Online ISSN: 2345-6957 Homepage: https://jci.ut.ac.ir/
University of Tehran Press
Effect of Different Concentrations of Chromium in Irrigation Water on Root and Growth of Sesame Cultivars
Ali Reza Tavakoli1 | Reza Nosrati2 | Matin Jami Moeini3
1. Corresponding Author, Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
2. Miami Agricultural Jihad, Semnan Agriculture Jihad Organization, Miami, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] 3. Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, Iran. E-mail:
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article type:
Research Article
Article history:
Received: 30 May 2022 Received in revised from:
11 October 2022
Accepted: 16 October 2022 Published online: 24 June 2023
Keywords:
Chromium uptake, Growth indices, Heavy metals, Root length, Water pollution.
Heavy metals such as chromium are considered important pollutants for the environment and agricultural products. Many of these metals are toxic even in very low concentrations and may disrupt the growth process of crops. This study aims at comparing the response of different sesame cultivars to irrigation with different levels of chromium contaminated water. The experiment is carried out as factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Mayamey, Semnan Province, Iran. Experimental factors include irrigation with different levels of chromium-contaminated water in 5 levels (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) and three sesame cultivars (Dashtestan, Oltan and local). The results indicate that irrigation with chromium-contaminated water significantly reduce the plant height and root length (p < 0.01), but have no significant effect on leaflet number and shoot fresh weight. The highest decrease in plant height and root length are observed under irrigation with 100% chromium-contaminated water. There has been a significant difference between sesame cultivars in relation to the growth characteristics. So, the Oltan cultivar has had the highest plant height, leaflet number, root length, and water productivity index compared to other cultivars. According to the results, high levels of chromium in irrigation water significantly reduce the growth of different cultivars.
Cite this article: Tavakoli, A. R., Nosrati, R., & Jami Moeini, M. (2023). Effect of Different Concentrations of Chromium in Irrigation Water on Root and Growth of Sesame Cultivars. Journal of Crops Improvement, 25 (2), 349-367.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2022.308720.2717
© The Authors. Publisher: University of Tehran Press.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2022.308720.2717
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0PJQ cj- W! ( / d e * * K 8 $ - M * M E TJ-U 9
I Y 7# M ( ,9
. * / ( 9 W! M d e VG Y9 E M (* = C 0PJQ Y M
& I M M d e K 3
/ 21 - -
( H , 9 / * M
20 E 0PJQ Y 7# M -5= H ( 9 E 4 * 20
M 40 M M d e 4 *
Y9 6 / 7 M * / + 4 * 7
/ 19 -
!` Y9 K - M ( H , 9 / .* 5 *
100
d e M E M (* = C 4 * 2
/ 16 - - N M d e K
* M d e * * ‰ R-G * G M 9
M ( H , 9 / M 80
) E 4 * 8
/ 16 - & +) * #3-G P ( - 6
.(
,9 & +) 0H * ( ,9 M W! ( / * M d e Y9 E 0PJQ Y 7# * / ( 9 / 6
.(
e Y9 0 KZ, E c * M d M
( ,1 I C & - Y9 W - * H Y9 M ‚ M
0,$X M Dq * 0,$X M E & - K M (31 . H M ( / X # 9
( / 9 9 N$ = M - M
/ ( / d e Y9 \+ -H D/ N -$ c X = J
**
.
4 . 2 . 2
?. @ .
(* * z 7W -
!` ~3-G W! ( / * f/ M * ` P * * 9 K M 4 * o wV * *
NX 9
`= V * * + ) 0H * 01 / 0
P<
c .(
0PJQ D 0e4 * NX M ]M - c E TJ-U 9
!`
+) * 5 * &
4 M -= NX K 8 $ - } M .(
4 / 11 f/ M Y M * G M 0e4 K * ` K
.* * ‰ R-G N9
K !S M J -$-H* E X 2
/ 9 5 * f/ M * ` & +) !-# / X `M 9
5 .(
0 K 6 - Y M
NX M f/ M * ` K & +) 0H * ‰ R-G -=
5 K M 05{ VM o .(
( 9 f/ M * ` M M d e M * H
P M * f/ M * ` Y 7# g1 M M d e Y 7#
.* H
8 *
\ ! ]ZH M V ] 1 ( / S 9 0e/
H ! (* e- Y M
9 G
0H * M
& 5 *
| M * ` d e .* M 9 G * 7 9
o ) W! NX "S Z s = 7 # 4 RG M M NX !-H * "y ( -= K -Z G H
9
`= V *
!` ~3-G | M * ` 0e4 * M * * *
I NX
o M G H 2 NX K L M
M K 5 / 1 N !-H * G H * ` K
$6 M " ) (*
1391 ( K K,l
Orhue & Uzu
) (2010
7
| M * ` | M wV 9 / (* Y9 g1 M E 0 , * 7/
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4 . 2 . 3 A0B .
M + M (* * z 7W -
0PJQ NX * / FU Y 9 & ,-6 wV * E TJ-U 9
!` c 4 * o W! ( / & I 0e4 M *
) * * 01 / 0
P<
]M - c ( & I 0e4 M * K
!`
& +) * 4
M .(
I
* * * K 8 $ E X K M
`= V * -= NX Y M
& I K
) 1 / 20 - -$-H* J NX `M * M * G M E X M 05$ ( - M
\
* 2 / 18
6 / 16 -
!` ~3-G * M & I - & +) * * 8 Z M *
5 .(
M - M 0 *
Y K ( & I f/ M * ` M d e * -= NX 9*
K 0H * M 8 * NX * M 05$
H M Y M E Y 7# W - * NX K * 9
+ (* M O5 X M * & - 7-! -# 0 # y X & I Y 7# \
* H & +) 5 .(
M
!1 E L ` * C K j N" E o , H
.* * ( "1 M ( / 9
W * 6 Y * + M 0 ( H \5 K (* 5 0 ‹ ]M X * X n G * *
C $6 M * $M ) !
Eric & Robert, 2007
( .
& I 8 * & I S 0$ * /: K * M ;
M
!1 M RG H
L C CD+ 0"+ 9 / x ,1 9
-"M D;u e n G C $ n G * 9
* H . & I
0 cj X ( / H O H NX d Dq * 0PJQ ! 9 - ; * /
) * / ,!9
Z,9 1396
.(
/ * e4 M Z - s d ! 9
,9 E X TJ-U 1 M /
( H 7/ ` I
H d ! K .0
* D; 4 C JV NX * H x I 1 L R * ZJ,1 * 5"M * .
*
/ $M X 0M I 7 * q M = I _ x,1 * Z - s d ! 9 / 9
]M n G } - *
( H 7/
) 0
Wasson et al., 2012
.(
Karunathilaka
) E X ` x,1 * , 7/ (* M W! E X N-$ (2002
o M 05$ -= ! G H !S G H
Y M
;) W! NX !S Z s = # 4 RG M M .0
!9 14 q 17 0 J K IS
37 G H !S ! S 1
H (* * ( -=
Y M & I K
NX M ‚ M 9
1 G H !S -=
N IS
NX M ‚ M K !9 ; 9
14 0 J
) * M Z,9 9 / * 1391
.(
$ - (* * K 8
9 , , * W! ( / & I E TJ-U 2 V Y 7# M * * 9
M M .0# Y9 VG I I
Y M ) & I K 72
/ 20 - * ( - 20 M E 0PJQ 4 * 0 *
0PJQ K M 20
40 .0H * + ~3-G ˆ = E 4 * Y M
0PJQ * & I Y9 K 100
80 M E 4 * 0 *
M
\ Y9 \5 07
/ 20 36 / 16 , M 05$ & I 4 * 20
4 *
& +) * / E 0PJQ 6
]ZH 1 .(
6 - 0PJQ * E 0
9 60 80 100
!` Y9 g1 M 4 * H = I H *
M P E K 8! 7J#
Y M K cj K .* * & I Y9 M M
] =*
7J# _,W
.0 * ( - # y YH E ) K 8!
N!6 1 . 0PJQ c E TJ-U 9 W! ( / & I M
4 . 2 . 4 , 0" 2 C/ .
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E M - # * K ]M - c E TJ-U 9
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) 0e4 K K L M K 8 $ - } M 3
/ 5 0PJQ M ( H , 9 / * (E / 20
N E 4 * K
) 4 / 4 (E / / * 9 , 0PJQ M ( H 100
E 4 * . H ( 9
0H * "y /
( E _,W M -M *
a
ab
bc
c c
0 5 10 15 20 25
20 40 60 80 100
1% F)cm(
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01 / 0
P<
N9 M c ( M E TJ-U 2 V NX Y!
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* & +) * 5 7
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4 / 9 - - M 9
* * ‰ R-G * G M M d e K L M # R C - = M
I -$-H* J NX M M
\ M 2 / 7
6 / 6 -
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9 Y K * ( / d e M VM * .* * N -$ c ( / d e M M 0 6
C ~ R
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* * - .(
E X Y!
M*
$ $Z C M 05$
M .0 I M d e P -= NX $Z M O H *
( "M FG H K L M 0H * M ( -$-H* J ) 8 * NX * M 05$
W! ( / d e 0e4 * C
( "M * W! E X K M ~3-G .0 (* * ‰ R-G * G M s ~3-G H [L ,-6 C
K M Z - 9
P
YUM M 7-! -# = ‰ R-G 0 # y . H M
E 0PJQ Y 7# M 0 6 - M
( 9 M d e VG Y9 # R C - = 9
M . * / I Y M
K 8 M ( / d e K 9
/ 8 - - M C - = 9 M ( H , 9 / * # R
0PJQ 20 M E 4 * 0PJQ M ( H , 9 / ]M * . 0 *
100 d e M 7 E 4 * 8
/ 6 - -
M # R C - = 9 N
]ZH) * * ‰ R-G * G M 0e4 K K 2
.(
M - 0 * ( ( !9*
( / 0 0PJQ E H 0 , M W!
40 M 8 * M M .* M 4 *
E 0PJQ Y 7#
20 M 40 M ( / d e 4 *
!` Y9 # R C - = 9 * * *
0PJQ L M 9 40
]ZH) * M * " [3 d e Y9 K 4 * 2
_X * .(
‚ 5!- K !S -
0 " * -# Y9 # R C E 0PJQ 6 Y M Y 7# M * , M
& 5 * E 0PJQ Y 7#
!` Y9 .* * 9 G Π( / * d e *
N!6 2 . ( "M FG H M E 0PJQ c W! ( / d e C
4 . 3 . 2 ?. @ .
(* * z 7W - M 4 * o & ,-6 wV * W! ( / * f/ M * ` 0e4 P * * 9
M
!` ~3-G # R C - = 9 NX K M 4 * o wV * *
9
`= V * c .0H * * +
0PJQ 0e4 * NX M ]M - c E TJ-U 9
!` D & +) * 5 *
7 .(
K 8 $ - M + M Y M
) f/ M * ` K 8
/ 4 (* 1 M NX M xJ`- # R C - = 9
J -$-H* E X * f/ M * ` .* M -=
M
\ 9 / 3 8 / 3 M M # R C - = 9 0 *
3-G P
!` ~ . !-H 8 Z M *
4 . 3 . 3 A0B .
(* * z 7W - W! ( / * 0 6 Y 9
M & ,-6 wV * # R C - = 9
!` ~3-G 4 * o E X K M *
`= V * 0PJQ H * * + & I 0e4 ˆ = M E TJ-U 9 0
N9 M M c 0PJQ NX Y!
!` D 0e4 * E TJ-U 9 & +) * 5 *
7 .(
- M + M
) & I M -= NX K 8 $ 8
/ 8 - ( - M * G M 0e4 K K L M # R C - = 9
E X * 0e4 K 7 .* * ‰ R-G -$-H* J
M
\ 6 / 7 9 / 6 - - M * M # R C - = 9
!` ~3-G P . * * 8 Z M *
-$-H*) W! NX M & I ˆ = M C ~ R M VM * Y K ]4 6 - H * * * ( -= J Y 7# -= NX * & I D NX K M $Z M O
Y M
M .0 (* * 8 * 51
x,1 * 8 * NX * M 05$ NX K 0e/
Y M 0 (* M
C CD+ M Y M
( Gu * ] I ~ 4 * G
.0 (* H
- (* * K 8 $ M W! ( / & I E TJ-U 2 V Y 7# M ** 9
C - = 9
M .0# Y9 9 , , * # R I
Y M ) & I K 6
/ 8 - * ( - 20 M E 0PJQ 4 * 0 *
K M 0PJQ K M & 6 20
40 ) E 4 * 1
/ 8 - ]ZH) 0H * + ~3-G ˆ = ( - 3
.(
0PJQ ]4 6 - & I M E TJ-U 9
M * & I * * # R C - = 9
a
ab bc
cd d
0 2 4 6 8 10
20 40 60 80 100
L $T )) >?4 *, -5(
=3 (9 : ) (%
0PJQ ) E K ; 9 20
40
!` e ( 4 * 0PJQ * 8 Z M *
& I 7J# K L M 9
M I .0 (* * Y9 $ Y M
0PJQ * & I Y9 K 100
80 M E 4 * 0 *
M
\ Y9 1 / 20 4 / 16 , M 05$ 4 * 20
]ZH) * * E 0PJQ 4 * 3
.(
N!6 3 . ( "M FG H M E 0PJQ c W! ( / & I C
5 . G4 * L R X H M d e M E r c Y9 :;
9 .0 ( H 7/ 7 /* =
0PJQ M E
50 100 J E / M E / J G n M ( 31 75 FG H Y9
8!
| M
!` Y9 g1 M *
d e ( / M
,J ( H Z,9 * , ) 1394
W 0 n G M ( - # y ) E * 7# 8 * 9 :; * .(
W ( / * X H Y9 \+
) * H
Barton et al., 2000
7/ .(
O H " 0 ( H
E M 0J1 = J N $ * E 0 , N9
K !S M 0J1 0 5{
0# M * E &3-G * W 9 / 9
& - * 0 * ( / o , OM *
+
Ca2
, 3; Q x I ) H M
., 2008 et al Lodeiro
K (
+ H * K 8! 7J# .0 E M 0 , M 05$ ( / ` 5I ƒ ; * W &3-G *
!!
.
M + M M - l 6 -
0 * 0,$X * ( E X M 05$ L M & I -= NX -HD/ 9
& I * M * .* M * G M -$-H* J Y M
-= NX * M
& 5 * DQ * C CD+
…#
Y M /: Z n G * 0 9
Y! M NX K ], * W 7/ .0 c% V 9
E K M 7-! -# * _ * e- 9 8= TJ-U E X 0 ( H NW! ) !H M * -H * * G 9
Z,9 1389
\ ! H .(
e y 9 M 9
!1 2 V CD+
( !!
* * ] 1 M DQ * C
* C K ` W 0 H ( !! * ] 1 J,+ K 8! 7J# Y! .* * 8-$M O ]M X ` DQ M } , * & J n G NW6 ( / M } - *
4 9 H Y9 * /
0 = `#
0 ( / H 9 cj
X (* 7 J1) 9*
1390 .(
9 , 0 H E
TX _ H 9 Y9 J H
/ ( 0 . 7J#
K 8!
Y9 M
= J z s
$ Y9 5+
N
= J
= J H "
N9 #
~ I
* 8 _,W M
* * (
a
ab bc
c
c
0 2 4 6 8 10
20 40 60 80 100
1% F)) >?4 *, -5(
=3 (9 : ) (%
= J M * N 3; -
*
= M - N$
5I
` &3-G & J
* W Y9 g1 M (*
H * / 5W )
Z,9 1396
.(
* Y9 G
o 9 E /
( O C CD+ " M M & -
YUM 9 9 , c * 0
E H M O5 .
# I * JG M E
! # 9
= M - o / 9
$ " g1 M 9
= M N$
= M } ( / ) * H
Sundaramoorthy et al., 2010
Y9 .(
H 9
FU & I Y9 M N-$ \ ! -$/ ` E 1 M W! * H
Y9 M ( H
2 V CD+
( !!
0# ( / C - -# Y9 C CD+ = J Q -G * q M K !
! # (* c 7-! -# ze! • ` P Z s = 7 # 9 0 " *
YUM * H Y9 \+
( / 9
. H 9 G
- M ]4 6 cj
8! 7J#
K M E 7
= H ] 1 _,W
$ Y!
9 E *
/ ( 0PJQ * * * 8M -#
9 5 10 J L DQ & J * E FG H Y9 g1 M
9 E H
9 0PJQ H 9
; K
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- 3 "S ! ;)
1391 (.
9 & I f/ M * ` d e * E 0PJQ Y 7# M ( ,9 W! E X * d ,W * + 8 * NX * K M 4 G e (* M * " E X 8 * M -= NX M .0 -H * 9 M .* *
} K ], - E M 0 , ]M * NX K 0e/
.* , ],1 ( -$-H* J ) 8 * NX *
N9 K !S M - M + M 0 *
0,$X * ( & I -= ]5X 9
Y M * G M 8 * NX * M 05$
& I .* M Y M
7# \+
Dq * C CD+ Y Y M
M Y! M 05$ ( / ], ( H n G
Y 7# K 8! 7J#
. 9*
H 7-! -# " ] # J 7-! 9 / } M Y9 g1 M 9 / } - * * E L M 0PJQ )
Scoccianti et al., 2016
H e4 o ; 9 O H * E Y! 0 .(
/:
YH 7-! -# 9
fM E !/) & R . H * , 0PJQ Y 7# M ( 9 7J ! S NJ G
M E !/ K * N
K
E * E _,W 7
X 9 9
E M 05$ ], K .* *
} $6 9 0 75 K
Y M .0 ( H -H 5 * E K (: ], ! S NJ
E M 05$
0H * Y M E _,W K
0,$X * n G * 0H 4 * * * G 9
0 3 M " 0 KZ, E M (* = 9
L R ) H M
Sun et al., 2019
`= V - .(
0PJQ E , * E * * 8 * , M 9
9 H M 05$ H 9 - ; cj
e!
) 0H *
Joshi et al., 2019
N9 .(
K !S - 8 * Y9 :;
* *
M C $;
cj e!
M H / ( 9 - ; #
7 s = Z
* * . C M 6 4 !1 !
E ]Z
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$
*
€ ` VG X 9*
)
Nawaz et al., 2021
( K 8! 7J# [
M E M , Z s = 7 # c ] =*
0# M 9 ) !-$9 , ( = M - 3 P * + 9
Ugulu, 2015
.(
0 9 E 0PJQ wV Y 7# M 8 * Y9 :; * & R YH 7-! -# 01 • ` 01
9 9 7J ! S NJ G fM E !/
* * )
Sun et al., 2019
L R * d ,W * (
-H * cj L R * ZJ,1 Y9 * E R!1 ) 0
Kumar & Chopra, 2015
.(
-
e- Y! M C $Z * ]M * W! TJ-U E X M d e M M 0 6 P
M . * * f/ M * ` 0e4 I
f/ M * ` ( H* M * M
* M 6 # R C - = 9
( "M X -= NX [L ,-6 0 -H * -$-H* J NX * M 05$ C L M
M ] =*
G H 9*
~ R * -"M M
] =*
M d e Y M
`= V * .0 (* M TJ-U E X M
Z,9 Q #) H E W W!
1392 H "y ( [L ,-6 -= NX 0 ] =*
M ] =*
G H !S K * M
| M G H = * NX K NX Y M
0# * 0 " * Y M
d l K .0 9*
Z & I Y 7# !-$9 * G N-$ M -$M n G C CD+ M 9 / (
( / / 9
o G O H M N-$ ` M & I Y 7# M S . H M
Y 7# \+ (* , o,
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Y M C M Y 7# x,1 S 9 ! , CD+ n G
]M X Y 7# 7 ( / (* e- (* 7 J1) M
1390 .(
6 . 2 .
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FG H M E M (* = C TJ-U 2 V M M c M ]4 6 - * * W! E X H 9
9 E & I M d e Y9 \+ E 0PJQ Y 7#
H H * R 0 " M .
M M C /* = O H M \ ! NX Y! 7/ H 9 G & R * ZJ,1 Y9 M W! ( / M .* * 0 ,9 $M E R!1 FG H Y9 0 "
( "M FG H Y9 \5 ( / H 9 C
C $ $ 0 3 M " W! * * E _,W K M ( 31 . H 9 G 9 S / .* H
FG H NX 9 H 9
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*
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7
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* "+
7 C n G $ % !" !# $ % !, -
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1391 Y! r = H ] 1 _,W 7 M E K 8! 7J# cj .(
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9 / !H 4
) 13 ( 114-97 .
; ; ) ,I # 5 R $G - 3 "S ! k *
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. * 8M -# * $ Y! = _,W H M cj :E 9 / !H 0$ JW
4 ) 11 ( 86-73 .
Z (*
( R!
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z , H \
n G C Y * JW . 27
) 1 ( 145-135 .
& W ; ZH k J1 q4 k 9 / * ) J1 (*
1391 N Y! c .(
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5 ) 4 ( 172-151 .
N M k* * " 9L k u ) ,6 * "-+ ; S
1384 8-H 5 cj M (
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109 - 101 .
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0 ; E G W! * W!
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(* ZH ,
k
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) 98 ( 242-234 .
51 k 5 # ) l J1 J * 51 1396
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N S 9 9
JW .
; ` C 40
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1392 * ZJ,1 M • 9 TJ1 ]G 0H T * J4 # cj .(
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6 ) 2 ( 116-101 .
k J1 , X 0,`
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