A Comparative Study on Financial Management Situation of Iran’s Paralympic Sports With Selected Countries: A Boolean Algebra Approach
Mohammad Hassan Keshavarz Tork 1 , Hamid Ghasemi 2 , Loghman Keshavarz 3
1. Department of sport management, Payame noor university, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
2. Corresponding Author, Department of Sport management, Payame noor university, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] 3. Department of Sport management, Payame noor university, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article type:
Research Article
Article history:
Received:
11 August 2021 Received in revised form:
6 November 2021 Accepted:
9 November 2021 Published online:
28 April 2023
Keywords:
Boolean Algebra, Disability,
Financial Management, Financial Resource Paralympic.
Introduction: In this study, the situation of financial resource management in Iranian Paralympic sports was compared with the United States, Britain and Australia (as successful countries in Paralympic Games).
Methods: This is a qualitative-comparative research with a Boolean algebra approach. The purposive sampling method was used. Therefore, all methods, and appropriate conditions for financial resource management realization of Paralympic sports in Iran and selected countries were studied using the interviews and library study. Data reduction was used to study the accuracy of the research results, the adequacy of conditions and methods of income generation to calibrate the research process and ensure the test reliability by removing the disagreements of all the studied items. The research validity was confirmed by the experts in qualitative and comparative research.
Results: The results of research showed while the selected countries use 25 methods of income generation in all five causal conditions, i.e. "intra-organizational, trans- organizational (national), international, public funding and financial support in sports" to manage Paralympic sports; Iran uses only eight methods of income generation, most of which are related to two causal conditions of "intra-organizational funds, trans- organizational funds (national)" as sources of income.
Conclusion: Examining the results show that none of the causal conditions alone is a sufficient condition to be considered "successful" in financial resources management, but all the conditions together are considered as necessary conditions for success in financial resources management.
Cite this article: Keshavarz Tork, M.H., Ghasemi, H., & Keshavarz, L. (2023). A comparative study on financial management situation of Iran’s Paralympic sports with selected countries: A Boolean algebra approach. Sport Management Journal, 15 (1), 249-264. DOI: http//doi.org/10.22059/JSM.2021.328689.2794
Journal of Sport Management by University of Tehran Press is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 .
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ExtendedAbstract
Introduction
People with disabilities constitute the largest minority group in the society, who were mostly deprived of their rights through the history. However, disability was recognized as a social issue with the dominance of holistic social approach in the seventies. Therefore, the decision-making system of different societies sought to increase their active participation in the society by adopting reform policies, including paying attention to the potential of sports. As the International Paralympic Committee, as one of the most prestigious international organizations, states its ultimate purpose as "forming a society to include people with disabilities in sports."
Considering that the Paralympic games are considered a symbol of sports for the disabled, it is expected that the countries that get a better ranking in different periods of this event have a higher level of sports infrastructure for people with disabilities. Considering that one requirement for obtaining modern infrastructure is having sufficient financial resources, the objective of the present research is to compare the financial resources management of Paralympic sports in Iran with leading countries, including the United States, Britain and Australia, so that take steps to ensure sport development among people with disabilities and to make their Islamic country proud by gaining their knowledge of financial resource management (FRM).
Methods
This is a qualitative-comparative research with a Boolean algebra approach; therefore, the reasons and appropriate conditions for realizing the financial management of Paralympic sports institute of Iran and selected countries were discussed using addition, multiplication and Boolean combination functions.
Realizing each of the funding methods of the Iran's Paralympic sports was studied compared to selected countries in a two-valued manner, that is (0) non- realization and (1) realization, and the level of agreement and differences was reported. The purposive sampling method was used. Therefore, all methods, and appropriate conditions for FRM realization of Paralympic sports in Iran and selected countries were studied using the interviews and library study. Data reduction was used to study the accuracy of the research results, the adequacy of conditions and methods of income generation to calibrate the research process and ensure the test reliability by removing the disagreements of all the studied items. The research validity was
confirmed by the experts in qualitative and comparative research.
Results
Based on the results of the research, financial resources are spent in the same sectors as "salaries, holding competitions, maintenance of sports venues, and providing services" in Iran and selected countries, and the point of difference is that these resources are not spent for "marketing" affairs in Iran. The results of research regarding the source of income showed while the selected countries use 25 methods of income generation in all five causal conditions, i.e. "intra- organizational , trans-organizational (national), international, public funding and financial support in sports" to manage Paralympic sports; Iran uses only eight methods of income generation, most of which are related to two causal conditions of "intra-organizational funds, trans-organizational funds (national)" as sources of income.
Conclusion
Achieving success at the level of Paralympic Games certainly requires significant expenses; accordingly, the countries mentioned as successful countries, unlike Iran, spend part of their financial resources on marketing and earning more income through diversification of their income sources; therefore, it is suggested that Iran's Paralympic sports provide appropriate conditions to ensure marketing effectiveness in this sector.Results of studying Boolean equation of the financial resources of so-called successful countries in the Paralympic Games and comparing it with Iran showed that none of the above five causal conditions is considered being a sufficient condition to ensure successful funding the Paralympic sports, nor successful FRM of countries can be explained in the absence of even one of these conditions. Rather, all five causal conditions together are necessary conditions for the successful FRM of a country's Paralympic sports. Therefore, in order to ensure successful funding of Paralympic sports, measures should be taken so that the Iran's Paralympic sports can achieve most of the income generation methods described for all five conditions.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines: This article has been done considering all ethical principles.
Funding: The research was done without using financial resources.
Authors’ contribution: All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.
Conflict of interest: This article is extracted from the Ph. D thesis;
therefore, it is original, and all authors announce that there is no conflict of interests.
Acknowledgments: this article is extracted from a doctoral thesis, I am grateful to all the professors who helped in writing, judging, and correcting processes the article.
Also, we would like to express our appreciation and thanks to the honorable former president of Iran's National Paralympic Committee, Mr. Mahmoud Khosravi Vafa.
ﮥﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ شزرو ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﯽﻘﯿﺒﻄﺗ
يﺎﻫ ﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ ﯿ ﮑ ﯽ ﺎﺑ :ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ و ناﺮﯾا
ﯽﻟﻮﺑ ﺮﺒﺟ دﺮﮑﯾور
زروﺎﺸﮐ ﻦﺴﺣﺪﻤﺤﻣ كﺮﺗ
، 1
ﯽﻤﺳﺎﻗ ﺪﯿﻤﺣ
2
،
وﺎﺸﮐ نﺎﻤﻘﻟ زر
3
1 هوﺮﮔ . ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺷزرو ﺖ ﯽ ، ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،رﻮﻧ مﺎﯿﭘ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .
2 . ﻮﻧ ﯾ ﺪﻨﺴ ة لﻮﺌﺴﻣ ، هوﺮﮔ ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺷزرو ﺖ ﯽ ، ﻬﺗ ،رﻮﻧ مﺎﯿﭘ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮ
:ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار . [email protected]
3.
هوﺮﮔ ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺷزرو ﺖ ﯽ ، ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،رﻮﻧ مﺎﯿﭘ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
عﻮﻧ :ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 20 / 05 / 1400
:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 15
/ 08 / 1400
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 18 / 08 / 1400
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا : 08 / 02 / 1402
ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ
،ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ ﺮﺒﺟ ﯽﻟﻮﺑ
،
ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ
،
ﺖﯿﻟﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ، .
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ : شزرو رد ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد ﮑﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ
و ﺎﮑﯾﺮﻣآ ،ﺎﯿﻧﺎﺘﯾﺮﺑ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﺎﺑ ناﺮﯾا ﯽ
) ﺎﯿﻟاﺮﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ يزﺎﺑ رد ﻖﻓﻮﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ،(ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﺪﺷ .
:ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ شور
ﮐﯿ ﻔ ﯽ - ﺎﻘﻣ ﯾ ﻪﺴ ا ي ﺮﺒﺟ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ
؛ﺖﺳا ﯽﻟﻮﺑ شور ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ
ﺖﺳا و ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ . ﮥﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﻪﻧﺎﺨﺑﺎﺘﮐ ا ي ﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﯽ شور رد ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ طوﺮﺷ و ﺎﻫ
ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ هرادا ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ة شزرو ،ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺖﺤﺻ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ و ناﺮﯾا ﯽﮑﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ
شور و طوﺮﺷ ﺖﯾﺎﻔﮐ زا ﯽﯾازﺪﻣآرد يﺎﻫ
هداد ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺗ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﻫ ﺪﺷ
ﺎﺗ ﻟﺎﮐ ﯿ ﺳاﺮﺒ ﯿ نﻮ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺪﻧور دﻮﺷ
ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ و
يور زا نﻮﻣزآ ﻞﮐ تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ مﺪﻋ فﺬﺣ
آﯾ ﻢﺘ ﺎﻫ ي ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ نﺎﮔﺮﺒﺧ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﯽﯾاور .دﺮﯾﺬﭘ مﺎﺠﻧا ،ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ
ﯽﻘﯿﺒﻄﺗ و ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺄﺗ
ﯿﯾ ﺪ ﺪﺷ .
ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ : داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻟﺎﺣرد
ﯽ ﻪﮐ درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ
زا 25 ﺮﻫ رد ﯽﯾازﺪﻣآرد شور ﺞﻨﭘ
ﯽﻠﻋ طﺮﺷ حﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ
ﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ،نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻞﺧاد ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ زا ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ) ،(رﻮﺸﮐ ﻞﺧاد) نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ زا جرﺎﺧ ﻊ
،رﻮﺸﮐ زا جرﺎﺧ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ
(شزرو رد ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ و ﻪﺑ
ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﻬﺟ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ةرادا
شزرو هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﮑﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ، زا ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ناﺮﯾا
ﺖﺸﻫ ﯽﯾازﺪﻣآرد شور ﻪﮐ
ﺪﻤﻋ ة ﯽﻠﻋ طﺮﺷ ود رد نآ
» ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻞﺧاد ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ و نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
جرﺎﺧ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻞﺧاد) (رﻮﺸﮐ «
،دراد راﺮﻗ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﯽﻣ هﺮﻬﺑ يﺪﻣآرد ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ .دﺮﺑ
ﺘﻧ ﯿ ﻪﺠ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي : ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺪﻫد
ﻫﯿ ﭻ ﯾ ﮏ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ طوﺮﺷ زا ﻪﺑ
ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﯽﯾ ﺖﻬﺟ ﯽﻓﺎﮐ طﺮﺷ
» ﻖﻓﻮﻣ
نﺪﺷ داﺪﻤﻠﻗ «
ﺑ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ رد ﻪ
ﯽﻤﻧ رﺎﻤﺷ طوﺮﺷ ﺮﮕﯾﺪﮑﯾ رﺎﻨﮐ رد طوﺮﺷ مﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ،ﺪﯾآ مزﻻ
رد ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ياﺮﺑ
ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ
بﺎﺴﺣ ﯽﻣ .ﺪﻨﯾآ
دﺎﻨﺘﺳا : كﺮﺗ زروﺎﺸﮐ ،
ﻦﺴﺣﺪﻤﺤﻣ
؛ ﯽﻤﺳﺎﻗ ، ﺪﯿﻤﺣ و ؛ زروﺎﺸﮐ ، نﺎﻤﻘﻟ ) 1402 .(
ﮥﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ شزرو ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﯽﻘﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﺎﻫ
ي ﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ ﯿ ﮑ ﯽ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ و ناﺮﯾا
ﯽﻟﻮﺑ ﺮﺒﺟ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ :ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ ﺮﺸﻧ .
ﯾﮥ ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺷزرو ﺖ ﯽ
،) 1(
15 ، 64 2 - 49 2.
2021.328689.2794 JSM.
/ 10.22059 DOI: http//doi.org/
اﯾ ﻦ ﺮﺸﻧ ﯾﻪ ﻤﻠﻋ ﯽ ار ﯾ نﺎﮕ ﮑﻟﺎﻣ ﻖﺣ و ﺖﺳا ﯿ
ﺖ ﺮﮑﻓ ي ﻻ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ار دﻮﺧ ﯾ
ﺲﻨﺴ ﺮﮐ ﯾﺘ ﯿﻮ ) ﺰﻨﻣﺎﮐ CC BY-NC 4.0 ﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ (
ﯾ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴ
ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ راﺬﮔاو .
:ﻪﯾﺮﺸﻧ سردآ| /
https://jsm.ut.ac.ir :ﻞﯿﻤﯾا |
ﺎﻧ .ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد تارﺎﺸﺘﻧا :ﺮﺷ .نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ©
253
ﻧﺎﭘ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ رﺎﻬﺑ ،لوا ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدﺰ
1402
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺖﯿﻟﻮﻠﻌﻣ هﺪﯾﺪﭘ زا ﯽﻧاﻮﺗﺎﻧ ﺎﯾ يﺎﻫ
ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﻣاﻮﺟ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺮﺸﺑ هزوﺮﻣا ﯽﮔﺪﻧز نﺎﻬﻨﭘ و اﺪﯿﭘ ﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ هﺪﯾد نﻮﮔﺎ دﻮﺷ
ﯽﻗدﺎﺻ)
ﯽﻤﻃﺎﻓ و ،ﺎﯿﻧ 2015 (؛
نآ زا اﺪﯿﭘ ﺚﯿﺣ
اراد داﺮﻓا خﺮﻧ ﻪﮐ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ) ﺖﺳا ﺪﺷر لﺎﺣ رد و ﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﻮﻠﻌﻣ ي
ﺑ ،ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺖﺷاﺪﻬ 2011
( زا نﺎﻬﻨﭘ و ؛
نآ ﺚﯿﺣ ﯽﻤﻧ راﺮﻗ ناراﺬﮕﺘﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ ناﺪﻨﭼ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﯾا زا .دﺮﯿﮔ
ﺎﺟ رد گرﺰﺑ ﺖﯿﻠﻗا ﮏﯾ نﻻﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺖﻔﮔ ناﻮﺗ ﻪﻌﻣ
زا ﺶﯿﭘ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧا
ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا دﺮﮑﯾور نﺪﺷ ﻢﮐﺎﺣ
، ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ مﺎﻈﻧ رد ﯽﻫﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ عﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺰﯾر
ﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ﺪﻨ ناراﺬﮕﺘﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ ﯽﮑﺷﺰﭘ ﻢﯾادارﺎﭘ ﮏﯾ رد ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ و
هدﻮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧا ﮥﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻞﮐ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا دﺮﮑﯾور نﺪﺷ ﻢﮐﺎﺣ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻣا .دﻮﺑ دﻮﺧ قﻮﻘﺣ زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ زا ﺖﯿﻟﻮﻠﻌﻣ ياراد داﺮﻓا ﺖﯿﻣوﺮﺤﻣ نآ رد اﺮﮔ
ﻫد ﮥ دﺎﺘﻔﻫ
ﺖﯿﻟﻮﻠﻌﻣ ،يدﻼﯿﻣ ﻪﺑ
ناﻮﻨﻋ ﮏﯾ ﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﮥ ﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ،سﺎﺳا ﻦﯾا
ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﮥ دﺎﻌﺑا ةﺪﯾﺪﭘ ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ مﺎﻈﻧ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺖﯿﻟﻮﻠﻌﻣ يﺮﯿﮔ
ﺪﻨﻣزﺎﯿﻧ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺳ
ﯿ ﺖﺳﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﺗ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺣﻼﺻا ﻪﻧﻻدﺎﻋ يﺎﻫ
دروآ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد نﺎﺸﯾا لﺎﻌﻓ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ياﺮﺑ ار يا و ﯽﻗدﺎﺻ)
ﯽﻤﻃﺎﻓ
،ﺎﯿﻧ 2015 ( ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ دﺮﮑﯾور ﻦﯾا يﺎﻫدﺮﮐرﺎﮐ زا ﯽﮑﯾ . ﻟﻮﻘﻣ
ﮥ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا رد ﯽﯾﻻﺎﺑ ﻞﯿﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا شزرو ﺢﻄﺳ رد نﺎﺸﯾا ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ
) دراد ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﮥﺘﯿﻤﮐ
ﻦﯿﺑ ،ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ ﯽﻠﻠﻤﻟا 2015
( ؛ ﻧﺎﻨﭼ ﮑ ﻪ ﯽﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ دﻮﺷ
ﮥﺘﯿﻤﮐ ﺑﯿ ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟا ﯽ ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ
ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﮏﯾ
ﺑﯿ ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟا ﯽ ﺎﺑ 182 ﭘ و ﻮﻀﻋ رﻮﺸﮐ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﯾﺬ
30 ﮥﺘﺷر ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺘﺷر ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﯿﻤﺳر ﻪﺑ و ﯽﮑﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﻦ
دوﺪﺣ 20 ﺘﺷر ﮥ ،ﯽﺷزرو
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ دﺎﺠﯾا ار دﻮﺧ ﯽﯾﺎﻏ فﺪﻫ ناﻮﻨﻋ شزرو ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﺖﯿﻟﻮﻠﻌﻣ ياراد داﺮﻓا شﺮﯾﺬﭘ ياﺮﺑ يا
هدﺮﮐ يزﺎﺑ و ياﺮﺑ يﺮﺘﺴﺑ ار ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ فﺪﻫ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯿﺘﺳد ﺪﻨﮐ
) ﮥﺘﯿﻤﮐ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻠﻤﻟا ،ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ ﯽﻠ 2015
( .
يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﺎﻣا ،دراد دﻮﺟو شزرو ﻪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﻮﻠﻌﻣ ياراد داﺮﻓا ﻦﺘﺧادﺮﭘ رد ﯽﻌﻧاﻮﻣ ،ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻖﺒﻃ لﺎﺣ ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ
ﯾ ﻪـﺘﻓﺎ رد
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ رد نﻻﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﺖﻬﺟ يﺮﺘﻤﮐ تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ ناﺮﯾا ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﺪﻨﻬﺟاﻮﻣ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ
) ﯽﻓﺮﺷا نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ،
2013 ( ﻦﯿﻤﻫ رد . ﻪـﻨﯿﻣز
ﮥﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﯿﺑ يﺎﻫداﺪﯾور رد ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ رﻮﻀﺣ ﻖﺑاﻮﺳ يزﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﯽﻠﻠﻤﻟا
يﺎﻫ ﻪﮐ ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ دﺎﻤﻧ
ﺑ نﻻﻮﻠﻌﻣ شزرو ﻪ
ﯽـﻣ رﺎﻤـﺷ ،ﺪـﯾآ
ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺎﯿﻟاﺮﺘﺳا و ﺎﮑﯾﺮﻣآ ،ﺎﯿﻧﺎﺘﯾﺮﺑ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﺪﻫد ﻪﺑ
ناﻮﻨﻋ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﯽﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺰﯿﻧ شﻼـﺗ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
هدﺮﺘـﺴﮔ يﺎـﻫ رد ار يا
يزﺎﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ راودا رد و هداد زوﺮﺑ دﻮﺧ زا ،ﺮﺸﻗ ﻦﯾا ياﺮﺑ شزرو ﻞﯿﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ﻪﺑ ندﺎﻬﻧ شزرا ﺖﻬﺟ ﺰﺋﺎﺣ ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﮥﺒﺗر هدﻮـﺑ يﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ .ﺪـﻧا
لﺎﺳ زا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻖﺒﻃ 1992
ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ ﻪﮐ ﻮﺳ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ سﻼﮐ
ﺪﻨﺑ ي ﺑ و ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻖﯿﻗد و هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﯽﻨﯿﺑزﺎﺑ درﻮﻣ يزﺎ
ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﻪـﺒﺗر رد لاﺪـﻣ ﺖﯿﺑﻮﻏﺮﻣ ظﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻫ و لاﺪﻣ داﺪﻌﺗ ظﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻫ ﺎﯿﻟاﺮﺘﺳا و ﺎﮑﯾﺮﻣآ ،ﺎﯿﻧﺎﺘﯾﺮﺑ رﻮﺸﮐ ﻪﺳ ،ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﮏﯾدﺰﻧ دﻮﺧ يزوﺮﻣا يﺎـﻫ
لوﺪﺟ مرﺎﻬﭼ ﺎﺗ مود هدر
ﺪﻨﺑ ي عﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺖﻔﻫ ةرود يزﺎﺑ ﺮﯿﺧا زا) ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ 1992
ﺎﺗ نﻮﻠﺳﺎﺑ 2016
ﺎﮐ .ﺪﻧراد راﺮﻗ (ﻮﯾر ناور
ﯽـﻣاﺰﻋا يﺎﻫ
رد ﺎﯿﻧﺎﺘﯾﺮﺑ ﺖﻔﻫ
ةرود ﺮﯿﺧا 844 ناورﺎﮐ ،لاﺪﻣ ﯽﻣاﺰﻋا يﺎﻫ
هﺪﺤﺘﻣ تﻻﺎﯾا 841
لاﺪﻣ ناورﺎـﮐ و ﯽـﻣاﺰﻋا يﺎـﻫ
ﺎﯿﻟاﺮﺘـﺳا 677 ﺐـﺴﮐ لاﺪـﻣ
هدﺮﮐ ﺪﻧا . ناورﺎﮐ ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ نﺎﻣرﻮﺸﮐ ﯽﻣاﺰﻋا يﺎﻫ 128
هﺎـﮕﯾﺎﺟ رد لاﺪـﻣ ﻞـﮐ داﺪـﻌﺗ ﺮﻈﻧ زا لاﺪﻣ ﻢﻫﺪـﺠﻫ
عﻮـﻤﺠﻣ ةرود ﺖـﻔﻫ ﺮـﯿﺧا
يزﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ دراد راﺮﻗ ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ )
ﺖﯾﺎﺳ ﯽﻤﺳر ﮥﺘﯿﻤﮐ ﻦﯿﺑ (ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ ﯽﻠﻠﻤﻟا ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .
دﺎﻤﻧ ﺑ نﻻﻮﻠﻌﻣ شزرو ﻪ
ﯽﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ ،دور
ﯽﻣ رﺎﻈﺘﻧا داﺪﯾور ﻦﯾا رد يﺮﺘﻬﺑ مﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ دور
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧروآ
، ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﯾز زا يﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ياراد زا ﯽـﮑﯾ .ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ ﯽـﺷزرو يﺎﻫ
ﺑﺎﯿﺘﺳد تﺎﻣاﺰﻟا ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﯾز ﻪﺑ ﯽ
،ﺖﺳا ﯽﻓﺎﮐ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﺘﺷاد رﺎﯿﺘﺧا رد ﺪﻣآزور يﺎﻫ ازا
ﯾ ﻦ ور نﺎﻣزﺎـﺳ ﯽﺗﺎـﯿﺣ نﺎﯾﺮـﺷ ﻪـﺑ ار ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ يﺎـﻫ
هدﺮﮐ ﻪﯿﺒﺸﺗ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻢﻠﻋ و ﺮﻨﻫ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ .ﺪﻧا
فﺪﻫ و ﺪﻘﻧ ﻪﺟو فاﺪﻫا ﻪﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯿﺘﺳد يﺎﺘﺳار رد يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا يﺎﻫزﺎﯿﻧ ندﺮﮐ فﺮﻃﺮﺑ نآ زا
ﺖﺳا
) يرﻮﻔﻏ ، 2018 ( ﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ . ،ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﺎﻔﮐدﻮﺧ ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﭻﯿﻫ ﻪﮑﻧآ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟ يﺎﻘﺑ
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪـﺑ زﺎـﯿﻧ .ﺖـﺳا ﻪﺘـﺴﺑاو ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ و ﺐﺴﮐ ناﺰﯿﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺑاو ،ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺐﺴﮐ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
دﺎﺠﯾا ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ يﺎﻫﺪﺣاو و ﺎﻫ دﺮﮐ
ﻦﯾا و ه ناﺰﯿﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﺑﺎﯿﻤﮐ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ار ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺑاو
ﯽﻣ ﻨﮐ ﺪ ﺲﯾﺮـﺒﺟ) ،1
2012 ( ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺑاو دﺎﺠﯾا نوﺪﺑ ار مزﻻ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﮐ ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ . يﺎﻫ
ﺞﻠﻓ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ﺪـﻨﻨﮐ هﺪـﻋﺎﻗ ﻦـﯾا زا ﺰـﯿﻧ شزرو . ﺎﻨﺜﺘـﺴﻣ
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ؛ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﺮﯿﻈﻧ ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ زا ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ
ﺟدﻮﺑ ﮥ ﻪﺘﺧوﺪﻧا ،ﯽﺘﻟود ﯽﯾاراد شوﺮﻓ و هرﺎﺟا ،نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ
،ﺎـﻫ ﺎﻤﺣ ـﯾ ﺖ
،ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﮏﻤﮐ - ،ﺎﯾاﺪﻫ ﺖﺨﺑ ،يراداﻮﻫ ترﺎﮐ و ﺖﯾﻮﻀﻋ ﻖﺣ و ﯽﯾﺎﻣزآ
طﺮﺷ ﺪﻨﺑ ي ، ﻪﺤﺻ راﺬﮔ ي نﺎـﺸﻧ و ﺎـﻫدﺎﻤﻧ ، ،ﺶـﺨﭘ ﻖـﺣ ،يرﺎـﺠﺗ يﺎـﻫ
ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ مﺎﻧ ﻖﺣ ،ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ زور يﺎﻫﺪﻣآرد هﺮﻬﺑ ،ﺎﻫ
زا يرﺎﺠﺗ يرادﺮﺑ بو
ﺎﺳ ﯾ ﺖ ﮏﯿﻨﯿﻠﮐ ، ـﭼ ﯽﻨﯾﻮﻧ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور و ﯽﺼﺼﺨﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ نﻮ
1. Gebreyes
254
رﺎﻬﺑ ،لوا ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدﺰﻧﺎﭘ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ 1402
ﯽﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ... و هﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ زﻮﺠﻣ ،ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ رازﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
يرﻮﻔﻏ) ، 2018 ( . نﺎﻤﻫ رﻮﻃ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻣ
دﻮﺷ ،دﻮـﺧ ﯽﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ شزرو
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳاراد ار يﺪﻣآرد ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ زا ﯽﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﺪﺒﺳ ﻣ ﻦﯾا زا ﯽﺸﺨﺑ ﺎﯾ مﺎﻤﺗ زا دﻮﺧ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ و ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رﻮﺧاﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺷزرو ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
رد ﻊﺑﺎﻨ
ﯽﻣ هﺮﻬﺑ دﻮﺧ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ يﺎﻫزﺎﯿﻧ ﻊﻓر و ﯽﯾازﺪﻣآرد ﺖﻬﺟ .ﺪﻧﺮﺑ
ـﺑ ياﺮ ﺶـﺨﺑ ناﺮـﯾا و ﺎﯿﻟاﺮﺘـﺳا ،ﺎـﯿﻧﺎﺘﯾﺮﺑ يﺎﻫرﻮـﺸﮐ رد لﺎـﺜﻣ يدﺎـﯾز
زا ـﺟدﻮﺑ ﮥ
شزرو ﯽﻣ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ ﯽﺘﻟود ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ار ﯽﮑﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﻨﻫد
ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ رﺎﺟا ة زﻮﺠﻣ ياراد ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ،شزﻮﻣآ ،ﯽﺷزرو ﻦﮐﺎﻣا
ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﮏﻤﮐ رد كﺮﺘﺸﻣ يﺪﻣآرد ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ءﺰﺟ ﯽﺗﺎﯿﻟﺎﻣ لﻮﺒﻗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ يﺎﻫ درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ
ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ . ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ
ﻖـﺣ ،ﺎﯾاﺪﻫ ،ﯽﻟﺎﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺐـﺨﺘﻨﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮـﺸﮐ ﯽﮑﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ شزرو يﺪﻣآرد ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ءﺰﺟ ﯽﺷزرو نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ نﺎﺸﻧ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻖﺣ و ﺶﺨﭘ ﺖـﺳا
، ﻟﺎـﺣرد ﯽ ﻪـﮐ ـﺘﯿﻤﮐ ﮥ ﯽـﻠﻣ
نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ و ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ شزرو ﯽﻟﻮﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ
موﺮﺤﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﯾا زا رﻮﺸﮐ ﯽﮑﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ا
.ﺪﻧ
ياﺮﺑ ﺖﺳا نآ ﺮﺑ ﺪﺼﻗ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﯾا رد ﻦﯿﺘﺴﺨﻧ
شزرو ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ رﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ وﺮﺸﯿﭘ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﺎﺑ ناﺮﯾا ﯽﮑﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ
دﻮﺷ ﺎﺗ
زا ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﺑ ناﻮﺘﺑ ﻮﺤﻧ
ة ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﮥ ﺖﯿﻟﻮﻠﻌﻣ ياراد داﺮﻓا نﺎﯿﻣ رد شزرو ﻦﯾا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻦﻤﺿ و دﺮﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ
مﺎﮔ ،ﺖﯿﻟﻮﻠﻌﻣ يراد داﺮﻓا ندﺮﮐ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ياﺮﺑ راﺰﺑا يﺎﺘﺳار رد ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
ﺮﻓآرﺎﺨﺘﻓا ﯾﻨ ﯽ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا رﻮﺸﮐ ياﺮﺑ نﺎﺸﯾا .ﺖﺷادﺮﺑ
ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و )
2018 و ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد ( ﻮﻟوا
ﯾ ﺖ ﺪﻨﺑ ي شزرو زا ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ و يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ
ﻬﻗ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﻧﺎﻣﺮ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ
ﺖﯿﻓﺎﻌﻣ دﻮﺒﻤﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ ، زا ﻊﯾﺎﻨﺻ نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا مﺪﻋ و ﯽﻟﺎﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﯾﻪ راﺬﮔ ي ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ دورو مﺪﻋ ﻞﯾﻻد زا شزرو رد
ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺖﺳا شزرو ﺶﺨﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮕﯾد ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﺶﺨﭘ و ﯽﻧﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﺖﯿﻤﮐ و ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ
يور ﺶﯿﭘ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ﺮﮕﯾد زا يا ﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﮥ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ
ﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﻣﺮﻬﻗ شزرو زا ﻪ
و هﺪﻣآ رﺎﻤﺷ ﺐﺒﺳ
) يرﻮﻔﻏ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﯽﺘﻟود ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ شزرو نﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﮑﺘﻣ 2018
رد ( ﻟﺎﺳر ﮥ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ دﻮﺧ
» ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ
ﻪﻓﺮﺣ شزرو رد ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ لﺪﻣ ناﺮﯾا يا
« ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ ﮥ يو .ﺖﺧادﺮﭘ ﺎﯿﻧد ﺮﺳاﺮﺳ رد شزرو يﺪﻣآرد ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻢﻬﻣ
ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ار شزرو ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
ﻪﺘﺧوﺪﻧا نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ دﻮﺳ و ﺮﻓ و هرﺎﺟا ،ﺎﻫ
ﺶﯿﭘ ﺎﯾ شو ﯽﯾاراد شوﺮﻓ
،يﺮﺘﻣ شوﺮﻓ ،ﺎﻫ ﺟدﻮﺑ
ﮥ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ هﻮﺟو ،صﺎﺧ يﺪﻣآرد ﯽﻟﺎﻣ هﻮﺟو ،ﯽﺘﻟود
ﻧاﺮﺳ ﮥ هژوﺮﭘ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ،ﺎﻫ ﭘﯿ
ﺶ ﺑﯿﻨ ﯽ هﺪﺷ ،ﺖﻟود يﺎﻫﺪﻣآرد زا ﺎﻤﺣ
ﯾ ﺖ ،ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﮏﻤﮐ - اﺪﻫ ﯾﺎ رازﺎﺑ ،هژوﺮﭘ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ،ﯽﻌﻤﺟ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ،
ﺸﻣ ،تﻼﯿﻬﺴﺗ ،(... و كﻮﮑﺻ ،مﺎﻬﺳ و قاروا عاﻮﻧا) ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ قوﺪﻨﺻ ،ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ رد ﺖﮐرﺎ
ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ يﺎﻫ ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ ،ﯽﻃﺎﺴﻗا شوﺮﻓ ،يراﺬﮔ
يراﺬﮔ
ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ ،ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ مﺎﻬﺳ يراﺬﮔ
و ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ و ﯽﺟرﺎﺧ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ،ﯽﺟرﺎﺧ ناراد ﮋﯾو
ة ترﺎﮐ روﺪﺻ و ﺖﯾﻮﻀﻋ ﻖﺣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ شزرو
،يراداﻮﻫ رﺎﺟا
ة ﺶﯿﭘ ،ﯽﺠﯾوﺮﺗ يﺎﻫداﺪﯾور ،ﻦﮐﺎﻣا ،ﯽﻨﯿﺑ
طﺮﺷ ﺪﻨﺑ ي ، ﻪﺤﺻ راﺬﮔ ي ﺎﻐﯿﻠﺒﺗ ، ،ﯽﻧﻮﯾﺰﯾﻮﻠﺗ ﺶﺨﭘ ﻖﺣ ،نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ يﺎﻫدﺎﻤﻧ ،ﻪﺴﺒﻟا ،ت
ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ مﺎﻧ ﻖﺣ يراﺬﮔاو ،يرﺎﺠﺗ نﺎﺸﻧ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻖﺣ ،تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ زور يﺎﻫﺪﻣآرد ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ياﻮﺘﺤﻣ شوﺮﻓ ،ﺎﻫ
،يا هﺮﻬﺑ رادﺮﺑ ي زا يرﺎﺠﺗ
بو ﺎﺳ ﯾ ﺖ ﮏﯿﻨﯿﻠﮐ ، ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و هدﺮﮐ دروآﺮﺑ ﯽﺼﺼﺨﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻢﻬﻣ
ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﺎﻣ ،ﻪﻤﯿﺑ ،دﺰﻤﺘﺳد ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ار شزرو يﺎﻫ ،تﺎﯿﻟ
شزﻮﻣآ ،ﺎﻔﻌﺘﺳا ،
ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ،(ناﺪﻨﻣرﺎﮐ و نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ ،نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻞﻣﺎﺷ) ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ،ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ،تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ يراﺰﮔﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﮥ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ،ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ،ﻦﮐﺎﻣا يراﺪﻬﮕﻧ
رد ،نﺎﮑﺳا و تﺮﻓﺎﺴﻣ ،(... و يزﺎﺴﻧﺪﺑ و ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ ،ژﺎﺳﺎﻣ ،ﯽﮑﺷﺰﭘ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺮﯿﻈﻧ ﯽﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ و ﯽﺷزرو تاﺰﯿﻬﺠﺗ) تﺎﻣﺪﺧ و تاﺰﯿﻬﺠﺗ ،نﺎﻣ
ﺑ زﺎﯿﻧ درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫوردﻮﺧ و تاﺰﯿﻬﺠﺗ ﻪ
ﯽﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ دروآ ) ﯽﻣﺮﮐ . 2019 رد ( نﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﻣﺎﻧ ﮥ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ دﻮﺧ
» ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ و ﺎﻫ
ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ يﺎﻫ
شزرو نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ ﻦﯿﻟﻮﻠﻌﻣ و نازﺎﺒﻧﺎﺟ يﺎﻫ
« شزرو نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ ﻪﮐ ﺪﯿﺳر ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻻﻮﻠﻌﻣ و نازﺎﺒﻧﺎﺟ يﺎﻫ
ﻒﻌﺿ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﺪﻌﺑ رد ن دراد
.
و هدﺮﮑﻧ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ تﺎﻐﯿﻠﺒﺗ ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ زا ﯽﮑﯾﺰﯿﻓ ﺪﻌﺑ رد ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻢﻬﻣ
ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ نآ يﺪﻣآرد ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺟدﻮﺑ
ﮥ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﺘﻟود
ﯽﻤﯿﻠﺴﺗ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و )
2019 ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد (
» نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ شزرو يﺎﻫ
ﯽﯾﺎﻔﮐدﻮﺧ ﺖﯾرﻮﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﯾﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ «
نﺎﺸﻧ
داد ﺪﻧ زا ﯽﮔرﺰﺑ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺟدﻮﺑ
ﮥ كﺪﻧا ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ فﺮﺻ شزرو شزرو رد ﺖﻟود يرﺎﺟ و ﯽﻠﻨﺳﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺑاو و ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ار ﺎﻬﻧآ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﺘﻟود ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
ًﺎﻓﺮﺻ و ﺶﺸﮐ صﻮﺼﺧ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ لﺪﺑ ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺰﯿﮕﻧا
ة ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ ياﺮﺑ ار مزﻻ يراﺬﮔ
زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ شزرو رد نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ
دراﺪﻧ ﺎﻫ د ،لﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ نآ ﻞﯿﻟد و داﺪﻤﻠﻗ تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ ﯽﻧﻮﯾﺰﯾﻮﻠﺗ ﺶﺨﭘ و تﺎﻐﯿﻠﺒﺗ دﻮﺒﻧ ،لﻮﺼﺤﻣ نﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﯾ
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ نﺎﯿﻧﻮﻌﻤﺷ .
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و )
2019 ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد (
» ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ هﺮﻬﺑ يﺎﻫ
نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ يرو ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﻣﺮﻬﻗ ﺪﻌﺑ رد ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ
ﮏﯿﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺎﻫ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ،يدﺎﻣ) و
(ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا « نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫ
لﻮﺒﻗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ شوﺮﻓ ﺶﺨﺑ رد ﺖﺳا
.
يﺮﺒﻫر نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و )
2019 ( ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد
» ﮏﯾ :ناﺮﯾا ﯽﻧﺎﮕﻤﻫ شزرو زا ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﮥ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ «
ار ﺮﯾز ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﺑ
ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺎﺳﺮﯾز ،رﻮﺸﮐ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻊﺿو ؛ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﮕﻤﻫ شزرو زا ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ﺮﺑ ﺖﺧ
ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ و ﺎﻫ
شزرو ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﯽﻘﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﮥﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ ﯿ ﮑ ﻟﻮﺑ ﺮﺒﺟ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ :ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ و ناﺮﯾا ﯽ ﯽ
255
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ،ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺖﯾﺰﻣ ﺢﯾﺮﺸﺗ و ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ رد يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺰﯾر
دﻮﺒﻧ ﺮﯿﻈﻧ ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ،ﺺﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا يوﺮﯿﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،يراﺬﮔ ﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ
ﮥ
ﻊﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﯾﻪ راﺬﮔ ي دﻮﺒﻧ ، ﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﮥ تﺪﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑ رﺎﮑﺷزرو و شزرو ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﻞﺜﻣ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ،شزرو ندﻮﺑ ﯽﺘﻟود ،ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ
نا
ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ،ﯽﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ،بﻮﺒﺤﻣ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﯿﺑ مزﻻ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ دﻮﺒﻧ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ و ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ،يا
.ﺎﻫ
ﻦﯿﺘﯾﺮﺑ )1
2006 ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد (
» زا ﯽﻌﺑﺎﺗ ،ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ رد ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﮥ ﯽﻠﻣ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا
« نﺎﯿﺑ دﺮﮐ زا يرﻮﺸﮐ ﺮﮔا
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻤﺗرﺪﻗ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺮﻈﻧ
، ﻨﯾا لﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﻪﮑ
زﺎﺳﺮﺘﺴﺑ ي ﺖﺻﺮﻓ و تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ﺖﯿﻟﻮﻠﻌﻣ ياراد داﺮﻓا ياﺮﺑ ار ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
،
.ﺖﺳا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻨﭽﻤﻫ
ﯿ ﻦ ﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﮥ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻧ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﮏﯾ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﯾﺪﭘ
ة ﮏﯾدﺰﻧ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻢﯾادارﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ار ﺖﯿﻟﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺮﺗ
ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ ﺮﺘﺴﺑ و ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ يﺮﺗ ار
ﻣ ياراد داﺮﻓا زا يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺪﺻرد ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺖﻬﺟ ﯽﻣ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ﺖﯿﻟﻮﻠﻌ
ﭻﯾوﺪﻧﻼﻧاو .دروآ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و2
) 2007 ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد (
» يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻌﺗ
ﯿﯿ ﻦ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ة ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ رد ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ «
يزﺎﺑ رد ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻞﻠﻋ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ نﻼﮐ ﺢﻄﺳ رد ار ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﻖﺒﻃ . ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ و ﻪﻧاﺮﺳ ﺪﻣآرد ناﺰﯿﻣ ﻪﭼﺮﻫ ﺎﻬﻧآ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻠﻣ ﺺﻟﺎﺧﺎﻧ و
ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ هﺎﻓر شزرو زا ﺎﻫ
ﯽﮑﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ
يزﺎﺑ رد لاﺪﻣ ﺐﺴﮐ و ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ لﺎﻤﺘﺣا و ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﻣ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ
ناﺰﯿﻣ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .دور ﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﮥ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ رد ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا
ﯽﻣ يزﺎﺑ رد لاﺪﻣ ﺐﺴﮐ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺑ ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﻪ ﺮﺋوﺮﺑ و ﺮﮑﯾو .ﺪﯾآ رﺎﻤﺷ )3
14 20 ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ رد ( يا
ﺎﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ
» ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ و ﺪﻣآرد عﻮﻨﺗ تاﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ :ﯽﺷزرو ﻢﮐﺎﺣ يﺎﻫ «
ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺪﯿﺳر ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ
ًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﯽﯾازﺪﻣآرد عﻮﻨﺗ زا ﯽﯾﻻﺎﺑ
يﺎﻫﺪﻣآرد و ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫداﺪﯾور يﺎﻫﺪﻣآرد ،ﺖﯾﻮﻀﻋ ﻖﺣ .دراد دﻮﺟو ﻊﯾﺎﻨﺻ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد شزرو رد ﮏﻤﮐ ،ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ زور
ﯽﻟﺎﻣ يﺎﻫ
و ﯽﺘﻟود ﻏﯿ
ﺘﻟودﺮ ﯽ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ، ﯽﯾاراد ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ،ترﺎﺠﺗ ،ﯽﻟﺎﻣ يﺎﻫ ،ﻦﮐﺎﻣا) ﺎﻫ
ﺎﺳو ﯾ ﻂ هﺮﻬﭼ ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا (تاﺰﯿﻬﺠﺗ و ،بﻮﺒﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﯾﻪ ناراﺬﮔ ﻪﯾدورو ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻎﻟﺎﺒﻣ ،زﻮﺠﻣ يﺎﻄﻋا زا ﯽﺷﺎﻧ تاﺪﯾﺎﻋ ،ﯽﺷزرو ... و ﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﺷزرو يﺪﻣآرد ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ؛ﯽ
ﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ار شزرو ﺶﺨﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ،نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ و نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻪﺑ ﯽﺘﺧادﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ ﺎﻫ
ي ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ و تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ يراﺰﮔﺮﺑ و ماﺰﻋا يﺎﻫ
دروآﺮﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﺮﮐ
ﺪﻧد ازور و ﮏﯿﻟوﺎﭘ .
4 ) 2015 ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد (
» ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺨﺑ ﺎﻣزآ ﯽﯾ و ﺎﭘورا رد ﻦﯾﺰﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﻐﺘﻣ
ﯿ ﺎﻫﺮ ي ياﺮﺑ يﺪﯿﻠﮐ
شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺖﺨﺑ
ﺎﻣزآ ﯽﯾ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ شزرو رد ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﮏﯾ «
شور ﺖﺨﺑ ﺎﻣزآ ﯽﯾ ار ةﻮﯿﺷ دروآﺮﺑ ﯽﻨﯾﻮﻧ دﺮﮐ
ﯽﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺎﺑ ناﻮﺗ
.ﺪﯿﺸﺨﺑ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ار ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫﺪﻣآرد زا ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻢﻬﺳ نآ اﻮﻠﯿﺳ
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و5
) 2015 ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد (
» ﺖﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ و رﻮﺸﮐ يﺎﻫ
د ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ شور ﻞﯾزﺮﺑ ر
« ﺎﺑ ﺖﺳا شﻼﺗ رد ﻞﯾزﺮﺑ ﺖﻟود ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺪﯿﺳر ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ عﻮﻨﺗ
ﺸﺨﺑ ﯽ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ،رﻮﺸﮐ شزرو يﺪﻣآرد ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ و مدﺮﻣ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻨﺘﺒﻣ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور ﺖﻤﺳ ﻪﺑ ار ﻞﯾزﺮﺑ شزرو رد ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ .ﺪﻫد قﻮﺳ يراد
درﺎﻧﺮﺑ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و6
) 2018 رد (
شراﺰﮔ ﻧﻻﺎﺳ ﮥ ﺗ ﺶﺨﭘ ﻖﺣ ،ﺲﻧﺎﻨﯾﺎﻓ لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ
،ﯽﻧﻮﯾﺰﯾﻮﻠ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ار ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ زور يﺎﻫﺪﻣآرد و ﭗﯿﺷﺮﺴﻧﺎﭙﺳا ،يرﺎﺠﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ
ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻪﺳ
مﻼﻋا ﺎﭘورا لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ رد ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ﯽﻠﺻا دﺮﮐ
.ﺪﻧ ﮏﯿﻠﺑ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و7
) 2019 ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد (
» ﯽﻟﺎﻣ هدزﺎﺑ و ﭗﯿﺷﺮﺴﻧﺎﭙﺳا طﺎﺒﺗرا
ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﯽﺑﻮﻨﺟ يﺎﻘﯾﺮﻓآ رد ﺎﻫ «
ﯽﻣ رﺎﻬﻇا ﻣ زا ﭗﯿﺷﺮﺴﻧﺎﭙﺳا ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻢﻬ
ﻪﻓﺮﺣ شزرو رد يﺪﻣآرد ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ يراﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يا
.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﯽﺑﻮﻨﺟ يﺎﻘﯾﺮﻓآ رد شزرو ﯽﻟﺎﻣ نﺎﺳ
)8
2020 رد ( ﺎﭘﯾ نﺎ ﻣﺎﻧ ﮥ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ دﻮﺧ
» لاﺪﻣ داﺪﻌﺗ فﻼﺘﺧا يزﺎﺑ رد ﺎﻫ
:ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟا يﺎﻫ
ﺰﺠﺗ ﯾﻪ ﻠﺤﺗو ﯿ ﻞ ﺠﻨﺳدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﯽ
ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﻌﺗ
ﯿﯿ ﻦ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ة يزﺎﺑ رد ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ا ﺎﺑ ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟا يﺎﻫ
يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺪﺷر بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳ «
ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻧاﺮﺳ
ﮥ
ﺺﻟﺎﺧﺎﻧ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ﻠﺧاد
ﯽ دراﻮﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ ﺮﺛا و ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ، ﭘﯿ
ﺶ ﺑﯿﻨ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ة يزﺎﺑ رد ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟا يﺎﻫ
1. Brittain
2. Vanlandewijch
3. Wicker & Breuer
4. Pavlik & Hruza
5. Silva
6. Barnard
7. Blake
8. Wan Sun
256
رﺎﻬﺑ ،لوا ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدﺰﻧﺎﭘ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ 1402
شور ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﻦﯿﮔر بﺎﺘﮐ رد1
شور ﯽﻘﯿﺒﻄﺗ
) 1987 لﻻﺪﺘﺳا ( دﺮﮐﮏﯿﻨﮑﺗ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ
» ﯽﻘﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ «
ﺮﺑ ﯽﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻪﮐ
» ﯽﻟﻮﺑﺮﺒﺟ « ﻂﺴﺑ ﺎﯾ
ﺎﺑ ﻖﻄﻨﻣ ﯽﻟﻮﺑ ﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ
ﮥ شور) ﻞﯿﻣ تراﻮﺘﺳا ﯽﻤﺳا ﯽﻣ ناﺮﮕﻠﯿﻠﺤﺗ ،ﺖﺳا (فﻼﺘﺧا و ﻖﻓاﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﯽﺳراو ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ زا توﺎﻔﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺒﺗ ﯿﯿ ﻦ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺑﺎﺜﻣ ﮥ ﮏﯾ ﻞﻠﻋ ﺠﯿﺘﻧ
ﮥ ؛ﺖﺳا ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﺖﯿﻠﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﯿﯿﺒﺗ ،ﯽﻟﻮﺑ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ .ﺪﻧزادﺮﭙﺑ (لﻮﻠﻌﻣ) ﺪﺣاو ﻪﺑ
رﺎﺒﻋ ﯽﻟﻮﺑ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﯽﺗ
ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ار ﯽﻠﻋ طوﺮﺷ ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ نﺎﮑﻣا ﻣ
ﯽ دروآ زا . ا ﻦﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﺮﮕﯾد ﻞﻠﻋ زا اﺪﺟ ﺖﻠﻋ ﺮﻫ ور ﻤﻧ
ﯽ دﻮﺷ بﺎﯿﻏ و رﻮﻀﺣ زا ﯽﺘﻓﺎﺑ رد ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ،
ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽﻠﺻا طوﺮﺷ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﯽﻣ
دﻮﺷ ) ،ﯽﻋﺎﺳ و ﺮﻓﺎﺷﻮﮐ 1390
(.
ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﯽﻠﺻا طوﺮﺷ و ﻞﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ
ﮥ هرادا ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ة شزرو ) ناﺮﯾا ﯽﮑﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﺘﯿﻤﮐ
ﮥ و ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ ﯽﻠﻣ
نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ و ﺎﮑﯾﺮﻣآ ،ﺎﯿﻧﺎﺘﯾﺮﺑ) وﺮﺸﯿﭘ و ﻖﻓﻮﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد (ﻪﻌﺑﺎﺗ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ
رد (ﺎﯿﻟاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﻔﻫ
رود ة ﺮﯿﺧا يزﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ
) 1992 ﺎﺗ نﻮﻠﺳرﺎﺑ 2016
ﯽﻣ (ﻮﯾر طوﺮﺷ و ﻞﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻟﻮﺑ ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ و (و) بﺮﺿ ،(ﺎﯾ) ﻊﻤﺟ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد .دزادﺮﭘ
ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ
ﮥ هرادا ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ة شزرو ناﺮﯾا ﯽﮑﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ و
شور زا ﮏﯾﺮﻫ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﺠﻣ ﻋﻮﻤ ﮥ شزرو ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد رﻮﺸﮐ ﯽﮑﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ
ترﻮﺻ ) ﯽﺷزرا ود 0
) و دﻮﺟو مﺪﻋ ( 1
و ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ،دﻮﺟو (
شراﺰﮔ تﺎﻓﻼﺘﺧا و تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ ناﺰﯿﻣ ﺪﺷ
زا . ﮥﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ و يدﺎﻨﺳا ﻪﺑ
رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻊﻤﺟ هداد يروآ ﯽﻟﻮﺑ ﺮﺒﺟ شور زا و ﺎﻫ
ياﺮﺑ ةﻮﺤﻧ ﮥﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ
ناﺮﯾا رد ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ شور .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﺎﺑ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﮏﯾ ﺎﺑ ؛ﺖﻓﺮﯾﺬﭘ ترﻮﺻ ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ
و يدﺎﻨﺳا ﻪﻧﺎﺨﺑﺎﺘﮐ
ا ي ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ شور رد ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ طوﺮﺷ و ﺎﻫ ﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ
ﮥ هرادا ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ة شزرو يﺎﻫ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ و ناﺮﯾا ﯽﮑﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ
ياﺮﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ .ﺪﺷ يروآدﺮﮔ و ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﻮﺤﻧ ة ﺪﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ياﺮﺑ و ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ شور زا رﻮﺸﮐ ﻞﺧاد ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
ﻪﻧﺎﺨﺑﺎﺘﮐ و يدﺎﻨﺳا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ شور زا ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ عﻮﻤﺠﻣ رد يدﺎﻨﺳا تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا يا
34 ﯽﯾازﺪﻣآرد شور
رد ﺞﻨﭘ هزﻮﺣ رد ﯽﻠﻋ طﺮﺷ ﯽﺷزرو ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ شور ﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ يﺎﻫ و ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺖﺤﺻ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ ،ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﯽﯾﺎﺳ
شور ﺖﻠﻋ و طوﺮﺷ ﺖﯾﺎﻔﮐ هداد ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺗ زا ﯽﯾازﺪﻣآرد يﺎﻫ
هداد ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺗ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﻫ ﺎﻫ
ﺐﺒﺳ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﺳاﺮﺒﯿﻟﺎﮐ ﯿ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺪﻧور نﻮ دﻮﺷ
.
ﻦﯾازا ور ﻞﮐ تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ مﺪﻋ فﺬﺣ يور زا نﻮﻣزآ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ آﯾ
ﻢﺘ ﺎﻫ ي ﺣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﯽﯾاور .دﺮﯾﺬﭘ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ نﺎﮔﺮﺒﺧ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺿﺎ
ﯽﻘﯿﺒﻄﺗ و ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺄﺗ
ﯿﯾ ﺪ ﺪﺷ .
ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﻞﺤﻣ اﺪﺘﺑا رد ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ
رد ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ دﺮﮐ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ
ﺪﺷ لوﺪﺟ رد ؛ 1
ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ رد ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ
شزرو رﺮﺑ ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﻫرﻮﺸﮐ رد ﺎﻫداﺪﯾور ﻦﯾا زا ﮏﯾﺮﻫ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ مﺪﻋ ﺎﯾ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ و ﯽﺳ
و ﺮﻔﺻ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ رد ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ ﺎ ﯾ
ﻘﺤﺗ مﺪﻋ) ﮏ ،ﻖ
ﺪﺷ هﺪﯿﺸﮐ ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ ﻪﺑ (ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﺖﺳا ه
.
لوﺪﺟ 1 . ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﯽﻟﻮﺑ شزرا لوﺪﺟ يرﺎﺟ يﺎﻫ
شزرو ﯽﮑﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ
=ﺐﯾﺎﻏ) ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ 0
=ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ؛ 1 (
ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﮑﯾﺮﻣآ
ﺎﯿﻧﺎﺘﯾﺮﺑ ﺎﯿﻟاﺮﺘﺳا
ناﺮﯾا
ﻪـﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﻞﻣﺎـﺷ (... ﺪـﻨﻣرﺎﮐ ﯽـﺑﺮﻣ ،رﺎﮑـﺷزرو) دﺰﻤﺘـﺳد يﺎـﻫ
،قﻮﻘﺣ ... و تﺎﯿﻟﺎﻣ ،ﻪﻤﯿﺑ 1 A
1 1
1
ﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﮥ قﻮـﻘﺣ ،تاﺰـﯿﻬﺠﺗ ،ﻦﮐﺎﻣا) ﯽﺷزرو تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ يراﺰﮔﺮﺑ
(... و ﻪﯾﺬﻐﺗ ،ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ 1 B
1 1
1
ــﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﮥ ،تاﺰــﯿﻬﺠﺗ (يرادا و ﯽــﺷزرو) ﻦﮐﺎــﻣا يراﺪــﻬﮕﻧ 1 C
1 1
1
1. Regin
شزرو ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﯽﻘﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﮥﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ ﯿ ﮑ ﻟﻮﺑ ﺮﺒﺟ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ :ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ و ناﺮﯾا ﯽ ﯽ
257
ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ... و ﻪﻧﺎﯿﻟﺎﺳ ژرﺎﺷ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ 1 D
1 1
0
و تاﺰـﯿﻬﺠﺗ) تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ﮥـﺴﺒﻟا
تﺎﻣﺪـﺧ ،ﯽـﺷزرو ﮥـﻤﯿﺑ
تﺮﻓﺎﺴﻣ ،ﯽﮑﺷﺰﭘ و ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ،نﺎﮑﺳا و ﺎﻫ
طﻮـﺑﺮﻣ يﺎـﻫ
... و يزﺎﺴﻧﺪﺑ و ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ ،ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ 1 E
1 1
1
شزرا لوﺪﺟ ﻦﯾا سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻟدﺎﻌﻣ
ﮥ ﻞﺤﻣ ﯽﻟﻮﺑ ﻨﯾﺰﻫ
ﮥ ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ رﻮﺸﮐ ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ
ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺘﺷر رد ﻖﻓﻮﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ ﺎﻫ
:زا ﺖﺳا ترﺎﺒﻋ
S=ABCDE
ﻞﺤﻣ ﯽﻟﻮﺑ شزرا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻟﺎﺣ رد ﻦﯾا ﻨﯾﺰﻫ
ﮥ ﻪﺘﺷر رد ناﺮﯾا ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ :زا ﺖﺳا ترﺎﺒﻋ ﯽﮑﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ
I.R. Iran=ABCdE
نﺎﻤﻫ رﻮﻃ لوﺪﺟ رد ﻪﮐ 1
ﻪﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﯽﻣ ﻮﺷ د ﻞﺤﻣ ، ﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﮥ و هدﻮﺑ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ رد ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺟو
مﺪﻋ رد ﺎﻬﻨﺗ نآ توﺎﻔﺗ
ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﺎﺑ رﻮﻣا ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ دﺮﮐ ناﺮﯾا رد ﯽﺑﺎﯾراز
ﺖﺳا . ﻪﺑ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﯾا رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﺮﮕﯾد ترﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ
ناﻮﻨﻋ دﺎﯾ ﺎﻬﻧآ زا ﻖﻓﻮﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ
هﺪﺷ
،ﺖﺳا ﯽﻣ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ فﺮﺻ ار دﻮﺧ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ زا ﯽﺸﺨﺑ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
، نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻟو شزرو ﯽﻟﻮﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ناﺮﯾا ﯽﮑﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ياﺮﺑ يا
ﯽﻤﻧ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ رﻮﻣا .دﻮﺷ
رد شزرو يﺪﻣآرد ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻣادا ﯽﻣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ و ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﯽﮑﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ
لوﺪﺟ رد .دﻮﺷ 2
شور ، ﻪﮐ ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ رد يﺪﻣآرد ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ هزﻮﺣ
ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﺷزرو ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻞﯾذ ﺞﻨﭘ مﺪﻋ ﺎﯾ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ و هﺪﺷ دروآﺮﺑ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﻠﻋ طﺮﺷ
شور ﻦﯾا زا ﮏﯾﺮﻫ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ شزرو رد ﺎﻫ
ﺎﻫ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد نﺎﺸﻧ (ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ،ﻖﻘﺤﺗ مﺪﻋ) ﮏﯾ و ﺮﻔﺻ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ رد ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﯽﮑﯿﭙﻤﻟارﺎﭘ ي
ﯽﻠﻋ طﺮﺷ ﺞﻨﭘ هرﺎﺷا
هﺪﺷ لوﺪﺟ رد 2
ﻪﺑ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ترﺎﺒﻋ ﺪﻧا زا :
:A
ﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ﯽ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻞﺧاد ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ زا ؛
:B
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ زا جرﺎﺧ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ )
ﻞﺧاد
رﻮﺸﮐ ؛(
:C
ﺎﻤﺣ ﺖﯾ ﻟﺎﻣ ؛ﯽ
:D
ﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽ رﻮﺸﮐ زا جرﺎﺧ
؛
:E
ﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ﯽ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﯽ شزرو رد .
لوﺪﺟ 2 . شور ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ رد نآ ﯽﻠﻋ طوﺮﺷ و ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ يﺎﻫ
شور ﯽﯾازﺪﻣآرد يﺎﻫ طوﺮﺷ
ﺎﮑﯾﺮﻣآ ﯽﻠﻋ
ﺎﯿﻧﺎﺘﯾﺮﺑ
ﺎﯿﻟاﺮﺘﺳا
ناﺮﯾا
A B C D E
ﻪﺘﺧوﺪﻧا نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ دﻮﺳ و ﺎﻫ
* 1
1 1 0
ﺎﯾ هرﺎﺟا لاﻮﻣا شوﺮﻓ ﺎﯾ
اراد ﯽﯾ ﺎﻫ
* 1
0 0 1
ﭘﯿ ﺶ شوﺮﻓ اراد ﯾ ﯽ كﻼﻣا ﺎﯾ لاﻮﻣا ،ﺎﻫ
* 0
0 0 0
يﺮﺘﻣ شوﺮﻓ
* 0
0 0 0
ﮥﺟدﻮﺑ ﯽﺘﻟود
* 0
1 1 1
صﺎﺧ يﺪﻣآرد ﯽﻟﺎﻣ هﻮﺟو
* 1
1 1 1
ﯽﻟﺎﻣ هﻮﺟو ﮥﻧاﺮﺳ هژوﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ
* 1
1 1 1
ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﭘﯿ ﺶ ﺑﯿﻨ ﯽ هﺪﺷ ﯽﺘﻟود يﺎﻫﺪﻣآرد
* 1
1 1 1
ﺳﺄﺗ ﯿ ﺲ ﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﯾ قوﺪﻨﺻ ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ زا هد ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ يﺎﻫ
يراﺬﮔ
* 1
0 0 0
(... و مﺎﻬﺳ ،قاروا) ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ رازﺎﺑ
*
* 0 0 0 0
ﮏﻧﺎﺑ زا ماو ﺬﺧا و ﺎﻫ
تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ
* 0
0 0 0
ﯽﻃﺎﺴﻗا شوﺮﻓ
*
* 0 0 0 0
ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ رد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ
* * 0 0 0 0
هژوﺮﭘ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ﺎﻫ
*
*
* 0 0 0 0
زﺎﺳ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ نﺎﻣ
ﺖﮐﺮﺷ/ﺎﻫ ﯽﺻﻮﺼﺧ يﺎﻫ
* 1
1 1 0