• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ و ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻛﻢ

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2024

Membagikan "ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ و ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻛﻢ"

Copied!
14
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

, ) (

*

:

:

!"

E-mail: [email protected]

فﺮﺼﻣ ﻢﻛﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ زا ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﮔﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺬﻐﺗ و ﻲﻜﺸﺧ ﺶﻨﺗ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ

،ﻞﻴﻓوﺮﻠﻛ يﻮﺘﺤﻣ ،ﻞﻴﻓوﺮﻠﻛ ﺲﻧﺎﺳرﻮﻠﻓ يﺎﻫﺮﺘﻣارﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ،

RWC

ترذ ﻪﻧاد دﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ و ﺎﺸﻏ يراﺪﻳﺎﭘ )

704 (

SC

ﻲﭼﻮﻠﺑ ﺶﻳورد نﺎﺟﺮﻣ

*1

كﺎﭘ دازﺮﻓ ،

2داﮋﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺷﺎﻛ ﻲﻠﻋ ، ﻲﻧﺎﻛدرا ﺎﺿرﺪﻤﺤﻣ ،3

ﻲﭼﻮﻠﺑ ﻲﺸﻳورد بﺎﺘﻬﻣ و4 5

!" #$% &' !(

)

*+ ,- :

/ / ..

0 1 2- ,- :

/ / ..

(

هﺪﻴﻜﭼ

!

"

#$

% &' ()* # +,-

!

"

#.

# / 01 # 2 # +3#

4 ,5 6

789:

,- ;<

. # >

/$ ? ?

@A # BC

% E :C % FG %

H I' JK # *

K LM

M N. O

# IP Q E

8 ) K

# EK/!

G ) K

# /!

K LM M K

# ,- KR .

"!KS

TU! V

>

"KW E # # #XUM P ",S ERWC

# 5 #

,KR * .

K 6 5 # X$ ? ## L Y

Fo

Chla, Chlab

(GY)

6UK5 @A # 7

% "!KS

Fv /Fm

E 6UK5 @A # Chlb

G % [

# )5 # E,-

\] ;# 5 # /

Fo

6UK5 @A # G

% [

# #

!KS ] [

# I-, "

. ] 6 5 #

^ 3

>

?_ ,## L !

,] X$ ? @A

Chl, aChlb, Chlab, FV/FM

S ,

"

?!P

L_

Fo

I-# ?_

. ;# 5 #

3 KS >

Fo

?_

FV

## L ?!

. `

\] 6 5 # R

Fo

6UK5 @A # G

% # P XKX) I,! I*

@A 7 % [

# ,- . \] ;# 5 #

Fo

6UK5 @A # G

% [

#

#R , . ] ^

3

>

_ E,## L !

6W &A ? -S

,] E

Fo

5 # ! #

,- #

)5 # S

,

"

,- K P .

> 6 5 # +# 3K^aU!

FV/FM

E

FV

E

Chla,Chlab

E b Iac 3K^aU! # #XUM EC Fo

3K^aU!

#d Q

I-#

. 3K^aU! >K ;# 5 #

FV/FM

E

FV

E

FM

3K^aU! >KU

Fo

#d

I-#

. \] 6 5 # ]K

@A #EC

7 % ;# 5 #

Fo

@A # G

%

[

# ,- . +, "!KS ## L ? YK ? \- IW +,- "R

X$

,- ? ,- >[ I0d # "[ LM , .

>TU!

Fv/Fm

E

Fv

K5

Fm

( "![

? ,- " "

,- .

هژاو ﺎﻫ ي ﻠﻛ ﻴ ﺪ ي : /$ ?

E E

E "KW

"KW Ea^ e

P ",S .

(2)

ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ

#

$%

$

&'() *+

, - . /

0 1'2') (- .

&

3

(Malakuti et al.,

2005)

. . % 567/ '%

+3 8- 9( &

;

$%#

<

&(

. ='#+ 1'2') +1

(+

&

, . 3 .

>

. +>&

3

(Graan &

Boyer, 1990) Havaux et al., 1998;

.(

2 . @' ,

)

PS ІІ

( . - +* B+C 9 DE .

/

$%#

(+ 1(+ 9 5# F

PSІІ

3 . 3 (+

.

>

. 2') . @' 53 9 II

G 8- . +H IJ 0

.

(Comic & Briatais,

1991; Cornuc, 1994; Kuchaki et al., 1997)

. G+

$%#

* 2') .

@' 9 5# F

(+

&

, 3') .

>

. +3 J

* ;

3 .

0+* +1

'$7+ K'+

+1)+

(Giardi et al., 1996; Lauer & Boyer, 1992; Lu &

et al., 2002)

. 'H 9* 9(

$%# 8C 9 &

, * 9'

<3 , (+

. H ( B

&( D'2 + <9')

G+ '$7+ K'+

- 8 , (+

. &( ( '

. 9L

- 8#2 IM 5H

3

(Malakuti et al.,

2005; Havaux et al., 1998; Paknejad et al., 2007a)

.

$ *+ '2+

. )( N2) O .

B PC +

*+

. +) 9QE= + .7 @.7'

>

(Alidib, 1994; Araus & Hogan, 1994;

Flageaa et al., 1994; Malakuti et al., 2005)

. 967/

&'+R , )( N2) .

$ B .

$ 2

S . T U 2

*++ BH V 0

. , 82+

(Malakuti et al., 2005)

.

Fo

'2+ +

') 3 .

>

. W+ *+

, X+

. + 82+ Y(+E 9'T

3') &(

.

>

. N2) .

Y(+E 1

3 .

'H )( 53

+K *+ N2) 3

Fo

9

# +K Y(+E 6

FM

+1)+

R . + ( . +

+1)+

% +1)+ <&

L $>C

1>& 82+ N2) (+ 8C2 &(

&

,

3') .

>

. 3 . 7 . + B 9( 82+ J &(

QA

E+

. 9' (+ 1( 82+ 3

3 .

1 -Quinon A

* ( 9(

. (+ <'& 9' (+ 1(+ 9

&

,

3') .

>

.

> Z )( N2) &

. 9 B

# +1. Y(+E 6

FM

2 . U T VH+

[ 9.2 9 9

@'.2') Π

L + BC 3

IM &[ \+

CO2

@% &[ 9] 8.

.0

^[ 1. ]%# ; +3 8- ,*0 5_U 8U 3

FV/FM

`C K 9[ 3 *+ ,'>[

[.E+ ATP

.X +H '2+ &

(Shirmard kemanshahi, 2003)

.

0 aUb c+1

Paknejad et al.

)

2007a

(

$%#

d' N2) &( F ..

)

FV

( <

7+ N2) .

9 )

Fo

( P'+( $>C <

)

FV/FM

( 3 .

* 9(

FV/FM

R &(

. + 9( 82+ @e (

+ . @

Fo

+1)+

R . ( + d

..

+1+

, X

+ &( F 82+ 3 8U

. +1)+

Fo

% +1)+ &

P+e+ N2) +#

1(+

(+

PSІІ

W+ K'+ ='#+

, 8e '$7+

X+

. X'T (+ 1(+

3 . ( b 9

+

0+* 9( 80

,

> F

+ d ..

5+

3 . V FS+

+ *+ 9( 3

$ . O

& 9 c +>

&

, X , BY ,'- <B.)[

,'- 82+ $> 9( %S ,+ R <U 8b

$%# 9 8K

3 '2+ <& % +

)

Flageaa et al., 1994 (Lu et al., 2003;

.

*++

0 . ,

. )( N2) +1 .

% 9C1 B (+ &

6H+

1'2') X'2 ,

8- 9( 82+

+3 Ub ; . 6

. 82+ 3 - '%

(Araus Bilger et al., 1995;

Hogah, 1994a)

.

Pessarkil (1999)

. 9( +

)( 8QS fE 1'2') P+

. +3 8- B ;

g#3 9> *+

&

, ) . 1 W7

$

$%# B>-

82+

.

+1)+

)( 8U .

B 9 a

+3 b

$%# ;

9/2+ 9 d

..

2 .

@'

&

, 1'2') , 8e

2') '>( 8U .

@' 2') 9 II

.

@' I

3

(Estill et al., 1991)

. '- &[

, )(

. 8- B

+3

$%# ;

8QS fE 82+ 3 c+10

)(

. 8- B +3

$%# ;

1'2') 5UG 9

+ +3 O>( ;

(

(Castrillo & Trujillo,

1994)

.

Castrillo & Trujillo

) (1994

. X'U>& 1

'UY

(3)

!" #

$ :

%& '" " ()* +,' #&* -* ."

...

+ . ,'- U IJ h ) (RWC

8QS

)(

. R <B . 76) .

1J 8 @ . &% $

( .

&

, - . / d ..

Q *+ %S >'#2

>(

. ( 8 . . 2+ 8 .

&

, R I .

&

+

0 3 . G 8- + .

H

& +

(Majdi heravan,

1994)

. &(

iU3+ <h RWC

, 1'2')

'+( $>C

&( &

.

&jR

&

, 9

H+ 82+ + % J B>C

9(

'>(

,

$%# 9 <+

B>-' . 2J G+

. F MR , ,%S

2 .

>2=R' '- 9 2 5 .

( c+

9(

+ +K + 5#

*++ + 0

. , 8% +K

6 ..

>

(Shirmard kemanshahi, 2003)

.

Haghparast

) (1997

<9[ [ c+10 72 +

$%# G+

T 3 F 72 V

k(+

9

- B#+

. S `C > c+ ; .

_ 3 f

+& ') 8

'$7+

$ ) (EC

- 3

.

. 9& F S V

. f 9( 82+ J 9% 3

2

&

, . '%

, T 8K @H J 3 F

'>(

,

$%# 9 +

(Haghparast, 1997)

.

N2) +[ *+ &jR + *+ l&

@H 5m B.)[

)

KSC704

( ; +3 8-

0 9 Md ]%#

@[ \C # ,+ ln

82+ 9+ .7 .

. oU+ &jR + +

,&'+R 9+ ]>C

FV/FM

N2) BH+E <

)

Fo

( .d' N2) <

)

FV

( +1)+ * pn

Fo

9

FM

) (T1/2

3 ,.0 *++

.

شور و داﻮﻣ

ﺎﻫ

2 *J + q

.K- 9C1 K

VH+ r[ E+ =2+ +*J X%+ ,*%[ ]%+

PL+ 83&

3 . @.H+ ,++ 83& 9K/

9_2 0 ;2' ^%# 9>.

J s '>..

82+ 3 c+10 )

Paknejad et al., 2007a

( .

*J

5( 5n

&

, R tb F7H 3 # u 9

&

,

)n B(

+ 3 + . a>C *+

!

! '2 ,' v#

1. Relative water content

9 9> .* 9/K 8& *+ h+1X * b 5n ,+

8) MR PL+ )n .

9> Nw2 oT @& &

0 92x X% *J 9 F[ 9> ^

v# 5K.K-

3 '2) IJ )

.(

'()

$%#

y/2 92 z!

% <

q!

% <

s % T . 9

'b F. 9 9[

T1, T2, T3

)6 3

9

\+ '() +C

\C ln @[

92 8QS

\ <

'.7 7 . '$& ' F. 9 9[

M3 ,M2

,M1

)6 <0

C) '() +C 9

Q

3 9')0 9E b

q *+ BUH 0

mJ B0 e|

3 3R - .0 , .

+

*J ( *+

Liberel

L P

'2+ BMX

( 9( 3 .

B3 J 5U

= s /

!

%<

7 . U

=

! /

!

%<

,

= q/

!

%<

N

= s /

%<

1X

= s /

%<

&J

=

/ % . +K

!!

( . 5) ( '$& P0

J . P

!!

( . 572 ( '$& P0 2'R

. @

R 5n

* 9 9 . 3 +

(Malakuti et al., 2005)

.

&M , C 5m

<3 €

/ / q /

'2 a>C '2 . 3 8%( '>

. 83( B-

M 3 1U2 *+ NR 3 + +H M

9E z 0 @(+ D2+

!!!!

'$& 9

0 O

!!

( . b + ( '$& P0

9E )

9E &

! ( . '$& P0 (

ln

3 .

&(

, )n E u# *J D2+

+- +MS \C .

3 ln 5m *

)

Malakuti et al., 2005

(.

J . , * z 0 /

+ B(

, P>

. 3 PL+ &>

. 9 >C+ Q .

>

$%#

.

&>

, u p'T

&

,

0 9(

‚=UH L2+ *J

3 Fn ')0 +H

- 9 9

7(

. 2+U . u

&

,

0

‚=UH 9(

uR ;2 2 +j

z 82 $%+ 9C1

82+ J

(Paknejad et al., 2007b)

<

&

X'2 *

Soil moisure

+C+

!<<"!

% +

*+ NR <+

+C+ 8k+H J 9 P+H+

. , .

&>

, 0 9b

. &

*J 5(

% B3 q b 9 83( p

'

9\) 8%(

p s /

! ' .

*++ 8e >] B.)[ N2) +1. ,.0

) 9E b &0 *+ NR 9\

ƒ„

8C2 *+ *

(4)

…† /

‡†

8C2 yU\ 9K.H …†

/

‡… e|*+6 9K.H

*++

3 PL+ ,.0 .

X'2 *+ Q + ,+

Plant

Stress meter Biomontor AB

9[ 3 '2+ B R

0 +'+

. 9' *+ .>b+ *+ NR ˆnT

e P2 B[ h eJ ,&

,_ *+ P

9

<

5[ & 83[ P p

<

hU0 *+ 9] /

h 0 Fn <'3+ 9\) \+

] &

0 pH' 1'2') 3 [+ 9')0 +H 5 9 e0 Q + ,+

…† 3# 9K.H

')0 +H 5 + 3 ,w2 *+ NR

<

0 . &

9

.) 0 9 0 Bn' X'2 , U .

* &

3 3 97 X'2 > 5'2+

‰Š‹

3 . h 9 , U.) a b *+ ' 9.7+ N2) B.UH *+ N2) ,&'+R

(Fo)

<

N2) Y[+E

(FM)

<

.d' N2)

(FV)

]>C B.'R )

FV/FM

( pn *+ +1)+ *

(Fo)

(FM)

<

9[ T1/2

&| X'2 X% > 9-\ ,

0

<

83+

3 ,+

. y/2 )

y/2 PFD

) (

㠠

9.G V ' ) ].

. *

‹ 3 IT'+ &>. P> ,+ 9.G .

*++ 8e ,.0

,'- h <B.)[

*+ 6 &

c 9 X% *J 9C1 *+ K'+

Ferus &

Arkosiova

)

!!

( ,'- 3 ,.0 *++ B.)[

.

nC *+ 6 c + IM +1. h *+ ,.0

r b '')']w2+ X'2 ;2 3 ,&

‰„Œ

‰‰…

) ;2 0 8k+H ' ,&

* ,'- [ 3 9U2- B.)

:

Chl.a(mg0L-1)=(12/25*A663) –(2/79*A647)*D

Chl.b(mg0L-1)=(21/5*A663)-(5/1*A647)*D Chl.ab(mg0L-1)=(7/15*A663) +

(18/71*A647)*D

J 9[

:

ChL.a+b, ChL.b, ChLa

F. 9 ,'-

B.)[

B.)[ i>L b,a

FE a+b

. <'.7 P0 : A

. nC ;2 IM +1

r b 9b ,&

:D

'')']w2+ X'2 5[ # 8T

'2 FE 82+ '

.

Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.

J 9[

: =PC

. FE @R h B.)[ ,'- P0

V' '2+ @LE=D

†

% '2+

FE '2+ h 8E=A

V'

=ChL

) *+ J 82 B.)[ ,'- UH ,&

82+ '.7 P0 . FE .

* ) a b *+ U 8b ,'- +1.

J 82

(Kuchaki et al., 1997)

:

Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.

FW

= h *

DW

= h ^%# *

SW

= h iU3+ *

*++ Q 9 R ,.0

,+

%S , *+ >2=R'.2

h

ƒ B- *+ gT% ] 8E ^

hU0

^ + Nw2 0 9.e &

l| &

I %) .' - ,'- 9[ ,+

2+

>

1 ,

ƒ 3 + +H .

^ 5 9 &

ƒ„

9bS '. - 8C2 +K Nw2

8.H - ] ']7+ 8 +&

X'2 9.2 9 &

].

' EC

,

ƒ‹

'2 9 8k+H +0

0 )

Habibi, 1993

( .

R 3

o/# *+

z 5[ &

*++ 9+ ]>C ,.0

3 . *+ ,J 5U2- 8e

P +1)+

,& SAS ANOVA

3 '2+

.

9 K .X.

*J *+ '2+ ,>. ,&

9+

y/2 ]+ ,+

6 + , PL+ \

0 .

ﺑ و ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ

ﺚﺤ

]%# 9[ + % N + 9 1L Ž ' '+R ,+ 9> + 9E

Fo

B.)[ ,'- <

B.)[ ,'- <a

>'E+ y/2 9+ ]>C ab

% ,&'+R

Fv /Fm

B.)[ <

>'E+ y/2 b

% 6 + 3 .

(5)

!" #

$ :

%& '" " ()* +,' #&* -* ."

...

012 3 4 567 8 9' #

pH OC EC

%

Fe

mg/kg

Mn

mg/kg

Cu

mg/kg

Zn

mg/kg

B

mg/kg

Mo

mg/kg

Mg

mg/kg

Ca

Mg/kg

K

p.p.m

P

p.p.m

N

%

/ / / / / / / /

! cm

.X. 9 K 967/

) ( + %

&3 >. 9+ ]>C 9[

T1

+K q /

"

>. 9 8U V' P0

T3

) 3 (

+K s /

!!

6 , V' P0 9'3+ ,+

>. 9] / <82+

T3

+1. 9

&[ \

82+ + % + ]>C .

.X. 9 K .>&

,'- >2=R'.2 ,%S ,+ R 9[ + % B.)[

<a

b

0 ab

+H ' ,J ,&

'>[ y/2 +1)+ 9[ ,b 9 <')0 B.)[ +1.

<a b

%S ,+ R +1. ab

'.2 >. 9 o >2=R

T3

) 3 (

3

) .(

,'- %S ] ']7+ 8 +& 8.H +1.

B.)[

<a b

&3 9 8U 3 >. ab

F. 9 q

+1)+ <

<

! + &( \

7E <+ % >. 9 K 9[

T2

)

;2' (

&3 >.

T1

l='#+

6 + '3+ , .

; +3

B[ ,.J )

&3 ( ,'- y/2 h B.)[

,%S ,+ R +1. '%. 83+ +H _ >. 9 o >2=R'.2

T1

Ž ' 9[ <

Haghparast

) (1997

Shirmard kermanshahi

) (2003

+1. 9].7E 83+ 8K/

,'-

[ >. B.)

T1

>.

T2

)

;2' (

l='#+

6 + ‚_>'E+ 9[ '3+ , q!

% BH 8b 9.T

h B.)[ +1. &[ ,.G v# D'2 l='#+ C 82+ 9'3+

6 + >. . ,

&% 2 ,%S ,+ R ;2' &3 %S ,+ R 9] / 3 >.

T2

*+ '%.

T3

<

% 9[

‚_>'E+ &

# E 9'+ .0

9[ ,b 9 > '[ 2 y/2 + ;2'

‚+E 3 >. 9 8U z

8% \

8% 9[ LJ *+ 82+ + &[ + <+ N]C 9/+ >2=R'.2 ,%S ,+ R +

T2

9 8U ,'%. ,%S ,+ R +1. *+

T3

82+ +#

. 9E + 9>

+ , 9.T 8b BH

012 3 ;<7 =>

?@A B7.@ C6D ?@A C6E

,F C1D C6E

G=7 H4 0 I

"#$ %&' ) (*+

,&- ( 0 1 2

34 (%) 10

6+78 ab

) 9: 7+

; 1 ( 10

6+78 b

) 9: 7+

; 1 ( 10

6+78 a

) 9: 7+

; 1 (

<- =>

?&@

F0 FM +A &++1

B14+C1 II ,C7

+D1 E8%F ,C7 6G%F

,C7

b

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ b

/

% +7HI 12

)

%J ( T1

b

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ ab

/ a

/ a

/ a

/

% 12 +7HI

T2

a

/ a

/ b

/ b

/ b

/ a

/ b

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ % HI +7 12 T3

Microelements

b

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/

%J Mo

ab

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ 1KJ 1+

M2

a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ 1KJ 1+

M3

L+M+

N O(PI %G %14J Q1# RF S& 6G%F T IPU - 9%T J 7N1 J 2 LK <-V WC

لﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﺢﻄﺳ رد 5

ﺪﺻرد

%

.

(6)

, ) (

*

:

:

!"

E-mail: [email protected]

D'2 s

) % 3 (

@% &[ F .0

0 B.)[ ,'- .

VH+

,'- h B.)[

t/2 +1)+ 9 >2=R'.2 ,%S ,+ R +K '>[ 9] / + % [+ ]%#

B.)[

. '%

>. 9 o 8%

Ž ' 9[ 3 3

Paknejad et al.

)

2007a

(

Arus et al.

(1998b)

+ 8K/

.

2 9 K .X.

) ( + %

+1. '>[ 9[

Fo

>. 9 o + 9E

T1

)

&3 ( +1. '%.

Fv /Fm

>. 9 o

T3

) 3 (

3 . + 9\E 5+..d

Ž ' 9E

Arus et al.

(1998c)

<

Liang et al.

(1997) Zelato & Yordanov

(2005)

+ 8K/

.

+K eJ Ž '

Fo

t/2 +1)+ ; +3

; +3 9 8U + +K '%. ]%#

% 9[ ++

[+ 1[+ F T P+e+ &

PSΠ

82+ ]%# ; +3 .

Havaux et al.

) (1998

# 9[ > . 5+..d e 9 ]%

6 + ,

Fo

> L + 0 ‚_>6 [

]%# F.[ e 9 F +

%[+ 1[+ F T P+e+

PSΠ

9L.' 3

Fo

+ < +1)+

' ;2 Ž

Araus et al.

(1998c)

Wilson & Greaves (1993)

. 1 82+ 3 P=C+

. *+

9> * *J ; +3 8- 9]. LJ ,+

3 L + 0 ‚_>'E+ _ ;.- , '%. F T 9L.' ]%# G+ +1)+ `C [+ 1[+

PSΠ

82+ 0 .

+K

Fv /Fm

t/2 +1)+ + 9E

% %&[ ]%#

+K 9] / +

Fv /Fm

>.

T3

&3 9 8U 83+ + # +K '>[

+1. 9

! % + % &[

. +K 9] + 9 9

Fm

9> + 9E ,.J t/2 PH+ ,+

0 ^ t/2 P> 8G ‚U K

&[ + 8)0 +H ,J %

Fv /Fm

o

&[ 9

Fo

; +3 8- 3

. +K

Fv /Fm

% ']7+ K'+ 8.)| &

PSΠ

82+

)

Paknejad et al., 2007a

( P'+[ ]>C 9[ <

+ _ X'U>& g7# 1'2')

(Anonymous,

1993)

&[ + <

! 8U ,\

Fv /Fm

9%

E +1. &[

82+ .7 .>& , 8|

G+ 1'2') +[ ]%# 9] + 6

+ ,

82+ 9'3+M0 .

Alidib et al.

) (1994

9[ '3+ .

@'.2') 9.2 9 ) ln +[ &[

II

gT% ; +3 8- + , 0+* +1.

[ . .>&

Alidib et al.

) (1994

. 9[ '3+

@'.2') .>.3') +[ &[

B.7 ‚>C II

.0 X'T.X+ ,W+ 3 +1)+

B.)[ ,&

82+

. kLJ *+

'+R 9[

Fo

p'T t/2 8-

]%#

6 + 82+ J & % 9 + <3

+[ Q *+ ]%# p'T t/2 . 9[

B.)[

6 5 'J + ,+

(Anonymous, 1993; Wilson & Greaves, 1993)

*+

8U )b

Fv/Fm

]%# p'T t/2 .

5 1.

6 + 9[<+ % + , 9L.' +

t/2 . 9+ $>C 9\E 5 > ,.0

$%# p'T

]>C 5 B\E '%.

'+[

3 . K'+ . ='#+ L + 8C 9

8) F T ']7+

8- 1'2') ;U ,&

+'2 *+ I/ '2+ 9 H .0 < ; +3 +'2 ln +[ B.7 .>& 9 8. ,W+

&[ 53 9 / +3 . 8- ,W+

9[

[ B.7 + ; +3 8- 9+ ]>C &

3 E *J

(Paknejad et al., 2007a;

Scantsciarnugnozza et al.,1996)

.

! 9 Md 9[ + % N + 9 1L Ž '

9> + 9E ln @[ 0 '+R ,+

Fo

>'E+ y/2

% ] ']7+ 8 +& 8.H

y/2 %S

\ 6 + &'+R 9.K 3

G+

6 + 83+ , .

0 .>&

,&>. ,

(7)

!" #

$ :

%& '" " ()* +,' #&* -* ."

...

J

t/2 +1)+ 9[ + % ln @[ 0 9 Md +1. 0 9 Md

Fo

8) +1)+

. '>[ VH+

+K

Fo

o >. 9

M1

)

&3 ( +K '%.

Fo

>. 9 o

M3

) ']& '.7 (

9[ 3

. 9 + 0 9 Md t/2 +1)+ 9[ [

1[+ '%. F T P+e+ `C ,Md1 \C [+

PSΠ

‚_>6 87E + 9[ 82+ 0

, 0 <]%# ; +3 Z

&

(Anglopoulos et al., 1996; Araus et al., 1998b;

Compos, 1998)

. + 9[ 8)0 9L.' +

87E L + `C y/2 + 0 9 Md ‚_>'E+

F.2J 9 L 8 e 9[ 82+ 0 .0

@'.2') [+ 1[+ F T 8 e II

]>C &[

'+[

3 .

9[ + % .X. 9 K 2 )b *+

8.H <ln @[ \C 0 9 Md t/2 +1)+

+1. 9 <3 r+T'2+ - ] ']7+ 8 +&

+1. '%. 9[ ,b 9 8) &[ ,.X>%

>. 9 o ] ']7+ 8 +& 8.H

M3

+ 9[ <

8U >.

&3 9 )

M1

( &(

! % + ,\

LJ *+ <+

8 +& 8.H . 2]6 9/+ 9[

%S ,+ R 3 r+T'2+ - ] ']7+

>. 9 o %S ,+ R '%. + <+

M1

)

&3 ( +M7 <3 9 Md 9[ 8)0 9L.' +

R +1)+ F e 9 0 +

, <82+ X %S

+ >'#2 5U.[ ,+M0G+ _>'E+ 9]

*+ . 9 + 8% J '%. F T F 82+ 9'%0 + .

"#$ % &'(

!

1 \C 0 9 Md ]%# BK' G+

,Md 9 y/2 ] ']7+ 8 +& 8.H 1

\ 6 + 3 . 9[ + % BK' 5+G+ 2

0 9 Md t/2 +1)+ 3 ; +3 8- +1)+ ,.X>% +1. 9 ] ']7+ 8 +& 8.H 8 +& 8.H +1. Y[+E 9[ ,b 9 82+ 9') >. ] ']7+

T3M3

9 8U 9[ 3 &%

+1)+ ^ &3 q

+ % + ,\

) B]3

‡ ( +M7 <

9 Md 3 ; +3 8- 9[ 8)0 9L.' + 8.6 Ue `C e 9 ,Md1 \C 0 % `C # 9] <82+ X .0 ,1'2') 0 .0 ]%# 5+G+

+ R &[

,

h 72 + F T X% # 9[ 2 %S 2 pC‘ ; +3 L + F 3

82+ 3 .0 .

Ž ' Ž ' +

Shirmard

kermanshahi

) (2003

+ 8K/

.

" ) *+ ,(-./

/(0 ,

9+ ]>C . oU+

(GY)

V 2 ,&'+R

p'T t/2 h B.)[ N2) +H *+ ,Md1 \C 0 9 Md ]%#

8)0 ) z .(

_ X'U>& 9+ ]>C

Fo

+ % ) **

/

!

(r =

>&

. ,&'+R

Fv

) z**

/

! (r = Fv /Fm

. 1 )

"**

/

! 8UY X'U>&(r=

+ % 9+ ]>C + _ .

1. Grain Yeild

(8)

0 50 100 150

(ز و ) ا اه

m1 43.3 61.75 56.1

m2 47.12 62.57 88.9

m3 67.95 52.35 111.65

40 ر رد 60 ر رد 75 ر رد

0 I +6+K L1 L"M " NO PA %& +,' #&* ?">6- 3 ?+

Araus et al.

(1998c)

_ 8UY X'U>& 1.

9+ ]>C .

Fv

7E '3+ . . eJ 9[

'+R

Fv /Fm

X'U>& '>[

z)

/

! + (r=

[ &% 9+ ]>C .

+K 9] +

Fo

8-

X'U>& + 8) &[ p'T t/2 9+ ]>C .

Fo

‚_>'E+ 9[ 82+ J X.

9+ ]>C ,'%. G+ N2) ,&'[) 9.K \ ]%# 9 B>- *+ 8e +M7 <+

.Q

Fv Fv /Fm

+ ]>C _ X'U>& 9[

.>b+ BH '&

.

Zelato & Yordanov (2005)

'+R 9[ K'6 1.

Fv /Fm

,+ # 9nT%

; +3 '[ ; +3 . 5 ..6 3

.

.>&

Araus et al.

(1998b)

+ X'U>& '%.

,+

Fm ,Fv ,Fo

+10 9[ [ . > c

Fv /Fm

+ 9+ ]>C + X'U>& '>[

.

Paknejad et

)al.

2007a

( . X'U>& '%. 9[ > .

.Q &'+R 9+ ]>C

Fm

<

Fv

Fv /Fm

3 .

Moffat et al (1990)

P0 , % *J

. 1. 3 ^H+ ; +3 8- 9[ >

Fv

+ X'U>& 9+ ]>C .

*J ; +3 8-

. , * X'U>& E

Fv Fv /Fm

9+ ]>C

Ž ' a/ 9[ 83+

Paknejad et al.

(2007a)

<

Araous & Hogan (1994a)

<

Zelato &

Yordanov (2005)

3

(Masojidek et al., 1991)

.

X'U>&

'+R .

Fo

X ,&'+R P>

N2) ,'-

h B.)[

,'- U IJ

>2=R'.2 ,%S ,+ R .

X'U>&

'+R

Fv Fv/Fm

,'- B.)[

,+ R ha

F. 9 >2=R'.2 ,%S )

**

/

! (r=

<

) qq*

/

! (r=

<

) s*

/

! (r=

.

Fv/Fm

X'U>&

_ 8UY

B.)[

)a

**

/

! (r=

B.)[ <

)b

s*

/

! ( r=

B.)[

<ab

) s"**

/

! (r=

>2=R'.2 ,%S ,+ R

) **

/

! ( r =

83+

.

kLJ *+

8U 9[

Fv /Fm

% 8.)| &

']7+ K'+

PSΠ

3 )

Paknejad et al., 2007a

(

g7# 1'2') P'+[ ]>C 9[

_ X'U>&

+ +1. 9& 9[ 8)0 9L.' + ,'-

3 '%. 2 ,%S ,+ R _ h B.)[

@'.2') *+ ']7+ K'+ ,+ B.)[ ; +3

II

]>C ') _ F 9L.' &+# 'e 3 &+# g7# 1'2') P'+[

(Bilger et al., 1995;

Paknejad et al., 2007a)

. 8#2 +1. 87E +

NADPH

[+ b ATP

1'2') 3 ,&

.0 _ ]>C 9 L 8 e 9[ <3 '%.

9+ ]>C ,_ 8UY X'U>& 3

FV/FM

&+# 9. BH .

,_ X'U>&

Fv

1.

B.)[ ,'- >2=R'.2 ,%S ,+ R h

'%. ,.E+ ,+ ; +3 9[ 82+ J *+ [E B[

']7+ MR

(Q)

9L.' @&+)

IJ 9 1L 9 o [+ ']7+ K'+

@'.2') MR ,.E+ % L + 7='#+ II

']7+

') MR PL+ B[ / (Q)

9[ 82+ 9

1.Quinon

(9)

!" #

$ :

%& '" " ()* +,' #&* -* ."

...

g7# 1'2') '+[ +[ +1)+ `C 8 e ,_ 8UY X'U>& 9[ 0

Fv

]>C .

1

% + &

82+ F/

.

1 % 2(3 45+

!

]%# G+ 9[ + % N + 9 1L Ž ' '+R ;K) P 9E

Fo

>'E+ y/2

%

6 6 G+ &'+R 9.K + 83+ ,+

.

.X. 9 K 2 )

( 9[ + %

+1. ]%# t/2 +1)+

Fo

/

6 >. 9] / <3 * ,+

T3

&3 9 8U

+1)+

z +1. + ,\

Fo

.>& <+ %

+1.

Fv

<83+ &[ ]%# t/2 +1)+

>. 9] /

T3

+1. '>[

Fv

&3 9 8U

+1. 9 &[ + 9[ 0 &%

z % 3 .

9].kLJ *+

Fv

']7+ MR B[ ,.E+ X%

(Q)

9[ > oU'2+ + + <3 ']7+ K'+ ]%#

9 І [ L + ='#+ PS

82+

. B.)[ N2) +K ‚_\+

9[ * a

']7+ MR 9 82+ * 3 .E+ 87E Q

+K B.7 +

Fv

+ 3 * 87E + 1.

9[ * N2) +K 82+ .[+ 87E Q

B.)[

@[ a

3 . 1. 87E + +

Fv

&[

. < ; +3 X 5UC 9 E Q

3 .[+

+ <3 9[ > oU'2+ +

']7+ K'+ ‚_>'E+ ]%#

@'.2') IJ 9 1L 9 o [+

='#+ II

*+ 6 ']7+ K'+ G+ [ L + .7+

']7+ MR + *+ 9[ 82+ 1. (Q)

&[ g7# 1'2') '+[ +[ +1. a b 82+ 9') .

+K /.- ,&

Fv

8C 9 +

.2+.[+') *+ 86>

PSΠ

&[

&

(Araous et al., 1998c; Zelato & Yordanov, 2005)

.

! "#" $! %

0 9 Md G+ 9[ + % N + 9 1L 2 '+R ;K) P 9E ,Md1 \C

Fo

>'E+ y/2

% 6 G+ &'+R 9.K 3 + 6

83+ ,+

. .X. 9 K 2

) ( 0 9 Md t/2 +1)+ 9[ + %

C +1. ,Md 1 \

Fo

+1)+ &3 >. 9 8U

>. 9] / 8)

M3 M1

)

&3 ( P+[ &

kLJ *+ ')0 +H 5' ,J 0 K 9[

Fo

%

@'.2') *+ 'J B.)[ N2) &

I

3

(Anonymous, 1993; Wilson & Greaves, 1993)

9 +M7 Q 6 9 9 2 +

Fo

+1. 9 ,Md1 \C 0 9 Md p'T t/2

']& '.7

`C P+e+

F T '%.

1[+

@'.2') [+

87E + 9[ 82+ 0 II

Z , 0 <]%# ; +3 8- ‚_>6 &

) .  V + 9E

(...

+ +

`C y/2 + 0 9 Md ‚_>'E+ 9[ 8)0 9L.' 8 e 9[ 82+ 0 .0 87E +1)+

@'.2') [+ 1[ F T F.2J 9 L

II

82+ 0 .

,+ R ln @[ \C G+ 9] +

>2=R'.2 ,%S 6

+ + % 9 K 2

8- >2=R'.2 ,%S ,+ R 9[ + % .X.

0 ,Md1 \C p'T t/2 .G

,&

')0 +H 5' 9

,b %S ,+ R '%. 9[

>. 9 o

M1

)

&3 ( +1. '>[ 9[

EC

) ] ']7+ 8 +& 8.H (

+1)+ 83+ + %S *+

y/2 9 0 9 Md

M2

) ']& '.7 (

+1.

+ *+ 72 8% +1. 0 '>[ %S ,+ R

& 83+ +1)+ 72 . ,‘) 9 2 9[

9+ ]>C G+ + 6

+ U . ,_ t/2

3 L + .0 9[ '.>2 G+ ‚_>'E+ 0 9 Md C . 6 82+

+ 72 + [ 8[3 \

+ + 8% 87E L + `C 9 + * @e ] ']7+ 8 +& 8.H +1)+ 8 e ;.- 9 ) (EC

%S 9 + ; +3 9[ 82+ 0

1. X .KK- ;2

 82+ 3 .

(Blum &

Ebercom, 1981)

.

012 3 =>

;<7 ?@A B7.@ C6D I G=7 H4 C6E ,F C1D ?@A C6E

"#$ %&'

10 10

10 10

- =>

<

+A ,C7 E8%F

6G%F

(10)

Q

) ,&- (*+

( 2

34

(%) 6+78 ab

) 7+

9:

;1 ( 6+78 b

) 7+

9:

;1 ( 6+78 a

) 9: 7+

;1 (

?&@

F0 FM

&++1 B14+C1

Π +D1 ,C7 ,C7

a

/ a

/ Y a

/ Ya

/ Y a

/ a

/ Ya

/ a

/ Y a

/ ab

/

% 12 +7HI

)

%J ( T1

a

/ Ya

/ a

/ Y a

/ a

/ a

/

a

/ ab

/

a / b

/

% 12 +7HI T2

a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ Y a

/ Ya

/

a

/ b

/

a / a

/ % 12 +7HI T3

+I

U R> B8 Microelements

b

/ Y a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ Y a

/ a

/ Y a

/ a

/ b

/

%J Mo

Ya

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ ab

/ 1KJ 1+

M2

ab

/ Y a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ Ya

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ a

/ 1KJ 1+

M3

+ M + L J IPU - 9%T J 7N1

T 6G%F

&

S N O(PI %G %14J Q1# RF 2 LK <-V WC

Z1F [\C

%U

%

.

"#$ % &'(

! 1

@[ \C 0 9 Md ]%# BK' G+

9E ln 9> P

'+R ;K) ,+

FO

6 3 + . 8- 9[ + % BK' G+ 2

'+R 0 9 Md t/2 +1)+ 3 ; +3

Fo

9[ ,b 9 82+ 9') +1)+ ,.X>% +1. 9 +1. Y[+E

Fo

>.

T3M3

8U 9[ 3 &%

+1)+ ^ &3 9 q

+ ,\

+ % ) B]3 ( <

+M7 @[ \C 0 9 Md 9[ 8)0 9L.' + .0 ,1'2') 8.6 Ue `C e 9 ln ]%# G+ % `C # 9] 82+ X +1)+ 0 .0

Fo

F T X% # 9[

@'.2') [+ 1[+

II

@'.2 +[ <3

,1'2') Ž ' 9 + <82+ + &[ +

Paknejad et al.

)

2007a

(<

Araus et al.

(1998c)

Lauer & Boyer

) (1992

8K/

+ .

+ " ) *+ ,(-./ + 1 /(0

!

9+ ]>C . X'U>& 2 )

(GY

2) V 2 ,&'+R 9E h B.)[ N

,&'+R 9+ ]>C 9[ + % P

FM, FV,

FV/FM

9[ ,b 9 + _ 8UY X'U>&

J X'U>& +1.

9 F.

FM

) **

/

! (r=

<

FV

)

"**

/

! (r=

FV/FM

) sq*

/

! (r=

3 ) (

9+ ]>C .

Fo

]%# p'T t/2 8-

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

مود را

M1 0.24 0.19 0.21

M2 0.21 0.22 0.252

M3 0.24 0.2 0.34

40 ر رد 60 ر رد 75 ر رد

IF0 " NO PA %& +,' #&* ?">6 - 3 ?+

Referensi

Dokumen terkait