Sirjan, One of the Glassmaking Centers in Southeast Iran in Early Islamic Centuries: Classification and Typology of the Glassware of Old City of Sirjan

Sirjan, One of the Glassmaking Centers in Southeast Iran in Early Islamic Centuries: Classification and Typology of the Glassware of Old City of

Sirjan

Hassan Karimian¹& Zeinab Afzali ² (265-286)

Abstract

The Old City of Sirjan site that is located about 11 km southeast of present-day Sirjan is the remains of the city from the Sassanid period to Middle Islamic centuries, which has been mentioned in historical and geographical sources as the capital of Kerman Province. All written historical sources highlight the political and cultural significance of this city in southeastern Iran in early Islamic centuries. Despite the fact that the Old City of Sirjan played a key role in the early Islamic centuries as the seat of Kerman province, archaeological studies on this city are still very rare. Written sources provide valuable information regarding this era; however, issues such as social structure, economic and cultural activities of the residents have been neglected. During the studies carried out by the authors of this paper on the arena of the city, considerable and variety of cultural material including pottery and glassware pieces were discovered. The volume variety of these discoveries raised questions as to the time and place of crafting, living of the craftsmen, industrial workshops, crafting and decoration techniques and artistic aspects of these remains. Current study aims to present the classification, typology and relative chronology of the glassware found in the arena of Old City of Sirjan this is done in order to determine their technical and decorative characteristics and compare the acquired data with those of the adjacent areas in the early Islamic centuries. The data were obtained through systematic surface survey and were evaluated using a descriptive-analytical methodology. The study revealed that the Old City of Sirjan glassware were produced through free blowing or blowing into the mould and were decorated through techniques such as moulded patterns, sculpture, carvings and stamping.

The mass production of glassware in the old Sirjan proves that during 3rd - 5th AH, the city of Sirjan acted as the great prosperity center for glassware products.

Keywords:Islamic industries, Islamic glasswork, Old City of Sirjan, Islamic art.

1. Professor, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

2. Corresponding author's email:: z.afzali1@ut.ac.ir

Ph.D. Graduated in Islamic Archeology, University of Tehran. Tehran. Iran.

Journal of Archaeological Studies No. 3, Vol. 13, Serial No. 27 / Autumn 2021

Received: 25, May, 2019; Accepted :December , 21, 2021 10.22059/jarcs.2019.282139.142721Print ISSN: 2676-4288- Online ISSN: 2251-9297https://jarcs.ut.ac.ir

1.Intuoduction

The Old City of Sirjan site that is located about 11 km southeast of present-day Sirjan is the remains of the city from the Sassanid period to Middle Islamic centuries, (Figure 1) which has been mentioned in historical and geographical sources as the capital of Kerman Province (Ibn Hawqal, 1987: 73, Istakhri, 1994:167 ). Ibn Hawqal records that Sirjan was in the largest town in the province and most important (Ibn Hawqal, 1987: 73). Hudud al- Alam describes Sirjan as a large town, the capital of Kirman, the seat the king, and the resort of merchants (Hudud al-Alam, 1961: 126). Our best description of the town comes from Maqdisi writing in “It is the provincial capital, greatest of provincial capitals. It has a reputation for learning and the layout of the city-creates a good impression. The inhabitants live in prosperity and the bazaars are large and roomy. The buildings are well proportioned and the walls around them high. The streets are wide, the houses beautiful and well provided with water. It specializes in the production of craftsman-made goods and the town has many wealthy inhabitants. There is a beautiful Firday mosque whit a large, solidly-built minaret. The garden surrounding the city are larger and more impressive than those around Shiraz. The town two bazaars, and old and a new, and the mosque lies between them (Al-Maqdisi, 2006: 685-686). All written historical sources highlight the political and cultural significance of this city in southeastern Iran in 7^th to 11^th centuries AD, as confirmed by archaeological evidence. The location of Sirjan on important communication and trade routes in early Islamic centuries provided the necessary ground for industrial and artistic exchanges with other regions, such as Khorasan, Khuzestan and Persian Gulf cities like Siraf. To understand the developments of art and civilization in southeastern Iran, particularly the developments of Sirjan during the Islamic era, systematic surface studies were conducted in this city. Among the important cultural materials obtained from the field survey of the site are various pieces of glassware. Owing to the importance of the data in the study of arts and crafts in this site, it was attempted to study the prominent pieces of collected glassware and to answer some questions about the time and place of their manufacture, as well as their form, usage, manufacture method, and decoration method. In other words, by relying on the information of these valuable cultural works, the aim is to classify, typologize, and study the manufacture and form, and determine the relative chronology, place of their manufacture, and association of this city with other cultural areas. To that end, questions have been raised as follows: Into which forms and types, the glassware obtained from the Old City of Sirjan site is divided? What methods have been used to produce the glassware in Old City of Sirjan? What methods have been used to decorate the glassware of this site? Are Sirjan glassware and objects locally produced or imported? To what period are the data related? This study was conducted using the descriptive-analytical method, and its data were collected using field and documentary methods. For this purpose, first, the historical and geographical sources related to Old City of Sirjan were studied to match the field findings to the descriptions of the written sources. Then, by sampling and designing the glassware pieces of the site, their study, classification and typology were conducted. Additionally, the glassware samples of Old City of Sirjan were compared to the ones discovered from other regions to determine the relative chronology of the samples based on comparative studies. From the study of Old City of Sirjan, some pieces of glassware were collected, 318 pieces were separated of which 82 pieces were selected for technical design. Afterward, the classification, typology, comparison, and statistical studies of these findings were performed, and the discovered glassware was investigated in terms of form and shape, manufacture method, decoration, and color (Figure 2 to 9).To identify the affectability and effect of glassmaking in Sirjan from other cultural regions of Iran, the finds collected from the study of this city were compared to the samples studied from the prominent sites of the Islamic era in famous cities, such as Neishabour, Gurgan, Susa, Susa, Ghubayrā, Siraf, Jiroft, and even Armenia, Syria and Iraq. This comparison included decorative motifs and techniques, and the form of the glassware.

The results of comparing these cultural-artistic findings demonstrated that the form of the samples of Old City of Sirjan was similar to the glassware of Neishabour, Gurgan, Siraf, Susa, Ghubayrā and Jiroft sites. Considering that the glassware of sites, such as Siraf, Neishabour, Gurgan, Jiroft and Susa, was obtained from scientific archaeological excavations, and these finds mostly belonged to the second to fifth centuries A.H., it is possible to date a significant part of the glassware finds of Old City of Sirjan in this period.

267/ Journal of Archaeological Studies No. 3, Vol. 13, Serial No. 27 / Autumn 2021

The results indicate that the city of Sirjan was a center in the field of glassware production in early Islamic centuries, and the glassmaking industry and art in this city, like other famous cities in Iran (such as Neishabour, Susa, and Gurgan) flourished. These studies also revealed that the manufacture of the glassware in Sirjan was done in two methods: blow molding and free-blown, so that out of 68 pieces (i.e. more than 82%) made using the free-blown method, 5 pieces were made using the blow molding method, and the bracelets were made in the form of wire; this shows that the free-blown method was dominant for making utensils in this site. Furthermore, it was revealed that in Sirjan glassmaking workshops, various consumable utensils, such as bowls, bottles, jars, cosmetic and pharmaceutical containers, and jewelry, were produced. The research results determined the methods of decorating the glassware in early Islamic centuries in Sirjan, so that the decorative methods of barbotine, embossing, molding, hand carving, stamp carving, and carving were employed. The variety of colors of Sirjan glassware objects indicates that the glassmakers of this city were familiar with the use of metal oxide in this industry (Table 1). Although green is the predominant color of glassware, blue, brown, black, and matte white were considered, respectively. According to researchers, and the findings obtained by Williamson, who in their excavations in this city mentioned seventeen glassware kilns, as well as the discovery of processed parts for glassmaking by the authors, the glassmaking workshops of Sirjan were certainly at their peak of activity in early Islamic centuries (Figure 10). The mass production of the glassware in Old City of Sirjan demonstrates that in early Islamic centuries, particularly between the 9^th to 11^th centuries AD, this industry and art, like the art of pottery, flourished. Moreover, the glassware of Sirjan in terms of form, design and methods of manufacture and decoration is similar to and comparable to the glassware finds in other parts of Iran, including Neishabour, Gurgan, Susa, Ghubayrā, Jiroft, and even Syria, Iraq, and Armenia (Table 2).

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نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﺮﻬﺷ زا ﯽﮑﯾ

ﺮﻣ ﺰﮐا ﻪﺸﯿﺷ هﺪﺳ رد ناﺮﯾا قﺮﺷ بﻮﻨﺟ يﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﯿﻟوا :ﯽﻣﻼﺳا

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ و يﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ

نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﻢﯾﺪﻗ ﺮﻬﺷ يﺎﻫ

نﺎﯿﻤﯾﺮﮐ ﻦﺴﺣ

نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ هوﺮﮔ دﺎﺘﺳا .ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا مﻮﻠﻋ و تﺎﯿﺑدا هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ

ﻠﻀﻓا ﺐﻨﯾز

1ﯽ

ﺶﻧاد نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ يﺮﺘﮐد ﮥﺘﺧﻮﻣآ .ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﻣﻼﺳا نارود ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ

:ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 18

/ 031 / 1398 :شﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ؛ 31

/ 09 / 1400

هﺪﯿﮑﭼ ﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻪﮐ نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﻢﯾﺪﻗ

ﯽﮑﯾدﺰﻧ رد نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﯽﻧﻮﻨﮐ ﺮﻬﺷ

نﺎﻣﺮﮐ نﺎﺘﺳا رد و دراد راﺮﻗ

يﺎﯾﺎﻘﺑ ،

هﺪﺳ و ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ةرود زا هﺪﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺑ يﺮﻬﺷ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ و ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﻪﯿﻟوا يﺎﻫ

ﺖﻟﺎﯾا ﻧ نآ زا نﺎﻣﺮﮐ هدﺮﺑ مﺎ

.ﺪﻧا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ اﯾ

ﻦ ﻪﮐ ﻦﯾا رد ﺮﻬﺷ هﺪﺳ

يﺎﻫ ﺖﻟﺎﯾا ﯽﺳﺮﮐ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﻪﯿﻟوا

ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ و يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ،ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ تﻻﻮﺤﺗ رد يﺪﯿﻠﮐ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﯽﺸﻘﻧ نﺎﻣﺮﮐ بﻮﻨﺟ

قﺮﺷ ،ﻪﺘﺷاد هﺪﻬﻋ ﺮﺑ ناﺮﯾا ﺎﻣا

نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا هرﺎﺑرد ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ

ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ رد .ﺖﺳا كﺪﻧا يﺎﻫ

نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ رﺎﻬﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ لﺎﺳ

1397 رد

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ تﺎﻌﻄﻗ يدﺎﯾز داﺪﻌﺗ ،ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺻﺮﻋ يا

ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ .ﺪﻣآ

ﻪﺋارا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ رﺎﺘﺷﻮﻧ رد نآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﮐ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ فﺪﻫ

ﯽﻣ هوﻼﻋ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ نآ ددﺮﮔ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﺮﺑ

ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ،يﺪﻨﺑ ﻫﺎﮔ و ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ

ﻨ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ﯽﺒﺴﻧ يرﺎﮕ ﻢﯾﺪﻗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﻦﯾا ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ،نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ هداد

ﻢﻫ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ رد راﻮﺟ

هﺪﺳ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﻪﯿﻟوا ﯽﮔﮋﯾو و

و ﯽﻨﻓ يﺎﻫ

نآ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﻨﯿﺋﺰﺗ هداد .ﺪﻨﮐ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ار ﺎﻫ

شور ﻪﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا يﺎﻫ ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ يﺎﻫ

يدﺎﻨﺳا و هﻮﯿﺷ ﻪﺑ و يروآدﺮﮔ

ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا درﻮﻣ ﯽﻠﯿﻠﺤﺗ –

ﻪﮐ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﻧا ﻪﺸﯿﺷ

ﺮﻬﺷ رد يﺮﮔ

رد نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﻢﯾﺪﻗ هﺪﺳ

ا ﻪﯿﻟوا يﺎﻫ ﺪﺣ رد صﻮﺼﺨﺑ ﯽﻣﻼﺳ

ﻞﺻﺎﻓ هﺪﺳ يﺎﻫ ﺳ مﻮ ﺠﻨﭘ ﺎﺗ ﻢ ه ق.

ﻖﻧور ﻪﺘﺷاد ناواﺮﻓ

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ تﺎﻋﻮﻨﺼﻣ و ،مﺮﻓ ﺮﻈﻧ زا ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا زا ﻪﻓﻮﺸﮑﻣ يا

ﻦﻓ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ عﻮﻨﺘﻣ تﺎﻨﯿﺋﺰﺗ و ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺑ .

ﻪ وﻼﻋ ه ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ،

رد هرﻮﮐ شﻮﺟ دﺎﯾز ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﺶﺨﺑ

ﻢﯾﺪﻗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻢﻫ و ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ﮓﻨﺳ زا ﯽﺗﺎﻌﻄﻗ ﻒﺸﮐ و

ﻦﯿﻨﭼ

تﺎﻌﻄﻗ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﻦﯾا ﺐﻠﻏا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺴﯿﻧ يﺪﯾدﺮﺗ ،فوﺮﻇ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ هﺪﺷ يروآﺮﻓ هﺎﮔرﺎﮐ رد ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ يﺎﻫ يﺮﮔ

هﺪﺷ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا .ﺪﻧا

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ رد ﻪﻧﻮﮔ و يﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ مﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ

ا ﺮﻈﻧ زا ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا ي

شور ،ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺎﺑ تﺎﻨﯿﯾﺰﺗ و ﺖﺧﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ يﺎﻫ زا ناﺮﯾا طﺎﻘﻧ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ يا

ﻤﺟ ،شﻮﺷ ،نﺎﺟﺮﺟ ،رﻮﺑﺎﺸﯿﻧ ﻪﻠ

ﻓﺮﯿﺟ اﺮﯿﺒﻏ ،ﺖ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﺣ و

ﺖﻫﺎﺒﺷ نﺎﺘﺴﻨﻣرا و قاﺮﻋ ،ﻪﯾرﻮﺳ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧراد رﺎﯿﺴﺑ

ﺆﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺪﯾ

ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا يرﺎﺠﺗ و

.ﺪﺷﺎﺑ رﻮﮐﺬﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺎﺑ نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ

هژاو يﺎﻫ ﺪﯿﻠﮐ ي : ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ،نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﻢﯾﺪﻗ ﺮﻬﺷ ،ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﻊﯾﺎﻨﺻ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﺮﻨﻫ ،نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ يﺮﮔ

1.

ﻘﻣ ﻪﻣﺪ

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ﯽﻋﺎﻨﺻ يﺎﻫﺮﻨﻫ زا يﺮﮔ ﮥﻨﯾﺮﯾد

ناﺮﯾا ﺖﺳا لﻮﻃ رد ﻪﮐ هﺪﺳ

يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﺎﻫدوﺮﻓوزاﺮﻓ ي

ر يدﺎﯾز ﺖﺸﭘ ا

دوﺪﺣ رد .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاﺬﮔ ﺮﺳ هﺪﺳ

يدﻼﯿﻣ لوا

، ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ يﺎﻫ ﻨﻓ ﯽ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻦﯾا فوﺮﻇ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ دﺎﯾز ﺎﺑ

ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﻒﯾﺮﻇ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ

،ﺪﻧﺮﺑ) 1383 : 37

ﻦﯿﻣزﺮﺳ رد هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ و(

ﺎﻫ .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ي

رد ﺮﻨﻫ ﻦﯾا هﺪﺳ

لوا ق.ه نﺪﻤﺗ ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ لدﺎﺒﺗ و طﻼﺘﺧا ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻊﻗاو رد ترﺎﭘ ،ﯽﻗﺮﺷ مور يرﻮﺗاﺮﭙﻣا يﺎﻫ

و

1 . ارﯾ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎ ﻮﻧ ﯾ ﺪﻨﺴ ة لﻮﺌﺴﻣ :

z.afzali1@ut.ac.ir

نﺎﺘ�ﺎﺑ تﺎﻌ�ﺎﻄ�

ﯽ�ﺎﻨ�

، رود ة 13

، رﺎﻤﺷ ة 3

، ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ 1400 269 /

ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ار ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ

،ﯽﯾﺎﮐﻮﻓ) 1371 : 97

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ﺰﮐاﺮﻣ زا .(

ﻞﺻﺎﻓﺪﺣ رد ناﺮﯾا يﺮﮔ هﺪﺳ

يﺎﻫ لوا ﻢﺸﺷ ﺎﺗ ق.ه

ﯽﻣ ﺟ ،ير ،رﻮﺑﺎﺸﯿﻧ يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ دﺮﮐ هرﺎﺷا نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ و فاﺮﯿﺳ ،ﺖﻓﺮﯿﺟ ،ﺪﻨﻗﺮﻤﺳ ،شﻮﺷ ،هوﺎﺳ ،نﺎﺟﺮ

) Kroger, 1995: 2

؛ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ،ﯽﺿﺎﯾر و ﺮﮔ 1396

: 250

هﺪﺳ رد ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻦﯾا .(

ﻢﺠﻨﭘ و مرﺎﻬﭼ يﺎﻫ ق.ه

ﺖﻓﺎﯾ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﻖﻧور

،

ﺪﯿﺳر ﯽﯾﺎﺒﯾز و ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ يﻼﻋا ﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻗﻮﺠﻠﺳ ةرود رد ﻪﮐ يرﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ

،ﯽﯾﺎﻀﺗﺮﻣ) 1381

: 67 ، ﯽﮐز ، 1366 : 276 - 274 .(

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ نارود ﻦﯾا رد رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻖﻧور زا ،ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﮏﻟﺎﻤﻣ ﺮﮕﯾد ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد ،ناﺮﯾا يﺮﮔ

دﻮﺑ فوﺮﻇ و

ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ زا هﺪﺷ ﺸﯿﺷ ﮥ نآ عﻮﻨﺘﻣ و ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻣﻼﺳا يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﺮﮕﯾد زا ﺮﺗ

) Kroger, 1995: 3, 20.29

ﻪﺑ .(

رد ﻪﮐ يرﻮﻃ هﺪﺳ

مرﺎﻬﭼ ق.ه ﻪﺸﯿﺷ تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ نﺎﻬﺟ ﮏﻟﺎﻤﻣ ﺮﮕﯾد ﻪﺑ ناﺮﯾا يا

ﯽﻣ ردﺎﺻ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ

،يﺮﻫﺎﻈﻣ)

1348 : 373

،يرﻮﻗ ،يﺮﻄﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ًﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا .(

ناﺪﻠﮔ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﺞﺋاﻮﺣ ﻊﻓر ياﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ نﺎﺠﻨﻓ و

ﯽﻣ رﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻄﻋ و ﻦﻏور يراﺪﻫﺎﮕﻧ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ و شور ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﻓر

و ﯽﺒﻟﺎﻗ ﻪﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ طﻮﻄﺧ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﻦﯿﺋﺰﺗ هﺮﯿﻏ و ﻞﺴﻋ يوﺪﻨﮐ حﺮﻃ ﺪﺷ

ﺪﻧ

ﺎﻤﯾد)

،ﺪﻧ 1383 : 215 - 216 .(

ﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻢﯾﺪﻗ

نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ

، ًﺎﺒﯾﺮﻘﺗ رد 11 ،هﺪﺷ ﻊﻗاو نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﯽﻧﻮﻨﮐ ﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﻗﺮﺷ بﻮﻨﺟ يﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﯿﮐ

ا هﺪﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺑ يﺮﻬﺷ يﺎﯾﺎﻘﺑ هﺪﺳ و ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ةرود ز

يﺎﻫ ﻣ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﻪﯿﻟوا ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ و ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨ

ﻪﺑ

ﻻو ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ هدﺮﺑ مﺎﻧ نآ زا نﺎﻣﺮﮐ ﺖﯾ

رد .ﺪﻧا ﻣ رد ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ و ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﻪﺑ ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ بﻮﺘﮑﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨ

نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ و هﺪﺷ هرﺎﺷا ناﺮﯾا قﺮﺷ بﻮﻨﺟ ار ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ

هﺪﺳ رد يﺎﻫ ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﻪﯿﻟوا

ﯽﻣ رد نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﺮﻬﺷ تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﺘﺳار رد .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا و ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ نارود

ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ هدﺮﺸﻓ يﺎﻫ رد ﯽﺤﻄﺳ

ﺠﻧا ﻪﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا ﺪﯿﺳر مﺎ

) 1

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و نﺎﯿﻤﯾﺮﮐ) (

1398 : 54

ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ داﻮﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا .(

ﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ زا

ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ رد ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ءﺎﯿﺷا عﻮﻨﺘﻣ تﺎﻌﻄﻗ دﺎﯾز ﺮﯾدﺎﻘﻣ ،ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا يا

ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ هداد ﻦﯾا ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ رد ﺎﻫ

ﻣ ﻨﺻ و ﺮﻨﻫ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ﺖﻌ

يﺮﮔ ، ﺎﺗ هﺪﯾدﺮﮔ شﻼﺗ 318

ﻪﻌﻄﻗ زا ﺷ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ تﺎﻌﻄﻗ ﮥﺸﯿ

ﻊﻤﺟ روآ ي هﺪﺷ درﻮﻣ

ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﺑ و ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ نآ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﮑﻣ و نﺎﻣز ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

ﻢﻫ و ﺎﻫ ،ﺖﺧﺎﺳ شور ،يﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ،مﺮﻓ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ

فﺪﻫ ،ﺮﮕﯾد ترﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ .دﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ هﺮﯿﻏ و ﻦﯿﺋﺰﺗ شور ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ رﺎﺛآ ﻦﯾا تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﺮﺑ ﻪﯿﮑﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ نآ

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ،ﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ و يﺪﻨﺑ

ﺎﻄﻣ ،ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻞﺤﻣ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ و ﯽﺒﺴﻧ يرﺎﮕﻨﻫﺎﮔ ،مﺮﻓ و ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﻌﻟ

نآ هزﻮﺣ ﺮﮕﯾد ﺎﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا طﺎﺒﺗرا و ماﺪﻗا ﺎﻫ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ،فﺪﻫ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻞﯿﻧ رد .ددﺮﮔ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ حﺮﻃ ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧا

ترﺎﺒﻋ ﺪﻧا ﻪﺸﯿﺷ :زا يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ مﺮﻓ ﻪﭼ ﻪﺑ نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﻢﯾﺪﻗ ﺮﻬﺷ زا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ و ﺎﻫ

ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ ﻧﻮﺷ

شور ﻪﭼ زا ؟ﺪ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ و ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

ﻪﭼ ؟ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﻢﯾﺪﻗ ﺮﻬﺷ يﺎﻫ

هﻮﯿﺷ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ﻦﯿﺋﺰﺗ ياﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ فوﺮﻇ و ءﺎﯿﺷا ﺎﯾآ ؟ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدﺮﺑ رﺎﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا يﺎﻫ

ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ يا

هداد ﻦﯾا ؟ﯽﺗادراو ﺎﯾ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻠﺤﻣ ﯽﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز هرود ﻪﭼ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺎﻫ

هداد ؟ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﭘ ﻦﯾا يﺎﻫ

و ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ شور ﻪﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋ

يدﺎﻨﺳا روآدﺮﮔ ي هﺪﺷ شور ﻪﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ و

» ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ - ﯽﻠﯿﻠﺤﺗ « هﺪﯿﺳر مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺑ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ اﺪﺘﺑا ،رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﯾﺪﺑ .ﺖﺳا

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺎﺗ ،ﺪﺷ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﻢﯾﺪﻗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ و ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ بﻮﺘﮑﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ تﺎﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ .دﻮﺷ هداد ﺖﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﺮﻃ و يرادﺮﺑ

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ تﺎﻌﻄﻗ ﯽﺣا ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ،ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا يا

و يﺪﻨﺑ

ﻪﻧﻮﮔ نآ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻢﻫ .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ رﺎﺛآ ﺎﺑ نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﻢﯾﺪﻗ ﺮﻬﺷ يا زا ﻪﻓﻮﺸﮑﻣ يا

ﺎﺗ ،ﺪﺷ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﺮﮕﯾد ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺎﮔ

ﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﺒﺴﻧ يرﺎﮕﻨ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ و ﯽﻘﯿﺒﻄﺗ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﯾﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ

.دﺮﯿﮔ ترﻮﺻ يا

:

2.

ﯿﺸﯿﭘ ﻨ ﮥ وﮋﭘ ﺶﻫ

هﺪﺳ رد نﺎﻣﺮﮐ ﺖﻟﺎﯾا ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﻢﯾﺪﻗ ﺮﻬﺷ هرﺎﺑرد يﺎﻫ

نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ رﺎﮐ ﻦﯿﻟوا .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﻤﮐ يﺎﻫرﺎﮐ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﻪﯿﻟوا نﻮﺴﻣﺎﯿﻠﯾو ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا رد ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ

زا

نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﮥﺴﺳﻮﻣ ﺎﯿﻧﺎﺘﯾﺮﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ

لﺎﺳ رد 1349 ش.ه ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ

) Allan and Roberts, 1987: 7-8

زا ﺪﻌﺑ .(

وا لﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻤﺗﺎﺣ يﺎﻫ

1372 و 1373 ش.ه ﻪﺑ شوﺎﮐ و ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ

ﻢﯾﺮﺣ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺖﺧادﺮﭘ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا

،ﯽﻤﺗﺎﺣ) 1380 : 61 - 71

ﺪﯾﺪﺟ و (

ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا ةرﺎﺑرد رﺎﮐ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

يﺮﻬﺷ تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ر

ﺮﭘﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ رد ﯽﻠﻀﻓا ﯽﺘﺳ

لﺎﺳ 1397 ش.ه مﺎﺠﻧا هﺪﺷ هﺪﯿﺳر پﺎﭼ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﺪﻨﭼ و يﺮﺘﮐد ﻪﻟﺎﺳر رد ﻪﮐ

ﺖﺳا

ﻀﻓا) ـ هﺪﯾا و ﯽﻠ ،ﻮﻟ

1398 : 127

؛ ،ﯽﻠﻀﻓا 1398 ﻤﯾﺮﮐ ، ـ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و نﺎﯿ 1398

: 53 - 62

.(

ﺎﻣا ﺒﺗرا رد ـ ﺎﺑ طﺎ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ناﺮﯾا يﺮﮔ و

ﻪﺑ وﯾ هﮋ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا نارود رد نآ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ

ﺎﻫ ترﺎﺒﻋ ﺪﻧا :زا

ﻪﺘﺷﻮﻧ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ نﺎﻣرآ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ صﻮﺼﺧ رد ﺮﮔ

ﻮﻧﺰﻏ يﺎﻫ نﺎﯾ

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ) ،ﯽﺿﺎﯾر و ﺮﮔ 1396

ﻪﺻﺎﺧ و(

ﮥﻤﺟﺮﺗ زا نﺎﺸﯾا

بﺎﺘﮐ

» ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا ﻪﺸﯿﺷ

« ،ﯽﯾﺎﮐﻮﻓ) 1371

ﻪﺘﺷﻮﻧ ،(

ﯿﺷ هرﺎﺑرد ﺮﮔوﺮﮐ يﺎﻫ ـ

ﻪﺸ ﯿﻧ يﺎﻫ ـ رﻮﺑﺎﺸ

) Kroger: 1995

،(

ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ يﺎﻫ ﯾﺎﻀﺗﺮﻣ و ﯽﻧﺎﯿﮐ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا رد ﯽ

ﺎﻫ ي نﺎﺟﺮﺟ

) kiani: 1984 ﺎﻀﺗﺮﻣ ،

ﯽﯾ 1383 : 155 - 188

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ(

يﺎﻫ

ﻦﺴﻧﺎﻫﻮﺟ هﺎﺷ رد

نﺎﮔﺮﮔ ﻪﭙﺗ

) Arne, 1945: 34-36

ﮓﻧرﻮﺗ رد ﻪﻫاد ناژ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،(

نﺎﮔﺮﮔ ﻪﭙﺗ

) Deshayes,

1973: 141- 52

تﺎﺟرﺪﻨﻣ ،(

مﻻ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ يور ﺮﺑ ناوﺮﮐ و ﻪﺸﯿﺷ يﺎﻫ

شﻮﺷ يا

) Lamm, 1935:1

يﺎﻫرﺎﮐ ،(

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ يور ﯽﯾﺎﮐﻮﻓ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻨﭘاژ يﺎﻫ

) 1371 : 187 - 217

هدازﺮﺒﮐا تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ،(

دﺮﮐ يور ﯽﻨﻬﯿﻣ

نﺎﮔرزﺎﺑ زﺮﻣ ﯽﻔﯿﻗﻮﺗ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ

) 1367 : 35

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ يور ﻦﯾﺎﺘﺷاﺪﻠﮔ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ (،

ﻮﻤﺠﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻋ

ﯽﻠﯿﻠﺧ

،ﻦﯾﺎﺘﺷاﺪﻠﮔ) 1387

ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ يور ﯽﻧﻮﺑرﺎﮐ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ و(

ﺖﯾﻮﮐ رد ﯽﺼﺨﺷ ي

) Carboni, 2001

نآ ﻢﻏﺮﯿﻠﻋ .(

ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ صﻮﺼﺧ رد ﯽﺒﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻣﻼﺳا يﺎﻫ

هﺪﺳ ﯽ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ ﻪﺋارا ناﺮﯾا يﺮﺠﻫ ﻢﺸﺷ ﺎﺗ ﮏﯾ ﺎﺗ ،ﺪﻨﻫد

ﭻﯿﻫ نﻮﻨﮐ

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ و ﺮﻨﻫ صﻮﺼﺧ رد ﯽﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﯾا رد مﺎﮔ ﻦﯿﻟوا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ و هﺪﯿﺳﺮﻧ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺑ نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ يﺮﮔ

.ﺖﺳا ﻪﻨﯿﻣز 3 . ﯽﻣﻼﺳا نارود بﻮﺘﮑﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ رد نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﻮﻤﻫ ،ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا و ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ ،ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ لﻮﻃ رد نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ و يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻢﻬﻣ ﺰﮐاﺮﻣ زا ﯽﮑﯾ هرا

ﯽﻣ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ناﺮﯾا بﻮﻨﺟ يرﺎﺠﺗ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ

ﺮﺑ ﯽﻓاﺮﻐﺟ تﺎﺟرﺪﻨﻣ سﺎﺳا نﺎﺴﯾﻮﻧ

هﺪﺳ يﺎﻫ ﻦﯾا ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﮥﯿﻟوا

ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﻣ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﺖﻟﺎﯾا ﻦﯾا ةﺪﻤﻋ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ةرود رد و هدﻮﺑ نﺎﻣﺮﮐ ﺖﻟﺎﯾا ﺰﮐﺮﻣ و ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ

هﺪﺷ

ﺖﺳا

) ﻦﺑا

،ﻞﻗﻮﺣ 1366 : 73 ،يﺮﺨﻄﺻا ، 1373

: 167

. (

) 2

ﻦﺑا(

هرﻮﺧ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ار نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ،ﻪﺘﺳر هدﺮﺑ مﺎﻧ نﺎﻣﺮﮐ ﺖﻟﺎﯾا يﺎﻫ

) 1365 : 121

ﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ و (

ة ﯽﻣ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا دوﺪﺣ بﺎﺘﮐ :ﺪﺴﯾﻮﻧ

...»

و ﺖﺳﺎﺷدﺎﭘ ﺮﻘﺘﺴﻣ و ﺖﺴﻧﺎﻣﺮﮐ ﮥﺒﺼﻗ :نﺎﮔﺮﯿﺳ

ﺖﺳﺰﯾرﺎﮐ زا نﺎﺸﺑآ و نﺎﻧﺎﮔرزﺎﺑ يﺎﺟ و ﺖﺴﮔرﺰﺑ يﺮﻬﺷ

«

) 1340 : 126

ﺎﻫﺮﺼﻣ ﻒﯾدر رد ار نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﯽﺳﺪﻘﻣ .(

) 3 (

راﺮﻗ ﻪﺒﺼﻗ ﻪﮐ هداد شا

وا .ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ نﺎﻣﺮﮐ ﺖﻟﺎﯾا ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﯽﻣ ورﺎﺑ ياراد و دﺎﺑآ ار ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا

گرﺰﺑ زاﺮﯿﺷ زا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧاد

ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ زا نآ مدﺮﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻮﻧ و ﻪﻨﻬﮐ رازﺎﺑ ود و هزاورد ﺖﺸﻫ ،ﻊﻣﺎﺟ ﺪﺠﺴﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻤﺗوﺮﺛ يﺮﻬﺷ .ﺖﺳا ﺮﺗﺎﺸﮕﻟد و ﺮﺗ هدﻮﺑ رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﻻﺎﺑ ﺪﻧا

) 1385 : 685 - 686

ﺳﻮﻃ .(

ﯽ ﻧاﺪﻤﻫ ﯽ رد لﺎﺳ ﻦﯿﺑ رد ﻪﮐ دﻮﺧ بﺎﺘﮐ يﺎﻫ

551 و 562

ﯽﻣ مﺎﻧ نﺎﻣﺮﮐ ﺖﯾﻻو ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﻬﺷ ود زا ﯽﮑﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ زا ،ﻪﺘﺷﻮﻧ يﺮﻤﻗ يﺮﺠﻫ دﺮﺑ

) 1382 : 263

ﻢﻫ.(

ﻦﯿﻨﭼ

ﺪﻘﻋ بﺎﺘﮐ ﻒﻟﺆﻣ ﯽﻠﻌﻟا

ﯽﻣ ﯽﻗﻮﺠﻠﺳ هرود رد :ﺪﺴﯾﻮﻧ

...»

ﻢﯾﺪﻗ ﮏﻠﻤﻟاراد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺴﻧﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ نﺎﻣﺮﮐ يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ زا

ﺑ ،ﻢﻈﻌﻣ ﯽﺘﯾﻻو ،ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ ﺮﯿﺳدﺮﺑ نآ زا ﺮﮕﺸﻟ راردا و عﺎﻄﻗا ﺮﺜﮐا قﻮﺠﻠﺳ لآ ﺪﻬﻋ رد و عﺎﻔﺗرا رﺎﯿﺴ

هدﻮﺑ ﺎﺟ

نﺎﺘ�ﺎﺑ تﺎﻌ�ﺎﻄ�

ﯽ�ﺎﻨ�

، رود ة 13

، رﺎﻤﺷ ة 3

، ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ 1400 271 /

اﻮﺧ ﮏﭼﻮﮐ مﺎﺷ ار نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ فﻮﺼﺗ بﺎﺑرا ،ﻢﯿﻘﻣ ﻖﺷ نآ رد هﻮﺒﻧا يﺮﮑﺸﻟ و گرﺰﺑ يﺮﯿﻣا ﻪﺘﺳﻮﯿﭘ و ﺖﺳا ﺪﻨﻧ

«

،ﯽﻧﺎﻣﺮﮐ) 2536 ، 131 و 132

هﺪﺳ رد ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا.(

ﻢﻬﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ق.ه ﻢﺠﻨﭘ هﺪﺳ ﻞﯾاوا ﺎﺗ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﻪﯿﻟوا يﺎﻫ ﯾﺮﺗ

ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦ

ﮑﻨﯾا ﺎﺗ ،هدﺮﮐ ﺶﻘﻧ يﺎﻔﯾا نﺎﻣﺮﮐ ﺖﻟﺎﯾا نﺎﯿﻗﻮﺠﻠﺳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ نﺎﻣﺮﮐ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪ

.ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺖﺨﺘﯾﺎﭘ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﭼﺮﮔا

ﻦﮑﯿﻟ ،هدﻮﺑ رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ يدﺎﯾز ﻖﻧور زا ﺖﻟﺎﯾا ﻦﯾا ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﻬﺷ رﺎﻬﭼ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺰﯿﻧ نارود ﻦﯾا رد ﺎﻣﺪﺻ ﯽﻗﻮﺠﻠﺳ نﺎﮔداﺰﻫﺎﺷ تﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ رد و هرود ﻦﯾا ﺮﺧاوا رد ﺰﯿﻧ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ سرﺎﻓ نﺎﮑﺑﺎﺗا ﻂﻠﺴﺗ .ﺪﯾد يدﺎﯾز ت

ﺎﺗ ،ﺪﻧادﺮﮔﺮﺑ ار نآ ﻪﺘﻓر ﺖﺳد زا ﻖﻧور ﺖﺴﻧاﻮﺘﻧ نآ

ﻪﮐ و دﻮﺑﺎﻧ ﯽﻠﮐ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ق.ه ﻢﺸﺷ هﺪﺳ ﺮﺧاوا رد ﺎﻫﺰﻏ ﮥﻠﻤﺣ ﺎﺑ

ﺪﺷ كوﺮﺘﻣ

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و نﺎﯿﻤﯾﺮﮐ) 1398

: 59 .(

4.

ﻣ نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﻢﯾﺪﻗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﻃﻮﺤ

ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ رد ار نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﻢﯾﺪﻗ ﺮﻬﺷ يﺎﯾﺎﻘﺑ ﻪﮐ يا هداد يﺎﺟ دﻮﺧ

) 4

هدوﺪﺤﻣ ،(

ﺎﺑ يا ﺘﺴﭘ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻠﺑو ي ﺎﻫ ي ﺖﺳا دﺎﯾز

ﯽﻗﺮﺷ رﻮﺤﻣ رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﺑﺮﻏ–

دوﺪﺣ 1100 ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﺖﻬﺟ رد و ضﺮﻋ ﺮﺘﻣ -

ﻪﺑ ﮏﯾدﺰﻧ ﯽﺑﻮﻨﺟ 2000

لﻮﻃ ﺮﺘﻣ

ﻪﺘﺴﮑﺷ ﺮﺟآ ﮏﭼﻮﮐ و گرﺰﺑ تﺎﻌﻄﻗ زا هﺪﯿﺷﻮﭘ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ .دراد ﮓﻨﺳ ،ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ،ﻪﺷﻮﺒﻨﺗ ،لﺎﻔﺳ ،ﻢﻟﺎﺳ و

،بﺎﺳ

... و هرﻮﮐ شﻮﺟ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا

ﺮﺑ راﺮﻘﺘﺳا تﺪﻣ ﯽﻧﻻﻮﻃ رد .دراد ﺖﻟﻻد نﺎﮑﻣ ﻦﯾا رد

ﯽﻗﺮﺷ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ رد و ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا

تﺎﻨﻗ ﻪﺘﺷر بﺮﻏ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﯾا

هدوﺪﺤﻣ) (S.81

غﺎﺑ ﮏﯾدﺰﻧ ﻪﮐ

،ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺴﭘ يﺎﻫ ﻄﺳ

شﻮﺟ زا هﺪﯿﺷﻮﭘ ﻦﯿﻣز ﺢ ،هرﻮﮐ

ﺮﺟآ لﺎﻔﺳ و ﺖﺳا ناواﺮﻓ ﻢﮐاﺮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ شﻮﺟ ،هﺪﺷ ﻪﻣﺮﻓد و ﻪﺘﺴﮑﺷ يﺎﻫ

ﻞﮑﺷ) 1

دﻮﺟو زا ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ ﻦﯾا .(

ﮏﯾ

هدوﺪﺤﻣ ﯽﺘﻌﻨﺻ ي

) S.115

ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻞﺤﻣ ﻪﮐ (

ﺳ يﺎﻫ ـ ﯿﺷ ،يﺮﮕﻟﺎﻔ ـ

ﻪﺸ ﺘﺣا ﻪﺑ و يﺮﮔ ـ

ﺮﺒﺧ ،هدﻮﺑ يﺮﮔﺰﻠﻓ لﺎﻤ

ﯽﻣ ﺪﻫد

،ﯽﻠﻀﻓا) 1398 : 175 .(

ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ 1 ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ : نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﻢﯾﺪﻗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﮥﯿﺣﺎﻧ ،

ﯽﻫﺎﮔرﺎﮐ رﺎﺛآ و ﯽﺘﻌﻨﺻ هراﻮﻫﺎﻣ ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ) نآ

(نﺎﮔﺪﻧرﺎﮕﻧ و ثرا ﻞﮔﻮﮔ يا

Figure 1: The location of, Old City of Sirjan its industrial part and workshop remains (Google Earth satellite imageand Authors).

5 . ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ و يﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ

نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﻢﯾﺪﻗ ﺮﻬﺷ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ رد ﯽﺤﻄﺳ يﺎﻫ

ﻋ

،نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﻢﯾﺪﻗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﺻﺮ هداد زا ﯽﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ

،عﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ يﺎﻫ

تﺎﻌﻄﻗ يﺮﯾدﺎﻘﻣ ﻊﻤﺟ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ

ًﺎﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻪﮐ يروآ 318

نآ ﻦﯿﺑ زا و ﮏﯿﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﺎﻫ

82 ﯽﻨﻓ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﺲﭙﺳ .ﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ،يﺪﻨﺑ

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﻦﯾا يرﺎﻣآ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ و ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ،ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ و ﺪﯿﺳر مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ

يﺎﻫ

:

ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ظﺎﺤﻟ زا ﻪﻓﻮﺸﮑﻣ راﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﮓﻧر و ﻦﯿﺋﺰﺗ ،ﺖﺧﺎﺳ شور ،ﻞﮑﺷ و مﺮﻓ يﺎﻫ

.ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ داﺪﻌﺗ زا

ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻞﮐ ،ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ

130 ،ﻪﺒﻟ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ 118

،ﻒﮐ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ 54

،ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ 8

،ﻮﮕﻨﻟا دﺪﻋ 5

و ﻪﺘﺳد دﺪﻋ 3

ﯽﻧاواﺮﻓ ﺪﺻرد ﺎﺑ ﻪﺒﻟ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا شﻮﭘرد دﺪﻋ

) 88 / 40 (ﺪﺻرد

ﻒﮐ ،

) 37 (ﺪﺻرد

ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ،

) 98 / 16 ،(ﺪﺻرد

ﻮﮕﻨﻟا

) 5/

2 ) ﻪﺘﺳد ،(ﺪﺻرد 5/

1 ) شﻮﭘرد و (ﺪﺻرد 9/

0 (ﺪﺻرد ﯽﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ار زا .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

،ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻞﮐ 82

ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ 42

،ﻪﺒﻟ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ 27

،ﻒﮐ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ 3

،ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ 3

و شﻮﭘرد ﻪﻌﻄﻗ 7

ﺮﺑ و ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ياﺮﺑ ،ﻮﮕﻨﻟا ﻪﻌﻄﻗ

حﺮﻃ مﺮﻓ سﺎﺳا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ درﻮﻣ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد ﻪﻓﻮﺸﮑﻣ تﺎﻌﻄﻗ .ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ زا

يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ رﻮﻬﺸﻣ

ﺪﺳ ه يﺎﻫ

،ناﺮﯾا ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﻪﯿﻟوا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ،رﻮﺑﺎﺸﯿﻧ ﺮﯿﻈﻧ

يﺮﻄﺑ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺸﯾارآ و ﯽﯾوراد فوﺮﻇ) ﺎﻫ

ﻪﻣﺮﺳ و ﯽﯾوراد فوﺮﻇ ،نادﺮﻄﻋ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﻟﺎﯿﭘ ،(ناد

ﻪﺳﺎﮐ) ﺎﻫ ﮓﻨﺗ ،(ﺎﻫ

شﻮﭘرد ،(ﺎﻫﻮﺒﺳ) ﺎﻫ رﻮﯾز و ﺎﻫ

ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ تﻻآ

.ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ زا ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﻪﺳ ،ﻪﻓﻮﺸﮑﻣ تﺎﻌﻄﻗ نﺎﯿﻣ رد ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﮐ ﺖﺷاد دﻮﺟو

ﯽﻤﻧ ﻪ ناﻮﺗ ار نآ هوﺮﮔ رد

.ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻦﯿﯾﺰﺗ ظﺎﺤﻟ زا ﻂﻘﻓ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ،داد يﺎﺟ ﯽﺻﺎﺧ

5 - 1 ﻪﻘﺒﻃ . يﺪﻨﺑ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﯿﭘ مﺮﻓ

ﻪﺳﺎﮐ) ﺎﻫ (ﺎﻫ

ﻪﻧﺎﻫد ،فوﺮﻇ عﻮﻧ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻧﺪﺑ و ﻞﺧاد ﻪﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﻓرﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻫﺎﮔ ﺎﯾ فﺎﺻ ﯽﻔﮐ ،دﺎﺸﮔ يﺎﻫ

ﻢﯿﻧ ﺎﯾ ﻞﯾﺎﻣ ،فﺎﺻ يﺎﻫ يوﺮﮐ

ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻦﯾا زا .ﺪﻧراد 37

ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﺑ ﺖﺳد ﻪ ،ﺪﻣآ ﻪﺘﺳد ﻪﺑ ﻒﮐ و ﻪﺒﻟ مﺮﻓ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻣ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ ﻞﯾذ يﺎﻫ

ﺪﻧﻮﺷ .

5 - 1 - 1 ﻪﺒﻟ .

ﻪﺘﺳد رد:ﺎﻫ

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﺒﻟ مﺮﻓ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﻓﻮﮑﺸﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﻟﺎﯿﭘ ﯽﻣ ﺎﻫ نآ ناﻮﺗ ﻪﺒﻟ :ﻪﺘﺳد ﻪﺳ رد ار ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺒﻟ ،ﻪﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ جرﺎﺧ ﺎﯾ ﻞﺧاد ﻪﺑ ءﺎﻨﺤﻧا ﯽﻤﮐ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻫﺎﮔ فﺎﺻ و يدﻮﻤﻋ و ﻪﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ جرﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﮐﺪﻧا يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺒﻟ يﺎﻫ

دﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ ﻪﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ جرﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ

ﻞﮑﺷ) 2 .(

:ﻪﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ جرﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺎﯾ نورد ﻪﺑ ءﺎﻨﺤﻧا ﯽﻤﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺎﯾ دﻮﻤﻋ ﻪﺒﻟ .(ﻒﻟا

ﺳﺎﮐ ﻪﯿﺒﺷ فوﺮﻇ ﻦﯾا ـﻪ

و ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ يزوﺮﻣا يﺎﻫ

ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﻢﯿﻧ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﺎﯾ هﺪﻣآﺮﺑ و يوﺮﮐ و فﺎﺻ يﺎﻫ

حﺮﻃ) ﺪﻧراد ءﺎﻨﺤﻧا ﯽﻤﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ يﺎﻫ

ةرﺎﻤﺷ 1 ﺎﺗ 13 ﻪﺒﻟ .(

-

آ يﺎﻫ ن نآ زا ﯽﻀﻌﺑ رد .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ فﺮﻇ جرﺎﺧ ﺎﯾ ﻞﺧاد ﻪﺑ ﯽﻫﺎﮔ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ هدرﻮﺧ ﺎﺗ و يدﻮﻤﻋ ﺎﻫ رد ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﺎﺑ يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺖﻣﺎﺨﺿ ﯽﮐﺪﻧا ﻪﺒﻟ هﺪﺷ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯽﯾﻮﻘﻠﺣ ﻪﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ راﻮﻧ ياراد ﻪﺒﻟ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

حﺮﻃ) يﺎﻫ 3 ، 4 ، 8 و 12

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﯾا .(

ﺰﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ هدﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ةرﺎﻤﺷ

1 و 10 و 12 ﻧﻮﻤﻧ رد ﻪﮐ ﮥ

ةرﺎﻤﺷ 1 رد

ﯽﮔاﺰﮑﯾز طﻮﻄﺧ ،هﺪﻨﮐ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺗﺎﺒﻧ ﮓﻧر ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ فﺮﻇ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ اﯾ

هﺪﺷدﺎﺠ هﺪﺷ ﺮﭘ ﺪﯿﻔﺳ ﮓﻧر ﺎﺑ نآ ﻞﺧاد و

ﺪﻨﮐ اﺪﯿﭘ يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ هﻮﻠﺟ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺎﺗ

حﺮﻃ) 1

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ رد.(

ةرﺎﻤﺷ 10 ﻞﺧاد ﻪﺑ ﯽﮐﺪﻧا ﻪﺒﻟ ،ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧﻮﺘﯾز ﺰﺒﺳ ﮓﻧر ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ

د ﯽﺒﻟﺎﻗ شور زا ،ﺖﺳا ﻞﯾﺎﻣ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ و ﻪﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻦﯿﯾﺰﺗ يرﻮﺒﻧز ﻪﻧﻻ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺎﺑ و ﻪﺘﻓر رﺎﮑﺑ نآ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ر

هﺪﺳ رد ﯽﻣﻼﺳا هرود ﻪﯿﻟوا يﺎﻫ رد ﯽﻧاواﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺰﺗ عﻮﻧ ﻦﯾا زا

ﻇ فوﺮ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ يا ﯽﻣ هﺪﯾد ﻢﻫ .دﻮﺷ

رد ﻦﯿﻨﭼ

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ةرﺎﻤﺷ 12 نآ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ رد ﯽﺗﺎﺒﻧ و فﺮﻇ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ و ﻪﺒﻟ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ رد ﯽﺑآ ﮓﻧر رود زا نآ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ياﺮﺑ

ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ .ﺖﺳا ه

ﻪﻟﺎﯿﭘ مﺮﻓ عﻮﻧ ﻦﯾا زا يﺎﻫ يرﺎﻔﺣ رد (ﻪﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻞﺧاد ﺎﯾ جرﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ يدﻮﻤﻋ ﻪﺒﻟ ﺎﺑ) ﺎﻫ

ﺎﻫ ي

رﻮﺑﺎﺸﯿﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ﺑﺮﻣ ﺳ هﺪﺳ ﻪﺑ طﻮ مﻮ

رﺎﻬﭼ و م ق.ه ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ يﺎﻫ

) Kroger, 1995: 42,43 (.

ﻪﺒﻟ .(ب :ﻪﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ جرﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ يﺎﻫ

ﺒﻟ هوﺮﮔ ﻦﯾا رد ﻪ

ﻪﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ جرﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﮐﺪﻧا ﺎﯾ يﺎﻫ و ﻪﺒﻟ ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﻤﮐ ﺖﻣﺎﺨﺿ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧا

ﯽﻣ هﺪﯾد ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﻪﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ جرﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺒﻟ ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﺎﯾ و دﻮﺷ

يدﻮﻤﻋ و ﻞﯾﺎﻣ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ عﻮﻧ ود يراد لوا ﻪﺘﺳد فوﺮﻇ .ﺪﻧا

ﻪﺒﻟ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ نآ يﺎﻫ

ﻢﯿﺨﺿ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺒﻟ ،ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ و هدرﻮﺧ ﺎﺗ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺗ

حﺮﻃ) يﺎﻫ

ةرﺎﻤﺷ 14 ، 15 ، 16 ، 17 ، 18 ، 23

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻤﻫ .(

شور ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ دازآ هﺪﯿﻣد

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ رد .ﺪﻧا 14

ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﺮﺑ

نﺎﺘ�ﺎﺑ تﺎﻌ�ﺎﻄ�

ﯽ�ﺎﻨ�

، رود ة 13

، رﺎﻤﺷ ة 3

، ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ 1400 273 /

ﺖﻓاﺮﻇ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺳﺪﻨﻫ ﺶﻘﻧ ﯽﺟرﺎﺧ هﺪﻨﮐ

هﺪﺷ دﺎﻀﺗ ﯽﻧﻮﺘﯾز ﺰﺒﺳ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﺎﺑ ﺎﺗ هﺪﺷ ﺮﭘ ﺪﯿﻔﺳ ﮓﻧر ﺎﺑ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻞﺧاد و

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ رد .ﺪﺸﺨﺒﺑ ناﺪﻨﭼ ود ﯽﯾﺎﺒﯾز فﺮﻇ ﻪﺑ و ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ةرﺎﻤﺷ

18 زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷر ﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺰﺗ

زا هدوﺰﻓا يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ﯽﻠﯿﻣ ﮏﯾ ﺖﻣﺎﺨﺿ ﻪﺑ و ﯽﺑآ ﮓﻧر ﻪﺑ ﻒﯾﺮﻇ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ يﺎﻫ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺒﻟ رود ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺷر ود و ﻪﻧﺪﺑ يور ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣ

هﺪﺷ دﺎﺠﯾا ﺮﮕﯾﺪﮑﯾ تازاﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ و ﯽﻘﻓا .ﺖﺳا

حﺮﻃ ةرﺎﻤﺷ 23 ﻪﻟﺎﯿﭘ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ و يوﺮﮐ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ياراد ﻢﻫ يا

رﻮﺑﺎﺸﯿﻧ زا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺑ

ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳا حﺮﻃ و ةرﺎﻤﺷ 15 ﻪﻟﺎﯿﭘ ود ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﺰﯿﻧ زا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يا

رﻮﺑﺎﺸﯿﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ﻪﮐ رﺎﻬﭼ هﺪﺳ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ م

ق.ه ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ

) Kroger, 1995:57,44

(.

ﻪﺒﻟ .(ج :ﻪﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ جرﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﻧﺪﺑ فوﺮﻇ ﻦﯾا ﻢﯿﻧ يﺎﻫ

حﺮﻃ رد .ﺪﻧراد ﻞﯾﺎﻣ و يوﺮﮐ ةرﺎﻤﺷ

22 ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﻪﺒﻟ

ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ياراد و ﻪﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ جرﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ

.ﺖﺳا ﻞﯾﺎﻣ يا حﺮﻃ رد

يﺎﻫ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ، 19 ، 20 ، 21 ، 24 و 25

ﻪﺒﻟ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ندوﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ فﺮﻇ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ مﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻦﯾﺪﺑ ؛ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ نآ ﻪﺑ فﺮﻇ دﻮﺧ ﺲﻨﺟ زا يا

ﻪﺒﻟ رود ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ هدوﺰﻓا راﻮﻧ ﮏﯾ ﻪﻓﺎﺿا

ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ رودﺎﺗرود

ﯽﻘﻓا ﻦﻬﭘ يراﻮﻧ ﻪﺒﻟ دﻮﺟو ﻪﺑ

.ﺖﺳا هدروآ

دﺎﺠﯾا ياﺮﺑ ﻢﯿﺨﺿ ﯽﻣﺮﻓ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ندز ﺎﺗ مﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﯽﻫﺎﮔ راﻮﻧ ﻦﯾا

هدﺮﮐ دﺎﺠﯾا ﻪﺒﻟ رود ﺮﺗ ﺎﯾ و

ﻪﺑ ﺳو ﯿ ﻪﻠ دﻮﺧ زا يراﻮﻧ

حﺮﻃ رد .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ رﺎﮐ ﻦﯾا فﺮﻇ ﺲﻨﺟ يﺎﻫ

21 و 24 و 25 ﮏﯾ و ﺖﺳا هﺪﯿﭙﺴﭽﻧ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﻪﺑ ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ راﻮﻧ

ﻪﺒﻟ و ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﻟﺎﺧ ﻮﺗ يﺎﻀﻓ اﯾ

هﺪﺷدﺎﺠ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻪﮐ

.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ قﺎﺤﻟا ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻬﺘﻧا

ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ 2 مﺮﻓ : ﻪﺳﺎﮐ ) يﺎﻫ ﻪﻟﺎﯿﭘ ( ﻪﺸﯿﺷ فوﺮﻇ نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ يا

(نﺎﮔﺪﻧرﺎﮕﻧ) .

Figure 2: Form of the bowls (cups) of glassware inOld City of Sirjan (Authors)

5 - 1 - 2 ﻒﮐ . ﻪﺳﺎﮐ ) ﺎﻫ ﻪﻟﺎﯿﭘ ﺎﻫ (

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ فوﺮﻇ ﻒﮐ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ نآ مﺮﻓ ﺰﯿﻧ يا

مﻮﻠﻌﻣ ار ﺎﻫ ﻒﮐ زا يداﺪﻌﺗ .ﺖﺧﺎﺳ

يﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ﻪﻟﺎﯿﭘ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳا ﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻒﮐ (ﻒﻟا :هوﺮﮔ ﻪ ﺢﻄﺴﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﻒﮐ (ب ،ﺰﮐﺮﻣ رد ﯽﮕﺘﻓر ﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻒﮐ (ج ،هدﺎﺳ ﺢﻄﺴﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﯾﺎﭘ ﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ يﻮﻘﻠﺣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

ﻞﮑﺷ) 3

ﺖﺧﺎﺳ مﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﯽﮕﺘﻓر ﻮﺗ ،لوا هوﺮﮔ رد.(

اﯾ هﺪﺷدﺎﺠ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﻓروﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا و

ﺮﯿﮔاو يﺎﺟ رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺳا ه

گرﺰﺑ دﺎﻌﺑا ﻪﭼ ﺮﻫ ﯽﻨﻌﯾ ،دراد ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺑ فﺮﻇ دﺎﻌﺑا ﻪﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﻓروﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا هزاﺪﻧا و ﻦﯾا ناﺰﯿﻣ ﺮﺗ

:

ﺶﯿﺑ ﻢﻫ ﯽﮕﺘﻓر وﺮﻓ فوﺮﻇ رد و ﺮﺗ

ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﺮﺗ ﮕﺘﻓروﺮﻓ ﯽ ﻒﮐ عﻮﻧ ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا ﺮﺘﻤﮐ حﺮﻃ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ

يﺎﻫ ةرﺎﻤﺷ 33 ،

34 و 35 حﺮﻃ رد ﻂﻘﻓ و ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺪﻗﺎﻓ و هدﺎﺳ ﻪﮐ ةرﺎﻤﺷ

33 ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﺋﺰﺗ ياﺮﺑ رود

ﻒﮐ ﮏﯾ (فﺮﻇ جرﺎﺧ)

ﯽﻣ هﺪﯾد ،ﻪﺘﻓر رﺎﮑﺑ يدﻮﻤﻋ ﺐﯾرا طﻮﻄﺧ نآ يور ﻪﮐ جاﻮﻣ ﯽﻘﻓا راﻮﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ .دﻮﺷ

يﺎﻫ 33 و 34 ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ رﻮﺑﺎﺸﯿﻧ زا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ

ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳا

Kroger, 1995:49,48)

ﻒﮐ) مود هوﺮﮔ رد (.

ﺢﻄﺴﻣ يﺎﻫ

حﺮﻃ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﮐ (هدﺎﺳ 36

حﺮﻃ و ةرﺎﻤﺷ 3 ﻃ ﻪﮐ ،ﺖﺳا لوﺪﺟ ﯽﺒﻟﺎﻗ شور ﺎﺑ ،ﺖﺳا هﺪﻣآ لوﺪﺟ رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﺣﺮ

ﯽﺒﻟﺎﻗ شﻮﻘﻧ و ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ

ترﻮﺻ ﺖﺸﻫ ﻞﮔ ﮏﯾ ﺶﻘﻧ هﺮﯾاد ﺎﺑ ﺮﭘ

شﻮﻘﻧ و گﺮﺒﻠﮔ ﺮﻫ ﻞﺧاد رد يا

رد .ﺖﺳا نآ فاﺮﻃا رد ﯽﺳﺪﻨﻫ ﻒﮐ) مﻮﺳ هوﺮﮔ

ﯽﻣ يﺎﺟ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﺖﻔﻫ (يﻮﻘﻠﺣ ﻪﯾﺎﭘ ﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ ود ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ ﻪﮐ دﺮﯿﮔ

ﯽﻣ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ ﻪﺘﺳد ﻒﮐ ،لوا ﻪﺘﺳد :ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

ﯽﯾﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ فﺮﻇ دﻮﺧ ﮓﻧر و ﺲﻨﺟ زا روﺪﻣ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﮏﯾ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ

نآ رود ﻪﻓﺎﺿا ﻪﯾﺎﭘ رﺎﮐ ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ رد .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ دﺎﺠﯾا فﺮﻇ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻟﺎﺧ ﻮﺗ و هﺎﺗﻮﮐ يا

اﯾ ﻦ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻒﮐ ،

ﯽﻣ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﺞﻨﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﮐ دراد ﯽﮕﺘﻓروﺮﻓ ﻞﺧاد ﻪﺑ ﻢﻫ و ﺖﺳا ﺢﻄﺴﻣ ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﻢﻫ فوﺮﻇ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

حﺮﻃ) يﺎﻫ ةرﺎﻤﺷ 27 ،

28 ، 29 ، 31 و 32

ﻪﺑ و ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﻧﺎﮔاﺪﺟ ﺖﺳﺪﮑﯾ و ﺮﭘﻮﺗ روﺪﻣ ﻪﯾﺎﭘ ﮏﯾ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ود ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ،مود ﻪﺘﺳد .(

ﻪﯾﺎﭘ ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ قﺎﺤﻟا فﺮﻇ ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ﻒﮐ ﺮﮕﯾد ،ﻪﺘﺳد ﻦﯾا رد و ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﺘﻓر وﺮﻓ ﯽﮐﺪﻧا ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﻗﺎﺤﻟا يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻤﻧ هﺪﯾد فﺮﻇ ،دﻮﺷ

ﻪﮐاﺮﭼ ﻪﯾﺎﭘ ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﭘﯿ

ﺶ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ نآ ﻪﺑ روﺪﻣ ﺒﺴﭼ

ﯿ هﺪ ﺖﺳا

حﺮﻃ) يﺎﻫ ةرﺎﻤﺷ 30 و 26

.(

ﻞﮑﺷ 3 ﻒﮐ مﺮﻓ : ﻪﺳﺎﮐ

) يﺎﻫ ﻪﻟﺎﯿﭘ يﺎﻫ ( ﻪﺸﯿﺷ نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ يا .(نﺎﮔﺪﻧرﺎﮕﻧ)

Figure 3: Base form of the bowls (cups) of glassware in Old City of Sirjan (Authors)

نﺎﺘ�ﺎﺑ تﺎﻌ�ﺎﻄ�

ﯽ�ﺎﻨ�

، رود ة 13

، رﺎﻤﺷ ة 3

، ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ 1400 275 /

5 - 2 ﮓﻨﺗ . (ﺎﻫﻮﺒﺳ) ﺎﻫ

ﻮﺒﺳ ﻪﺘﺳد رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﻓوﺮﻇ ﺎﻫ

ﮓﻨﺗ و ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ يﺎﺟ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻧا

ﻞﮑﺷ) ةرﺎﻤﺷ 4

ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ،(

ظﺎﺤﻟ زا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ رﺎﻬﭼ

هﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻪﺒﻟ مﺮﻓ حﺮﻃ رد .ﺪﻧا

ةرﺎﻤﺷ 1 رد .دراد ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﯽﻧدﺮﮔ و ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ نوﺮﯿﺑ ﻪﺑ ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﮓﻨﺗ ﻪﺒﻟ

حﺮﻃ ةرﺎﻤﺷ 2 ﺖﻣﺎﺨﺿ زا ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﮐ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ،ﺖﺳا هدرﻮﺧ ﺎﺗ ﻞﺧاد ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ يراﻮﻧ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ نآ ﻪﺒﻟ

رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺖﺳا

ﯿﺑ ﻪﺑ ﯽﮐﺪﻧا نآ ﻪﺒﻟ . ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ اﺪﯿﭘ ءﺎﻨﺤﻧا ﯽﮐﺪﻧا ندﺮﮔ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ رد و ﻪﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ نوﺮ

حﺮﻃ رد .ﺖﺳا يوﺮﮐ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا نآ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ةرﺎﻤﺷ

3 فﺮﻇ ﻪﻧﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ و ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ جرﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﻪﺒﻟ

حﺮﻃ رد .دراد يوﺮﮐ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ و ،ﺖﺳاﺪﺟ نآ زا ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ و هﺪﯿﺒﺴﭽﻧ ةرﺎﻤﺷ

4 ﻢﯿﺨﺿ يراﻮﻧ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺒﻟ ﺰﯿﻧ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ زا ﺮﺗ

ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﻣ اﺪﯿﭘ ءﺎﻨﺤﻧا ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﺖﻤﺳ ﻪﺑ فﺮﻇ ندﺮﮔ رد و ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﮐ ،ﺪﻨﮐ

فﺮﻇ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ رد ﺪﻫد

ﯽﻣ دﺎﺸﮔ .دﻮﺷ

ﻞﮑﺷ 4 ﻪﺒﻟ مﺮﻓ : ﻪﺸﯿﺷ فوﺮﻇ يﺎﻫ يا

نﺎﺟﺮﯿﺳ ﻢﯾﺪﻗ ﺮﻬﺷ (نﺎﮔﺪﻧرﺎﮕﻧ)

Figure 4: Rim form of the jars of glassware in Old City of Sirjan (Authors)

5 - 3 ةﮋﯾو فوﺮﻇ . ﻣ

ﯽﺸﯾارآ و ﯽﯾوراد داﻮ

فوﺮﻇ هوﺮﮔ رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﺗﺎﻌﻄﻗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ يﺎﺟ ﯽﺸﯾارآ و ﯽﯾوراد داﻮﻣ

ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺪﻧا يا

ياراد ﻦﻓ ﺞﯾار تﺎﻨﯿﯾﺰﺗ و و

ﺎﺑ

ﻪﻣﺮﺳ و يﺮﻄﻋ ،ﯽﻫﺎﯿﮔ و ﯽﯾوراد ،ﯽﻨﻏور داﻮﻣ يراﺪﻬﮕﻧ ياﺮﺑ ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ فوﺮﻇ ﻦﯾا .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﯽﻟﺎﮑﺷا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ

،ﯽﻨﯿﺋﺎﻗ) 1383 : 89

ﻤﻧ ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا .(

ﻪﻧﻮ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ و ﯽﺸﯾارآ داﻮﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﻦﯿﺋﺰﺗ ياراد يﺎﻫ ﻪﮐ هدﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ رﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾوراد فوﺮﻇ ياﺮﺑ ،ﺪﻧراد ﯽﻓﺮﺼﻣ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻪﺘﻓر

ﻪﻧاﻮﺘﺳا نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ لﺎﮑﺷا ﻪﺑ فوﺮﻇ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻧﺪﺑ .ﺪﻧا ﺪﻨﻠﺑ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ يوﺮﮐ و ﻞﮑﺷ ﯽﺑﻼﮔ ،ﯽﻀﯿﺑ ،هﺎﺗﻮﮐ و ندﺮﮔ عاﻮﻧا .ﺪﺷ

ﻪﻧاﻮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ ﺑ خاﺮﻓ ﻪﻧﺎﻫد ،هﺎﺗﻮﮐ ،ﯽﻔﯿﻗ يا

نوﺪ

ﺎﯾ و ﻪﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ جرﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺒﻟ ﺎﺑ ﺎﯾ ﻪﺒﻟ هدﺮﺸﻓ

هﺪﺷ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﻓﺮﺼﻣ داﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﮏﯾ ﺮﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧا

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ) ،ﺮﮔ

1382 : 27 و 28 يﺮﻔﻌﺟ ؛ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ و هداز

،ﺮﮔ 1398 : 37

ﻪﺘﺳد ﻪﺑ ﺮﯾز رد.(

نآ يﺪﻨﺑ ﯽﻣ ﺎﻫ

ﻢﯾزادﺮﭘ .

5 - 3 - 1 ﻪﻘﺒﻃ . يﺮﻄﺑ يﺪﻨﺑ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺒﻟ سﺎﺳا

ﻪﺸﯿﺷ زا يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ﺮﯿﺳ زا يﺮﻄﺑ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﻒﮐ و ندﺮﮔ ،ﻪﺒﻟ يداﺪﻌﺗ نﺎﺟ تﺎﻌﯾﺎﻣ و ﯽﯾوراد داﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ هﺪﺷ يﺪﻨﺑ ﻒﮐ .ﺪﻧا

ﻪﻧاﻮﺘﺳا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ود ﻪﺑ يﺎﻫ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ (ﻞﺧاد ﻪﺑ ﻞﯾﺎﻣ و ﯽﻟﻼﻫ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ) ﻞﮑﺷ ﯽﺑﻼﮔ و ﻞﮑﺷ يا

ﯽﻣ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ دازآ هﺪﯿﻣد شور ﻪﺑ تﺎﻌﻄﻗ ﻦﯾا مﺎﻤﺗ ﺪﻧا

ﻞﮑﺷ) 5

حﺮﻃ رد .(

يﺎﻫ ةرﺎﻤﺷ 1 و 2 ﻪﺒﻟ ﻪﮐ و

ﻪﺒﻟ ،ﺖﺳا هﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﻗﺎﺑ يﺮﻄﺑ ندﺮﮔ زا يراﺪﻘﻣ ﻪﺸﯿﺷ .ﺪﻧراد دﻮﻤﻋ ندﺮﮔ و ﻪﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ نوﺮﯿﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﺖﺧﺎﺳ مﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺮﮔ

ﯽﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻞﺧاد ﻪﺑ ار ﻪﺒﻟ زا ﯽﺸﺨﺑ ﺎﯾ هﺮﯿﮔاو ﻪﺒﻟ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻧز

ﻪﯾﻻ ود يا ﯽﻣ دﺎﺠﯾا ﻢﯿﺨﺿ و يا

اﻮﻧ دﺎﺠﯾا ﺚﻋﺎﺑ و ﺪﻨﮐ ير