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References
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Development of white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench.]
Voss.) somatic embryos during culture with abscisic acid and osmoticum, and their tolerance to drying and frozen storage. J. Exp. Bot. 46(285): 433–439.
3. Bewley JD (1995) Physiological aspects of desiccation tolerance – a retrospect. Int. J. Plant Sci. 156(4): 393- 403
4. Carman JG (1988) Improved somatic embryogenesis in wheat by partial stimulation of the in-ovulo oxygen, growth-regulator and desiccation environments. Planta.
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5. Deng MD and Cornu D (1992) Maturation and germination of walnut somatic embryos. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. 28: 195-202.
6. Gray DJ (1987) Quiescence in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous somatic embryos induced by dehydration. HortSci. 22: 810-814.
7. Gray DJ (1989) cEffects of dehydration and exogenous growth regulators on dormancy, quiescence and germination of grape somatic embryos. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 25: 1173-1178.
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9. Johansson LB, Calleberg E and Gedin A (1990) Correlations between activated charcoal, Fe-EDTA and other organic media ingredients in cultured anthers of Anemone canadensis. Physiol. Plant 80: 243–249.
10. Kermode AR and Bewley DJ (1985) The role of maturation drying in the transition from seed development to germination, J. Expe. Bot. 1916-1927.
11. Lee BC, Shim SY and Lee SK (1988) Mass propagation of somatic embryos in Juglans regia L. (English walnut). Res. Rep. Inst. For. Genet. Korea. 24: 99-106.
12. Leopold AC and Vertucci CW (1989) Moisture as a regulator of physiological reaction in seeds. In:
Stanwood PC and McDonald MB (Eds.), Seed moisture. Madison, WI: Crop Science Society of America. Pp. 51-67.
13. Litz R and Conover R (1980) Somatic embryogenesis in cell culture of Carica stipulata. HortSci. 15: 733-735.
14. Merkle SA, Parrott WA and Flinn BS (1995) Morphogenic aspects of somatic embryogenesis. In:
Thorpe TA (Eds.), In vitro embryogenesis in plants (Current plant science and biotechnology in agriculture, Vol. 20). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Pp. 155-203.
15. Pan MJ and Van Staden J (1998) The use of charcoal in in vitro culture-a review. Plant Growth Regul. 26: 155- 163.
16. Parrott WA, Dryden G, Vogt S, Hildebrand DF, Collins GB and Williams EG (1988) Optimization of somatic embryogenesis and embryo germination in soybean. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 24: 817-820.
17. Roberts DR, Sutton BCS and Flinn BS (1990) synchronous Synchronous and high frequency
germination of interior spruce somatic embryos following partial drying at high relative humidity. Can.
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Factors affecting germination of somatic embryos of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) and their conversion to plantlets
K. Vahdati 1, H. Bahrami Sermandi 2and S. Kalantari 3
E-mial: [email protected]
Abstract
Somatic embryos which were derived from immature cotyledons of a Persian walnut genotype had been grown on DKW medium supplemented with gelrite 0.3% and ABA (2 mg l-1). For maturation, somatic embryos were treated with chilling pre-treatment (one month in dark at (3-4C), different desiccation methods (fast, slow and full) and combination of chilling and desiccation treatments. The experiment was conducted as RCD in tissue culture laboratory of College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Iran in 2007. After three weeks, plantlets obtained from this treatment were transferred to six plantlets developing media (including full and half strength DKW with different levels of sucrose and activated charcoal). Without any pretreatment, 26% of somatic embryos germinated, while those treated with cold-pretreatment germinated at 54% with both shoots and roots. Somatic embryos treated with fast, slow and full desiccation, germinated at 27, 37 and 57% with both shoots and roots, respectively. Cold storage for two months in combination with full desiccation resulted in higher amounts of somatic embryos germination (73%) which had both shoots and roots. Adding activated charcoal and sucrose, also reducing amounts of macro and micro nutrients did not have significant effect on shoot length. Adding activated charcoal enhanced root development.
Key words: Cold, Desiccation, Drying, Pre-treatment, Somatic embryogenesis
1- Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran – Iran (Corresponding Author)
2- M.Sc. Former Student, Department of Horticulture, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran – Iran 3- Assistant Professor, Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj – Iran