Online ISSN: 2382-9931
Journal of Water and Irrigation Management
Homepage: https://jwim.ut.ac.ir/
University of Tehran Press
Evaluation of the Pathology of Using the Aqueduct for the Potential of Water Supply With the Fishbone Theory Approach
Mona MasoudiAshtiani1 | Ahmad Sharafati2 | Hamid Kardan Moghaddam3
1. Department of Civil Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. E-mail:
2. Corresponding Author, Department of Civil Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
3. Water Research Institute, Ministry of Energy, Tehran. E-mail: [email protected]
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article type:
Research Article
Article history:
Received: December 20, 2022 Received in revised form:
February 04, 2023 Accepted: April 03, 2023 Published online: April 14, 2023
Keywords:
Conservative Strategy, Fishbone,
Qanat, Risk, SWOT Matrix.
Qanats were created in the system of providing water resources since the initial formation of cities, but with the expansion of urbanization, the development of the city and the increase in the population, providing water resources in other ways was included in the plan of the trustees. Today, due to the lack of water and the need to use this sustainable water supply system, numerous risks have been created and can expand canals in cities. It is necessary to provide protection strategies after determining the vulnerability of canals. The concept of risk is considered as a method and technique in expressing the emergence and presentation of risks. There are different approaches to present this concept, one of these techniques is using the fishbone method. On the other hand, determining risk without knowing the conceptual dimensions is meaningless, so the purpose of this study is to use a combination of brainstorming, SWOT and fishbone decision-making methods to analyze the main causes of accidents and risks associated with canals, to deal with the details categorizing them and turning threats into opportunities. After holding brainstorming sessions to identify the damage caused to the canals, the SWOT matrix based on weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats was completed and the root causes were analyzed using the fishbone method. The results of the SWOT method showed that the proposed strategies should be defined as conservative strategies in terms of strength from the perspective of internal factors with a score of 2.57 and threats from the perspective of external factors with a score of 2.49. On the other hand, the results of aqueduct exploitation risks are divided into two categories:
potential aqueduct risks and effective external risks, and the results indicate the high importance of technological risks with an average score of 7.85, which is why conservative strategies based on risk conditions were defined. The results and strategies presented in this study can provide appropriate management approaches from the perspective of physical protection of aqueducts, urban and rural settlement, underground water management, economic-social, environmental, legal, education and technology, such as defining the apparent sanctum and basin of aqueducts, preparing a map. Comprehensive of the canals of the country and allocation of credit based on the number, importance and sensitivity of the canals and the regulation of safety and protection guidelines for the canals and approving it through the Ministry of Interior and the Parliament to provide the trustees with the optimal use of this water source.
Cite this article: MasoudiAshtiani, M., Sharafati, A., & Kardan Moghaddam, H. (2023). Evaluation of the Pathology of Using the Aqueduct for the Potential of Water Supply With the Fishbone Theory Approach. Journal of Water and Irrigation Management, 13 (1), 239-257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22059/jwim.2023.352703.1039
© The Author(s). Publisher: University of Tehran Press.
DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.22059/jwim.2023.352703.1039
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2001; Johnson et al., 1989; Ahmadi, 2007; Srivastava et al., 2005; Shrestha et al., 2004
.(
trategies S atrix and its M
SWOT .
1 Table Strategic Factors
Internal Environment Strength
S
Weakness W External
Environment
Opportunity O
SO Offensive Strategies
WO Conservative Strategies Threat
T
ST Competitive Strategies
WT Defensive Strategies
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Table 2. Strengths and Weaknesses in Using Qanats Factor
Type Factors Importance
Factor
Rank Factor
Final Score
Strengths
No cost and availability of water from Qanats. 0.049 2.4 0.12
The water in the Qanats is permanent, and it is not cut off in case of
emergencies and the need for agriculture in water-sensitive times. 0.048 1.8 0.09 The underground water resources are exhausted by the Qanats
and are used for a long time. 0.054 3.2 0.17
The useful life of the Qanats is very long if it is properly
maintained and maintained. 0.053 3.1 0.16
Watering of the Qanats is relatively regular throughout the year. 0.056 2.9 0.16
No change in underground water quality during operation. 0.049 2.1 0.10
The high economic efficiency of the aqueduct includes continuous and long watering, no need for spare parts and fuel, low cost, and the possibility of energy production in Qanats with slope breakers.
0.048 3.6 0.17
The role of the positive effects of Qanats drainage. 0.054 1.9 0.10
The accumulated long-term experiences of people's participation
in the exploitation of Qanats in our country, Asian and European countries. 0.056 2.2 0.12 The influence of the Qanats on the social life of the people. 0.057 2.4 0.14
Weaknesses
The sensitivity of Qanats water to changes in drought and drought 0.055 1.6 0.09 It is not possible to dig Qanats in flat lands and lands that
do not have enough slope, as well as in very loose and sandy lands. 0.049 2.2 0.11
Non-usual exploitation of Qanat water by qanat owners. 0.052 3.4 0.18
The possibility of entering industrial and urban pollutants. 0.058 1.7 0.10
Failure to pay attention to allocating funds to the
maintenance and sustainability of Qanats. 0.053 2.3 0.12
For the Qanats, an official document was previously given to the owners.
With the new document registration law, it is not possible to issue an official document to the heirs.
0.046 2.8 0.13
Qanat water flows permanently and cannot be controlled. 0.048 2.9 0.14
The absence of competent and experienced trustees, operators and beneficiaries can be due to the increase of small ownership and the lack of convergence with each other in their maintenance and optimal use.
0.057 3.4 0.19
Lack of structural support of the authorities for
the Qanats and investment in it. 0.049 3.5 0.17
Final Score 2.57
sing Qanats U
hreats of T
Opportunities and .
3 Table Factor
Type Factors Importance
Factor Rank Factor Final Score
Opportunity
Tourism potential of Qanat. 0.034 3.1 0.105
Drainage of surface waters. 0.026 1.7 0.044
Qanat system as a factor to prevent urban flooding. 0.025 1.9 0.048
Provision of drinking water for humans and animals and agricultural use. 0.031 3.4 0.105 Creating environmental opportunities of Qanats in the sustainable
development of arid and semi-arid areas. 0.027 2.4 0.065
Artificial feeding of underground water layers - Qanats, in addition to economic use for humans, are considered as precise regulators of underground water discharge.
0.028 2.6 0.073
Fish farming 0.023 1.4 0.032
Operation of water mills with Qanats. 0.022 2.1 0.046
Creating social and cultural opportunities such as the culture of conversation and discussion among the people living in the Qanat basin and creating a spirit of cooperation and alignment among the people.
0.024 2.3 0.055
Creation of common ways over time in the form of custom and
tradition. 0.022 2.4 0.053
Self-representation as a cultural-artistic work, spreading the culture
of tolerance, tolerance and peacefulness. 0.029 2.4 0.070
Playing a role in mythmaking. 0.023 2.8 0.064
Having an unbreakable link with the religious and belief issues of the
people. 0.025 2.9 0.073
Representing the hard work and efforts of the people of arid and
semi-arid areas and promoting the culture of work and group effort. 0.024 2.7 0.065
Continued table 3. Opportunities and Threats of Using Qanats Factor
Type Factors Importance
Factor Rank Factor Final Score
Threat
Lack of guidelines or approved regulations regarding the safety and
stability of the Qanat from the government or program organization. 0.023 2.6 0.060 Lack of training of specialized and young personnel in digging,
maintaining and operating Qanats. 0.032 1.5 0.048
Non-implementation of watershed operations upstream of Qanats. 0.034 3.7 0.126 Absence of Qanat management unit in the country's water structure
and appropriate inter-departmental coordination with specific job descriptions.
0.035 2.4 0.084
The continuous drop of the underground water level in the plain
containing the Qanat. 0.032 3.3 0.106
Absence of specific support strategies for people's organizations
created to revive Qanats. 0.033 2.5 0.083
Violation of the hydraulic boundary of Qanats by drilling
unauthorized wells. 0.029 2.6 0.075
Digging deep and semi-deep wells and placing them in the shadow of
Qanats and lack of innovation in order to increase their water level. 0.028 2.4 0.067 The loss of many good and favorable traditions of the past in matters
related to Qanats and the decrease of sympathy and public participation.
0.024 2.6 0.062
Lack of attention of the government sector in investing more than
before, to start and rebuild the Qanats. 0.025 1.9 0.048
The removal of water pipes from the Qanats maintenance cycle. 0.023 1.9 0.044 Failure to update the repair of Qanats in a new and low-risk way. 0.029 2.9 0.084
Absence of association of the authors and related insurance. 0.027 2.1 0.057
Difficulty of work and lack of desire of young people for this job, failure to transfer the experiences of past or present moqani to the new generation in a scientific and practical way, and the use of people other than skilled moqani in the restoration of Qanats.
0.023 2.2 0.051
Lack of a comprehensive map of Qanats and prioritization of
importance and sensitivities for revival and restoration. 0.028 2.8 0.078
Shifting generations and changing technology and environmental
hazards of used materials. 0.029 2.5 0.073
Possible (active and potential) lowering of the water level. 0.03 2.5 0.075
Due to the passage of the aqueduct furnace under the cities and villages, there is a high possibility of contamination of the water of the Qanats aqueducts. This pollution is increasing with the development of the cities.
0.029 2.3 0.067
Lack of proper equipment of the Qanats and lack of use of necessary and resistant materials and coatings in the bars and furnaces, which has caused the aqueducts to fall and reduce the flow of water.
0.031 2.4 0.074
Failure to make necessary arrangements to prevent floods from
entering the Qanats. 0.03 2.9 0.087
All development plans that may directly or indirectly intersect with
the Qanats. 0.032 2.4 0.077
Lack of proper policy for the revival of Qanats. 0.03 2.5 0.075
Final Score 2.49
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Table 4. Prioritization of risk-creating potentials in Qanats according to experts' opinion
Index Subindex Average
Score Priorit
y
Potential risks of Qanats
Failure to preserve the structure of Qanats. 7.7
No dredging. 7.6 5
Failure to repair and improve unprincipled. 7.2
Unusable due to different uses. 6.5
Unexploitable Risks
Land subsidence. 6.6
7
Failure to observe the proper distance and privacy of the Qanat. 7.9
The passage of urban facilities through the Qanat (such as: gas network, sewage, etc.) 6.7 Infiltration of urban, hospital and industrial wastewater into the Qanat furnace. 6.6
Pollution of the aquifer feeding the Qanat. 7.5
Covering the bars of the Qanat wells. 7
Failure to make the necessary arrangements to prevent floods from entering the Qanats. 7.3
Digging deep and semi-deep wells along the Qanats. 8.7
Dumping garbage and construction debris in the wells of Qanats and destroying them. 7 The effect of the location of the well and its privacy from sources of pollution. 6.7 Technical development of the city and its infrastructure, such as: pile foundations of urban bridges. 6
Excavations caused by construction and high-rise construction. 6.6
Metro crossing. 6.6
Management Risks
Lack of integrated management of Qanats and lack of determination of operation and maintenance system. 7.6
Lack of attention to new approaches to preserve and revive Qanats. 7.6 3
The priority is not to provide water to the city through Qanats. 7.2
Absence of Qanat water exploitation system. 7.1
Legal Risks
Failure to explain the description of organizational and interdepartmental duties. 7.2
4
Failure to determine the privacy of canals in matters related to height rights. 7.5
Lack of transparency of the fair distribution of water law. 7.6
Not knowing the exact locations and amount of annual harvest. 6.9
The lack of clarity about the rules related to preventing construction. 7.4
Lack of active owner or lack of physical presence. 7.5
Safety and Security Risks
Changing the urban land use of the upper Qanats in accordance with the comprehensive plan and development of the city. 7.7
The absence of a diagram of the soil texture and type of the Qanats. 6.6 6
Failure to develop urban planning and technical guidelines for construction in the area of Qanats. 7.5 Earthquake effect due to the location of Tehran in the area with very high relative risk. 6.5 Social-Cultural-
Political Risks
Failure to identify and introduce canals as urban, national and global cultural and spiritual heritage. 7.7 2
Economic and Financial Risks
The effect of the type of Qanat consumption (green space, medicinal, agricultural, drinking, industrial, etc.) 6.3
Lack of appropriate budget allocation for the affairs related to the Qanat. 7.7 8
The lack of cost-effectiveness of maintaining the aqueduct and its construction according to the current conditions
(renovation, restoration and reconstruction of the Qanat. 6.7
Technological Risks Failure to transfer and update the knowledge of construction and maintenance of Qanats. 8
Failure to use new technologies. 7.7 1
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