, ) (
*
:
:
!"
E-mail: [email protected]
فﺮﺼﻣ ﻢﻛﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ زا ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﮔﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺬﻐﺗ و ﻲﻜﺸﺧ ﺶﻨﺗ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ
،ﻞﻴﻓوﺮﻠﻛ يﻮﺘﺤﻣ ،ﻞﻴﻓوﺮﻠﻛ ﺲﻧﺎﺳرﻮﻠﻓ يﺎﻫﺮﺘﻣارﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ،
RWCترذ ﻪﻧاد دﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ و ﺎﺸﻏ يراﺪﻳﺎﭘ )
704 (
SC
ﻲﭼﻮﻠﺑ ﺶﻳورد نﺎﺟﺮﻣ
*1
كﺎﭘ دازﺮﻓ ،
2داﮋﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺷﺎﻛ ﻲﻠﻋ ، ﻲﻧﺎﻛدرا ﺎﺿرﺪﻤﺤﻣ ،3
ﻲﭼﻮﻠﺑ ﻲﺸﻳورد بﺎﺘﻬﻣ و4 5
!" #$% &' !(
)
*+ ,- :
/ / ..
0 1 2- ,- :
/ / ..
(
هﺪﻴﻜﭼ
!
"
#$
% &' ()* # +,-
!
"
#.
# / 01 # 2 # +3#
4 ,5 6
789:
,- ;<
. # >
/$ ? ?
@A # BC
% E :C % FG %
H I' JK # *
K LM
M N. O
# IP Q E
8 ) K
# EK/!
G ) K
# /!
K LM M K
# ,- KR .
"!KS
TU! V
>
"KW E # # #XUM P ",S ERWC
# 5 #
,KR * .
K 6 5 # X$ ? ## L Y
Fo
Chla, Chlab
(GY)
6UK5 @A # 7
% "!KS
Fv /Fm
E 6UK5 @A # Chlb
G % [
# )5 # E,-
\] ;# 5 # /
Fo
6UK5 @A # G
% [
# #
!KS ] [
# I-, "
. ] 6 5 #
^ 3
>
?_ ,## L !
,] X$ ? @A
Chl, aChlb, Chlab, FV/FM
S ,
"
?!P
L_
Fo
I-# ?_
. ;# 5 #
3 KS >
Fo
?_
FV
## L ?!
. `
\] 6 5 # R
Fo
6UK5 @A # G
% # P XKX) I,! I*
@A 7 % [
# ,- . \] ;# 5 #
Fo
6UK5 @A # G
% [
#
#R , . ] ^
3
>
_ E,## L !
6W &A ? -S
,] E
Fo
5 # ! #
,- #
)5 # S
,
"
,- K P .
> 6 5 # +# 3K^aU!
FV/FM
E
FV
E
Chla,Chlab
E b Iac 3K^aU! # #XUM EC Fo
3K^aU!
#d Q
I-#
. 3K^aU! >K ;# 5 #
FV/FM
E
FV
E
FM
3K^aU! >KU
Fo
#d
I-#
. \] 6 5 # ]K
@A #EC
7 % ;# 5 #
Fo
@A # G
%
[
# ,- . +, "!KS ## L ? YK ? \- IW +,- "R
X$
,- ? ,- >[ I0d # "[ LM , .
>TU!
Fv/Fm
E
Fv
K5
Fm
( "![
? ,- " "
,- .
هژاو ﺎﻫ ي ﻠﻛ ﻴ ﺪ ي : /$ ?
E E
E "KW
"KW Ea^ e
P ",S .
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
#
$%
$
&'() *+
, - . /
0 1'2') (- .
&
3
(Malakuti et al.,
2005)
. . % 567/ '%
+3 8- 9( &
;
$%#
<
&(
. ='#+ 1'2') +1
(+
&
, . 3 .
>
. +>&
3
(Graan &
Boyer, 1990) Havaux et al., 1998;
.(
2 . @' ,
)
PS ІІ
( . - +* B+C 9 DE .
/
$%#
(+ 1(+ 9 5# F
PSІІ
3 . 3 (+
.
>
. 2') . @' 53 9 II
G 8- . +H IJ 0
.
(Comic & Briatais,
1991; Cornuc, 1994; Kuchaki et al., 1997)
. G+
$%#
* 2') .
@' 9 5# F
(+
&
, 3') .
>
. +3 J
* ;
3 .
0+* +1
'$7+ K'+
+1)+
(Giardi et al., 1996; Lauer & Boyer, 1992; Lu &
et al., 2002)
. 'H 9* 9(
$%# 8C 9 &
, * 9'
<3 , (+
. H ( B
&( D'2 + <9')
G+ '$7+ K'+
- 8 , (+
. &( ( '
. 9L
- 8#2 IM 5H
3
(Malakuti et al.,
2005; Havaux et al., 1998; Paknejad et al., 2007a)
.
$ *+ '2+
. )( N2) O .
B PC +
*+
. +) 9QE= + .7 @.7'
>
(Alidib, 1994; Araus & Hogan, 1994;
Flageaa et al., 1994; Malakuti et al., 2005)
. 967/
&'+R , )( N2) .
$ B .
$ 2
S . T U 2
*++ BH V 0
. , 82+
(Malakuti et al., 2005)
.
Fo
'2+ +
') 3 .
>
. W+ *+
, X+
. + 82+ Y(+E 9'T
3') &(
.
>
. N2) .
Y(+E 1
3 .
'H )( 53
+K *+ N2) 3
Fo
9
# +K Y(+E 6
FM
+1)+
R . + ( . +
+1)+
% +1)+ <&
L $>C
1>& 82+ N2) (+ 8C2 &(
&
,
3') .
>
. 3 . 7 . + B 9( 82+ J &(
QA
E+
. 9' (+ 1( 82+ 3
3 .
1 -Quinon A
* ( 9(
. (+ <'& 9' (+ 1(+ 9
&
,
3') .
>
.
> Z )( N2) &
. 9 B
# +1. Y(+E 6
FM
2 . U T VH+
[ 9.2 9 9
@'.2') Π
L + BC 3
IM &[ \+
CO2
@% &[ 9] 8.
.0
^[ 1. ]%# ; +3 8- ,*0 5_U 8U 3
FV/FM
`C K 9[ 3 *+ ,'>[
[.E+ ATP
.X +H '2+ &
(Shirmard kemanshahi, 2003)
.
0 aUb c+1
Paknejad et al.
)
2007a
(
$%#
d' N2) &( F ..
)
FV
( <
7+ N2) .
9 )
Fo
( P'+( $>C <
)
FV/FM
( 3 .
* 9(
FV/FM
R &(
. + 9( 82+ @e (
+ . @
Fo
+1)+
R . ( + d
..
+1+
, X
+ &( F 82+ 3 8U
. +1)+
Fo
% +1)+ &
P+e+ N2) +#
1(+
(+
PSІІ
W+ K'+ ='#+
, 8e '$7+
X+
. X'T (+ 1(+
3 . ( b 9
+
0+* 9( 80
,
> F
+ d ..
5+
3 . V FS+
+ *+ 9( 3
$ . O
& 9 c +>
&
, X , BY ,'- <B.)[
,'- 82+ $> 9( %S ,+ R <U 8b
$%# 9 8K
3 '2+ <& % +
)
Flageaa et al., 1994 (Lu et al., 2003;
.
*++
0 . ,
. )( N2) +1 .
% 9C1 B (+ &
6H+
1'2') X'2 ,
8- 9( 82+
+3 Ub ; . 6
. 82+ 3 - '%
(Araus Bilger et al., 1995;
Hogah, 1994a)
.
Pessarkil (1999)
. 9( +
)( 8QS fE 1'2') P+
. +3 8- B ;
g#3 9> *+
&
, ) . 1 W7
$
$%# B>-
82+
.
+1)+
)( 8U .
B 9 a
+3 b
$%# ;
9/2+ 9 d
..
2 .
@'
&
, 1'2') , 8e
2') '>( 8U .
@' 2') 9 II
.
@' I
3
(Estill et al., 1991)
. '- &[
, )(
. 8- B
+3
$%# ;
8QS fE 82+ 3 c+10
)(
. 8- B +3
$%# ;
1'2') 5UG 9
+ +3 O>( ;
(
(Castrillo & Trujillo,
1994)
.
Castrillo & Trujillo
) (1994
. X'U>& 1
'UY
!" #
$ :
%& '" " ()* +,' #&* -* ."
...
+ . ,'- U IJ h ) (RWC
8QS
)(
. R <B . 76) .
1J 8 @ . &% $
( .
&
, - . / d ..
Q *+ %S >'#2
>(
. ( 8 . . 2+ 8 .
&
, R I .
&
+
0 3 . G 8- + .
H
& +
(Majdi heravan,
1994)
. &(
iU3+ <h RWC
, 1'2')
'+( $>C
&( &
.
&jR
&
, 9
H+ 82+ + % J B>C
9(
'>(
,
$%# 9 <+
B>-' . 2J G+
. F MR , ,%S
2 .
>2=R' '- 9 2 5 .
( c+
9(
+ +K + 5#
*++ + 0
. , 8% +K
6 ..
>
(Shirmard kemanshahi, 2003)
.
Haghparast
) (1997
<9[ [ c+10 72 +
$%# G+
T 3 F 72 V
k(+
9
- B#+
. S `C > c+ ; .
_ 3 f
+& ') 8
'$7+
$ ) (EC
- 3
.
. 9& F S V
. f 9( 82+ J 9% 3
2
&
, . '%
, T 8K @H J 3 F
'>(
,
$%# 9 +
(Haghparast, 1997)
.
N2) +[ *+ &jR + *+ l&
@H 5m B.)[
)
KSC704
( ; +3 8-
0 9 Md ]%#
@[ \C # ,+ ln
82+ 9+ .7 .
. oU+ &jR + +
,&'+R 9+ ]>C
FV/FM
N2) BH+E <
)
Fo
( .d' N2) <
)
FV
( +1)+ * pn
Fo
9
FM
) (T1/2
3 ,.0 *++
.
شور و داﻮﻣ
ﺎﻫ
2 *J + q
.K- 9C1 K
VH+ r[ E+ =2+ +*J X%+ ,*%[ ]%+
PL+ 83&
3 . @.H+ ,++ 83& 9K/
9_2 0 ;2' ^%# 9>.
J s '>..
82+ 3 c+10 )
Paknejad et al., 2007a
( .
*J
5( 5n
&
, R tb F7H 3 # u 9
&
,
)n B(
+ 3 + . a>C *+
!
! '2 ,' v#
1. Relative water content
9 9> .* 9/K 8& *+ h+1X * b 5n ,+
8) MR PL+ )n .
9> Nw2 oT @& &
0 92x X% *J 9 F[ 9> ^
v# 5K.K-
3 '2) IJ )
.(
'()
$%#
y/2 92 z!
% <
q!
% <
s % T . 9
'b F. 9 9[
T1, T2, T3
)6 3
9
\+ '() +C
\C ln @[
92 8QS
\ <
'.7 7 . '$& ' F. 9 9[
M3 ,M2
,M1
)6 <0
C) '() +C 9
Q
3 9')0 9E b
q *+ BUH 0
mJ B0 e|
3 3R - .0 , .
+
*J ( *+
Liberel
L P
'2+ BMX
( 9( 3 .
B3 J 5U
= s /
!
%<
7 . U
=
! /
!
%<
,
= q/
!
%<
N
= s /
%<
1X
= s /
%<
&J
=
/ % . +K
!!
( . 5) ( '$& P0
J . P
!!
( . 572 ( '$& P0 2'R
. @
R 5n
* 9 9 . 3 +
(Malakuti et al., 2005)
.
&M , C 5m
<3
/ / q /
'2 a>C '2 . 3 8%( '>
. 83( B-
M 3 1U2 *+ NR 3 + +H M
9E z 0 @(+ D2+
!!!!
'$& 9
0 O
!!
( . b + ( '$& P0
9E )
9E &
! ( . '$& P0 (
ln
3 .
&(
, )n E u# *J D2+
+- +MS \C .
3 ln 5m *
)
Malakuti et al., 2005
(.
J . , * z 0 /
+ B(
, P>
. 3 PL+ &>
. 9 >C+ Q .
>
$%#
.
&>
, u p'T
&
,
0 9(
=UH L2+ *J
3 Fn ')0 +H
- 9 9
7(
. 2+U . u
&
,
0
=UH 9(
uR ;2 2 +j
z 82 $%+ 9C1
82+ J
(Paknejad et al., 2007b)
<
&
X'2 *
Soil moisure
+C+
!<<"!
% +
*+ NR <+
+C+ 8k+H J 9 P+H+
. , .
&>
, 0 9b
. &
*J 5(
% B3 q b 9 83( p
'
9\) 8%(
p s /
! ' .
*++ 8e >] B.)[ N2) +1. ,.0
) 9E b &0 *+ NR 9\
8C2 *+ *
/
8C2 yU\ 9K.H
/
e|*+6 9K.H
*++
3 PL+ ,.0 .
X'2 *+ Q + ,+
Plant
Stress meter Biomontor AB
9[ 3 '2+ B R
0 +'+
. 9' *+ .>b+ *+ NR nT
9
e P2 B[ h eJ ,&
,_ *+ P
9
<
5[ & 83[ P p
<
hU0 *+ 9] /
h 0 Fn <'3+ 9\) \+
] &
0 pH' 1'2') 3 [+ 9')0 +H 5 9 e0 Q + ,+
3# 9K.H
')0 +H 5 + 3 ,w2 *+ NR
<
0 . &
9
.) 0 9 0 Bn' X'2 , U .
* &
3 3 97 X'2 > 5'2+
3 . h 9 , U.) a b *+ ' 9.7+ N2) B.UH *+ N2) ,&'+R
(Fo)
<
N2) Y[+E
(FM)
<
.d' N2)
(FV)
]>C B.'R )
FV/FM
( pn *+ +1)+ *
(Fo)
(FM)
<
9[ T1/2
&| X'2 X% > 9-\ ,
0
<
83+
3 ,+
. y/2 )
y/2 PFD
) (
9.G V ' ) ].
. *
3 IT'+ &>. P> ,+ 9.G .
*++ 8e ,.0
,'- h <B.)[
*+ 6 &
c 9 X% *J 9C1 *+ K'+
Ferus &
Arkosiova
)
!!
( ,'- 3 ,.0 *++ B.)[
.
nC *+ 6 c + IM +1. h *+ ,.0
r b '')']w2+ X'2 ;2 3 ,&
) ;2 0 8k+H ' ,&
* ,'- [ 3 9U2- B.)
:
Chl.a(mg0L-1)=(12/25*A663) –(2/79*A647)*D
Chl.b(mg0L-1)=(21/5*A663)-(5/1*A647)*D Chl.ab(mg0L-1)=(7/15*A663) +
(18/71*A647)*D
J 9[
:
ChL.a+b, ChL.b, ChLa
F. 9 ,'-
B.)[
B.)[ i>L b,a
FE a+b
. <'.7 P0 : A
. nC ;2 IM +1
r b 9b ,&
:D
'')']w2+ X'2 5[ # 8T
'2 FE 82+ '
.
Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.
J 9[
: =PC
. FE @R h B.)[ ,'- P0
V' '2+ @LE=D
% '2+
FE '2+ h 8E=A
V'
=ChL
) *+ J 82 B.)[ ,'- UH ,&
82+ '.7 P0 . FE .
* ) a b *+ U 8b ,'- +1.
J 82
(Kuchaki et al., 1997)
:
Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.
FW
= h *
DW
= h ^%# *
SW
= h iU3+ *
*++ Q 9 R ,.0
,+
%S , *+ >2=R'.2
h
B- *+ gT% ] 8E ^
hU0
^ + Nw2 0 9.e &
l| &
I %) .' - ,'- 9[ ,+
2+
>
1 ,
3 + +H .
^ 5 9 &
9bS '. - 8C2 +K Nw2
8.H - ] ']7+ 8 +&
X'2 9.2 9 &
].
' EC
,
'2 9 8k+H +0
0 )
Habibi, 1993
( .
R 3
o/# *+
z 5[ &
*++ 9+ ]>C ,.0
3 . *+ ,J 5U2- 8e
P +1)+
,& SAS ANOVA
3 '2+
.
9 K .X.
*J *+ '2+ ,>. ,&
9+
y/2 ]+ ,+
6 + , PL+ \
0 .
ﺑ و ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
ﺚﺤ
]%# 9[ + % N + 9 1L ' '+R ,+ 9> + 9E
Fo
B.)[ ,'- <
B.)[ ,'- <a
>'E+ y/2 9+ ]>C ab
% ,&'+R
Fv /Fm
B.)[ <
>'E+ y/2 b
% 6 + 3 .
!" #
$ :
%& '" " ()* +,' #&* -* ."
...
012 3 4 567 8 9' #
pH OC EC
%
Fe
mg/kg
Mn
mg/kg
Cu
mg/kg
Zn
mg/kg
B
mg/kg
Mo
mg/kg
Mg
mg/kg
Ca
Mg/kg
K
p.p.m
P
p.p.m
N
%
/ / / / / / / /
! cm
.X. 9 K 967/
) ( + %
&3 >. 9+ ]>C 9[
T1
+K q /
"
>. 9 8U V' P0
T3
) 3 (
+K s /
!!
6 , V' P0 9'3+ ,+
>. 9] / <82+
T3
+1. 9
&[ \
82+ + % + ]>C .
.X. 9 K .>&
,'- >2=R'.2 ,%S ,+ R 9[ + % B.)[
<a
b
0 ab
+H ' ,J ,&
'>[ y/2 +1)+ 9[ ,b 9 <')0 B.)[ +1.
<a b
%S ,+ R +1. ab
'.2 >. 9 o >2=R
T3
) 3 (
3
) .(
,'- %S ] ']7+ 8 +& 8.H +1.
B.)[
<a b
&3 9 8U 3 >. ab
F. 9 q
+1)+ <
<
! + &( \
7E <+ % >. 9 K 9[
T2
)
;2' (
&3 >.
T1
l='#+
6 + '3+ , .
; +3
B[ ,.J )
&3 ( ,'- y/2 h B.)[
,%S ,+ R +1. '%. 83+ +H _ >. 9 o >2=R'.2
T1
' 9[ <
Haghparast
) (1997
Shirmard kermanshahi
) (2003
+1. 9].7E 83+ 8K/
,'-
[ >. B.)
T1
>.
T2
)
;2' (
l='#+
6 + _>'E+ 9[ '3+ , q!
% BH 8b 9.T
h B.)[ +1. &[ ,.G v# D'2 l='#+ C 82+ 9'3+
6 + >. . ,
&% 2 ,%S ,+ R ;2' &3 %S ,+ R 9] / 3 >.
T2
*+ '%.
T3
<
% 9[
_>'E+ &
# E 9'+ .0
9[ ,b 9 > '[ 2 y/2 + ;2'
+E 3 >. 9 8U z
8% \
8% 9[ LJ *+ 82+ + &[ + <+ N]C 9/+ >2=R'.2 ,%S ,+ R +
T2
9 8U ,'%. ,%S ,+ R +1. *+
T3
82+ +#
. 9E + 9>
+ , 9.T 8b BH
012 3 ;<7 =>
?@A B7.@ C6D ?@A C6E
,F C1D C6E
G=7 H4 0 I
"#$ %&' ) (*+
,&- ( 0 1 2
34 (%) 10
6+78 ab
) 9: 7+
; 1 ( 10
6+78 b
) 9: 7+
; 1 ( 10
6+78 a
) 9: 7+
; 1 (
<- =>
?&@
F0 FM +A &++1
B14+C1 II ,C7
+D1 E8%F ,C7 6G%F
,C7
b
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ b
/
% +7HI 12
)
%J ( T1
b
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ ab
/ a
/ a
/ a
/
% 12 +7HI
T2
a
/ a
/ b
/ b
/ b
/ a
/ b
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ % HI +7 12 T3
Microelements
b
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/
%J Mo
ab
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ 1KJ 1+
M2
a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ 1KJ 1+
M3
L+M+
N O(PI %G %14J Q1# RF S& 6G%F T IPU - 9%T J 7N1 J 2 LK <-V WC
لﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﺢﻄﺳ رد 5
ﺪﺻرد
%
.
, ) (
*
:
:
!"
E-mail: [email protected]
D'2 s
) % 3 (
@% &[ F .0
0 B.)[ ,'- .
VH+
,'- h B.)[
t/2 +1)+ 9 >2=R'.2 ,%S ,+ R +K '>[ 9] / + % [+ ]%#
B.)[
. '%
>. 9 o 8%
' 9[ 3 3
Paknejad et al.
)
2007a
(
Arus et al.
(1998b)
+ 8K/
.
2 9 K .X.
) ( + %
+1. '>[ 9[
Fo
>. 9 o + 9E
T1
)
&3 ( +1. '%.
Fv /Fm
>. 9 o
T3
) 3 (
3 . + 9\E 5+..d
' 9E
Arus et al.
(1998c)
<
Liang et al.
(1997) Zelato & Yordanov
(2005)
+ 8K/
.
+K eJ '
Fo
t/2 +1)+ ; +3
; +3 9 8U + +K '%. ]%#
% 9[ ++
[+ 1[+ F T P+e+ &
PSΠ
82+ ]%# ; +3 .
Havaux et al.
) (1998
# 9[ > . 5+..d e 9 ]%
6 + ,
Fo
> L + 0 _>6 [
]%# F.[ e 9 F +
%[+ 1[+ F T P+e+
PSΠ
9L.' 3
Fo
+ < +1)+
' ;2
Araus et al.
(1998c)
Wilson & Greaves (1993)
. 1 82+ 3 P=C+
. *+
9> * *J ; +3 8- 9]. LJ ,+
3 L + 0 _>'E+ _ ;.- , '%. F T 9L.' ]%# G+ +1)+ `C [+ 1[+
PSΠ
82+ 0 .
+K
Fv /Fm
t/2 +1)+ + 9E
% %&[ ]%#
+K 9] / +
Fv /Fm
>.
T3
&3 9 8U 83+ + # +K '>[
+1. 9
! % + % &[
. +K 9] + 9 9
Fm
9> + 9E ,.J t/2 PH+ ,+
0 ^ t/2 P> 8G U K
&[ + 8)0 +H ,J %
Fv /Fm
o
&[ 9
Fo
; +3 8- 3
. +K
Fv /Fm
% ']7+ K'+ 8.)| &
PSΠ
82+
)
Paknejad et al., 2007a
( P'+[ ]>C 9[ <
+ _ X'U>& g7# 1'2')
(Anonymous,
1993)
&[ + <
! 8U ,\
Fv /Fm
9%
E +1. &[
82+ .7 .>& , 8|
G+ 1'2') +[ ]%# 9] + 6
+ ,
82+ 9'3+M0 .
Alidib et al.
) (1994
9[ '3+ .
@'.2') 9.2 9 ) ln +[ &[
II
gT% ; +3 8- + , 0+* +1.
[ . .>&
Alidib et al.
) (1994
. 9[ '3+
@'.2') .>.3') +[ &[
B.7 >C II
.0 X'T.X+ ,W+ 3 +1)+
B.)[ ,&
82+
. kLJ *+
'+R 9[
Fo
p'T t/2 8-
]%#
6 + 82+ J & % 9 + <3
+[ Q *+ ]%# p'T t/2 . 9[
B.)[
6 5 'J + ,+
(Anonymous, 1993; Wilson & Greaves, 1993)
*+
8U )b
Fv/Fm
]%# p'T t/2 .
5 1.
6 + 9[<+ % + , 9L.' +
t/2 . 9+ $>C 9\E 5 > ,.0
$%# p'T
]>C 5 B\E '%.
'+[
3 . K'+ . ='#+ L + 8C 9
8) F T ']7+
8- 1'2') ;U ,&
+'2 *+ I/ '2+ 9 H .0 < ; +3 +'2 ln +[ B.7 .>& 9 8. ,W+
&[ 53 9 / +3 . 8- ,W+
9[
[ B.7 + ; +3 8- 9+ ]>C &
3 E *J
(Paknejad et al., 2007a;
Scantsciarnugnozza et al.,1996)
.
! 9 Md 9[ + % N + 9 1L '
9> + 9E ln @[ 0 '+R ,+
Fo
>'E+ y/2
% ] ']7+ 8 +& 8.H
y/2 %S
\ 6 + &'+R 9.K 3
G+
6 + 83+ , .
0 .>&
,&>. ,
!" #
$ :
%& '" " ()* +,' #&* -* ."
...
J
t/2 +1)+ 9[ + % ln @[ 0 9 Md +1. 0 9 Md
Fo
8) +1)+
. '>[ VH+
+K
Fo
o >. 9
M1
)
&3 ( +K '%.
Fo
>. 9 o
M3
) ']& '.7 (
9[ 3
. 9 + 0 9 Md t/2 +1)+ 9[ [
1[+ '%. F T P+e+ `C ,Md1 \C [+
PSΠ
_>6 87E + 9[ 82+ 0
, 0 <]%# ; +3 Z
&
(Anglopoulos et al., 1996; Araus et al., 1998b;
Compos, 1998)
. + 9[ 8)0 9L.' +
87E L + `C y/2 + 0 9 Md _>'E+
F.2J 9 L 8 e 9[ 82+ 0 .0
@'.2') [+ 1[+ F T 8 e II
]>C &[
'+[
3 .
9[ + % .X. 9 K 2 )b *+
8.H <ln @[ \C 0 9 Md t/2 +1)+
+1. 9 <3 r+T'2+ - ] ']7+ 8 +&
+1. '%. 9[ ,b 9 8) &[ ,.X>%
>. 9 o ] ']7+ 8 +& 8.H
M3
+ 9[ <
8U >.
&3 9 )
M1
( &(
! % + ,\
LJ *+ <+
8 +& 8.H . 2]6 9/+ 9[
%S ,+ R 3 r+T'2+ - ] ']7+
>. 9 o %S ,+ R '%. + <+
M1
)
&3 ( +M7 <3 9 Md 9[ 8)0 9L.' +
R +1)+ F e 9 0 +
, <82+ X %S
+ >'#2 5U.[ ,+M0G+ _>'E+ 9]
*+ . 9 + 8% J '%. F T F 82+ 9'%0 + .
"#$ % &'(
!
1 \C 0 9 Md ]%# BK' G+
,Md 9 y/2 ] ']7+ 8 +& 8.H 1
\ 6 + 3 . 9[ + % BK' 5+G+ 2
0 9 Md t/2 +1)+ 3 ; +3 8- +1)+ ,.X>% +1. 9 ] ']7+ 8 +& 8.H 8 +& 8.H +1. Y[+E 9[ ,b 9 82+ 9') >. ] ']7+
T3M3
9 8U 9[ 3 &%
+1)+ ^ &3 q
+ % + ,\
) B]3
( +M7 <
9 Md 3 ; +3 8- 9[ 8)0 9L.' + 8.6 Ue `C e 9 ,Md1 \C 0 % `C # 9] <82+ X .0 ,1'2') 0 .0 ]%# 5+G+
+ R &[
,
h 72 + F T X% # 9[ 2 %S 2 pC ; +3 L + F 3
82+ 3 .0 .
' ' +
Shirmard
kermanshahi
) (2003
+ 8K/
.
" ) *+ ,(-./
/(0 ,
9+ ]>C . oU+
(GY)
V 2 ,&'+R
p'T t/2 h B.)[ N2) +H *+ ,Md1 \C 0 9 Md ]%#
8)0 ) z .(
_ X'U>& 9+ ]>C
Fo
+ % ) **
/
!
(r =
>&
. ,&'+R
Fv
) z**
/
! (r = Fv /Fm
. 1 )
"**
/
! 8UY X'U>&(r=
+ % 9+ ]>C + _ .
1. Grain Yeild
0 50 100 150
(ز و ) ا اه
m1 43.3 61.75 56.1
m2 47.12 62.57 88.9
m3 67.95 52.35 111.65
40 ر رد 60 ر رد 75 ر رد
0 I +6+K L1 L"M " NO PA %& +,' #&* ?">6- 3 ?+
Araus et al.
(1998c)
_ 8UY X'U>& 1.
9+ ]>C .
Fv
7E '3+ . . eJ 9[
'+R
Fv /Fm
X'U>& '>[
z)
/
! + (r=
[ &% 9+ ]>C .
+K 9] +
Fo
8-
X'U>& + 8) &[ p'T t/2 9+ ]>C .
Fo
_>'E+ 9[ 82+ J X.
9+ ]>C ,'%. G+ N2) ,&'[) 9.K \ ]%# 9 B>- *+ 8e +M7 <+
.Q
Fv Fv /Fm
+ ]>C _ X'U>& 9[
.>b+ BH '&
.
Zelato & Yordanov (2005)
'+R 9[ K'6 1.
Fv /Fm
,+ # 9nT%
; +3 '[ ; +3 . 5 ..6 3
.
.>&
Araus et al.
(1998b)
+ X'U>& '%.
,+
Fm ,Fv ,Fo
+10 9[ [ . > c
Fv /Fm
+ 9+ ]>C + X'U>& '>[
.
Paknejad et
)al.
2007a
( . X'U>& '%. 9[ > .
.Q &'+R 9+ ]>C
Fm
<
Fv
Fv /Fm
3 .
Moffat et al (1990)
P0 , % *J
. 1. 3 ^H+ ; +3 8- 9[ >
Fv
+ X'U>& 9+ ]>C .
*J ; +3 8-
. , * X'U>& E
Fv Fv /Fm
9+ ]>C
' a/ 9[ 83+
Paknejad et al.
(2007a)
<
Araous & Hogan (1994a)
<
Zelato &
Yordanov (2005)
3
(Masojidek et al., 1991)
.
X'U>&
'+R .
Fo
X ,&'+R P>
N2) ,'-
h B.)[
,'- U IJ
>2=R'.2 ,%S ,+ R .
X'U>&
'+R
Fv Fv/Fm
,'- B.)[
,+ R ha
F. 9 >2=R'.2 ,%S )
**
/
! (r=
<
) qq*
/
! (r=
<
) s*
/
! (r=
.
Fv/Fm
X'U>&
_ 8UY
B.)[
)a
**
/
! (r=
B.)[ <
)b
s*
/
! ( r=
B.)[
<ab
) s"**
/
! (r=
>2=R'.2 ,%S ,+ R
) **
/
! ( r =
83+
.
kLJ *+
8U 9[
Fv /Fm
% 8.)| &
']7+ K'+
PSΠ
3 )
Paknejad et al., 2007a
(
g7# 1'2') P'+[ ]>C 9[
_ X'U>&
+ +1. 9& 9[ 8)0 9L.' + ,'-
3 '%. 2 ,%S ,+ R _ h B.)[
@'.2') *+ ']7+ K'+ ,+ B.)[ ; +3
II
]>C ') _ F 9L.' &+# 'e 3 &+# g7# 1'2') P'+[
(Bilger et al., 1995;
Paknejad et al., 2007a)
. 8#2 +1. 87E +
NADPH
[+ b ATP
1'2') 3 ,&
.0 _ ]>C 9 L 8 e 9[ <3 '%.
9+ ]>C ,_ 8UY X'U>& 3
FV/FM
&+# 9. BH .
,_ X'U>&
Fv
1.
B.)[ ,'- >2=R'.2 ,%S ,+ R h
'%. ,.E+ ,+ ; +3 9[ 82+ J *+ [E B[
']7+ MR
(Q)
9L.' @&+)
IJ 9 1L 9 o [+ ']7+ K'+
@'.2') MR ,.E+ % L + 7='#+ II
']7+
') MR PL+ B[ / (Q)
9[ 82+ 9
1.Quinon
!" #
$ :
%& '" " ()* +,' #&* -* ."
...
g7# 1'2') '+[ +[ +1)+ `C 8 e ,_ 8UY X'U>& 9[ 0
Fv
]>C .
1
% + &
82+ F/
.
1 % 2(3 45+
!
]%# G+ 9[ + % N + 9 1L ' '+R ;K) P 9E
Fo
>'E+ y/2
%
6 6 G+ &'+R 9.K + 83+ ,+
.
.X. 9 K 2 )
( 9[ + %
+1. ]%# t/2 +1)+
Fo
/
6 >. 9] / <3 * ,+
T3
&3 9 8U
+1)+
z +1. + ,\
Fo
.>& <+ %
+1.
Fv
<83+ &[ ]%# t/2 +1)+
>. 9] /
T3
+1. '>[
Fv
&3 9 8U
+1. 9 &[ + 9[ 0 &%
z % 3 .
9].kLJ *+
Fv
']7+ MR B[ ,.E+ X%
(Q)
9[ > oU'2+ + + <3 ']7+ K'+ ]%#
9 І [ L + ='#+ PS
82+
. B.)[ N2) +K _\+
9[ * a
']7+ MR 9 82+ * 3 .E+ 87E Q
+K B.7 +
Fv
+ 3 * 87E + 1.
9[ * N2) +K 82+ .[+ 87E Q
B.)[
@[ a
3 . 1. 87E + +
Fv
&[
. < ; +3 X 5UC 9 E Q
3 .[+
+ <3 9[ > oU'2+ +
']7+ K'+ _>'E+ ]%#
@'.2') IJ 9 1L 9 o [+
='#+ II
*+ 6 ']7+ K'+ G+ [ L + .7+
']7+ MR + *+ 9[ 82+ 1. (Q)
&[ g7# 1'2') '+[ +[ +1. a b 82+ 9') .
+K /.- ,&
Fv
8C 9 +
.2+.[+') *+ 86>
PSΠ
&[
&
(Araous et al., 1998c; Zelato & Yordanov, 2005)
.
! "#" $! %
0 9 Md G+ 9[ + % N + 9 1L 2 '+R ;K) P 9E ,Md1 \C
Fo
>'E+ y/2
% 6 G+ &'+R 9.K 3 + 6
83+ ,+
. .X. 9 K 2
) ( 0 9 Md t/2 +1)+ 9[ + %
C +1. ,Md 1 \
Fo
+1)+ &3 >. 9 8U
>. 9] / 8)
M3 M1
)
&3 ( P+[ &
kLJ *+ ')0 +H 5' ,J 0 K 9[
Fo
%
@'.2') *+ 'J B.)[ N2) &
I
3
(Anonymous, 1993; Wilson & Greaves, 1993)
9 +M7 Q 6 9 9 2 +
Fo
+1. 9 ,Md1 \C 0 9 Md p'T t/2
']& '.7
`C P+e+
F T '%.
1[+
@'.2') [+
87E + 9[ 82+ 0 II
Z , 0 <]%# ; +3 8- _>6 &
) . V + 9E
(...
+ +
`C y/2 + 0 9 Md _>'E+ 9[ 8)0 9L.' 8 e 9[ 82+ 0 .0 87E +1)+
@'.2') [+ 1[ F T F.2J 9 L
II
82+ 0 .
,+ R ln @[ \C G+ 9] +
>2=R'.2 ,%S 6
+ + % 9 K 2
8- >2=R'.2 ,%S ,+ R 9[ + % .X.
0 ,Md1 \C p'T t/2 .G
,&
')0 +H 5' 9
,b %S ,+ R '%. 9[
>. 9 o
M1
)
&3 ( +1. '>[ 9[
EC
) ] ']7+ 8 +& 8.H (
+1)+ 83+ + %S *+
y/2 9 0 9 Md
M2
) ']& '.7 (
+1.
+ *+ 72 8% +1. 0 '>[ %S ,+ R
& 83+ +1)+ 72 . ,) 9 2 9[
9+ ]>C G+ + 6
+ U . ,_ t/2
3 L + .0 9[ '.>2 G+ _>'E+ 0 9 Md C . 6 82+
+ 72 + [ 8[3 \
+ + 8% 87E L + `C 9 + * @e ] ']7+ 8 +& 8.H +1)+ 8 e ;.- 9 ) (EC
%S 9 + ; +3 9[ 82+ 0
1. X .KK- ;2
82+ 3 .
(Blum &
Ebercom, 1981)
.
012 3 =>
;<7 ?@A B7.@ C6D I G=7 H4 C6E ,F C1D ?@A C6E
"#$ %&'
10 10
10 10
- =>
<
+A ,C7 E8%F
6G%F
Q
) ,&- (*+
( 2
34
(%) 6+78 ab
) 7+
9:
;1 ( 6+78 b
) 7+
9:
;1 ( 6+78 a
) 9: 7+
;1 (
?&@
F0 FM
&++1 B14+C1
Π +D1 ,C7 ,C7
a
/ a
/ Y a
/ Ya
/ Y a
/ a
/ Ya
/ a
/ Y a
/ ab
/
% 12 +7HI
)
%J ( T1
a
/ Ya
/ a
/ Y a
/ a
/ a
/
a
/ ab
/
a / b
/
% 12 +7HI T2
a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ Y a
/ Ya
/
a
/ b
/
a / a
/ % 12 +7HI T3
+I
U R> B8 Microelements
b
/ Y a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ Y a
/ a
/ Y a
/ a
/ b
/
%J Mo
Ya
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ ab
/ 1KJ 1+
M2
ab
/ Y a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ Ya
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ a
/ 1KJ 1+
M3
+ M + L J IPU - 9%T J 7N1
T 6G%F
&
S N O(PI %G %14J Q1# RF 2 LK <-V WC
Z1F [\C
%U
%
.
"#$ % &'(
! 1
@[ \C 0 9 Md ]%# BK' G+
9E ln 9> P
'+R ;K) ,+
FO
6 3 + . 8- 9[ + % BK' G+ 2
'+R 0 9 Md t/2 +1)+ 3 ; +3
Fo
9[ ,b 9 82+ 9') +1)+ ,.X>% +1. 9 +1. Y[+E
Fo
>.
T3M3
8U 9[ 3 &%
+1)+ ^ &3 9 q
+ ,\
+ % ) B]3 ( <
+M7 @[ \C 0 9 Md 9[ 8)0 9L.' + .0 ,1'2') 8.6 Ue `C e 9 ln ]%# G+ % `C # 9] 82+ X +1)+ 0 .0
Fo
F T X% # 9[
@'.2') [+ 1[+
II
@'.2 +[ <3
,1'2') ' 9 + <82+ + &[ +
Paknejad et al.
)
2007a
(<
Araus et al.
(1998c)
Lauer & Boyer
) (1992
8K/
+ .
+ " ) *+ ,(-./ + 1 /(0
!
9+ ]>C . X'U>& 2 )
(GY
2) V 2 ,&'+R 9E h B.)[ N
,&'+R 9+ ]>C 9[ + % P
FM, FV,
FV/FM
9[ ,b 9 + _ 8UY X'U>&
J X'U>& +1.
9 F.
FM
) **
/
! (r=
<
FV
)
"**
/
! (r=
FV/FM
) sq*
/
! (r=
3 ) (
9+ ]>C .
Fo
]%# p'T t/2 8-
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
مود را
M1 0.24 0.19 0.21
M2 0.21 0.22 0.252
M3 0.24 0.2 0.34
40 ر رد 60 ر رد 75 ر رد
IF0 " NO PA %& +,' #&* ?">6 - 3 ?+