Comparison of Social Development of Athlete (Team and Individual Disciplines) and Non-Athlete Students of Farhangian University

(1)

Comparison of Social Development of Athlete (Team and Individual Disciplines) and Non-Athlete Students of Farhangian University

Morteza Homayounnia Firoozjah2

 , Morteza Pourazar1

1. Corresponding Author, Department of Physical Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran.

E-mail: [email protected]

2. Department of Physical Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article type:

Research Article

Article history:

Received:

4 January 2023 Received in revised:

3 March 2023 Accepted:

7 March 2023 Published online:

17 March 2023

Keywords:

Athletes and Non- Athletes, Gender,

Social Development, Students,

Witsman Test.

Introduction: Sport is an important part of students' life. The social development of athletes could be different based on their gender and type of sport. The present study aimed to compare the social development of athletes (team and individual sports disciplines) and non-athlete students of Farhangian University.

Methods: In a descriptive cross-sectional survey research, 2000 male and female students of Farhangian University of Mazandaran province were recruited as a statistical population. 300 students were selected using the cluster random sampling method. Witsman's Social Development Questionnaire (1990) was used as the research instrument. To analyze the data, a two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used.

Results: Based on the results of the two-way analysis of variance, significant results were found for the main effect of gender and group variables. However, the interaction effect of group and gender was not significant. The social development of female students was higher compared with male students. Based on the results of Tukey's post hoc test, athletes had significantly higher social development than non-athletes. Although the social development of athletes in individual sport discipline had a higher mean than the team athletes, the difference was not significant.

Conclusion: Considering the higher social development of athletes compared with non-athletes and also, almost identical social development scores for both groups of athletes (team and individual sports disciplines), it is suggested that coaches foster a supportive environment by emphasizing the importance of equality of each athlete to provide the basis for social development among all people.

Cite this article: Pourazar, M., Homayounnia Firoozjah, M. (2022). Comparison of Social Development in Athlete (Team and Individual Disciplines) and Non-Athlete Students of Farhangian University. Journal of

Sports and Motor Development and Learning, 14 (4),41-54.

DOI: http//10.22059/JSMDL.2023.353413.1698

(2)

ExtendedAbstract

Introduction

Participating in sports activities not only improves the physical and mental health of people but also promotes their personalities and social skills. Sport is an important part of students' life. On the other hand, according to the results of previous research, the effect of gender and type of sport on the social development of people can be different. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the social development of athletes (team and individual disciplines) and non-athlete student-teachers at Farhangian University.

Methods

In a descriptive cross-sectional survey research, 2000 male and female students of Farhangian University of Mazandaran province were recruited as a statistical population. 300 students were selected using the cluster random sampling method. Participants were divided into three groups:

individual sports athletes (100 people including 43 girls and 57 boys), team athletes (96 people including 48 girls and 48 boys), and non-athletes (104 people including 51 girls and 53 boys. Witsman's social development questionnaire (1990) was used as the research instrument. To analyze the data, a two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests were used. For equality of male and female students in groups, the research inclusion criteria were participation in the same team sports (football, volleyball, basketball, and handball) and individual sports (table tennis, badminton, athletics, and swimming) disciplines. Each participant had the option to choose from the fields that were mentioned at the beginning of the questionnaire, and if he/she was working in a field outside the list, he was excluded from the research.

Results

For the statistical description of data, the central and dispersion indices related to the research data were calculated. The results of the Shapiro-Wilk test indicated a normal distribution of social development scores in the research groups (P>0.05). Also, Leven's test results indicated the homogeneity of variances in their social development (F(294, 5)=0.744, P=0.591). Based on a two-way analysis of variance, significant results were found for the main effect of gender and group variables. However, the interaction effect of group and gender was not significant. The social development of female students was higher than that of male students. Based on the results of Tukey's post hoc test, the athletes' group had significantly higher social development than non-athletes. Although the athletes of individual sports had a higher mean social development score than the team athletes, the difference was not significant.

Conclusion

Considering the higher social development of athletes compared with non-athletes and almost identical social development scores in both groups of athletes (team and individual sports disciplines), it is suggested for coaches foster a supportive environment by emphasizing the importance of equality of each athlete to provide the basis for social development among all people. Based on natural human needs for social life and the need to strengthen interpersonal relationships as much as possible, and also the role of sports activities in improving social development, organizations such as the Ministry of Sports and Youth, the Ministry of Education, and the Ministry of Science can hold sports competitions and provide a suitable platform for as many students as possible to engage in sports activities and provide the basis for their social development.

Ethical Considerations:

Compliance with ethical guidelines:

The present study was conducted following ethical principles.

Funding:

The present research was carried out with the financial assistance of Farhangian University.

Authors’ contribution:

All authors contributed equally.

Conflict of interest:

The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments:

We are very grateful to the students of Farhangian University (Mazandaran province) who patiently participated in the present research and cooperated to carry out this research.

(3)

ﮥﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر

ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﯾ

نﺎ ) رﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻪﺘﺷر

ﺎﻫ ﺸﻧاد رﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ و (يداﺮﻔﻧا و ﯽﻤﯿﺗ ي هﺎﮕ

نﺎﯿﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ

رذآرﻮﭘ ﯽﻀﺗﺮﻣ

1

نﻮﯾﺎﻤﻫ ﯽﻀﺗﺮﻣ ، 

ﺎﯿﻧ

2

1 . ،لوﺆﺴﻣ ةﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ شزﻮﻣآ هوﺮﮔ

هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ، .ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،نﺎﯿﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار

[email protected]

2 ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ شزﻮﻣآ هوﺮﮔ . هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،

.ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،نﺎﯿﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار

[email protected]

ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ

:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 14 / 10 / 1401

:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 12

/ 12 / 1401

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 16 / 12 / 1401

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا : 26 / 12 / 1401

ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ

،ﻦﻣﺰﺘﯾاو نﻮﻣزآ ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ

،

،نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد

،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر رﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ و رﺎﮑﺷزرو .

:ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ شزرو زا ﯽﻤﻬﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز

بﻮﺴﺤﻣ نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻣ

ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﻧاد شزرو عﻮﻧ و ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ . ر ﺮﺑ نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸ

ﺪﺷ

ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﮥﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ فﺪﻫ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ رد ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر

ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺎﯾ ن رﺎﮑﺷزرو ) ﻪﺘﺷر ﺎﻫ ي

(يداﺮﻔﻧا و ﯽﻤﯿﺗ رﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ و

.دﻮﺑ نﺎﯿﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد

:ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور .دﻮﺑ ﯽﻌﻄﻘﻣ ﯽﺸﯾﺎﻤﯿﭘ عﻮﻧ زا و ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﮥ رﺎﻣآ ي ﻞﻣﺎﺷ 2000 اد و ﺮﺴﭘ يﻮﺠﺸﻧ

.ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ نﺎﺘﺳا نﺎﯿﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد رد ﻞﯿﺼﺤﺗ لﺎﺣ رد ﺮﺘﺧد 300

ﻌﻣ ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد زا ﺮﻔﻧ شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ نﺎﻤﻠ

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ي ﻪﺷﻮﺧ

ا بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ي ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ راﺰﺑا .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ

ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﮥ ﺪﺷر ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ اوﯾ ﻦﻣﺰﺘ ) 1990 ( دﻮﺑ . ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ

ﺰﺠﺗ ﯾﻪ ﻠﺤﺗو ﯿ ﻞ هداد ﺎﻫ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ زا ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو

و ﻪﻓﺮﻃود ﯽﮐﻮﺗ ﯽﺒﯿﻘﻌﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﻔﺘﺳا

ﺪﺷ هدﺎ .

ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ : ﯽﻠﺻا ﺮﺛا و ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺮﺛا ،ﻪﻓﺮﻃود ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﮔ

دﺎﻨﻌﻣ هوﺮ را ﺖﺳا . ﺑ ،ﻦﯾا دﻮﺟو ﺎ

ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد ﺮﺘﺧد نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر ناﺰﯿﻣ .ﺪﺸﻧ رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ و هوﺮﮔ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺮﺛا ﺑ

ﻧاد ﺎ ﭘ نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸ .دﻮﺑ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺮﺴ

هوﺮﮔ ،ﯽﮐﻮﺗ ﯽﺒﯿﻘﻌﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ نارﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو

ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ و ﺎﺑ .ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ،ﻦﯾا دﻮﺟ

ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻪﺘﺷر

ﺎﻫ ي داﺮﻔﻧا ي ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺗ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻪﺑ ﯿﻤ

ﯽ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ زا ﺪﺷر

ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ ﺑﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ ي درﻮﺧﺮﺑ را ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ

، ﺎﻣا

.دﻮﺒﻧ رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺎﻬﻧآ فﻼﺘﺧا ﺘﻧ ﯿ ﻪﺠ ﮔﯿ ﺮ :ي ﻨﭽﻤﻫ و نارﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ تاﺮﻤﻧ ﻦﯿ

ﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر ﯽﻋﺎﻤ

) نارﺎﮑﺷزرو هوﺮﮔ ود ﺮﻫ رد نﺎﺴﮑﯾ ًﺎﺒﯾﺮﻘﺗ ﻪﺘﺷر

ﺎﻫ ي دﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ ،(يداﺮﻔﻧا و ﯽﻤﯿﺗ ﻣ

ﯽ دﻮﺷ ا نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ ﺗ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ ز ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﺮﺑ ﺪﯿﮐﺄ

و ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﯽﺘﯾﺎﻤﺣ ﻮﺟ دﺎﺠﯾا ﺐﺒﺳ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو زا ﮏﯾ ﺮﻫ نﺎﺴﮑﯾ ﻣز

ﯿ ﻪﻨ زﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر ﺑ

ا ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻦﯿ ار داﺮﻓ

ﻓ ﻢﻫاﺮ

.ﺪﻧروآ

دﺎﻨﺘﺳا رذآرﻮﭘ : ، ﯽﻀﺗﺮﻣ

؛ ﺎﯿﻧ نﻮﯾﺎﻤﻫ ، ﯽﻀﺗﺮﻣ ) 1401 .(

ﮥﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد

ﯾ نﺎ ) رﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻪﺘﺷر ﺎﻫ ﻧا و ﯽﻤﯿﺗ ي ﻓ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد رﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ و (يداﺮﻔ نﺎﯿﮕﻨﻫﺮ

ﺮﺸﻧ. ﯾﻪ

ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر ،

)4 ( 14 ، 41-54 .

2023.353413.1698 JSMDL.

/ 10.22059 http//

: DOI

ﺎﻧ :ﺮﺷ تارﺎﺸﺘﻧا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ناﺮﻬﺗ .

.نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ©

(4)

ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ هزوﺮﻣا زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﻊﻣاﻮﺟ رد شزرو نﺎﻣز

ﺎﻫ ي .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ رود ﻪﺑ

ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ا ي رد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ

ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﻧ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺐﺒﺳ

ﯽﺘﻣﻼﺳ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ داﺮﻓا ﯽﻧاور و ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ

ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ

، ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ و داﺮﻓا ﺖﯿﺼﺨﺷ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ترﺎﻬﻣ

ﺎﻫ ي دراد طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا .

،ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا

نوﺰﻓازور داﺪﻌﺗ يداﺮﻓا

ﻪﮐ ياﺮﺑ يراﺮﻗﺮﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺎﺑ ﻞﮑﺸﻣ ناﺮﮕﯾد ﺪﻧراد

ﺎﯾ يداﺮﻓا ﻪﮐ شﻮﺨﺘﺳد سﺮﺗ

يﺎﻫدرﻮﺧﺮﺑ زا ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

ﯽ ﺪﻧا ﺎﯾ

ﯽﻧﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻪﮐ

،باﺮﻄﺿا رﺎﭼد ﺮﺴﻓا

ﯽﮔد و ياوﺰﻧا ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ا تروﺮﺿ ،ﺪﻧ ﻦﺘﺧادﺮﭘ

ﻪﺑ ﺪﺷر ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و

ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺎﻫ ي ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ نآ

ار ﻪﯿﺟﻮﺗ

ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ ) ﺘﮕﻨﯿﻨﭘ نﻮ

10F

، 2017 (.

شزرو زا ﯽﻤﻬﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز

بﻮﺴﺤﻣ نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻣ

ﯽ دﻮﺷ

، اﺮﯾز ﻪﺑ يراﺰﺑا ياﺮﺑ

،ﯽﯾﺎﻓﻮﮑﺷدﻮﺧ ﯽﺑﺎﯾدﻮﺧ

و زاﺮﺑا دﻮﺟو يدﺮﻓ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ

ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ) ﻨﻫ ﻞ

1F

،2

2021 (.

هداد ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻧﻮﮔ

ﯽﮐﺎﺣ نﻮﮔ زا

نآ ا ﺪﻧ ﻪﮐ رد زوﺮﺑ يدراﻮﻣ

،يرﺎﮑﻫﺰﺑ نﻮﭼ ﺖﻓا

ﯽﻠﯿﺼﺤﺗ و

يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳﺎﻧ

نورد ﻒﻌﺿ ،ﯽﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧاد رد

ﺪﺷر ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻪﺑ ﻢﺸﭼ ﻣ ﯽ درﻮﺧ زا . ﻦﯾا

،ﺮﻈﻧ شزرو نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ار

رود ﻢﻫ ﻊﻤﺟ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ

، ﻪﺑ يراﺮﻗﺮﺑ سﺎﻤﺗ ﺎﻫ ي

ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﮏﻤﮐ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ و شزرا ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﯽﻗﻼﺧا ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ

،ﺖﻘﻔﺷ ﺖﻗاﺪﺻ

، ﮏﻤﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﺳر و ﻪﻧﻻدﺎﻋ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ار

ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ . رد

،ﻊﻗاو

شزرو ﯽﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧاد

ﯽﻠﯿﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ياﺮﺑ ﺖﯾﻮﻘﺗ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ي لﻻﺪﺘﺳا ﯽﻗﻼﺧا و قﻼﺧا ﯽﺷزرو رد نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﺖﺳا

و شزرو ار ﻪﺑ يراﺰﺑا ﺮﺛﺆﻣ

ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ

ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ ) ﻮﺘﮕﻨﯿﻨﭘ ،ن 2017 (.

ﺪﺷر ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻪﺑ ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﯽﻧزاﻮﺘﻣ

زا ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و

يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﻗﺎﺒﻄﻧا

ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔاﺮﻓ هﺪﺷ قﻼﻃا ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﻪﮐ دﺎﺠﯾا دﺮﻓ رد ار ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﻦﯾا ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻂﺑاور ﺎﺗ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺎﺑ

داﺮﻓا ﺮﮕﯾد ﻪﺘﺷاد

،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻬﺟاﻮﻣ رد

ﻦﯾﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﺶﻨﮐاو ﺎﻫ ي ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺪﻫد نﺎﺸﻧ دﻮﺧ زا و

ﯽﯾﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر زا ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ

ﺪﻣﺎﯿﭘ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﺪﻧا

، .ﺪﻨﮐ يراددﻮﺧ زا

ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﺟا ﺪﺷر ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘ

ﻣ ﯽ ناﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ

،يرﺎﮑﻤﻫ ،ﯽﻟﺪﻤﻫ

ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﯿ ﺖ ﺬﭘ ﯾﺮ ي ﻮﺧ ، و ﯽﯾﺎﮑﺗا ﻮﺧ

ﯾ ﻦﺘﺸ راد ي دﺮﮐ هرﺎﺷا )

رﻼﮐ ك

2F

،3

2017 ( ﻦﯾﺪﻨﭼ .

ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر و شزرو ار

ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻣ هدﺮﮐ ﺪﻧا ) ﻮﺗﺮﺑ ﯽﭽﯿﭘ و ن

3F

،4

2013 ؛ د ﯽﺴﻨﺳ ي

4F

،5

2014 ( ﺎﺑ . ﻦﯾا

،لﺎﺣ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ

ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ،ﯽﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا

طوﺮﺸﻣ ﺖﺳا ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ

يداﺮﻓا ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ

،نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ ناﺮﺒﻫر ﻢﯿﺗ ﺎﯾ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ زا ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﻦﺘﺷاد ترﺎﻬﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﯽﻗﻼﺧا رد شزرو ﻪﺘﺷاد عﻼﻃا ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ

و ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ قﻼﺧا و ﺖﯿﺼﺨﺷ ار

ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﻪﻧﺎﻫﺎﮔآ رد رﺎﻨﮐ ﺪﺷر ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ فﺪﻫ راﺮﻗ ﺪﻨﻫد

) ﻠﮕﯿﻔﻧﺎﺑ ﻮ

5F

،6

2011 (.

رد يدراﻮﻣ ﻪﮐ

،نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ شزﻮﻣآ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﯽﺘﯿﺼﺨﺷ ،ﯽﻗﻼﺧا ار

ﯽﺸﺨﺑ زا شزﻮﻣآ دﻮﺧ راﺮﻗ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻫد

، يﺎﻀﻓ ﯽﻗﻼﺧا

ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ يﺎﻫرﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ

ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ نآ زا ﺪﺷر ﺖﯿﺼﺨﺷ و ﺪﺷر ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا رد

نارﺎﮑﺷزرو هاﺮﻤﻫ

دﻮﺷ ) ﻠﯿﺷ زﺪ

6F

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و7

2005 (.

،ﻦﯾا دﻮﺟو ﺎﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

ﺎﻫ داﺮﻓا نﺪﺷ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا رد شزرو ﺶﻘﻧ صﻮﺼﺧ رد ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ

ﻘﻧوﺪﺿ ﯿ ﺾ هدﻮﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ .ﺖﺳا

ياﺮﺑ ﻣ ﺜ لﺎ رد

ﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽ ﺶﻧاد نازﻮﻣآ ﺮﺘﺧد

،رﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

ﯽ ﺮﺗ زا ﺶﻧاد نازﻮﻣآ ﺮﺘﺧد ﻏﯿ رﺎﮑﺷزروﺮ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ

) ﺮﻓ ،هدازﺪﯿﺳ و ﯽﺧ 2013

(.

،ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا رد

نﺎﯿﺑ ﺮﮕﯾد ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﺪﺷ

ﻪﮐ ياراد شزرو تاﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ

ﺖﺳا ﯽﻔﯿﻌﺿ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ نﺪﺷ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا )

ﻦﻤﯿﻟ

7F

،8

1974 ( ،نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ دﺎﻘﺘﻋا ﻪﺑ ﯽﺘﺣ .

داﺮﻓا رد قﻼﺧا نﺪﺷ ﻞﺋاز ﺐﺒﺳ ﯽﺘﺑﺎﻗر و ﯽﻧﺎﻣﺮﻬﻗ شزرو ﻣ

ﯽ دﻮﺷ

، ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ دﺎﻘﺘﻋا ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ يﻮﺤﻧ شزرو

ﺎﻫ ي ﺐﺒﺳ ﯽﺗرﻮﺻ رد ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﯽﺘﺑﺎﻗر

اﺮﻓا ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر د

ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﯽﻠﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﺑ نآ رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ

دﻮﺷ ﺪﯿﮐﺄﺗ يرﺎﮑﻤﻫ و يدﺮﻤﻧاﻮﺟ ،ﺖﻗاﺪﺻ )

ﻞﻨﻫ ، 2021 (.

لﺎﻤﻋا ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ﺰﯿﮕﻧاﺮﺑ يدﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﺪﺷر ةزﻮﺣ رد ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

رد رد و شزرو مﺎﻤﺗ

حﻮﻄﺳ ﯽﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ .

ﻬﺑ ياﺮ لﺎﺜﻣ ﮏﻤﮐ ﯽﺑﺮﻣ

ادﺎﻧﺎﮐ ﺲﭘ زا ﻦﺘﺴﮑﺷ ﯽﮑﺳا نﻮﺘﻧآ فورﺎﻓﺎﮔ ﯽﺳور9

رد يزﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟا ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺴﻣز ﯽﭼﻮﺳ 2014 ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ وا ضﺮﻗ ﯽﮑﺳا داد

؛ ﺪﯾواد ﺰﯿﺋﻮﻟ

10

1. Pennington

2. Hanle

3. Clarke

4. Burton & Peachey

5. DeSensi

6. Bonfiglio

7. Shields

8. Layman

9. Anton Gafarov

10. David Luiz

(5)

ﯾ نﺎ ) رﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻪﺘﺷر

ﺎﻫ ﺮﻔﻧا و ﯽﻤﯿﺗ ي نﺎﯿﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد رﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ و (يدا

45

ﻪﮐ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﯽﻟﺎﻋ ﻒﯾﺮﺣ دﻮﺧ ﺰﻤﯿﺟ ﺰﮕﯾردور رد1

مﺎﺟ ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ 2014 ار لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ دﺮﮐ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ

؛ ﺰﺗﻮﻟ ﺎﯾ ﮓﻧﻻ ﻪﮐ2

ﻪﺑ ﻒﯾﺮﺣ دﻮﺧ ﯽﺴﺟ ﺰﻧوا

3

ﻪﯿﺻﻮﺗ دﺮﮐ ﻪﮐ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ مﺮﻓ شﺮﭘ لﻮﻃ دﻮﺧ ار دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﺪﺸﺨﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ رد زﺎﺑ ي ﺎﻫ ي ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟا ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ 1936 ﻼﻃ ﺐﺴﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ ) ﻨﻫ ،ﻞ 2021 (.

ﺎﺑ

ﻦﯾا لﺎﺣ ﯽﻟﺎﺣرد ﻪﮐ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﻫ ي يدﺪﻌﺘﻣ زا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺪﺷر ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

رد شزرو دﻮﺟو

،دراد ةﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﻗﻼﺧاﺮﯿﻏ رد

مﺎﻤﺗ حﻮﻄﺳ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﺘﺑﺎﻗر

ﻪﺑ نﺎﻤﻫ هزاﺪﻧا ﺞﯾار .ﺖﺳا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ زا يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟاﺪﺿ

ترﺎﺒﻋ ﺪﻧا زا : ﺲﯿﺋﻮﻟ زراﻮﺳ ﻪﮐ4

ﻒﯾﺮﺣ دﻮﺧ ار رد نﺎﯾﺮﺟ يزﺎﺑ مﺎﺟ ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ

زﺎﮔ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ

؛ ﻦﮑﯾزﺎﺑ لﺎﺒﺴﯿﺑ تراﻮﺘﺳا دوﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ5

ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﯽﻤﺟﺎﻬﺗ و يﺪﻤﻋ ﯽﭘﻮﺗ ار ﻪﺑ ﺖﻤﺳ ﻪﺑﺮﺿ نز بﺎﺗﺮﭘ دﺮﮐ

؛ رﻮﺴﯿﻨﺗ ﮏﯿﻧ سﻮﯾﺮﮐ ﻪﮐ6

رد نﺎﯾﺮﺟ نوﺪﻠﺒﻤﯾو يزﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ

ﻒﯾﺮﺣ دﻮﺧ ﻦﯿﻫﻮﺗ .دﺮﮐ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ زوﺮﺑ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر

ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟاﺪﺿ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ

ﺪﺷر ﺖﯿﺼﺨﺷ ﺐﺴﺘﻨﻣ

ﻪﺑ شزرو

ار ﻪﺑ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺸﮐ ) ازووﺎﮐ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﺘﺳا و ﻮﻧ

16F

،7

2017 ( .

يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر رد ﺾﻗﺎﻨﺗ رﻮﮐﺬﻣ

ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺑ عﻮﻧ شزرو ﺖﺒﺴﻧ هداد دﻮﺷ

، ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ يﻮﺤﻧ ﺮﻫ

ﯽﺷزرو ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﺑﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ دﺮﻓ دﻮﺧ ار دراد

) لﺎﺜﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣوود

رد ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ (،

ﺢﻄﺳ ياراد ﯽﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ

زا ﺖﺳا ﺖﺑﺎﻗر )

ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ شزرو ﯽﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧاد رد

ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ شزرو ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ا ي ( ﯾﺎ مﺪﻋ

ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺼﺨﺷ ﯿ ﺖ زﺎﺳ ي و ﺪﺷر ﯽﻗﻼﺧا ﻪﮐ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر داﺮﻓا

ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ) و ﺮﯿﻣدﺮﺑ و ﺲﯾ

17F

،8

1990 (.

ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ يﺎﻫ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ

ﻪﮐ ﯽﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺎﺑ

ﺮﻫ شزرو اﺮﻤﻫ ه

،ﺖﺳا ﯽﮔﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ رﺎﺘﻓر

ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا رد

شزرو ار نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻫد و ﻪﮑﻨﯾا رﺪﻘﭼ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ رد ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر

ﮏﯾ رﺎﮑﺷزرو ﺶﻘﻧ ﺪﻧراد . ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر ﺮﺑ (يداﺮﻔﻧا /ﯽﻤﯿﺗ) شزرو عﻮﻧ ﺶﻘﻧ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯽﺗﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ

ﺪﻧا

، هاﺮﻤﻫ ﯽﻀﻗﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ

هدﻮﺑ ﺪﻧا . ياﺮﺑ لﺎﺜﻣ ورﺎﺳرﻮﮐ و نﻮﺳﺪﻟاوا )

1998 ﻪﺑ ( ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﺶﻧاد نازﻮﻣآ و ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ رد

شزرو ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ جرﺎﺧ زا

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺳﻼﮐ رد ﻪﺳرﺪﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﺎﯿﻟﺎﺘﯾا و ﺪﺋﻮﺳ ﺪﻨﺘﺧادﺮﭘ و ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﮐ ﺶﻧاد نازﻮﻣآ رد لﻮﻃ شزرو ﺎﻫ ي

،ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ ﺶﺨﺑ هﺪﻤﻋ ا ي زا

ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ار

دﺎﯾ و ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺎﻬﻧآ

ار رد ﮔﺪﻧز ﯽ ﻪﺑ رﺎﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﺑ ) نﻮﺳﺪﻟاوا ورﺎﺳرﺎﮐو

18F9،

1998 ( ) ﻞﻨﻫ ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا . 2021

رد (

نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻦﯿﺑ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ دﻮﺧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺘﺷر

ﺎﻫ ي اﺮﻔﻧا و ﯽﻤﯿﺗ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ نﺎﻔﯾﺮﺣ ﺎﺑ ﯽﯾورﺎﯾور رد ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ رد يد

نارﺎﮑﺷزرو و دراد دﻮﺟو ﻪﺘﺷر

ﺎﻫ ي يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟاﺪﺿ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﻤﯿﺗ (يﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر)

رد .ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ دﻮﺧ نﺎﻔﯾﺮﺣ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد ار

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ) هدازﺪﯿﺳ و ﯽﺧﺮﻓ 1380

ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر ﻦﯿﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ( نارﺎﮑﺷزرو

يداﺮﻔﻧا و ﺮﮔ ﯽﻫو يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ

.

تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ

رد ﮥﻨﯿﻣز شزرو و

،رﺎﺘﻓر ﺎﯾ شزرو داﺮﻓا ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ا ي يﺪﺘﺒﻣ داﺮﻓا ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد مﺎﺠﻧا

ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺖﺳا ) ﯾرﺎﺑ ﺎﮕ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 2001

؛

ﻫ جﺎ و يدرﺎﯿﭼﻮﮔ

19F10،

2015

؛ ﺪﯾرد و ﺮﺴﯿﻠﮐار ،ﭻﯾﻮﻧﻼﯿﻣ

20F11،

2020 (.

،ﻦﯾا دﻮﺟو ﺎﺑ ﮥﻨﯿﻣز رد تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ دﻮﺒﻤﮐ

توﺎﻔﺗ ﺎﻫ ي ﺪﺷر رد ﯽﺘﯿﺴﻨﺟ

ﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ و رﺎﮑﺷزرو داﺮﻓا ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا رﺎ

سﺎﺴﺣا ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ دﺮﮐ شراﺰﮔ ار ﯽﻀﻗﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ ﻦﯿﺸﯿﭘ دوﺪﺤﻣ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ و ها

.ﺪﻧ ياﺮﺑ لﺎﺜﻣ رد

ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و زﺪﻠﯿﺷ 2018

نز نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ،(

ﻪﻧ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟاﺪﺿ

ﯽ ﺎﭘ ﯿﯾ ﻦ ﺮﺗ

، يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺪﻨﺴﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ار يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ

ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ نادﺮﻣ )

زﺪﻠﯿﺷ

21F

نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و12

، 2018 ( ﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا . ﯽ

هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر رد يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ نادﺮﻣ و نﺎﻧز ﻦﯿﺑ

ﺪﺸﻧ ) ،ﻞﻨﻫ 2021 ( رد شزرو ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﺶﻘﻧ و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر زا نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد يرادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ موﺰﻟ صﻮﺼﺧ رد هﺪﺷﺮﮐذ دراﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .

زﺎﯿﻧ ﯽﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧاد شزرو ةزﻮﺣ ،ﺎﻬﻧآ نﺪﺷ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻪﺑ

ﻪﺟﻮﺗ يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ دراد و ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻦﯾا رد ﻪﺑ

تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻠﻘﺘﺴﻣ

ﯽ ﺖﺳا زﺎﯿﻧ فﺪﻫ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .

ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر رد توﺎﻔﺗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد

ﺎﻫ ي ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺖﺳا رﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ و (يداﺮﻔﻧا و ﯽﻤﯿﺗ

1 . James Rodriguez

2. Lutz Long

3. Jesse Owens

4. Luis Suarez

5. Stuart Broad

6. Nick Kyrgios

7. Kavussanu & Stanger

8. Weiss & Bredemeier

9. Evaldsson & Corsaro

10 . Hodge & Gucciardi

11 . Milovanovic, Roklicer & Drid

12 . Shields

(6)

ﻪﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ لﺎﺒﻧد ﺶﺳﺮﭘ

ﻦﯿﺑ ﺎﯾآ ﻪﮐ ﻢﯿﺘﺴﻫ نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد

ﺎﺑ رﺎﮑﺷزرو دﺮﻣ و نز رد ﯽﺗوﺎﻔﺗ رﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ دﺮﻣ و نز نﺎﻤﻠﻌﻣ ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد

.ﺮﯿﺧ ﺎﯾ دراد دﻮﺟو ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر شور ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

ﯽﻠﻋ عﻮﻧ زا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور -

ﺎﻘﻣ ﯾ ﻪﺴ ا ي .دﻮﺑ

ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ

درﻮﻣ يرﺎﻣآ ﮥﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ

2000 يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد زﺎﻣ نﺎﺘﺳا نﺎﯿﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد رد ﻞﯿﺼﺤﺗ لﺎﺣ رد ﺮﺘﺧد و ﺮﺴﭘ

ﻤﻧ .ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ نارﺪﻧ ﻧﻮ

ﮥ يرﺎﻣآ 300

نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد زا ﺮﻔﻧ نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ نﺎﺘﺳا نﺎﯿﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد

شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ

ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ﻪﺷﻮﺧ ا ي بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺪﺷ ﺪﻧ و ﻪﺑ ﻪﺳ

رﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻢﻠﻌﻣﻮﺠﺸﻧاد هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺘﺷر

ﺎﻫ ي ) يداﺮﻔﻧا 100 ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺮﻔﻧ 43

و ﺮﺘﺧد 57 رﺎﮑﺷزرو ،(ﺮﺴﭘ ﻪﺘﺷر

ﺎﻫ ي ) ﯽﻤﯿﺗ 96 ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺮﻔﻧ 48

و ﺮﺘﺧد

48 و (ﺮﺴﭘ ﻏﯿ رﺎﮑﺷزروﺮ )

104 ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺮﻔﻧ 51

و ﺮﺘﺧد 53 .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ (ﺮﺴﭘ ﻪﺘﺷر

ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻠﯿﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ شزﻮﻣآ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد

ﯽﺑﺮﺠﺗ مﻮﻠﻋ ،تﺎﯿﻬﻟا ،تﺎﯿﺿﺎﯾر ،ﯽﺴﯿﻠﮕﻧا نﺎﺑز ،ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ تﺎﯿﺑدا ،ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺜﺘﺳا نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ شزﻮﻣآ ،ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ مﻮﻠﻋ ،

،ﯽﺘﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﻣ زا ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ هروﺎﺸ

نﺎﺘﺳا ﺎﻫ ي ﺪﻧزﺎﻣ روﺎﺠﻣ ﯽﻨﻌﯾ نار

نﺎﺘﺳا ﺎﻫ ي ﺸﻧاد ﻦﯾا رد ﻞﯿﺼﺤﺗ لﺎﺣ رد نﺎﻨﻤﺳ و نﺎﺘﺴﻠﮔ ،نﻼﯿﮔ .دﻮﺑ هﺎﮕ

راﺰﺑا

ﺪﺷر نﻮﻣزآ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

ﯽ ﻟآ ﯿ ﺲ او ﯾ ﻦﻣﺰﺘ )1

1990 ( ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ راﺰﺑا اﯾ

ناﺮ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺳ ﯿ ﺎﻤ ﺮﻈﻧ ي ) 1367 ( و ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗ

رﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﯾﺑﺎ ﯽ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ )

،هدازﺪﯿﺳ و ﯽﺧﺮﻓ 2013

( . اﯾ ﻦ نﻮﻣزآ اراد ي 27 ﻪﺳ لاﺆﺳ ﯾﺎ

ﺰﮔرﺎﻬﭼ ﯾ ﻪﻨ ا ي ،لﻼﻘﺘﺳا ﺪﺣ ،لﻼﻘﺘﺳا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺬﭘ

ﯾ شﺮ

ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﯿ ﺖ ، آﯾ هﺪﻨ ﺮﮕﻧ ي ، ﻣﯿ ﻪﻧﺎ ور ي ، ﻣا ﯿ راوﺪ ي و شﻮﺧ ﺑﯿﻨ ﯽ ، ﺧﻮﺷ ﯽ و ﻪﻟﺬﺑ ﻮﮔ ﯽﯾ ار زا ﻪﮐ وﯾ ﮔﮋ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي ﯾ ﮏ ﺪﺷر نﺎﺴﻧا ﯾ

ﮥﺘﻓﺎ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ ﺖﺳا

،

هزاﺪﻧا ﻣ ﯽ ﮔﯿ دﺮ و ﺮﺿ ﯾ ﺐ نﻮﻣزآ رﺎﺒﺘﻋا 73

/0 .ﺖﺳا ﺳ ﺮﻫ ﺆ لا ﺪﺷر ﮥﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

ﯽ 3 ﺎﯾ 4 دراد ﻪﻨﯾﺰﮔ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ.

ﺎﻫ ي ﺢﯿﺤﺻ ﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ

و جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا نﻮﻣزآ ﺪﯿﻠﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ هﺮﻤﻧ

راﺬﮔ ي ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﻦﯿﺑ تاﺮﻤﻧ عﻮﻤﺠﻣ رد . 0

ﺎﺗ 25 راﺮﻗ ﻣ ﯽ ﮔﯿ دﺮ . ﺮﻤﻧ ة 24 ﺟرد ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺎﯾ ﮥ

ﻟﺎﻋ ﯽ ﺮﻤﻧ ، ة ﻦﯿﺑ

15 ﺎﺗ 24 ﺟرد ﮥ بﻮﺧ ﺮﻤﻧ ، ة ﻦﯿﺑ 5 ﺎﺗ 14 ﺮﻤﻧ و ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ة

زا ﺮﺘﻤﮐ 5 ﻒﯿﻌﺿ ﺖﺳا .

ياﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﯽﯾاور ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ

ﮥ او ﺲﯿﻟا ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر ﯾ

ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻦﻣﺰﺘ نادﺎﺘﺳا

ﺗ نﺎﻬﻔﺻا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺄ

ﺪﯿﯾ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا . ﻦﯿﺑ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﯾاور ﺐﯾﺮﺿ

تاﺮﻤﻧ و ﺖﺴﺗ ﻦﯾا SCL90-R0

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد دﺮﻓدﺰﯾا

و شﻮﯾراد ) 1380 ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ( 57

/0 ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ .

ﯽﻠﺻا مﺮﻓ ﯽﯾاور ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ

ﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺮﺑ ﻦﻣﺰﺘﯾاو ﺲﯿﻟا ﻂ

رﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﻟوا يا ﺮﺑ

ﯽﻨﺳ هوﺮﮔ يور 13

- 18 و اﺮﺟا لﺎﺳ ﺄﺗ

ﯿﯾ ﺪ ﺪﺷ . ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و شﺎﺗﺮﯿﻣا 1385

ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد (

يور 240 زا ﺮﻔﻧ ﺶﻧاد نازﻮﻣآ رود ة خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ يﺎﻔﻟآ شور ﻪﺑ ار ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﺐﯾﺮﺿ رﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ و رﺎﮑﺷزرو ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻨﻫار 86

/0 ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ

ر زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺎﻌﻣ ﻒﯿﺻﻮﺗ شو

د ل 93 /0 نﺎﺸﻧ ار راﺰﺑا يﻻﺎﺑ رﺎﺒﺘﻋا ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻫد ) ،هدازﺪﯿﺳ و ﯽﺧﺮﻓ 2013

(.

ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ

شور ﻪﺑ نﻻﺎﺴﮔرﺰﺑ يور ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﯾا ﮥﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ

يﺎﻔﻟآ خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ 85 /0 ﻪﺑ ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و يﺮﻫﺎﻃ)

2022 (.

ﺪﻧور اﺮﺟا ي ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﺶﯿﭘ زا اﺮﺟا ي ار دﻮﺧ ،نﻮﻣزآ ﻓﺮﻌﻣ

ﯽ ار ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ زا فﺪﻫ و ﺑﯿ

نﺎ دﺮﮐ و ﻪﺑ ار نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا ﻦﯾا ﺖﮐﺮﺷ

نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻪﮐ داد ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﺎﻫ ي

ﻗﻼﺧا ﯽ ﺖﯾﺎﻋر ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﻣ

ﯽ دﻮﺷ نوﺪﺑ و ﻪﻧﺎﻗدﺎﺻ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺳاﻮﺧ ﺎﻬﻧآ زا ﺲﭙﺳ . ﻫﯿ

ﭻ ﻪﻏﺪﻏد ا ي ﻪﺑ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﮥﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ

دﺮﻓ ي

ﺪﺷر نﻮﻣزآ و ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

ﯽ هﺎﮕﻧآ .ﺪﻨﻫد ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ

ﺎﻫ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﮏﻨﯿﻟ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا

ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﻦﯾﻼﻧآ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﻪﮑﺒﺷ

ﺎﻫ ي ،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

و ﻞﯿﻤﯾا ،ﮏﻣﺎﯿﭘ لﺎﺳرا رﺎﯿﺘﺧا رد …

ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ةﻮﺤﻧ و ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ

ﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﯽﯾ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﺑ ﺿﻮﺗ ﯿ ﺢ ﺎﺗ ﺪﺷ هداد ﻧدﻮﻣزآ

ﯽ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻤﮑﺗ ﯿ ﻞ

1. Ellis Witsman

(7)

47

.ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ماﺪﻗا ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ياﺪﺘﺑا رد

ﮥﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ يدﺮﻓ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ،ﻦﯾﻼﻧآ

ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺘﺷر عﻮﻧ و (يداﺮﻔﻧا و ﯽﻤﯿﺗ) شزرو عﻮﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ

ﮥ

ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ﯽﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﯽﺷزرو ﺪﺷ

. ﯽﻘﻠﺗ رﺎﮑﺷزرو يداﺮﻓا ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻪﮐ رد ﯾ ﮏ ﮥﺘﺷر ﺷزرو ﯽ ) جرﺎﺧ زا بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ سورد ﻪﺋارا رد هﺪﺷ (هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد

ﺖﺒﺛ مﺎﻧ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ و ﺪﺣ ا ﻞﻗ ود زور رد ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﻪﺑ شزرو ﻢﻈﻨﻣ رد هﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧزادﺮﭘ ) ،هدازﺪﯿﺳ و ﯽﺧﺮﻓ 2013

( . نﺎﯾﺎﺷ ﺖﺳا ﺮﮐذ ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻈﻨﻣ

ندﻮﺑ ﻦﮕﻤﻫ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ

نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ، ﻪﺘﺷر ﺎﻫ ي .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ دراو ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ يداﺮﻔﻧا و ﯽﻤﯿﺗ ﯽﺷزرو ﻦﯾﺪﺑ

ﻪﮐ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺘﺷر

ﺎﻫ ي ود رد ﯽﺷزرو

هوﺮﮔ شزرو ﺎﻫ ي ﻦﯿﺑ زا يداﺮﻔﻧا و ﯽﻤﯿﺗ ﻪﺘﺷر

ﺎﻫ ي ﺪﻧﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﯽﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧاد

، اﺮﯾز نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد نﺎﮑﻣا

نآ رد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ و يزﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷر

ﺎﻫ ار

توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺖﯿﻫﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ﻪﺘﺷر

ﺎﻫ ي ...و يدرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺮﯿﻏ و يدرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺮﯿﻈﻧ ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻈﻨﻣ نﺎﺴﻤﻫ زﺎﺳ ي نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ،ﺮﺘﺧد و ﺮﺴﭘ

دورو كﻼﻣ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ

نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ رد رﻮﻀﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﻪﺘﺷر

ﺎﻫ ي داﺮﻔﻧا و (لﺎﺑﺪﻨﻫ و لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ ،لﺎﺒﯿﻟاو ،لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ) ﯽﻤﯿﺗ نﺎﺴﮑﯾ يور ﺲﯿﻨﺗ) ي

،نﻮﺘﻨﯿﻣﺪﺑ ،ﺰﯿﻣ ﻣوود

ﯿ ﻧاﺪ ﯽ ﺮﻫ .دﻮﺑ (ﺎﻨﺷ و ﺖﮐﺮﺷ

هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻦﯾا ﻦﯿﺑ زا بﺎﺨﺘﻧا نﺎﮑﻣا ﻪﺘﺷر

ﺎﻫ دﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﺮﮐذ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ياﺪﺘﺑا رد ﻪﮐ ار

، و ﺖﺷاد

رد ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ لﻮﻐﺸﻣ ﻪﭽﻧﺎﻨﭼ ﻪﺘﺷر

ا ي زا جرﺎﺧ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ دﻮﺑ ﺮﮐذ

، ﻪﺘﺷاﺬﮔ رﺎﻨﮐ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ زا ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﺷ .

شور رﺎﻣآ ي

ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ ﺶﺨﺑ رد

، ﺧﺎﺷ ﺺ ﺎﻫ ي ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ و يﺰﮐﺮﻣ هداد

ﺎﻫ ي ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺨﺑ رد .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻃﺎﺒﻨﺘﺳا رﺎﻣآ ﺶ

ﯽ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ

ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ لﺎﻣﺮﻧ ندﻮﺑ هداد ﺎﻫ زا نﻮﻣزآ ﮐ ﻮ فﻮﻧﺮﯿﻤﺳا فوﺮﮔﻮﻤﻟ و

اﺮﺑ ي ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ ﯽﻨﮕﻤﻫ راو ﯾ ﺲﻧﺎ ﺎﻫ نﻮﻟ نﻮﻣزآ زا شور زا ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و

رﺎﻣآ ي

ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو و ﻪﻓﺮﻃود ﯽﮐﻮﺗ ﯽﺒﯿﻘﻌﺗ نﻮﻣزآ

ﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺢﻄﺳ .ﺪ

رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ي ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻐﺘﻣ

ﯿ ﺎﻫﺮ 05 /0

<

ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد P

ﺰﺠﺗ ﯾﻪ ﻠﺤﺗو ﯿ ﻞ ﺎﻫ ي زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ يرﺎﻣآ مﺮﻧ

راﺰﻓا ﮥﺨﺴﻧSPSS

22 مﺎﺠﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺳﺮﺗ ياﺮﺑ . زا ﺎﻫرادﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﯿ

مﺮﻧ راﺰﻓا Excel ﺎﻔﺘﺳا هد ﺪﺷ .

ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ و فاﺮﺤﻧا دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا ﺗ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر تاﺮﻤﻧ

رو ،ﯽﻤﯿﺗ ﮥﺘﺷر نارﺎﮑﺷزرو) هوﺮﮔ و ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ ﮏﯿﮑﻔ ﻔﻧا ﮥﺘﺷر نارﺎﮑﺷز

و يداﺮ

(نارﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ رد

لواﺪﺟ 1 و 2 شراﺰﮔ هﺪﺷ .ﺖﺳا

لوﺪﺟ 1 ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ . و فاﺮﺤﻧا دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا رد ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر تاﺮﻤﻧ نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد

ﺮﺴﭘ

هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺘﺷر ﻪﻘﺒﻃ

ﯽﺼﺼﺨﺗ داﺪﻌﺗ

داﺮﻓا ﻦﺳ (لﺎﺳ) ﮥﻘﺑﺎﺳ

ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ (لﺎﺳ) ﺪﺷر

ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻧا

فاﺮﺤ دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا

رﺎﮑﺷزرو ﯽﻤﯿﺗ

لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ 11

8/

22 5/

4 80

/ 17 41

/ 2

لﺎﺒﯿﻟاو 10

5/

20 4/

3 78

/ 17 27

/ 1

لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ 12

2/

19 4/

6 42

/ 16 63

/ 2

لﺎﺑﺪﻨﻫ 15

4/

23 9/

3 71

/ 18 53

/ 3

عﻮﻤﺠﻣ 48

4/

21 5/

4 67

/ 17 46

/ 2

يداﺮﻔﻧا ﺰﯿﻣ يور ﺲﯿﻨﺗ

14 5/

24 5/

3 41

/ 16 41

/ 2

نﻮﺘﻨﯿﻣﺪﺑ 12

8/

21 7/

4 26

/ 19 12

/ 1

ﻣوود ﯿ ﻧاﺪ ﯽ 13

5/

19 4/

6 2/

20 02

/ 3

ﺎﻨﺷ 18

3/

20 2/

5 53

/ 18 53

/ 2

عﻮﻤﺠﻣ 57

5/

21 9/

4 60

/ 18 27

/ 2

رﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ -

53 8/

20 -

75 / 13 23

/ 2

(8)

لوﺪﺟ 2 ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ . و فاﺮﺤﻧا دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا اد رد ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر تاﺮﻤﻧ نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧ

ﺮﺘﺧد رﺎﮑﺷزرو

هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺘﺷر ﻪﻘﺒﻃ

ﯽﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﺗ

داﺮﻓا ﻦﺳ داﺪﻌ (لﺎﺳ) ﮥﻘﺑﺎﺳ

ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ (لﺎﺳ) ﺪﺷر

ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا فاﺮﺤﻧا

دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا

رﺎﮑﺷزرو ﯽﻤﯿﺗ

لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ 15

5/

19 2/

7 11

/ 19 95

/ 3

لﺎﺒﯿﻟاو 11

7/

20 9/

4 78

/ 18 83

/ 2

لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ 13

4/

24 6/

3 71

/ 19 53

/ 3

لﺎﺑﺪﻨﻫ 9

8/

21 4/

3 32

/ 17 50

/ 3

عﻮﻤﺠﻣ 48

6/

21 7/

4 73

/ 18 45

/ 3

يداﺮﻔﻧا ﻨﺗ

ﺰﯿﻣ يور ﺲﯿ 8

3/

20 2/

5 31

/ 20 71

/ 3

نﻮﺘﻨﯿﻣﺪﺑ 11

5/

23 6/

3 22

/ 21 82

/ 2

ﻣوود ﯿ ﻧاﺪ ﯽ 15

9/

21 3/

2 18

/ 19 78

/ 3

ﺎﻨﺷ 9

7/

19 5/

6 33

/ 20 93

/ 3

عﻮﻤﺠﻣ 43

3/

21 4/

4 26

/ 20 56

/ 3

رﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ -

53 4/

21 -

75 / 13 10

/ 15

نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ اوﻮﻧآ

ﻦﯿﺑ داد نﺎﺸﻧ هوﺮﮔ

ﺎﻫ ي درﻮﻣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ) ﻪﺘﺷر ﺎﻫ ي ،ﯽﻤﯿﺗ ﻪﺘﺷر ﺎﻫ ي نارﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ و يداﺮﻔﻧا (

ﻪﺑ ﻟ ﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ظﺎﺤ يﺎ

ﻣز ﯿ ﻪﻨ ا ي ) ﻦﺳ 618 /0

=

، P 483 / 0 ) = 297 ، 2(

) ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﮥﻘﺑﺎﺳ و (F 789

/ 0

=

، P 237 /0 ) = 297 ، 2(

ﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ (F .ﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ يرادﺎﻨﻌ

ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ

رد ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر تاﺮﻤﻧ لﺎﻣﺮﻧ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ زا ﯽﮐﺎﺣ ﮏﻠﯾو وﺮﯿﭘﺎﺷ نﻮﻣزآ هوﺮﮔ

ﺎﻫ ي ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ) دﻮﺑ 05 /0

>

.( P ﻫ نﻮﻟ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤ

رد هوﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻨﮕﻤﻫ زا ﯽﮐﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ راو

ﯾ ﺲﻧﺎ ﺎﻫ ) دﻮﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر تاﺮﻤﻧ رد 591

/0

=

، P 744 / 0 ) = 294 ، 5(

(F لوﺪﺟ رد . 3

ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ

نارﺎﮑﺷزرو) هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺳ رد ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر تاﺮﻤﻧ صﻮﺼﺧ رد ﻪﻓﺮﻃود ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﻪﺘﺷر

ﺎﻫ ي ﮑﺷزرو ،ﯽﻤﯿﺗ ارﺎ

ن ﻪﺘﺷر ﺎﻫ ي يداﺮﻔﻧا

.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ نﺎﯿﺑ ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ رد هوﺮﮔ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺮﺛا و (ﺮﺘﺧد و ﺮﺴﭘ) ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ و (نارﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ و

لوﺪﺟ 3 (ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ * هوﺮﮔ)ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر تاﺮﻤﻧ صﻮﺼﺧ رد ﻪﻓﺮﻃود ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ .

تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ تاروﺬﺠﻣ عﻮﻤﺠﻣ

يدازآ ﮥﺟرد تاروﺬﺠﻣ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ

F ηp2 Sig

020 هوﺮﮔ / 1379 2

510 / 689 90

/ 39 001

/ 0 227

/ 0

ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ 639

/ 136 1

639 / 136 907

/ 7 005 / 0 026

/ 0

ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ رد هوﺮﮔ 327

/ 4 2

163 / 2 125

/ 0 88

/ 0 001

/ 0

ﺎﻄﺧ 327

/ 5080 294

280 / 17

عﻮﻤﺠﻣ 95907

300

عﻮﻤﺠﻣ حﻼﺻا 237 هﺪﺷ

/ 6569 299

(9)

49

نﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﮐ لوﺪﺟ رد 3

ﻪﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﺎﺘﻧ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ،

،ﻪﻓﺮﻃود ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾ ﺮﮔ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺮﺛا

) هو 001 /0

= (P و ﯽﻠﺻا ﺮﺛا

) ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ 005

/0

= ) ﺪﺸﻧ رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ و هوﺮﮔ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺮﺛا ﻦﯾا دﻮﺟو ﺎﺑ .دﻮﺑ رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ (P 88

/ 0

= ا ﺮﺑ .(P لوﺪﺟ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ سﺎﺳ 3

ﯽﻠﺻا ﺮﺛا ،

.دﻮﺑ رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ ﻪﺑ

ﻦﯿﺑ ،ﺮﮕﯾد ترﺎﺒﻋ هوﺮﮔ

ﺎﻫ ي د (ناﺮﺘﺧد و ناﺮﺴﭘ) ﯽﺘﯿﺴﻨﺟ ﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر تاﺮﻤﻧ ر

ﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﯽﻋﺎ ﺸﻣ يرادﺎﻨ

ﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎ

) 001 /0

= تاﺮﻤﻧ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .(sig نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد

ﺮﺘﺧد ﺘﻧﯿ ﻪﺠ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﺷر ناﺰﯿﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪ

د ﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ر ﺎ

نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺮﺴﭘ

دﻮﺑ ،هوﺮﮔ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺮﺛا نﺪﺷ رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ . ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﮥﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ هوﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ي ﻪﺳ ﻪﻧﺎﮔ زا ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر تاﺮﻤﻧ رد

لوﺪﺟ رد نآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﮐﻮﺗ ﯽﺒﯿﻘﻌﺗ نﻮﻣزآ 4

.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ نﺎﯿﺑ

لوﺪﺟ 4 ﯽﮐﻮﺗ ﯽﺒﯿﻘﻌﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ . ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﯽﺘﻔﺟ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ هوﺮﮔ

ﺎﻫ (رﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ ،يداﺮﻔﻧا ،ﯽﻤﯿﺗ)

ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا فاﺮﺤﻧا

يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ

ﯽﻤﯿﺗ ﮥﺘﺷر نارﺎﮑﺷزرو يداﺮﻔﻧا ﮥﺘﺷر نارﺎﮑﺷزرو

112 / 1 - 599

/ 0 153

/ 0

نارﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ

784 / 3 453

/ 0 001

/ 0

يداﺮﻔﻧا ﮥﺘﺷر نارﺎﮑﺷزرو نارﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ

897 / 4 501

/ 0 001

/ 0

نﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﮐ لوﺪﺟ رد 4

ﻪﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ هوﺮﮔ ،ﯽﮐﻮﺗ ﯽﺒﯿﻘﻌﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ، ﺷزرو

) نارﺎﮑ ﻪﺘﺷر ﺎﻫ ي رد (يداﺮﻔﻧا و ﯽﻤﯿﺗ

ﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ نارﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ هوﺮﮔ ﺎ ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻃ ) ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺐﺴﮐ ار يﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر تاﺮﻤﻧ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ 001

/ 0

= نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ ﻦﯾا دﻮﺟو ﺎﺑ .(P

ﻪﺘﺷر ﺎﻫ ي نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد ار يﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر تاﺮﻤﻧ يداﺮﻔﻧا ﻪﺘﺷر

ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﮐ ﺐﺴﮐ ﯽﻤﯿﺗ ﺪﻧد

، ﺘﺧا ﺎﻣا دﺎﻨﻌﻣ فﻼ ﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ را

) 153 /0

= .( P ﻞﮑﺷ رد 1 ﻤﻧ ﮏﯿﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ناﺮﺘﺧد و ناﺮﺴﭘ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر تاﺮ هوﺮﮔ

ﺎﻫ ي نارﺎﮑﺷزرو) ﯽﺸﯾﺎﻣزآ ﻪﺘﺷر

ﺎﻫ ي ﮑﺷزرو ،ﯽﻤﯿﺗ نارﺎ

ﻪﺘﺷر ﺎﻫ ي

هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ (نارﺎﮑﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ و يداﺮﻔﻧا ﻣ

ﯽ دﻮﺷ .

ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﺷر

رادﻮﻤﻧ 1 . هوﺮﮔ تاﺮﻤﻧ رد ﯽﺸﯾﺎﻣزآ يﺎﻫ

ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﯾ نﺎ ﺮﺘﺧد و ﺮﺴﭘ