:
*!"#$%#
&'() : 2975370 -
E-mail: pourjam@modares.ac.ir
0912
Filenchus
! " #1
*2
% &
**3
1 3 ! " # $ %& '
(
2
* # + $ ,
) +. & /&
: 19 / 7 / 89 - 6& 7 /&
: 2 / 9 / 90 (
()
*
: # ;
&
< =
> < ? @
A = B
C !
<
1388
1389 170
D B ; =
; &
! EF G# C 7.
"=H I $ J < =
KA L
&
? ( G M J
&
.
=
<
L $ J ( G
?
&
;O
F? ; O
&
I $ %' @P # QA B R
S
&
<
=T
# $ J ;
U , ,
#
&
+. ? V
.
&
PW R 12
% H $ ; ?
Filenchus
; ? @#
<
F.afghanicus (Khan & Khan, 1978) Siddiqi, 1986 F. andrassyi (Szczygiel, 1969)
Andrássy, 1979 F.baloghi (Andrássy, 1958) Siddiqi, 1986
F.cylindricaudus (Wu,
1969) Siddiqi, 1986 F. facultativus (Szczygiel, 1970) Raski & Geraert, 1987
F.misellus (Andrássy, 1958) Raski & Geraert, 1987 F.paravesiculosus Karegar &
Geraert, 1998 F. polyhypnus (Steiner & Albin, 1946) Meyl, 1961
F. sandneri
(Wasilewska, 1965) Raski & Geraert, 1987 F.vulgaris (Brzeski, 1963) Lownsbery
& Lownsbery, 1985 F.elegantulus Raski & Geraert, 1986
F. longicaudatulus Zell,
#
1988&
BI ; ? ; +. ? V
= .
<
&
H
&
O<
.
+ &
* ,-
A = B :
&
?
> <
Filenchus Tylenchidae
, - .#$/ - 0.#
1
# " 23 &0 # % 4
5 0
6 5# #
! 7 % - "
1 1 ) $8 9# # )
"
4 :; # 6
!
"
1
# # #93 4
9 5 ) 4
% .
= 6
"
4
>
Filenchus
)
"
4
$?
1
# / 9# :@
Tylenchidae
# # =? 0 "
4 A B ?#$
1
%
4 C
! . D
! E 1 6 9#
! F# 9 - "
1 7 % 1 G #H6
#
Tylenchus filiformis
. , #
! I. ) % &
Butschli (1873)
% J
# =?
K#$C# 9
=L H/
) MN 0O#
- ,3 ( 9 .#
4 P )
! A ) D J
.$)
! (?
1 QH R FSC#
1
# -3 $;
.
.# 3 1 ) 1954 (
#
&
% % # = 6 3
2
$ P )
! 9 $? T D
> $
Filenchus
#$% # 4 , #
!
&
$? U$V %
Meyl
.
(1961)
9
> $
Filenchus
=% #
) = 6 $? U$V > R P
!
# > W
F. filiformis (Butschli, 1873) T. (F).
= 6
duplexus
= 6 $? X / > 9# #
Tylenchus
valkanovi Andrássy, 1958
> =% #
Filenchus
$? :Y0
Brzeski
.
(1963)
N % Z : 4
%!
=? $? -
= 6
# 4 I. ) =?
Andrássy (1954)
-# F [\)
Tylenchus (Filenchus)filiformis
P )
! T D
P ) = 6 %
! (] % I. ) D 1
# [Y% V .
#
^ "
!
= 6 &
"
1 - 0 A, 9# #
. - ,3
1
$?
# =%
0 &
! . =T
!
# =?
E - " A
! [
"
1 0 "
_ 3 **
:
$AL S.# O# 1 S.# #93 ;L #
. =?
1954 .# 3 I. ) 1
-# F =%
Tylenchus
(Filenchus) filiformis
G #H6
# .
# E &
! [
"
= 6 $` L? 9#
T. vulgaris Brzeski,
I. )
1983 Lownsbery & Lownsbery (1985)=%
Filenchus
>
:Y0 .
^ "
!
@.9$% &
1
=%
# 0 &
! . =T
!
? ) _ .# $% =?
1 (Ea 1
# /
Tylenchidae
P )
! D (P#
1 (] % I. ) 1
Z a
E
!
"
4 a ? 1
#$%
4
#$Z 6
!
$ 4 [.# > bV.
7 = 6 -# F =% # -3 #c,
! EVZ $ 1 a$E 1
(Spicies
$?
incuired)
. d)
Brzeski
!
(1982)
# $%
P ) =? &
! D
(P#
T. filiformis
1 E Z a
!
"
4 (P#
1
#$%
4
=Y`C
% 4 [.# > bV.
\P
!
% b . ) FSC#
1
=?
P )
! (P# D 1
=% e %$ L # A 3 =%
[f 1.
` bV.
1 0.# e $f C [` $.
C =% [(
0.# :?
[.# [(
. P Y 1 RS@L 9# =?
=Y`C
% 4
#
= 6 &
63
%
F. filiformis
= 6
F. vulgaris
$? g " # .
Tylenchidae
# / h`C
$/3
$6 &
3 4 g T #
,2008
)
Geraert
(
# # 4 42 9 i =? [.# >
j # /$
Atylenchinae,
Boleodorinae, Tylodorinae Ecphyadophorinae
.
Tylenchinae
4 1 6
!
$ . k\% >
9
Tylenchinae
# /$
=0 # #$Z
&0 # % 95
& $06 H% = 6
>
2 \ # /
1 . lF#
4
#
> &
C $'. H
! . D
! E 1 6 9#
! - "
[a
1 .
- ? ) m% h`C
19
# 9# = 6
&
# >
. -#$
1 , =? [.# G #H6
! [
_ .# $% A 3
! m :\ - %H 3
4 e %$ m%
1 [.# 3 .
/& &
C 1 . D(0f da
"
4 1388 1389
# E) 170 9# o / =
=L #$a 6 5# #
! 7 % - "
1
, - .#$/ - 0.#
1
#$ " =%
m =L
4 3 .
= Y0 # 9# >
93 =% "
L0 ;L
4 o /
`p) " ) X#$f0.#
! (6 =% A 3 Y0 # [
!
!
$ h`C &
$6 G
(De Grisse, 1969)
= [a$6 g T #
.
& q
1 -
> 1 . 4 " = 6 [ !,
Filenchus
-#$ #
m`
G #H6 hC - %H! - " !6
= 6
4 -# " = $a = L]
Filenchus acris (Brzeski, 1986) Raski & Geraert,1987 _#$6
3 H
g# % =0 # F. afghanicus (Khan & Khan, 1978) Raski & Gereart,1986
6 T%
1 #$ # f F. andrassy (Szczygiel, 1969) Andrássy, 1979
4 -# "
Equisetum arvensis F. baloghi (Andrássy, 1958) Siddiqi,1986
6 _ ? ` 6 AZ %3 - 0 %
= # " =T 1 ! 9 r!.
F. cylindricaudus (Wu, 1969) Siddiqi,1986
4 -# "
F. discrepans (Andrássy, 1954) Raski & Geraert,1987 _#$6
2 4H?$ -#$A)
F. ditissimus Siddiqi,1987. #
4
&! # F. facultativus (Szczygiel, 1970) Raski & Geraert,1987 =`
5 [
F.fortis (Siddiqi & Lal, 1992) Brzeski, 1997 i $%
6
- ?$ ) T%
1 #$ # f F. hamatus (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Raski & Geraert, 1987
6 -# "
Z s]
F.helenae (Czszygiel, 1969) Raski & Geraert, 1987
4 H
F. misellus (Andrássy, 1958) Raski & Geraert, 1987 #
5
&! # F. paravesiculosus Karegar & Geraert, 1998 =`
2 X$?
r!.
s] 1 ! 9 t $(6 =T F. parvus (Siddiqi, 1963) Raski & Geraert, 1986
1 -S!6
F. polyhypnus (Steiner & Albin, 1946) Meyl, 1961 i $%
7
&! # F. quartus (Szczygiel, 1969) Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1985 =`
2 X$?
g 6 s] 1 ! 9 r!.
T ? 1 ! 9 g# % F. sandneri (Wasilewska, 1965) Raski & Geraert,1987
4 -# "
Equisetum arvensis F. sheri Siddiqi, 1986
4 D(0f hC
D(0f - " !6 F. vulgaris (Brzeski,1963) Lownsbery & Lownsbery,1985
1 - g#
j-# @ " $a )
2001 ( 2 - 4$!/
) : 1970 ( 3 -
$6 ? : 1989 ) 3 (
4 5 6 - R #$6 $6 ? :
1995 ) 4
a ( 1998 ) 5
b ( 1998 ) 6 ( 7 -
$` Z j ! ) 1997 (
A)
! S.# =
"
4
R $q R P Q#
/$% 9#
1
G$% " )
"
4 q$F 1
! A) H
!
= .
. [A
1
P d/
! R [f T . 1
? u \, =%
1
?
! ' 1
E, V [a$6 #$Z 1 @. $@! = .
) 9# >
&
v/
"
4 [f T . 1 (? m% 9# '0.# %
!
"
4
fL) =% [`
!
= 6 v
$6 g# Z# "
.
01
. $% 9# >
1
=
"
4 X#$f0.#
12 9# = 6
Filenchus
>
. 1
= 6 =? [a$6 #$Z
# 9# S`Z -3 G #H6 -#$
#
#$% -3 = 6 4
- a
)
"
4
# -#$
:d' C =% = # # =? 0 "
"# / # U$
:
Filenchus elegantulus Raski & Geraert,
.1987
$? - %
:1 :@
M 0`
`p) 9# E% (%
! [
1 / 1 @ K$C =%
. [, O =% 4 O ) g
%SZ 1 :@
1 3 . C $f $.
1 O % :@
!
=
( 1 M 0`
Z a - % % 9#$0 " K P
!
% 1 / 3
! C $0 $@
6 / 6
! [.# x$F $0 $@
. [.
M 0`
fq
!
%
!
"
4 MS ? vfL .
` U V.
1
# # 4 A]
! , C 1 MS ?
I. % vfL
% % [`
"
4
? 4
%
$0@
8 =%
1 $ .
) 2 :@
1 (.
' 3
!
"
K$C
=% % vfL S ? $.
K @ R P
"
4 , C 1
#$Z 1 6
!
$ . 0.#
I. 0 [(
$6 %
"
4 0.# e $f [.# vfL $6 [(
O [.# -3 C g . J .
$ 4 M 0`
2 `O (%
! 1
? 1 :@
!
$ # = 4
#$Z 1 6
!
$ .
$ d)# :\
4
=%
! H
? =^
4 vfL
? ) $6 1
L?
! 1
. c' 1Ea -
\ $) 1
O
! y =, , =
$ = 4
=(P a 98
!
$0 $@
4
# 0%#
4
# #$Z - % .
"
1 9
!
!
=% % vfL H
? =(P a 1 c' 9# $) ( 1Ea
- )
\ $ 1
#$Z 1 6
!
$ .
;0.
!, ) :p L?
! O % (%
197
!
# C $0 $@
.
?
! /z =
!
` g${.# $
!
=% =
$;
lF#
4
#
> &
MS ?
` ]
! [.# g${.# Z a O
! A] f) 9 . =0. = (. ) K @ ='
1
q$F 1 - % \ $% F 1
-|#
M 0`
% (%
[.# o9 # .
?
! YF =
` 1 O
! O H
O - % x$F Dd
! (. ) K @ = 1
? 1
$) (%
[.#
.
%SZ g 1 :@
M 0`
fq (%
!
# # % 4
A0 # 4 M 0`
[.# $6 .
L " L
:.
2 "
(? 9# '0.# %
! R #$6 ) 2008 ( =Q# # U$
@.# I. ) 1
R #$6 ) 1987 ( h% V) $8 = 6
( ? 1
= 6 %
F.elegantulus
# .
#
% = 6 &
!
$0L
&
= 6 % # [" `
"
F. andrassyi (Szczygiel, 1969)
4
Andrássy, 1979 F.marinus (Timm, 1956) Raski
& Geraert, 1987
- L 1 9 =? "
Y $
% =
!
&
#
= 6 = 6 &
"
4 g T # $8 1
:
E
!
V [
=% =E,
=V.#
C &0 #
0.#
$) (% [(
) 11 :% Y – 9
8
!
$0 $@
( :@
A0 # 4 g )
$6 M 0`
) ? A0 # :% Y
4 )
! H
f 1 :@
(
= 6 9#
F. andrassyi
# 1 .
= 6 9#
F. marinus
- % [ =V.# =% "
=Y(O 4 "
1q$F 0.# $6 - % # # - % 0 [(
H
# [.
.
[!E m
3 4 - .#$/ 9#
1, u \, =%
[f 1.
( ? h% V) 1
(P# U$ % 1
- L 1
"
/$% IYa 1
v/ 9#
"
4 [f T . 1 R ')
QH 1
" L 1
.
# C# 9# = 6 &
#$
K
$'. H
, `,3
m -S6$ 9# Bf%
3 4 . 1 .
Filenchus longicaudatulus Zell, 1988
= # 0.# - %
:# 4
`p) 9# E% J] ? :@
! [
R P =%
=0 %
C? 1 9 % 1 3 , 1 r, 7 :@
R P =% -3 [.# =0 %
C.
@!) ?
# # o9 4
!
"
4
%
!
$}
D .
` U V.
4# # 1
!
, C 1 [.#
1q$F 4 " !
!
% H
!
$}
? D
0 " h F .
) ? =@` - % % 9#$0 " $.
! , @ 1
$.
%
! Eq
!
O D
! ( = 1
? ) [f) $.
1 Z a $6
! .
$.
M 0`
% (%
2 / 2
! C $0 $@
3 / 4
! x$F $0 $@
) 3 :@
2 (.
' 3
!
% "
!
a @ J] ? 1
0f. =% :@
1 1
.
0.#
% [(
! Eq
!
# # D
4
$6
"
4
% $6
!
[.# J] ? .
:\
0L 7 GH 1
$ 4
=(P a
2 / 1
!
$0 $@
4 0.# $6 9#
[.# =0a$6 #$Z [(
.
$ 4
M 0`
2 `O % (%
! 1
? 1 O =? :@
!
=
( 1
$ 4
#$Z 1 6
!
$ . 2 `O
! 1
# # 4
=^
Eq
! A0 # 2 `O D 1
%S6 1
% :@
? =^
4
@] ? 1
:P =%
1 . c' 1Ea -
\ $) 1
%
!
=(P a J] ? 51
!
$0 $@
4
( 9#
4
#$Z - % 1
6
!
$ .
(. ) ;0.
1 L?
!
=% -3 C % (%
70
!
$0 $@
1 .
?
! /z =
! g${.# $ 1, /
K @
(. ) 1
$Y) - % \ $% F R P =%
M ` O
!
=
! 1
#$Z - % 1
6
!
$ .
# # -|#
4 Eq #
! D
- % x$F Dd O
? 1
%!
# 0 # -3 9# $0L
1
% .
?
!
`YF = 1 - % x$F " ) Dd O
O
! (. ) K @ = 1
% g
! (%
MS ? f 1 :@
[.#
.
:@
1
Filenchus elegantulus
-
A
: - % 1(? 4
::
B$. =!O
C
:
D Eg :
F1`YF = !? 1(. ) K @
O [.# L G #H6
:.
(? 9# '0.# %
! R #$6 ) 2008 ( =Q# # U$
9 I. )
1988
) (
=E, V = 6
u \, =%
[f 1.
[f T . 1 A ) :% Z h% V) 1
= 6 %
F. longicaudatulus
- L 1
"
.
# I. ) = 6 &
@.9$%
1 ) 1997 (
= 6 %
F. helenae
, g "
1
R #$6 ) 2008 (
#
$? gSF# $`0E # = 6 &
. = 6
. $%
1
%!
$0L
= 6 % # [" ` &
"
F. helenae
4
(szczygiel, 1969) Raski & Geraert, 1987 F. infirmis (Andrássy, 1954) Siddiqi, 1986
- L
1
"
.
# % , =% # = 6 9# &
!
[ :
$) - %
=Y(O
"
4 q$F 1
&A - % O - % $)
! R ') $. =
[`
X$f ) 1(. ) K @ =(P a =% g )
2
:% Y 6 / 2 (
# ?c = 6 9#
1 . g = 6
!
=% H
0.# &0 # $C / Eq $0" ) ? [(
! D
$) ) 4 - 5 / 3
:% Y 5 / 7 - 5 / 6
!
$0 $@
( J] ? $. - % 9# $)
= 6 0 k\%
H 1
$6 .
# , # = 6 &
! :; 9# % &
"
4 - ,3 G#
m 3 4 G #H6
Zell, 1988
) .(
# ) &
h!Y\
=L K#$C# 9# = 6 & # H!
{.
! - 0.$A K#$C# #
m = f 3
3 4 . 1
#$%
4 , #
!
# 9# % &
-#$
G #H6 1 .
:@
2
Filenchus longicaudatulus
-
A
: : - % 1(? 4
:
B4$ =!O :
Cg =!O :
DB [A 1q$F G$%
1` %
2 -
[f R dfL
1T .
F. elegantulus
m 1(P# U$ % = Y 1, - .#$/ 9# 4 3
Origin Nortehrn Khorasan Raski &Geraert
Character Female Female
n 10 7
L 733 ± 71 (642-866) 811 ± 33 (760-858)
L' 615 ± 65.6 (542 -742) -
a 37.2 ± 1.5 (33.8-38.9) 31.5 ± 2.58 (27.6-36.1)
b 5.5 ± 0.5 (4.8-6.3) 5.8 ± 0.21 (5.5-6.1)
c 6.2 ± 0.6 (5.6-7.2) 5.8 ± 0.1 (5.7-5.9)
c' 9.3 ± 1.2 (7.7-11.4) 7.6 ± 0.38 (7.0-7.9)
V 66. 2 ± 1.2 (64.6-68.1) 65 ± 1.01 (64-67)
V' 79 ± 1.1 (77.1-80. 8) 79 ± 1.23 (77-80)
Stylet 11 ± 0.3 (10.5-11.5) 11 ± 0.92 (10-13)
MB 41.1 ± 2.5 (36.8- 46) -
Secretory-Excretory Pore 98. 2 ± 4.6 (93-106) 108.5 ± 4.64 (104-117) Oesophagus 133.5 ± 4.9 ( 125-140) 140.6 ± 2.39 (138-145)
Head-Vulva 485.9 ± 46.6 (435-572) -
PUS 12.6 ± 2.1 (10-16) 14.6 ± 2.28 (11-18)
Vulva - Anus 129.8 ± 19.8 (107-170) 144 ± 11.28 (132-157)
Tail 118 ± 11.1 (100-136) 139.4 ± 6.94 (128-147)
Tail/ v- a 0.9 ± 0.1 (0.7-1.0) 0.97 ± 0.05 (0.92-1.04)
3 -
[f R dfL
Filenchus longicaudatulus
1T . m
4 3
1(P# U$ % = Y 1, - .#$/ 9#
Origin provinceNorthern Khorasan Zell (1988)
Character Female Female
n 12 16
L 399.4 ± 19.1 (374-437) 350-447
L' 267 ± 13.5 (248-293) -
a 39.7 ± 2.7 (35.5-43.7) 25.3-43.6
b 5.8 ± 0.3 (5.4-6.4) 5.0-7.4
c 3 ± 0.1 (2.9-3.1) 2.6-3.2
c' 22.5 ± 2 (20-26.4) -
V 54.1 ± 1.3 (52.1-56.6) 48.8-58.5
V' 80.6 ± 1.7 (78.2-84.5) -
Stylet 6.9 ± 0.3 (6.5-7.5) 6.5-7.5
MB 42.1 ± 1.7 (39.7-45.7) 41.8-50
Secretory-Excretory Pore 51.4 ± 1.7 (50-56) 42-55
Oesophagus 68.3 ± 1.8 (66-72) 58-75
Head-Vulva 216 ± 11.9 (198-242) -
PUS 6.2 ± 0.7 (5.0-7.5) 7.0-10
Vulva - Anus 51.8 ± 5.3 (41-60) -
Tail 131.6 ± 6.9 (120-144) 117-164
Tail/ V-a 2.6 ± 0.3 (2.2-3.2) -
REFERENCES
1. Andrássy, I. (1954). Revision der Gattung Tylenchus Bastian, 1865. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 1, 5-42.
2. Andrássy, I. (1979). The genera and species of the family Tylenchidae
ö
rley, 1880(Nematoda). The genus Tylenchus Bastian, 1865. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 25, 1-33.3. Brzeski, M. W. (1963). On the taxonomic status of Tylenchus filiformis Bütschli, 1873, and the description of T. vulgaris sp. n. (Nematoda: Tylenchidae). Bulletin de l'Académie Polonaise des Sciences, 11, 531-535.
4. Brzeski, M. W. (1982). Taxonomy of Ottolenchus Husain and Khan, and description of Coslenchus
polonicus sp. n. (Nematoda: Tylenchidae). Revue de Nématol, 5, 71-77.
5. Brzeski, M. W. (1997). Redescription of some species of the genus Filenchus Andrássy, 1954.
(Nematoda,Tylenchidae). Miscellanea Zoologica, 20(1), 45-64
6. Butschli, O. (1873). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der freilebenden Nematoden. Nova Acta Academiae Caesarea Leopoldino Carolinae germanicae naturae curiosorum 36, 1-144.
7. De Grisse, A. T. (1969). Redescription ou modifications de quelques techniques utilisées dans l'étude des nématodes phytoparasitaires. Mededelinyen Rijksfakulteit, 34, 351-369.
8. Ghanbarnia, K. (1997). Identification of plant parasitic Nematodes of order Tylenchida from Cotton fields in Gorgan, Gonbad and Varamin provinces. Ms. C. Thesis. Tarbiat Modares University, 102 p. (In Farsi with English summary)
9. Geraert, E. (2008). Tylenchidae of The world. Academic press, 540 pp.
10. Jenkins, W. R. (1964). A rapid centrifugal flotation technique for separating nematodes from soil. Plant Cell Reporter 48, 692.
11. Karegar, A. (1989). Study of parasitic nematode fauna of fruit trees (Pistachio, Almond and Pomegranate) in Yazd province. M.Sc. Thesis. Tarbiat Modarres University. 145 p. (In Farsi with English summary).
12. Karegar, A. & Geraert, E. (1995). The genus Filenchus Andrássy, 1954 (Nemata: Tylenchidae) From Iran. Belg. J. Zool., 125(2), 363-382.
13. Karegar, A. & Geraert, E. (1998 a). Description of Filenchus paravesiculosus sp. n. and three other species of the genus Filenchus Andrássy, 1954 (Nemata: Tylenchidae) from Iran. Nematologica, 44, 225-239.
14. Karegar, A. & Geraert, E. (1998 b). The genus Filenchus Andrássy, 1954 (Nemata: Tylenchidae) from Iran. Species with four lateral lines. Journal of Nematode Morphology and Systematics, 1, 1-22.
15. Karegar, A., Kashi Nahanji, L. & Babolhavaeji, F. (2002). Identification and determination of plant parasitic dispersion in sugar beet fields in Hamadan province. In: Proceedings of the 15th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Page 142.
16. Kheiri, A. (1970). Two new species in the family Tylenchidae (nematoda) from Iran, with a key to Psilenchus de Man, 1921. Nematologica, 16, 359-368.
17. Lownsbery, J. W. & Lownsbery, B. F. (1985). Plant parasitic nematodes associated with forest trees in California. Hilgardia, 53, 1-16.
18. Pedramfar, H. (1997). Identification of plant parasitic nematode fauna of order Tylenchida from rice field in Guilan province. M.Sc. Thesis. Tarbiat Modarres University, 100 p. (In Farsi with English summary).
19. Raski, D. J. & Geraert, E. (1987). Review of the genus Filenchus Andrássy, 1954 and description of six new species (Nemata: Tylenchidae). Nematologica, 32, 265-311.
20. Siddiqi, M. R. (1986). Tylenchida: Parasites of Plants and Insects. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Slough.
21. Zell, H. (1988). Nematoden eines Buchenwaldbodens. 10. Die Tylenchen (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea).
Carolinea, 46, 75-98.