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Sublethal effects of essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume on life expectancy (e
x) and age-specific fertility (m
x) of two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari:
Tetranychidae)
Roya Rezaei a , Jaber Karimi a , Habib Abbasipour a & Alireza Askarianzadeh a
a Facult y of Agricult ural Sciences, Depart ment of Plant Prot ect ion , Shahed Universit y , Tehran , Iran
Published online: 05 Aug 2013.
To cite this article: Roya Rezaei , Jaber Karimi , Habib Abbasipour & Alireza Askarianzadeh , Archives Of Phyt opat hology And Plant Prot ect ion (2013): Sublet hal ef f ect s of essent ial oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume on lif e expect ancy (ex ) and age-specif ic f ert ilit y (mx ) of t wo- spot t ed spider mit e, Tet ranychus urt icae Koch (Acari: Tet ranychidae), Archives Of Phyt opat hology And Plant Prot ect ion, DOI: 10. 1080/ 03235408. 2013. 825421
To link to this article: ht t p: / / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 03235408. 2013. 825421
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Sublethal effects of essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume on life expectancy (e
x) and age-speci fi c fertility (m
x) of two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Roya Rezaei, Jaber Karimi*, Habib Abbasipour and Alireza Askarianzadeh
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Protection, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
(Received 10 July 2013;final version received 11 July 2013)
Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is one of the most important pests of agricultural products that have a global distribution. Now, the control is dependent on the use of chemical pesticides. The effects of the sublethal concentra- tions (LC10 and LC25) of the essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum were evaluated on some parameters of the life table of the pest, at the constant temperature of 30 °C, relative humidity of 40 ± 5% and photoperiod of 16L: 8D. Our results showed that the essential oil of cinnamon is effective on female adult stage. Lethal concentration at which 50% mortality (LC50) for the essential oils is from C. zeylanicum on female adult mite was 23.39μl/L air. Sublethal concentrations of the essential oil of C. zeylanicum also impair the natural biology of the mite.
Concentrations of sublethal of essential oil decreased age-specific fertility (mx) of T. urticaecompared with the control. Sublethal concentrations (LC10and LC25) have reduced the life expectancy (ex) in egg stage. Sublethal effects of the essential oil of C. zeylanicumand its impact onT. urticaemanagement are discussed.
Keywords: Tetranychus urticae; essential oil; sublethal concentrations; life expectancy
Introduction
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most serious pests of fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants worldwide (Johnson & Lyon 1991). It attacks numerous greenhouse plantations causing a great problem. The ideal areas for spider mites are greenhouses because they can complete a generation in one week (Duzgunes & Cobanoglu 1983). About 1200 plant species, of which more than 150 are economically important, have been reported as the mite’s host (Jeppson et al. 1975; Zhang et al. 2003). Development of resistance to pesticides has been widespread in its population mainly due to an irrational use of synthetic pesticides.
So far, spider mite resistance has made to develop more than 80 pesticides which have been reported in 60 countries (Miresmailli & Isman 2006). Essential oils extracted from aromatic plants have been widely investigated because they are deemed as potential because of becoming the alternative to replace synthetic pesticides and because of also being more convenient to use. Many types of spices and herbs are known to possess anti-insect and anti-mite activity (Tripathi et al. 1999) especially in the form of essential
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2013.825421
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oils (Shaaya et al. 1995). Cinnamon is the bark of the tree of the family Lauraceae; it is free from foreign cork and under parenchyma tissue. It has at least 2/1 percent (v/w) essential oil (Kunkel 1978). In this study, lethal concentration of cinnamon oil at which 50% mortality (LC50) is occurred in adult mites was calculated. Also, the effect of sublethal concentrations of Cinnamomum zeylanicum on T. urticae is reported. Thus, experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of sublethal concentrations on egg, and developmental time, Life expectancy at agex(ex), gives the average remaining lifetime for an individual who survives to the beginning of the indicated age interval (Carey 1993). In this research, age-specific fertility (mx) was also calculated.
Materials and methods Mite rearing
The bean plants on the greenhouse benchmark were planted for feeding and rearing of T. urticae (Khanjani 2008). For this purpose, red bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris cv.
Akhtar) as mite host was used. After the seedling growth of bean, mite colonies were transferred on the leaves of the plants. Original colony of T. urticae was supplied from the acarology laboratory in the Agriculture Faculty of University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
Essential oil extraction
In May 2012, Cinnamon bark (C. zeylanicum) was prepared commercially from Tehran, Iran, and then ground using a grinder of 2 mm-diameter mesh. Plant materials were subjected to water distillation for 3 h using a Clevenger-type apparatus. Following the essential oil being obtained, the oil was decanted from the water layer, dried through Na2SO4 application, and stored in sealed vials at 4 °C before the tests being done (Negahban et al. 2007).
Fumigant toxicity bioassay
The fumigant toxicity of essential oil on T. urticae was tested in plastic vials (140 ml), and in each of them, 30 female adult mites of the same age (1–48 h of age) were released on the leaves of bean plants. Filter paper discs (Whatman N° 1) were cut into 2 cm in diameter and were then attached to the undersurface of the screw caps of plastic vials. Filter papers were impregnated with a series of concentrations of C. zeylanicicum essential oil. Preliminary tests were done to choose the right concentrations. Each filter paper received 0.7, 1.7, 2.7, 3.7, 4.7 and 5.7μl of essential oils using micropipette, which corresponds to 5.12. 14, 19.28, 26.42, 33.57 and 39.28μl/L air. Plastic vials were then sealed with parafilm to prevent any loss of essential oils.
Each concentration (treatment) was replicated three times. After 48 h, the dead mites were recorded. All tests were carried out in the growth chamber at the temperature of 30 °C, relative humidity of 40 ± 5% and photoperiod of 16L: 8D h.
Treatment of the sublethal concentrations of essential oil
For each sublethal concentration, 15 fertile female mites of the same age (1–48 h of age) were placed for 24 h in a plastic vial (140 ml) that contains of bean leaves and were sterilised with wet cotton. After this time, the plastic vial door was opened. Each mite was placed alone on bean leaf disc in Petri dishes with a diameter of 8 cm. From 2 R. Rezaei et al.
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the first day to the last day, new leaf disc for fertile female mites was daily replaced, and the number of laid eggs was counted and recorded. The eggs were kept until they were developed into adult. This test was carried out in the growth chamber at 30 °C, 40 ± 5% relative humidity and 16L: 8D h photoperiod.
Developmental period
To estimate the egg developmental period, for each treatment, 560 eggs were studied on a daily basis until hatching. For larvae and nymphal developmental periods, 560 were selected for each concentration and control. Each stage was placed individually on bean leaf discs in Petri dishes (8 cm in diameter), and the developmental period was recorded daily.
Statistical analysis
The lethal concentrations (LC50) and sublethal concentrations (LC10 and LC25) values of mortality were assessed by probit analysis using SAS software (SAS-Institute 1997).
Since there arelxindividuals that survive to agexin the cohort and a total of Txinsect days remaining to these lx individuals, the life expectancy (ex) was obtained by this equation:ex1=4 Tx/lx(Carey 1993). The data from life table were subjected to a one-way ANOVA analysis of variance (p< 0.05) after checking for the normality. Means were compared by Duncan’s new multiple range test, admitting significant differences at p< 0.05. The SAS software was used for all analyses (SAS-Institute 1997).
Results
Lethal and sublethal concentration of essential oil ofC. zeylanicumon adult female The LC50, LC25and LC10values of the bioassay of the essential oil ofC. zeylanicumon the adult stage of the two-spotted spider mite, T. urticae, after 48 h are indicated in Table 1. The values of LC10, LC25and LC50after 48 h were 4.64, 9.28 and 20.35,μL/L air, respectively.
Pre-adult developmental period and adult female mite longevity
The effects of the sublethal concentrations of the essential oil of C. zeylanicum on development and on adults are shown in Table 2. Development of eggs, larvae and adults female was significantly extended by the LC25 and LC10 (egg: F= 17.666, p< 0.0001, df = 2; larvae: F= 29.87, p< 0.0001, df = 2; and adults female: F= 29.656, p< 0.0001, df = 2); however, the development of protonymph and deutonymph was not affected by the LC10 and LC25 (protonymph: F= 8.059, p= 0.003, df = 0.0001 2; and deutonymph:F= 11.640, p= 0.0001, df = 2).
Table 1. Toxicity of the essential oil ofC. zeylanicumagainst the adults ofT. urticaeafter 48 h.
Essential
oil N df
LC10
(μL/L air)
LC25
(μL/L air)
LC50
(μL/L air) Slope ± SE χ2 pvalue C. zeylanicum 540 4 4.64
(0.04–9.64)
9.28 (0.64–15.35)
20.35 (9.85–36/71)
1.98 ± 0.53 5.28 0.25 Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 3
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Age-specific fertility (mx)
Figure 1 shows the age-specific fertility (mx) of T. urticae treated with the essential oil ofC. zeylanicum and the control through generation. Egg laying started in the 8tday of the commence of life (contemporary to adults emergence) in LC10 and LC25. The first spawning of control treatment was in the 9 day. After 9 day, the highest age-specific fertility (mx) was for control treatment. Values of Age-specific fertility (mx) in LC25
compared with other treatments decreased.
Effects of the sublethal concentrations of the essential oil ofC. zeylanicumon life expectancy (ex)
In Figure 2, the effect of the sublethal concentrations of C. zeylanicum on life expec- tancy (ex) of the growth stages of T. urticae are depicted. According to the sublethal concentrations (LC10 and LC25), the life expectancy (ex) was reduced in egg stage.
Values of life expectancy for control, LC10 and LC25, were 4.25, 3.35 and 2.86, respectively. There were not significant differences in larval and adult stages between control and sublethal concentrations. Expectance of life in the protonymph stage of life of control and LC25 was 2.34 and in LC10 was increased. Life expectancy values for the control and LC10were equal to each other in deutonymph stage.
Table 2. The effects of the sublethal concentrations of the essential oil ofC. zeylanicumon the pre-adult developmental period and adult longevity ofT. urticae.
Stage
Essential oil of C. zeylanicum
Control LC10 LC25 p F df
Egg 2.94 ± 0.25b 3.98 ± 0.81a 4.14 ± 0.05a 0.0001 17.666 2
Larva 1.10 ± 0.06b 2.21 ± 0.12a 1.59 ± 0.11c 0.0001 29.87 2
Protonymph 1 ± 0.0a 1.16 ± 0.04a 1.14 ± 0.04a 0.003 8.059 2
Deutonymph 1 ± 0.0a 1.13 ± 0.04a 1.55 ± 0.14a 0.0001 11.640 2 Adult female 9.18 ± 0.14a 7.32 ± 0.19b 7.54 ± 0.22b 0.0001 29.656 2 Means marked with different letters within the same row are significantly different (p <0.05; Duncan).
Figure 1. The effects of the sublethal concentrations (LC10 and LC25) of the essential oil of C. zeylanicumon the age-specific fertility (mx) ofT. urticaeduring life time.
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Discussion
The results of this study proved that the essential oil of C. zeylanicum extracted from this plant is effective on the two-spotted spider mite, T. urticae. The value of LC50 after 48 h was 20.35μL/L air. Cavalcanti et al. (2004) reported that the materials of the essential oil of Lippia sidoides Cham. had a good efficiency on T. urticae. Tunc &
Gahinkaya (1998) proved the toxic effect of vapour of the essential oil of cumin, Cuminum cyminum L. to the carmine spider mite, T. cinnabarinus. They also reported that greenhouse pests were much more sensitive to the vapours of essential oils than stored-product pests. Oils from Artemisia absinthiumandTanacetum vulgare were toxic against T. urticae (Chiasson et al. 2001). In this study, it is found that the effect of the sublethal concentrations (LC25) of the essential oil of C. zeylanicum was stronger on the age-specific fertility (mx), life expectancy (ex), and pre-adult developmental period and adult female mite longevity decline. This suggests that the effect of the essential oil of C. zeylanicum in higher concentrations was great. Currently, there has not been a similar result to our study on these parameters of T. urticaeto compare here.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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