
U3
$#' 0
&# #(
0
&(
+
$#'1. *+
0 M S
%& (+
.
$ ' */( - V
0(W X/'RS (# #(
Y'# O /
0 U3
$#' 0 G
(# *NZ G[
+ \5 9)
G(. *
]& 9)
%& E $L; F+ 9(#^! 2+ ' #^+
(Ercoli et al.,
2008; Fischer et al., 2002; Stott et al., 1990)
.
%_D' (=+ *+ T U3 JK& #( F+ `a U3 #( %+># 0#Q
E ( . 3+ b
RS X/' / U3 JK& #( F+ (+#. *c (( 91
`a *+ T A
1+ +># 3d
) 9#+ e; $ (
E ( . U3 JK& #( F+ E^! 2+
U3 e> 0/$'# (_
*?#( (_ ) '
U3 e> 0/$'#
X )Z #( ' (( X )Z #
f ! (C"
E+
(Midmore et al., 1984; Stott
et al., 1990)
.
X/'RS <=> + /
0 GE T F+ (?'
JK& #(
U3 0#Q#( fg + 9')Z
%+>#
GU3 ]?
/($+ (=+
( X/. Ge; \5 0
h= X/. GU3
#( ' e; 9'# ' )Z G%
X
( ! (C"
I (E
(Cochran et al., 1982; Cooper
et al., 1987; Garcia et al., 1988; Jessop & Stewart, 1999)
. *. (. *? + *=M
$&
/ /(
0
*+ $ .
(Emam et al., 2000; Giunta et al.,
1. Moist soil days
2. Moist soil degree days 1993)
#^+ %E. + 9 (! ]& G
(Ferguson
& Boatweight, 1998; Garcia et al., 1988)
OE G
0#+
().3 0/
)
Dao, 1987
( Z! #2 i+ G
U3 JK& $ 9/! *2>
(Prasertsak & Fukai,
1997)
E ( X )Z $ E & 0/f ' F+ $ E ($;
(Emam et al., 2000; Prasertsak &
Fukai, 1997)
#( F+ 0#Q ] _ 9" *+ I/
&
9" *+ ; $ ' E &#+ j+ #( U3 JK
$&
/ ! (C" X/. k"+ *.
E ( G
%& E .
9l' C $
^L N"
\5 S
*. %&
$#'1. #(
0 (+#. $' ( S 0( $
(#(
(Latiri-Souki et al., 1998; Lawlor, 1995)
. 9l'
& JK& #(
M
& ITa ' (_ G )Z # /
X
)Z ]=& ' /(
)Z ' m+ JK& X
#. X
! n& X+ e^?
(E
(Jenkyn & Luch,
1998; Marbet, 2000)
' )Z ) (+#. X
9l'
)Z ]=&
#( ' m+ JK& '( X
M (=+ *T
$
% ( (E
(Basso & Ritchie, 2005; Yang et
al., 2001)
. Z> $
$ (+#. G (. a $ (
#( 9l'
( ! )Z *+ T I > X
#'(
'#
1 M G
/ 0 '#
1 + #( ' 1 G*( (C" X/. G%
*( (_ X )Z 3E X/. ' #'#+ 0/
%E(+ o
(E
(Basso & Ritchie, 2005; Fischer, 1973)
.
+ *+ *?
(. ]& (+#. *.
#( 9l'
E ( n I )Z ]=&
! *+F 9 X
+
+># X
#(
n E (E
(Fischer, 1973;
Langdate et al., 1973)
0 F+ 0#Q *pq G
*+ U3 JK& #( /!
*!
0 E+
_D' *.
%
3d +>#
E S Q/ #( U3
*( 9 / (=+
' Q/ *+ (+#. GK E q #( G+
(. ]&
9l'
> $ m+ JK& '( (=+ <
(Jenkyn & Luch, 1998; Kumar et al., 1995;
Lawlor, 1995)
#. (=+
S ' X+ $ (&
$ XS E 3d (#'S ( 1+ 9E /!
(Jenkyn & Luch, 1998; Yang, et al., 2000, 2001a)
Pf $
C13 X
+ *( (C"
/C+ ! .
G + 9')Z <=>
*Z / 0
Prasertsak & Fukai
) (1997
! X.'
(. *+
E #( 9l' n
*
Zr *+ ,13
#Q % 0
E GU3 #( e;
' e; n
/ 3 X O2' 9$ ' PE G C1
9$ ' #F '
\5 Q+ 9l'
(#(
. P#N #( G ++
s
Zr #(
#Q % 0
U3 e;
< > $ G
(+#. %
F+
0 ! / %? #(
%+># 0#Q GU3 #(
#(
*a *. 0
! C13 X +
*?
(E )
*( 9E S #'(
( ' (. ]& (+#. )
l' 9
(Mainard et al., 1999)
$ + ! *. \/ +
j & *_& < >
/ G1 '# 0
$ E#
1 -=2 #
&# Z $ C13 X 9
. $L;
G (& 9C '
+ E#3 X+ $ *
0 + # 0 i> #'(
0 `a
G.
9 ( ! (C" %Z E #( I
X n
C13 # (( X/.
. Da X/'RS
&# #(
0 \/
&#+ %? #( ' tZ
fg 2+ [h uK&
F+ 9(#^!
0 ! / (F #(
(. [h
9l'
#( #(
Y'#
/ 0 [h U3
$#' 0 '#
0 ( ! I2# I
E T &!;
%&
.
شور و داﻮﻣ
ﺎﻫ
&#+ #v *+
s )? ' (C" P 0
"
(C
( ! + I
% / 0 F+ P' 0
! / (+#. '
(. [h uK&
#( 9l' Y'#
/ 0 [h
U3
$#' G0
$;
1
*"#) 0
"#$ & #(
@A
@H D# #(
"#$ PFF Q
$#'1. C1(
0 E Q1(
#( j2' $ K
Q?+ *F
)
@ 2(
' *F V s? w" *?#(
ME Z G
@
2(
' *F A Zs? > *?#(
2E '
#( JK& $ O#
( E T .
&# O $ U3 %Z+
E
" +
(Fine
Mixed, Mesic Typic Calcixerpets)
' GZ 9)
M; ( ' 9l' GI&S
*+ 9;
] !
. + G!
AV
! . +
G!
A / '
H / (+ N#(
.
& 9) * U3 + ++
V / '
+ ++ U3EC (meq/10g)
/ (+
.
& ' */( #(
@H *_K2
$ +h
%E( #2 X ; %Ma #( *.
*+
$ ] U3
$#' 0 E
:
#(!+ /;'! + IhE +
( '(
(" ,
I/+
#( 0$#' y3 _ Y'# 9" *+ (T1)
*FK G 2 /;'! + IhE
+ ( '(
+ (" ,
I/
'(T2)
@ ( '(
+ (" , I/
.(T3)
*+ $i
eh *. %& .d
+ /#
$ *. (+ \/
#
@ *+
PE $ ] U3
$#' 0 ' (E *&.
&#
( *+ 9
#C 0 a + ! -2
U3
$#' 0 =(
(E . F+
0 ! / #F *+ X ; $ #( # I ( !
$i )
*>+ # ]a+
( P" z{& ' *ZD
U3
$#' E T 0 .
+ F+ #F *+ *?
* 0!
Q #> *+ G#'T *_K2 $ =2 0/
@ . h #C/ #( !
E ($
. F+ 0#Q
Da &#+ #(
N#( N -E G(R1)
A N#(
' (R2)
N#(
F+ $' (R3)
(+
. #( F+ #F
*+ *? + P. / %a
P.
/ ) A
× A / H (
' _ #> *+
'# %3C 0
(! XhS U3 JK&
)
Emam et al., 2000
.(
$ _+
T U3
$#' 0
" G
%E. P P.
/ 0
1 $;
= + \5 0
$ #|/ #( #^+ !c
#( &!; I2# ! */
9+; '
&' *+
Q&( *
"
( #. <
E T I .
# JK& *& -E 9l' )
N1
G
N2
'
N3
( (+
.
#(
#
N1
/ (. } 0
$ *+
1 ((
) /E .(
#(
'( # ] *+ & ' #F
' . !
#C/ #( 9l' ' Xh+ '( #( #' j= $
0
' %E. 9$ -E 0
*TS
$ *+
P.
/ 0
*ZD *>+
E .
s ' ( P
!#+ 9)
>
"#$ &
A
@H '? #(
;
#' ( E
%&
. #'( > #(
$;
X
%E((
#(+
0 / 0 9$ -E $i )=&
9$ G9E L;
S ' $
*TS *a 9
$ G /! 9$
'
&#
! E T .
["
/ 0
?' P#N *+ $/
&(
$ P.
/ 0
$;
1 \^a (!
.
&# $ _+
9
*( -.
((3 n&' #( /
@A .
*+ * $ /
$ -. #> *+ P. / n&' j+ *& %a JK&
U3
&+
~( n& ' %&( * +
$ zS '
$; *+ F
$ ' Q1
* '
#(+
0 P *+
H
( #( 9'; #( %"&
0
& *?#(
,13 (!
E . )?
0
*=& (_ -E (C"
/ 0 / #( #'#+
' *=& / #( *( (_ G*+
Q $ *( / 9$'
@ Z(5 #> *+ *. *+
*+ $ / 0 E(+
$ E %
_ G(+ E eh P. /
(!
.
((
/ 0 n& ; %&( *+
#; #)Z 0
MSTAT-C
)T ' * (! - .
Q n& /
. 9$;
(Tuckey)
F (! * .
0,1 2 3 4 !- 5 4 * 674
71- 89;
0<
=>
3 2?=@
) (
!"#
)
$ (
%/
&% ' *
+ /
&' .0/- 12
3 /
4 - 52
+ /
+ &3% 6
0 /
7 7&/- *
4 /
7 7 89
4 /
&& ' :;
%/
&% &'/- <=*>:
4 /
3' ' ?
%/
3- ' @
%/
30 '
- / +&0
A
+.- BC8 8$
ﺎﺘﻧ ﻳ ﺚﺤﺑ و ﺞ
b )T * / 0
#;
0 F '
* 0/
Q 91
*. ((
fg _ *( (C" + 9l' #(
(+
) '?
( ' uK&
N2
'
N3
_ f
#(
0 )Z #(
X
(C"
*(
E(
. +
N2
'
N3
)Z #(
(C" X *(
P' I/
_
#(
( (?' %E ) '?
@ .(
M(
-
ia X )Z #( 9l' IF fg
m+ JK& o3E
&
$ * ! / #( '
*T G
%Z #( X+ 9) X )Z E
(Basso & Ritchie,
2005; Ercoli et al., 2008; Radmehr, 1997)
E+
.
OD
$; P > #(
X * F $ +3 *+
P.
/ 0
$;
1 (+ (1 9l' [h (F +
(! 0#(+ %E(( ' .
*+
/ 0 P.
/ 0 /E
) 9l' 9'+
(
#(
0 E'# )=& #
E# '
. 0 (+
. _ 9E #(
*( (C" P' +
/#
0
N2
'
N3
*+
-M(
'# E#
1 +
#(
#
N3
' Zr (T #( i+ %
M + *(
1
(Basso & Ritchie, 2005; Radmher, 1997)
E+
) '?
@ ( . j2' #(
G M X )Z + 9l' ( % $
X )Z ' )&Z ( (T F
0 G
#'#+ k"+
0
$ _+ ; 9E S + ' *=& #( *( 01+ (_
/!
E (
(Prasertsak & Fukai, 1997;
Shanggan et al., 2000; Snika & Wichen, 1968)
.
9l' (. \5 X )Z ]? PWL #( #(
*TS I.
1+ 0#'#+ ' /
*TS / E 0M 0
9l' \5 9$ ' 9) *&' *+ 9; . fg ' _ E (
(Emam, 2007; Radmehr, 1997)
.
E X )Z E# $ XS %&#( 9l' *+ PWL $
#( *? -+2 s *. %& 9; $ .a G*2& M>
-5Z + #( *=& %_? I. *+ X.' ' /
- \5 9$ #( s *T %& C / E+ ! $ + =# #( 9; /Z ' 9l'
(Emam, 2007; Emam et al., 2000)
.
0,1 A 3 ,4 BCD - E 6- F;- GE *$ D B" BH- 674 (<E IJ I ,; , *
$>8 D@
EC F
G$H
(g\m2)
I$>8 D@
$>8
D@
$>8
JK 1L ) (g
6L2
MN@ A8
O /
n.s /* P/OPn.s P/n.s P/** 3 6LQ?
O /
* /P* /PPn.s /n.s /O** 3 :B
RP /
** /** /O** O/** R/** 3 1S
/
* /* /Rn.s /On.s /POn.s 0 :B *6LQ?
/
n.s /* /n.s /Pn.s /Rn.s 0 1S *6LQ?
/
* /P* P/Rn.s /R* /O* 0 1S*:B
R /
n.s /PR** /n.s P/OP* /On.s 4 1S * :B *6LQ?
:n.s
*
**
f [h uK& (+#.
9l' _ + #( *=& (
j+
*=& #( *( (_ '
) _
#(
(!
) '?
@ ( . #( *=& (_ *. T; $ j+
(_ '
a #( *=& #( *(
C1 - %" *+ *. E
h= $ 0 / I.
)
Radmehr, 1997
(G
"#$ U3
#(
!#+ f /
#(
0
%+>#
Z.
%& (+
. $ '#
G
F #> *+ -a
$ I (. 9)
9l' fg
^S
*Z ' )Z (. X
9l'
%& * *+ T
)Z #( *=& (_ X j+
*=& #( *( (_ '
(E ) '?
@ .(
+ *Z ( b
9Q1/'RS Q
%& //
(Gregory et al., 1981; Marbet, 2000)
.
$ ! 9(+ #(#3+ wZ *+ *$ PWL #(
(. \5 U3 #( (? ^L N" Z. *D"
M_ 1 '# E# #v *+ ) S
*TS / - '
v *+ G#+
&#
I. _ #( $&
' m G*=&
*TS / #(
$ XS #'( >
E+ Z# *2&
)
Emam et al., 2000
.(
X/'RS #(
v *+ Da
&#
_=> ' m $ 1h+
*TS / *a #( 9l' U& (. (+#. n&
*+ &&( (=+ # $ ) Q ( 1h+ ' $ *TS E+ E - _ G F+ K& (+#. -M( *+ G%+>#
/ *++ ' (_ ' JK& a' #( *=& (_ - i(
%= fg 9l' ' F+ -+F f $ *=& #( *(
*Z ^S )
'?
.(
(_ ' JK& a' #( *=& (_ 9q Gj2' #(
%& E -C1 a #( *=& #( *(
) -a
!#+ + 9)/ G*M'
$ ' ) S 3' 0/
9 (
*.
X w_ #( / I. 0h= $ -M( *+ !
%& (= +>#
(Emam, 2007; Fischer &
Maurer, 1978)
'( %= 0 ^Sfg *T #( G
9$' #( eK fg (T *+ T )?
*(#)/
'
E /E # *+ %= ; X )Z ' *( (C"
%&
) '?
.(
Q1/'RS ( 9 Q
(Emam, 2007; Radmehr,
1997)
+ %+># /Z ' 9l' %= fg ) # JK& a' #( *=& (_ ' *=& #( *( (_
(. Y#)!
. 0(_ P_MK Gj2' #(
(Ferguson
& Boatweight, 1998; Giunta et al., 1993)
91 9l' /Z (=+ *. %& ((
# $
,=& Y$L; %"& ( ($
,=& 0#'#+ (=+ G/
/
*( (C" (=+ ]=& ,=& #( 1+ *( (_ ' (E ! .
v *+ G*T #(
&#
\5 P#N #(
9l' (. Q/ *+
$ %+># /Z (=+ ' #(
C" 9+ I ( ! #( F+ K& (+#. < >
(
(#'; %&( *+ I ( O#) $ 01+
.
F+ (+#. f 9$' +
*(#)/
G (_ ' *( (C"
#'#+ *=&
JK& a' #(
_
#(
(!
) '?
@ .(
*+
v
&#
F+ (+#.
> $ )? + %= f <
0
(C"
0 '# E# #'( #( *.
1 $ -=2 ' '# '#
! C13 X +
C1 - E G (=+ ]?
E (C"
E+
. OD + b Q ( 9Q1/'RS
(#( %F+K
(Emam, 2007; Kacemi et al., 1995;
Prasertsak & Fukai, 1997)
.
Radmehr
) (1997
(( Y#)! )
#N #( *.
*.
M' E#
& ! * j
T + ' (E 1 o3E *
+ JK&
m ('$ )
&+ Z 0c (|" X/c G
-Na |13 X f #(
E /3 .
Z> $ G F+ (+#.
*+
-M(
*.
j
E \W
#
%+>
U3 (E 0+ Z. %NZ G
# (&
*1 / I/Z # U3 9l' $ ($&
(Cook & Hauguland, 1991; Dao, 1987)
. OD
#(
*( (_ *? $ (C" 0)? X )Z *+ G%
*=& #( 1+
T . (?' + +
*?
%E(
F+ (?' *.
0 $
$ JK& #( (
#(
GE# -5Z - '
E ]=& %& C
+ O
# 0 / 0 q#2 ' (E
*+ #F&
. *? -C1 + # /
(Cook &
Hauguland, 1991; Emam et al., 2000)
. X/'RS #(
Da _ F+ f 9E #(
+ ' *( (C"
P'
+ [h uK&
F+
.a 2+ *. %& 9; $
K& 9(#^!
F+
3d +
+
#( e;
U3
#(
C1 Q/
$L; - / 0 ,=&
G &S (=+ ]=&
! (. *+
_ ' 9l'
9E #(
+ \W3
uK&
((! 9l' .
_ 9E #(
P' + F+ & ' '( uK&
+
9$'
*(#)/
E+ -M( *+ %& C *.
9)
%+>#
3; $ _+ U3 #( (?
!#+
9$
L
0
*( 9E S
$ *+ / 0
(+#. *. %& (+
K&
A
$' N#(
F+
+ f #( 0$#+
#( ' U3 %+># `a
*T G )Z X 9$'
*(#)/
*E(
9/ GE+
I/ 9Q1/'RS & n& *. *!
%& *Z! #2 *? (#
)
Emam et al., 2000
.(
-+F f $ JK& a' #( *=& (_ *. T; $ U3
$#' F+ ' 0 )
'?
H ( / *+ )? / ' (_
F+ ' 9l' -+F f $ G*=& #( *(
) '?
(
G *Z ^S fg
9 `a *. (. F" $+
`a (=+ # $ + U3 JK& #( /! 0 F+
G% #( ' )? '( ( ($ ]=& U3 #( %+>#
((! *( (C"
.
*=& (_ 0 ^Sfg GZ> $ #(
j+
-+F f $ Y'#
/ [h 0 U3
$#' ' 0
F+
) '?
H ( ) ' _
#(
-+F f 9E Y'#
/ 0
[h U3
$#' *( (C" + 9l' uK& ' 0
) '?
A ( $ (& P#N #( *. %& *C G
+ * F #( G0. %= *+ # F+ *. G2 /;'!
/;'!
9(!+
h U3 + G#(
.
(Langdate
et al., 1973)
# #( F+ K& `a ' (=+ 0&
-Na + U3 JK& #( %+># `a %_D' E ( )
Emam, 2007
( G 9 -+F fg #v
%=
U3
$#' %E( *( (C" + # 9l' ' 0
) '?
A .(
( / *++ Gj2' #(
*+ *? + ' - i
((
'? 0/
/1 E #( *( (_ *. ( *. -+F Pf fg % *( (C" ' *=&
*Z! #2 X/'RS 0/#
.
_ *+ *? + #(
P' 9E fg
uK&
/#
0 F+
9$' +
*(#)/
(C" '
*(
#(
$;
X G 9 *. (. =& q F+ (+#.
$
>
_D' (=+ <
3d % %+>#
* P=?
(&
+
*+
/ I/Z # 9l' uK& $ ! 0
($&
. #( Gj2' #(
X/'RS / 9; #( *.
F+ / #. *+
%& *Z )
0+
Ercoli et al., 2008
G
Fischer,
' 1981 Gregory et al., 1981
(
#( 9l' (+#.
S uK&
( ($ ]? 0 _
#(
*( (C"
%& (!
. v *+
&#
#( %+># `a 9)
i> 9$ P 0+ F+ K& `a P#N ) 9; (+#. " *+ %=
( ! (& (=+ *+ T
3 9l' %= Pf $'+ ' %+># $ E /
.
*"#) 0/ ($+ 9 ? #( 9!#Q P/1 ) 0
(+ OD $ .a .
0/# %= Pf $'+
U3
$#' #( (C" 0)? $ 3+ ' (C" + 0
' X/'RS _
#(
(. i+ uK& \5 9E
+ * F #( #( 9l' X/'RS
/ *+ *? ' 1S 0
2' U3 ]L #( M; ( (=. *. %_
0/
G(#( (?' 9 0#C ( <>
F+ (+#.
*? ! I ( %"#$ #( # .
f N Y'#
0/
[h U3 0$#'
#(
0,1
? 3 ,4 BCD - GE *$ D B" 674 IJ I ,; , *
(<E $>8 D@
EC F
G$H
(g\m2)
I$>8 D@
$>8
D@
$>8
JK 1L ) (g
=:L2 6K@
Q?
6L 44.
/
&&' a 4'/&0b &0/0.&a 3+/3+%a R/a VK "H WX: + K2 773
/
&& a .0/+3ab &+/0-7a 30/4%0a 3&/-%0a VK "H WX: + $Y K2 074
/
&& a ../'&a &0/.70a 3+/.4+a 3'/3%0a VK "H WX: L 9 :B Z9F ) [ ( +.-
/
&&' b 4'/.'b &0/3%3a 30/-4.a &7/%&.b ' '&.
/
&3' a .7/7%a &+/.07a 3+/74%a &./.'0ab -' RP
/
ab 44/&&ab &0/7&+a 3+/7'%a 33/3-4a &'' 1S (Kg/ha) 03+
/
&'' c 43/7.c &+/&43c 3'/&&0c &-/..3b ' 43-
/
&&' b .-/4&b &0/&70b 3+/.07b 3'/%4+ab ..3
/
&3' a &''/30a &-/-%%a 34/'33a P/Ra 3'' !" #!$ %& '!() '!*+, - ' &
." /01 23 4 '
5!
.
0,1
@ 3
! N-8( "
%& '() * 4 - *8- 8 *
(g/m2)
O-( P;< ,H$
(<E IJ I ,;
=:L2 6K@
G$H
) g/m2 ( $>8 D@
EC F
( [):B Z9F 6LQ?
V\
K2
+
VK "H WX:
'
%7 / 74 b
&&/%4ab
-'
%7 / 4& b
&&/4%a
&'' .3
/ 4+ b
&3/&+a
$Y K2 V\
+
VK "H WX:
'
%7 / 4. ab
&&/-%ab
-' '4
/ .- ab
&3/'7a
&'' .3
/ .7 ab
&&/%4ab
VK "H WX: *8@
'
%7 / .4 ab
&'/.0b
-'
&%
/
&'' a
&3/&+a
&'' ++
/ 43 b
&&/+7ab
!" #!$ %& '!() '!*+, - ' &
4 '." /01 23 5!
.
0,1
K 3
! N-8( "
%& '() * Q(4 R '() S9< *
4 - (<E IJ I ,;
=:L2 6K@
G$H
) g/m2 (
(Kg/ha)1S 6LQ?
V\
K2 +
VK "H WX:
.3d / 7'
&''
%7cd / 4'
3''
%7ab / .3
$Y K2 V\
+
VK "H WX:
' 4+c
/ 4%
&'' 4+ab
/ .7
3'' '&a
/
&''
VK "H WX: *8@
'
7-ab / .%
4+a
/ ..
P '&b
/ .4
!" #!$ %& '!() '!*+, - ' &
23
4 '." /01 5!
.
0,1 T 3 4U - Q(4 R '() S9< *8- *V(, N-8( "
) (g
P;< 4 ,H$
,H$
P;<
4 Y9< ,Z )
g/m2
( (<E IJ I ,;
=:L2 6K@
JK 1L ) (g D@
$>8 $>8 D@
EC F
G$H
) g/m2 (
(Kg/ha)1S ([ ):B Z9F
' '
&+/77c 3'/&.d
&''/-+e '4cd
/ 4+
'
&''
&4/--bc 30/77bc
&&'/3.cde 7-c
/ .'
' 3''
3'/-0abc 37/4'ab
&3'/+%abc
&7c / .+
-' '
&%/'3bc 3'/&0d
&&'/'0de
&7cd / 47
-'
&'' 33/&&ab
3+/-4c
&&'/.'abcd ++a
/ ..
-' 3''
3&/-.ab 37/%+ab
&+'/&3a '3a
/
&''
&'' '
&4/&.bc 3'/'&d
&''/-.e ''cd
/ 77
&''
&'' 3&/+.ab
3+/04c
&&'/%4bcde 3-c
/ 4.
&'' 3''
37/&.a 34/%+a
&3'/.'ab .3b
/ .7
!" #!$ %& '!() '!*+, - ' &
4 '." /01 23 5!
.
0,1 [ 3
! N-8( "
%& '() * P;< 4 ,H$ - Q(4 R '() S9< *8- 8 *
4 )
g/m2
( (<E IJ I ,;
] 6K
Q?
6L 6:B :B
K (%)
"_ :B 1S (Kg/ha) D@
$>8 G$H
) g/m2 (
V\
K2 +
VK "H WX:
' '
&./+4i ''bc
/ 47
&'' 33
/ 3+ fghi -'c
/
%4
3'' 37/03abcd
-'abc / 4'
-' '
&./.3i
&'c /
%&
&'' 33/0'efghi
''bc / 7+
3'' 3%/.4abcdef
-'abc /
&''
&'' '
&./44i 3-c
/ 7'
&'' 3+/-'defghi
''abc / 4&
3'' 37/03abcd
''abc /
&''
$Y K2 V\
+ WX:
VK "H '
'
3'/+'hi 7-c
/ 7'
&'' 3%/7'abcdef
abc
&%
/
&''
3'' +'/3+a
abc -' / 43
-'
'
3'/&+i abc
-' / .0
&'' 3+/.4cdefghi
abc 7- / 4%
3'' 3./'-ab
abc '0 /
&''
&'' '
&./.3i abc
-' / .-
&'' 3-/+'abcdefg
abc '' / .&
3'' 34/&7abcd
abc '7 /
&''
VK "H WX: *8@
'
'
3'/.'ghi -'bc
/ 7.
&'' 3-/0'abcdefg
abc '' / 44
3'' 34/7-abc
ab 34 /
&''
-' '
3'/+4hi abc
'- /
&''
&'' 30/+4bcdefghi
+4a /
&''
3'' 3%/44abcdef
abc '- /
&''
&'' '
3'/3+i -'c
/
%-
&'' 3&/%-ghi
3-bc / 7%
3'' 37/+'abcde
'-abc /
&''
" #!$ %& '!() '!*+, - ' &
! 4 '." /01 23 5!
.
9$' ' *( (C" + X $;
*(#)/
_
#(
(!
) '?
@ .(
P' (?' Gj2' #(
_
#(
uK& +
[h U3
$#' fg # $ *( (C" v $ 0
U3
$#'
*( 9$' Q + 0 *. %& E " /
+ 9Q1/'RS 3+ b )
0+
Unger, 1984
'
Yang et al., 2001
( (#( %F+K .
b q /
Fischer & Maurer
) (1978
G
Kumar
et al.
) (1995
) '
Ercoli et al.
) (2008
$ .a
9$' X/.
*(#)/
9E S #'( > X/. f #(
X n E % 0#Q z X )Z ' *(
C13 E+
-M( *+ Da X/'RS #( GCM G
9$' Q GU3 JK& #( F+ 0#Q
*(#)/
*+ G
%& (( %= &S F+ ' 9l' uK&
) '?
@ .(
$ (& *. (( 91 p/ X/'RS b 9(!+ /;'! + * F #( 2 /;'!
*+ T #(
+ *( (C"
(! 01 )
@ / VH + * F #(
/
#( ! j+
' 2 /;'! 0/# #( ] *+
#(!+
( 0#; v $ P' q / G _
#(
0' *+ I/ *. G2 /;'! $ (& CM G (Q (#( $ 0. E
(Langdate et al., 1973;
Opoku & Vyn, 1997)
' #( 9; = h Pf I/
0+ G%& . U3 U3
$#' -+2 I ( O#) #( 0
*N E+
) '?
@ .(
*q 9q '( $ (&
( ($ #( I/ + (" , #( ! (C" (
X/'RS / 0 C ( O#) #( 9; (+#. G(E I
N -+2 (+ /3 * .
+ 9')Z X Q/ #( G
3 C1
#N #(
*.
%+># F+ K& (+#. # $
G(E `a U3 #( 01+ P 0+
9 (.
9l' ' (C" (=+ 0&# #( # 01+ #(
(. \5 C13 X *+ ! - X )Z .
REFERENCES
1. Basso, B. & Ritchie, J. T. (2005). Impact of compost, manure, and inorganic fertilizer on nitrate leaching and yield for a 6-year maize-alfalfa rotation in Michigan. Agric Ecosys Envir, 108, 329-341.
2. Cochran, Y. L., Elliot, L. F. & Papendick, R. I. (1982). Effect of crop residues management and tillage on water use efficiency and yield of winter wheat. Agron J, 74, 929-933.
3. Cook, R. J. & Hauguland, W. A. (1991). Wheat yield depressing associated with conservation tillage caused by root pathogens in the soil, hot phytotoxins from the straw. Soil Biol Biochem, 23, 1125-1133.
4. Cooper, P. J. M., Gregory, P. J., Tully, D. & Harris, H. C. (1987). Improving water use efficiency of annual crops in the rainfed farming systems of West Asia and North Africa. Exp Agric Far Sys, 523, 113-158.
5. Dao, T. H. (1987). Crop residues and management of annual grass weeds in continuous no-till wheat.
Weed Sci, 35, 395-406.
6. Emam, Y. (2007). Cereals Production. (3rd ed.). Shiraz Univ. Press. 190 pp. (In Farsi).
7. Emam, Y., Kheradnam, M., Bahrani, M. J., Asas, M. T. & Ghadiri, H. (2000). The effect of residue management on the grain yield and its components of winter wheat in continuous irrigated wheat cropping. Iranian J Agric Sci, 31, 839-850. (In Farsi).
8. Ercoli, L., Lulli, L., Mariotti, M., Masoni , A. & Arduini, I. (2008). Post-anthesis dry matter and nitrogen dynamics in durum wheat as affected by nitrogen supply and soil water availability. Europ J Agron, 28, 138-147.
9. Ferguson, H. & Boatweight, G. O. (1998). Effects of environmental factors on the development of crown node and adventitious roots of winter wheat. Agron J, 6, 528-536.
10. Fischer, R. A. (1973). The effect of water stress at various stages of development on yield process in wheat. Aust J Agric Res, 29, 897-912.
11. Fischer, R. A. (1981). Optimizing the use of water and nitrogen through breeding of crops. Plant and Soil, 58, 249-278.
12. Fischer, R. A. & Maurer, R. (1978). Drought resistance in spring wheat cultivars. I. Grain yield responses. Aust J Agric Res, 45, 83-89.
13. Fischer, R. A., Santiveri, F. & Vidal, I. R. (2002). Crop rotation, tillage and crop residue management for wheat and maize in the sub-humid tropical highlands: I. Wheat and legume performance. Field Crops Res, 79, 107-122.
14. Garcia, R., Kanemasu, E. T., Blad, B. L., Bauer, A., Hatfield, I. L., Major, D. J., Reginato, R. J. &
Hubbard, K. G. (1988). Interception and efficiency of light in winter wheat under different N regimes.
Agric Meteoral, 44, 175-186.
15. Giunta, F., Motza, R. & Deidda, M. (1993). Effect of drought on yield and yield components of durum and triticale in a Mediterranean environments. Field Crops Res, 33, 399-406.
16. Gregory, P. J., Marshall, B. & Biscoe, P. V. (1981). Nutrient relations of winter wheat. 3. Nitrogen uptake, photosynthesis of flag leaves and translocation of nitrogen to grain. Aust J Agric Sci, 96,339-347.
17. Jenkyn, S. H. & Luch, T. M. (1998). The kinetic of straw decomposition in relation to its potential to produce the phytotoxin. J Soil Sci, 32, 627-632.
18. Jessop, R. S. & Stewart, L. W. (1999). Effect of crop residues, soil type and temperature on emergence and early growth of wheat. Plant & Soil, 74, 101-109.
19. Kacemi, M., Peterson, G. A. & Marbet, R. (1995). Water conservation wheat crop rotation and conservation tillage systems in a turbulent Moroccan semiarid agriculture. Aust J Exptl Agric, 35, 835-848.
20. Kumar, A., Sharma, D. K. & Sharma, H. C. (1995). Nitrogen uptake, recovery and N use efficiency in wheat as influenced by nitrogen and irrigation levels in semi-reclaimed sodic soil. Indian J Agron, 40(2), 198-203.
21. Langdate, G. W., Perkins, H. F., Barnett, A. P., Readon, J. C. & Wilson, R. L. (1973). Soil and nutrient runoff losses within row in chisel planted soybean. J Soil Water Conserv, 28, 297-301.
22. Latiri-Souki, K., Nortclif, S. & Lawlor, D. W. (1998). Nitrogen fertilizer can increase dry matter, grain
K\
production and water use efficiencies for durum wheat under semi-arid conditions. Europ J Agron, 9, 21-34.
23. Lawlor, D. W. (1995). Photosynthesis, productivity and environment. Journal of Expt Bot, 46, 1449- 1461.
24. Mainard, S. D., Jeuffroy, M. H. & Robin, S. (1999). Spike dry matter and nitrogen accumulation before anthesis in wheat as affected by nitrogen fertilizer: Relationship to kernels per spike. Field Crops Res, 64, 249-259.
25. Marbet, R. (2000). Differential response of wheat to tillage management systems in a semi-arid area of Morocco. Field Crops Res, 66, 165-174.
26. Midmore, D. J., Cartwright, P. M. & Fischer, R. A. (1984). Wheat in tropical environments: 2. Crop growth and grain yield. Field Crops Res, 8, 207-227.
27. Opoku, G. & Vyn, T. G. (1997). Wheat residue management option for no-till corn. Can J Plant Sci, 77, 207-213.
28. Prasertsak, A. & Fukai, S. (1997). Nitrogen availability and water stress interaction on rice growth and yield. Field Crops Res, 52, 249-260.
29. Radmehr, M. (1997). Heat stress effect on physiology of wheat growth and development. Ferdousi University of Mashhad. 201pp. (In Farsi).
30. Shanggan, Z. P., Shao, A. & Dychmans, J. (2000). Nitrogen nutrition and water stress effects on leaf photosynthetic gas exchange and water use efficiency in winter wheat. Environ Experim Bot, 44, 141-149.
31. Snika, D. E. & Wichen, G. A. (1968). Soil water storage during fallow in the central great plains as influenced by tillage and herbicide treatments. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc, 32, 591-595.
32. Stott, D. E., Stroo, H. F., Elliot, L. F., Rapendick, R. I. & Unger, P. W. (1990). Wheat management residues loss from field under no-tillage management. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 54, 92-98.
33. Unger, P. W. (1984). Tillage and residues effects on wheat, sorghum, and sunflower grown in rotation.
Soil Sci Soc Am J, 48, 885-891.
34. Van Wijik, W. R., Larson, W. E. & Burrows, W. C. (1999). Soil temperature and the early growth of corn from mulched and unmulched soil. Soil Soc Proc, 23, 428-434.
35. Yang, J., Zahang, J., Huang, Z., Zhu, Q. & Wang, L. (2000). Remoblization of carbon reserve is improved by controlled soil-drying during grain filling of wheat. Crop Sci, 40, 1645-1655.
36. Yang, J., Zahang, J., Huang, Z., Zhu, Q. & Liu, L. (2001a). Water deficit induced senescence and its relationship to the remobilization of pre-stored carbon in wheat during grain Filling. Agron J, 93, 196-206.
37. Yang, J., Zahang, J., Huang, Z., Zhu, Q. & Wang, W. (2001). Remoblization of carbon reserves in response to water deficit during grain filling of rice. Field Crops Res, 71, 47-55.