Identifying Mental Patterns of B2B Business Engagement on LinkedIn by the Q Method

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Identifying Mental Patterns of B2B Business Engagement on LinkedIn by the Q Method

Morteza Maleki MinBashRazgah^*

*Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Department of Management, Faculty of Economics, Management and Administrative Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. E-mail:

[email protected]

Sima Alipour

Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Business Management, Faculty of Economics, Management and Administrative Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]

Maryam Asgharinajib

Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Business Management, Faculty of Economics, Management and Administrative Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. E-mail:

[email protected]

Abstract

Objective

In the past, digital marketing and content creation in the B2B were less studied compared to the B2C field. According to the conducted small number of pieces of research, it is clear that the two concepts are completely different and that B2B digital marketing as a whole should be investigated in more depth. All B2B companies have the potential for social media marketing and digital content creation.

Yet these B2B companies are not putting their efforts into that. Over the past few years, LinkedIn has been an important professional social media platform for B2B scholars to use in several ways and B2B researchers can be members of LinkedIn groups. B2B businesses need to market to the right audience, they need to make sure that they are placing their money and efforts into the right platforms. To increase their engagement and sales, it is important for these companies not to waste their time and money and to start making the right marketing decisions. It is essential for these B2B businesses to build their credibility online and create trust with their customers. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the mental patterns of business-to-business interaction on LinkedIn by the Q method.

Methodology

This paper is aimed to explore key philosophical underpinnings of fundamental research paradigms with reference to Positivism and Interpretivism (Q method). The statistical population of this study includes B2B business managers, active on LinkedIn. The discourse of the present research was collected from various sources (theoretical literature and semi-structured interviews with experts). 30

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samples of Q phrases were selected after a survey of experts. The theme analysis technique was used to extract the factors in the interview section. In this section, the identified indicators were written on a card called Q, using the coding process. Then these cards were given to the participants. The data obtained from sorting the participants were analyzed by the Q factor analysis in SPSS software to identify the business interaction pattern. To measure validity of Q-method, the researcher needed to ask himself whether the collected statements had the required comprehensiveness to reflect different mentalities. Therefore, the validity of the content could be checked based on participants’ ratings of the phrase and its adjacent phrase. The test-retest method was used to calculate the reliability coefficient of Q sorting. The test-retest was re-run for 20% of the sample. The correlation coefficient was 73%, which indicated a high level of reliability.

Findings

The researchers determined the Q expressions, after conducting semi-structured interviews and library studies. These expressions were approved by experts. A total of 30 Q expressions were extracted.

Accordingly, three mental models were identified from the perspective of the participants. The first mentality was called the professional content mentality. The second one was the lead mentality, and the third was called the tracking mentality.

Conclusion

The results showed three mental models of B2B business interaction on LinkedIn: "Professional content", "Tracking" and "Lead". The mentality of professional content refers to the production of suitable content for a company on LinkedIn. Lead mentality refers to activities that lead to creating leads to create interactions and communication between companies. The third mentality, called tracking, refers to a set of activities that place the company in a position to have better and more access to the relevant audience. The constant participation of consumers in the social media space requires companies to develop and maintain a strong media presence. This research could accurately identify the influential components in each mentality to provide a clearer view of better interaction on LinkedIn and to help managers adopt practical strategies based on customer needs. According to the obtained results, B2B companies can use social media and platforms to facilitate their relationships with customers, identify their company and brand just like a living entity and introduce the products, services and value they provide to the customer.

Keywords: Business-to-Business, Engagement, LinkedIn, Social media, Q method.

Citation: Maleki MinBashRazgah, Morteza; Alipour, Sima & Asgharinajib, Maryam (2022). Identifying Mental Patterns of B2B Business Engagement on LinkedIn by the Q Method. Journal of Business Management, 14(4), 625-646. https://doi.org/10.22059/JIBM.2022.336993.4291 (in Persian)

Journal of Business Management, 2022, Vol. 14, No.4, pp. 625- 646 Received: January 07, 2022

Published by University of Tehran, Faculty of Management Received in revised form: May 21, 2022 https://doi.org/10.22059/JIBM.2022.336993.4291 Accepted: June 12, 2022

Article Type: Research Paper Published online: January 10, 2023

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ﺐﺴﻛ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻲﻨﻫذ يﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟا ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫرﺎﻛو

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻦﻳﺪﻜﻨﻴﻟ رد

ﻮﻴﻛ شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ

هﺎﮔزر شﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻣ ﻲﻜﻠﻣ ﻲﻀﺗﺮﻣ *

*

،لﻮﺌــﺴﻣ هﺪﻨــﺴﻳﻮﻧ ناﺮــﻳا ،نﺎﻨﻤــﺳ ،نﺎﻨﻤــﺳ هﺎﮕــﺸﻧاد ،يرادا مﻮــﻠﻋ و ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪــﻣ ،دﺎــﺼﺘﻗا هﺪﻜــﺸﻧاد ،ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪــﻣ هوﺮــﮔ ،رﺎﻴــﺸﻧاد

. ﻪــﻣﺎﻧﺎﻳار :

[email protected]

ﻲﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﻴﺳ رﻮﭘ

اد ،يرادا مﻮــﻠﻋ و ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪــﻣ ،دﺎــﺼﺘﻗا هﺪﻜــﺸﻧاد ،ﻲﻧﺎــﮔرزﺎﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪــﻣ هوﺮــﮔ ،يﺮــﺘﻛد يﻮﺠــﺸﻧاد ناﺮــﻳا ،نﺎﻨﻤــﺳ ،نﺎﻨﻤــﺳ هﺎﮕــﺸﻧ

. ﻪــﻣﺎﻧﺎﻳار :

[email protected]

ﺐﻴﺠﻧ يﺮﻐﺻا ﻢﻳﺮﻣ

ناﺮــﻳا ،نﺎﻨﻤــﺳ ،نﺎﻨﻤــﺳ هﺎﮕــﺸﻧاد ،يرادا مﻮــﻠﻋ و ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪــﻣ ،دﺎــﺼﺘﻗا هﺪﻜــﺸﻧاد ،ﻲﻧﺎــﮔرزﺎﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪــﻣ هوﺮــﮔ ،يﺮــﺘﻛد يﻮﺠــﺸﻧاد .

ﻪــﻣﺎﻧﺎﻳار :

[email protected]

هﺪﻴﻜﭼ فﺪﻫ : ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﺶﻘﻧ يﺎﻫ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻲ مﺮﻔﺘﻠﭘ و يﺎﻫ د ﻳ ﺠ ﻴ لﺎﺘ

، ﺐﺴﻛ رد ﺎﻫرﺎﻛو ي هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ فﺮﺼﻣ هﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﭘ ﺎﻣا ؛ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ ﮓﻧرﺮ ﻪـﺑ

،ﻲﮔزﺎـﺗ ﻢﻳﺪﻫﺎـﺷ

ﻪﻛ ﺐﺴﻛ ﺎﻫرﺎﻛو ي هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ مﺮﻔﺘﻠﭘ و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺎﻫ

ﻲـﻣ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ لﺎـﺘﻴﺠﻳد يﺎﻫ ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ

. ا زا ـﻳ ﻦ ور

،

ﺮـﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋـﭘ زا فﺪـﻫ

،

ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻲﻳ ﻮﮕﻟا ﻲﻨﻫذ يﺎﻫ ﺐﺴﻛ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ

ﺎﻫرﺎﻛو ي هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻟ رد ﻴ ﺪﻜﻨ ﻳ ﻦ ﻛ شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻴ

ﻮ ﺖﺳا .

شور : ﻔﺴﻠﻓ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﻲ

اﻳ ادارﺎﭘ ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦ ﻳ

ﺴﻔﺗ ﻢ ﻴ ﺮ ي ـ تﺎﺒﺛا اﺮﮔ ﻲﻳ ) ﻮﻴﻛ شور ( ﺖﺳا

فﺪـﻫ ﺮـﻈﻨﻣ زا ﻪـﻛ

، دﺮﺑرﺎـﻛ ي

ﻲـﻣ هدﺮﻤـﺷ دﻮـﺷ

.

ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ و ﻟﻮﻠﮔ شور ﺎﺑ ﻪ

بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻲﻓﺮﺑ

،ﺪﻧﺪﺷ 9 ﺮﻔﻧ زا ﻻﺎﻌﻓ ن هزﻮﺣ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ و ـﺑ ﺎﻨـﺷآ ﻪ مﺮـﻔﺘﻠﭘ

ﻟﻴ ﺪﻜﻨ ﻳ ﻦ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ د ﻪﻛ ﻳ هﺎﮔﺪ ﺎﻫ ي نآ ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻞ ﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻲ ﻛ ﻴ ﻮ و مﺮﻧ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا راﺰﻓا

سا ﻲﭘ سا ﻪﺨﺴﻧ سا 25 ﺰﺠﺗ ﻳ ﻪ ﻠﺤﺗو ﻴ ﻞ ﺪﺷ .

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺎﻫ : ﺎﺘﻧ ﻳ ﺞ ﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻲ ﺪﻫد ﻮﮕﻟا ﻪﻛ ي ﺐﺴﻛ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺎﻫرﺎﻛو

ي هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻟ رد ﻴ ﺪﻜﻨ ﻳ

،ﻦ ﻨﻫذ ﻪﺘﺳد ﻪﺳ رد ﻴ

ﺖ اﻮـﺘﺤﻣ ي ﻪـﻓﺮﺣ يا

، و ﺦﻧﺮـﺳ

در ﻳ ﺑﺎ ﻲ دراد راﺮﻗ .

ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ يﺮﻴﮔ : ﺖﻛﺮﺷ يﺎﻫ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ اﺮﺑ ي ﻬﺴﺗ ﻴ ﻞ ﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ دﻮﺧ ﻂﺑاور ﻳ

،نﺎ ﻪﻧﺎﺳر زا يﺎـﻫ ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﻲ مﺮـﻔﺘﻠﭘ و ﺎـﻫ هﺮـﻬﺑ ﺪـﻧﺮﺒﺑ و

ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ يدﻮﺟﻮﻣ هﺪﻧز

، دﻮﺧ ﺪﻧﺮﺑ و ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ

؛ﺪﻨﺸﺨﺒﺑ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ

و ﺷزرا و تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻲ

ﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ار ي

ﻣ ﻪﺋارا ﻲ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

، ﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻲ

؛ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ زا

ﺮﻃ ﻳ ﻖ ﺎﻫاﻮﺘﺤﻣ ي ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ

، ﻠﻛ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻴ

ﺪ ي ﺘﺧا رد ار ﻴ رﺎ ﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻳ نﺎ ﺪﻨﻫد راﺮﻗ

؛ اﺮﺑ ي ﭘﻴ ﮕ ﻴ ﺮ ي ﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻳ نﺎ ﺦﻧﺮﺳ يﺎﻫ باﺬﺟ اﻳ دﺎﺠ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

؛ ﻊـﻣاﻮﺟ و

هوﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ و داﺮﻓا ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ دﻮﺧ ار ﻳدر ﺑﺎ ﻲ ﺎﻬﻧ رد و ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻳ

ﺖ

، ﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻳ نﺎ دﻮﺧ ﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻲ هﺪﻧزﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد .

هژاوﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﺎﻫ : ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ،ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ شور ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺎﻫ

ﺐﺴﻛ ،ﻮﻴﻛ يﺎﻫرﺎﻛو هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻦﻳﺪﻜﻨﻴﻟ ، .

دﺎﻨﺘﺳا

؛ﻲﻀﺗﺮﻣ ،هﺎﮔزر شﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻣ ﻲﻜﻠﻣ : ﻲﻠﻋ

و ﺎﻤﻴﺳ ،رﻮﭘ

،ﺐﻴﺠﻧ يﺮﻐﺻا ﻢﻳﺮﻣ

) 1401 .(

ﺐـﺴﻛ ﻞـﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻲـﻨﻫذ يﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟا ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ يﺎـﻫرﺎﻛو

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺪﻜﻨﻴﻟ رد ﻮﻴﻛ شور

ﻲﻧﺎﮔرزﺎﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ . ،

14 ) 4 ( ، 625 - 646 .

،ﻲﻧﺎﮔرزﺎﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ 1401

هرود ، 14 هرﺎﻤﺷ ، 4 ﺺﺻ ، . 625 - 646 ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ

رد ﻳ ﺖﻓﺎ : 17 / 10 / 1400

ﺮﺷﺎﻧ : ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ةﺪﻜﺸﻧاد

ﺶﻳاﺮﻳو ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ : 31 / 02 / 1401

ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ : ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ

ﺬﭘ ﻳ شﺮ : 22 / 03 / 1401

نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ© رﺎﺸﺘﻧا ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ

: 20 / 10 / 1401

doi: https://doi.org/10.22059/JIBM.2022.336993.4291

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هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ رد /...

هﺎﮔزر شﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻣﻲﻜﻠﻣ نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و

626

ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻪﻨﻴﻣز ﻲﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ ﺖﺳا يا

شﻼﺗ ﻪﻛ لﻮﺤﺗ لﺎﺣ رد ﻪﺸﻴﻤﻫ ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ

يور و ﻲﻳارﺎﻛ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ نآ ﻲﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا

، ﺎـﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺮﻈﻧ زا

ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮﻴﻏ و ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ نﺎﻳﺮﺘﺸﻣ هدﺮﻛ

ﺖـﺳا ﻲﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺮﻫ ياﺮﺑ هزﻮﺣ ﻦﻳا و )

نﻮـﺴﻠﻳو و ﺰﻧﻮـﻳا ،ودرﺎـﭘ ،1

2013 .(

ﻪﺑ نآ زا ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ دﺎﻳ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ و ﺖﺳا ﻢﻬﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﺪﻴﻔﻣ صﺎﺧ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ دﻮﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا يﻮﺤﻧ

) ﻦﻧﺎـﺳﺎﺗ ،2

2021 (.

لﺎﺳ رد ا يﺎﻫ مﺮﻔﺘﻠﭘ ،ﺮﻴﺧ لﺎﺘﻴﺠﻳد يﺎﻫ

و ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ًﺎﺗﺪﻤﻋ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺎﻫ

، ﺐﺴﻛ ياﺮﺑ ار ﻲﺘﺻﺮﻓ هدﺮﻛ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ﺎﻫرﺎﻛو

ﺪـﻧا

كاﺮﺘﺷا ،يﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا ﺎﺗ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ،هﺪﻳا يراﺬﮔ

و يزﺎﺳ شور ﺮﻳﺎﺳ يذ و دﻮﺧ ياﺮﺑ ،ﺎﻫ

ﻖـﻠﺧ شزرا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ

ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ) يدﻮﻳﻮﻳد و ﺖﻳوﻮﻜﻟا ،تﻻﺎﻳﺮﻟا ،ﺎﻧار ،ﻲﻧﺎﻣ ﻞﻴﻤﺗ ،3

2018

؛ رﻮﭘﺎﻛ نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ،4

2018 و ﷲوﺪـﺑﺎﺑ ،ناﻮﻠﻟا ،ﺎﻧار ،ﺖﺗﺎﺑارﺎﻐﻟا ؛

ﺎﺘﭘﻮﮔ ،5

2020 .(

ﻧﺎﺳر ﺔ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻓرﺎﻌﺘﻣﺮﻴﻏ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻲ

شﺮﻳﺬﭘ و ﺖﺳا دﺮﺘﺴﮔ

ة ﺮـﺑ نآ ـﻤﻫ ﺔ ،هزاﺪـﻧا زا ﺮـﻈﻧ فﺮـﺻ ،ﻞﻏﺎـﺸﻣ

ﻲﮔﮋﻳو و ﺖﻴﻫﺎﻣ نآ يﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﻫ دراﺬﮔ

) ﻦﻧﺎﺴﻳاو و ﻼﻴﺳﻮﺟ ،ﻦﻨﻳﺎﻛرﺎﻛ ،6

2013 .(

ﻲﻳﺎﺠﻧآ زا ﻪﻛ

ـﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﺐـﺴﻛ ﺖ يﺎـﻫرﺎﻛو

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ترﻮﺻ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ﻲﺘﻨﺳ رﻮﻃ

، ﻲﻣ ترﺎﺠﺗ ﻞﻏﺎﺸﻣ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺎﻳ تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ شوﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ و ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﻲﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ار شوﺮﻓ ،هﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ نﺎﻳﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ سﺎﻤﺗ ﺎﻳ ﻪﻌﺟاﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻫد

، ﺖﻛﺮﺷ زا يرﺎﻴﺴﺑ يﺎﻫ

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪـﺑ هﺎـﮕﻨﺑ زا ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻧراد دﻮـﺟو

ﻲﻣ ﺖﻠﻔﻏ لﺎﺘﻴﺠﻳد ﻲﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

؛ ﻞﻏﺎﺸﻣ رد ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ اﺮﻳز هﺎﮕﻨﺑ

ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻲﻤﻧ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا دﻮﺷ

) ﻦﻧﺎﺳﺎﺗ ،7

2021 (.

ﻲﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ

فﺮﺼﻣ ﺖﺳا توﺎﻔﺘﻣ هﺪﻨﻨﻛ

؛ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ اﺮﻳز ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ

ﺖﺳا ﺎﺗ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا )

ﮓﻧد و دور ،ﮓﻧاو ،8

2017 .(

هزوﺮـﻣا ﺎﻣا ﺖﻛﺮـﺷ

يﺎـﻫ هﺎـﮕﻨﺑ ﻪـﺑ هﺎـﮕﻨﺑ

ﺶـﺨﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺮـﻈﻧ زا نﺎـﺷرازﺎﺑ يﺎـﻫ

ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ و هﺮﻛاﺬﻣ دﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ،تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣ ،تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ

، ﺖﺨﺳ ﻪﻧاﺮﻴﮔ

فﺮـﺼﻣ رازﺎـﺑ زا ﺮـﺗ

ﻪـﺑ ،ﺖـﺳا هﺪـﻨﻨﻛ

شﺮﻳﺬـﭘ ﺖﻤـﺳ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺎﻫ دﻮﺧ يرﺎﺠﺗ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ فاﺪﻫا ياﺮﺑ

ﺖـﻛﺮﺣ لﺎﺣ رد ﺪـﻧا

. نوﺰـﻓازور ﺖـﻴﻤﻫا ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ

ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا يﺎـﻫ ياﺮـﺑ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﮕﻨﺑ يﺎﻫ هﺎ ﻪﺑ نﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ و نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ياﺮﺑ ار هزﻮﺣ ﻦﻳا ،هﺎﮕﻨﺑ

، ﺶﻟﺎﭼ نﺎﺠﻴﻫ و ﺮﺗﺰﻴﮕﻧاﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺗﺰﻴﮕﻧا

ﺪﻨﻛ )

9ﻮـﻴﻟ ، 2019 ؛

درﺎﻨﺑ ،10

2016 رﻮﻟاو ،ورﺎﻧرﺰﻧﺎﻣ ؛ و

ﺰﻛزﺎﻛ زﺪﻳرﺎﭘ ،11

2018 .(

ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺎ ن ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا يرﺎﺠﺗ ﻂﺑاور دﺎﺠﻳا رد گرﺰﺑ ﻞﻴﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺎﻫ

و مﺮﻔﺘﻠﭘ

هدﺮـﻛ ﻪﺘـﺴﺟﺮﺑ ار ﺎﻫ ﺪـﻧا

) ﻦﻧﻻاﻮﻳﻮﻛ ،ﻲﻠﭼﻮﻧرﺎﺑ ،ﻲﻫآ و

ﻲﻧﻮﺗﺎﻨﻴﭘ ،12

2017 يدرﺎﻧﻮﺌﻟ و ﻲﻠﻴﻧ ؛ ،13

2018 .(

،ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ يﺎﻫ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ار دﻮﺧ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ

ﻲﻣ قﺎﻔﺗا لﺎﺘﻴﺠﻳد يﺎﻴﻧد رد ﻪﻛ ﻲﺗاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺪﺘﻓا

، ﺪﻨﻫد ﻖﻓو .

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻦﻳا

ـﺒﻨﺟ رد ﻪـﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻧزﻮﻣﺎﻴﺑ ﺪـﻳﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺔ

ﻲﺑﺎـﻳرازﺎﺑ

ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــ

1. Pardo, Ivens & Wilson 2. Tasanen

3. Tamilmani, Rana, Alryalat, Alkuwaite, & Dwivedi 4. Kapoor & et al.

5. Algharabat, Rana, Alalwan, Baabdullah & Gupta 6. Kärkkäinen, Jussila & Väisänen

7. Tasanen

8. Wang, Rod & Deng 9. Liu

10. Bernard

11. Manzanaro, Valor & Paredes-Gàzquez 12. Ahi, Baronchelli, Kuivalainen & Piantoni 13. Neeley & Leonardi

(5)

627 ،ﻲﻧﺎﮔرزﺎﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

1401 هرود ، 14 هرﺎﻤﺷ ، 4

دﻮﺧ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ لﺎﺘﻴﺠﻳد ﺘﺷاد ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ

ﻪ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ

؛ ﻪﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا يﺰﻴﭼ ﻦﻳا اﺮﻳز ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ار شوﺮﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ

ﺪﻫد

؛ نآ ﻂﺑاور ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ﺎﺑ ار ﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ يﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻲﻣ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ار ﺪﻧﺮﺑ زا ﻲﻫﺎﮔآ و ﺪﻨﻛ

ﺪﺸﺨﺑ ) ﮓﻧاو نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ،

2017 .(

ﺴﺑ ﻴ رﺎ ي ﺖﻛﺮﺷ زا ﺎﻫ ي هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ زا ، لﺎﻧﺎﻛ ﺎﻫ ي ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﺎﻫ ي ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻲ ﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻲ ﻨﻨﻛ ﺪ

؛ ﺎﺠﻧآ زا ﺎﻣا ﻲﻳ

ﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻴ تﺎـﻘ

ا رد ﻳ ﻦ ور عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ي

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺎﻫ ي هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ فﺮﺼﻣ هﺪﻨﻨﻛ ،ﺖﺳا ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ ﺎﺑ

ﻳ ﺪ ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﺶﻘﻧ ﺎﻫ

ي ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻲ ﺶﺨﺑ رد هﺎﮕﻨﺑ

ﻪﺑ هﺎـﮕﻨﺑ

،ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﺖﻛﺮﺷ فاﺪﻫا و تارﺎﻈﺘﻧا

ﺎﻫ ي ﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻲ دﻮﺷ ﻦﺷور .

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺎﻫ ي هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ

لﺎـﻧﺎﻛ رد ﻪـﭼﺮﮔا ، ﺎـﻫ

ي ﺪﺟ ـﻳ ﺪ و

ﺎﻫراﺰﺑا ي رازﺎﺑ ﻳ ﺑﺎ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ رازﺎﺑ

ﻳ ﺑﺎ ﻲ اﻳ ﻤ ﻴﻠ ﻲ

، ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﺧ ﺎﻫ ي د ﻳ ﺠ ﻴ لﺎﺘ ﺘﺸﭘ داﻮﻣ و ﻴ

ﻧﺎﺒ ﻲ

ﺎﻣﺮـﺳ شوﺮـﻓ ﻳ

ﻪ راﺬـﮔ ي هدﺮـﻛ ﺪـﻧا

) ﻲﻟرﺎﻓ و ﺲﻳروﺎﺑ ،1

2005 (

؛ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ رد زﻮﻨﻫ ﻳ

ﻪ راﺬﮔ ي ﺎﻫراﺰﺑا رد ي ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﺎﻫ ي ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻲ دﺮﺗ ﻳ ﺪ ﺪﻧراد . ﺑدا ﻴ تﺎ ﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻲ ﺪﻫد ﻪـﻛ

ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﺎﻫ ي ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻲ اﺮﺑ رﺪﻘﭼ ي ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺎﻫ ي هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺪﻧا ) سﺎﻣﻮﺗ و ﻮﻟرﺎﺑ ،2

2011 ﻢﻴﻛ و ﻒﻴﻠﭽﻴﻫ ؛ ،3

2012 ،نﻻوو ؛

وژ و ﺖﻴﻤﺳا ،4

2011 (.

هار ﺎﻫ ي ﺑ ﻲ رﺎﻤﺷ ي اﺮﺑ ي ﺻﻮﺗ ﻴ ﻒ ﻂﺑاور هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺘﺴﺴﮔ ﻞﻜﺷ زا ،دراد دﻮﺟو ﻳﺎ

ﻪﻠﻣﺎﻌﻣ ا ي ) ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﻪ راﺬﮔ ي

ﻤﻛ ﻲ

ﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ي

رﺎﺠﺗ ﻪﻠﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ ي

ﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻲ دﻮﺷ ( ﺎﻬﺘﻧا ﺎﺗ ي د ﻳ ﺮﮕ ﻃ ﻴ ﻔ ﻲ

ﺎﻣﺮـﺳ و ﺪـﻬﻌﺗ نآ رد ﻪﻛ ﻳ

ﻪ راﺬـﮔ ي ﺎـﻫ ي

ﺑ گرﺰﺑ ﻴ ﻦ ﻓﺮﻃ ﻴ ﻦ ﮔرد ﻴ ﺮ ﺖﺳا ) هوا و رﻮﭼ ،ﺮﻳﻮﻳد ،5

1987 .(

ا رد ﻳ ﻦ ﻃ ﻴ

،ﻒ ﻤﻫ ﺔ ﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ﻂﺑاور ﻳ

ﺔ ﻣ ﺎﻨﺑ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﻲ

ﻮﺷ ﻧ ﺪ

؛ ﻂـﺑاور ﺎﻣا

ﺗﻻدﺎﺒﻣ ﻲ

، ﺐﻠﻏا ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا د ﻳ هﺎﮔﺪ ﺎﻫ ي دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ي

، ﻟﻮﭘ دﻮﺳ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻲ

ﻟدﺎﺒﻣ رد ﺔ اﺪﻫ ،لﻮﭘ و ﻻﺎﻛ ﻳ

ﺖ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

؛ اﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻳ ﻦ ﻪـﺑ ناﻮـﻨﻋ

هﺎﺗﻮﻛ ﻂﺑاور ﻢﻛ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ تﺪﻣ

ﻳﺎ ﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ نوﺪﺑ ﻴ

ﻦ ﻓﺮﻃ ﻴ ﻦ و هﺪﺷ ﻲﻘﻠﺗ ﻫﺎﮔ

ﻲ

،ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﺑ رازﺎﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻳ

ﺑﺎ ﻲ ﺸﻨﻛاﺮﺗ ﻲ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد

ﻣ ﻲ ﻮﺷ ﻧ ﺪ ) وﺮﻧﻮﻣ و ﻪﻳدوﺮﺑ ،ﻮﻠﻳوﻮﻛ ،6

1997 (

؛ زﻳ اﺮ نآ ﻗ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻴ ﺖﻤ ﻜﺘﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ . ﻨﭼ ﻴ ﻦ ـﻄﺑاور ﻲ

ﺗﺪـﻣ هﺎـﺗﻮﻛ شزرا ﻲ

ﻪـﺋارا ار

ﻣ ﻲ ﻫد ﻨ ﺪ . ﺎﻬﺘﻧا رد ي د ﻳ ﺮﮕ ﻃ ﻴ

،ﻒ ﻄﺑاور ﻲ ﻧﻻﻮﻃ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ و ﺪﻬﻌﺗ زا ﻪﻛ ﻲ

تﺪﻣ ﻲـﻣ ﺖﺌﺸﻧ

،ﺪـﻧﺮﻴﮔ رازﺎﺑ ﺐـﻠﻏا ـﻳ

ﺑﺎ ﻲ ﻪـﻄﺑار ﺪـﻨﻣ

ﺮﻌﺗ ﻳ ﻒ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

؛ زﻳ اﺮ ﻨﭼ ﻴ ﻦ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻴ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻤﺳ

» اﻳ

،دﺎﺠ

ﻪـﻄﺑار تﻻدﺎـﺒﻣ ﻆـﻔﺣ و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ا

ي ﻖـﻓﻮﻣ « اﺪـﻫ ﻳ ﺖ ـﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ

) و نﺎﮔرﻮﻣ ﺎﻫ

7ﺖﻧ ، 1997 .(

اﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻳ

،ﻦ ا ﺮﺑ دﺎﻘﺘﻋا ﻳ

ﻦ كرد شزرا ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا رد هﺪﺷ

رﺎﺠﺗ ﻂﺑاور ي

، ﺢﻄـﺳ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﺘـﺴﺑ

» ﺪـﻬﻌﺗ

« ،

» نﺎﻣز لﻮﻃ رد ﺪﻬﻌﺗ

« و

» ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻳ ﻪ راﺬﮔ ي

« ﺴﺑ ﻴ رﺎ ﺖﺳا توﺎﻔﺘﻣ .

ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻳ ﻪ راﺬﮔ ي ا رد ﻳ ﻦ ﻣ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻲ ﻟﻮﭘ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺴﺣا ﻲ ،ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ

ﺘﺳود ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻲ

) ﻲﻠﻴﻧ و ﺮﻜﻟاو نﻮﺴﻳرﺎﻫ ،8

2004 ( ﺘﺷا ، ﻴ قﺎ ) نﺎﭼ و ﻪﺴﺗ ،ﻢﻴﻳ ،9

2008 ( ﻧادرﺪﻗ و ﻲ ) ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺳ و ﻲﻧاﻮﻳد ،10

2012 .(

رﻮﻬﻇ ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﺎﻫ ي ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻲ ﻳ ﻜ ﻲ ﻐﺗ زا ﻴﻴ تاﺮ گرﺰﺑ ﻧد ﻴﺎ ي نﺮﻗ رد ترﺎﺠﺗ 21

ﺖﺳا

ﻪﻧﺎـﺳر زا هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا هزوﺮـﻣا و يﺎـﻫ

ﻂﺑاور ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ رد ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا هﺎﮕﻨﺑ

ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ

، ﺶﻴﭘ زا ﺶﻴﺑ نﻮﻧﺎﻛ رد

ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺖﺳا

. ﻤﻫ ﺔ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ هﺎـﮕﻨﺑ يﺎﻫ ﻪـﺑ

هﺎـﮕﻨﺑ ،

ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﻲﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ لﺎﺘﻴﺠﻳد ياﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺎﻫ

ﻞﻴﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ ﺪﻧراد

؛

،لﺎـﺣ ﻦـﻳا ﺎﺑ زا يرﺎﻴـﺴﺑ

ﺖﻛﺮـﺷ يﺎـﻫ

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻤﻧ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﻨﻴﻣز ﻦﻳا رد ار دﻮﺧ شﻼﺗ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﺪﻨﻫد

. و ﻲﺑﺎـﻳرازﺎﺑ ﺎـﺗ دﻮـﺷ دﺎﺠﻳا ﻞﻏﺎﺸﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺮﻜﻓ زﺮﻃ رد يﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ

1. Barwise & Farley 2. Barlow & Thomas 3. Hinchcliffe & Kim 4. Wollan, Smith & Zhou 5. Dwyer, Schurr & Oh 6. Coviello, Brodie & Munro 7. Morgan & Hunt

8. Harrison-Walker & Neeley 9. Yim, Tse & Chan 10. Dewani & Sinha

(6)

628

ﻪﺑ ار دﻮﺧ شوﺮﻓ ﻛ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ًﻼﻣﺎﻛ ﻲﺷور

ﺪﻨﻨ . نآ ﺎﻫ ﺖﺳا مزﻻ ﻲﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ يﺎﻴﻧد رد ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ياﺮﺑ

ﻒﻄﻌﻨﻣ و ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ ﻲـﺳرﺮﺑ

ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻪﻛ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ رﺎﻛ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻲﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ ي ﻲﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ و ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ياﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ ﺎﻫ

ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﺪﻴﻔﻣ .

ﺖﻛﺮـﺷ ﻦـﻳا ﺎـﻫ

ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا دﻮـﺧ ﻊﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ نآ زا و ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺎﻨﺷآ لﺎﺘﻴﺠﻳد يﺎﻀﻓ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ )

آ و ﻻو ،ﺎـﺒﻳد تاﺮـﺑ

،1

2019 ( .

ﻪﻧﺎـﺳر زا ﻲـﻜﻳ يﺎـﻫ

رﺎﻴﺴﺑ هزوﺮﻣا ﻪﻛ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا نﻮﻧﺎﻛ رد

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻦﻳﺪﻜﻨﻴﻟ مﺮﻔﺘﻠﭘ ،ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺖـﺳا

. لﺎـﺳ ﺪـﻨﭼ رد

ﻜﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻳﺪﻜﻨﻴﻟ ،ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ زا ﻲ

مﺮﻔﺘﻠﭘ يﺎﻫ ﻜﺒﺷ ﺔ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا هﺪﺷ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ﻢﻬﻣ يا

ﺖﺳا ) و ﻦﻠﻴـﻟ ،ﭗﻤﻜﻨﺘﻟﺎﻨﻴﻠﻛ ،ﻲﻧﺎﻣ ،يﻮﻣ

نﻮﺴﻨﻴﻜﻠﻳو ،2

2020 ( ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ

ﺐﺴﻛ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ و

ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ نآ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا ار دﻮﺧ رﺎﻛ

؛ ﻪﺑ اﺮﻳز صﺎـﺧ رﻮﻃ

، ياﺮـﺑ دﺎـﺠﻳا

ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ زا يا

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻲﺣاﺮﻃ داﺮﻓا و ﺎﻫ )

ﻪﺘﺴﻛور ،3

2021 .(

رد ﻦﻳﺪﻜﻨﻴﻟ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻤﻛ لﻮﺣ ﺎﻫدﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﻫ

ﺮﺑ دﺎﺠﻳا رد ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ هﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ و دﻮﺟﻮﻣ نﺎﻳﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا و ﻂﺑاور دﺎﺠﻳا ،ﺪﻧ

) كﻮﺘﺳا جﺮﺑ ،4

2019 .(

ﻲﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ دﺎﻳز يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا طﺎﺒﺗرا ﻢﻏر ﻪﺑ

،هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ 10 ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﺪﺻرد يﺎﻫ

ﻲﻤﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ ﮕﻨﺑ

،هﺎ ﻠﺠﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗراﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ رد ﻪ

يﺎﻫ

ﻲﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ ﺮﺸﺘﻨﻣ و ﺪﻧا

نﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ

،

هﺎـﮕﻨﺑ تﺎـﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺮﺑ نﺎﻴﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧاد يﻮﻗ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﻪـﺑ

فﺮـﺼﻣ

ـﺳا هﺪـﻨﻨﻛ ﺖ

) ﭗـﻤﻜﻨﺘﻟﺎﻨﻴﻠﻛ ،5

2018 ( ﺎﻣا ؛ نﺎﻳﺮﺟ زا يداﺪﻌﺗ ﻲﺗﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ

، عﻼﻃا و ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ دﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻧﺎﺳر

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ نآ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺗ و

، ﻲـﻃ

هﺪﻣآ ﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻪﻫد ﺖﺸﻫ ﺪﻧا

. ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ،لﺎﺣ ﻦﻳا ﺎﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ ﺮﻴﺧا ﻲﺨﻳرﺎﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﺎﮕﻨﺑ ه ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ )

نﻮـﺴﻧﺎﺟ و ﺰﺗرﻮـﻛ ،6

2017 ( نﺎـﺸﻧ

ﻲﻣ

ِﻲﻧﺎﻴﻣ و ﺪﺷرا ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫد ﺖﻛﺮﺷ

يﺎﻫ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ

، زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

ِﻲﻤﻠﻋ يﺎﻫ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ

ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻲـﻤﻧ ﻲﻧاﺪﻨﭼ ةدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ

.

ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﻨﭼ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ

ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﻛ دﺮﻛ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

ﻲﻤﻠﻋ يﺎﻫ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ

ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ، ﻲـﻳاﺮﺟا ﺪـﺷرا ناﺮﻳﺪـﻣ ﻪـﺑ

ﻲﻣ ﻚﻤﻛ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﻛ

نآ ياﺮﺟا و ﺖﻛﺮﺷ مواﺪﻣ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ار

ﻲﻟﺎﻣ فاﺪﻫا ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻫد ﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ

)

رﺎﻫدﺮـﺳ و لﺎـﺘﻴﻣ ،7

2010 ( ور ﻦـﻳا زا ؛

زﻮﺣ رد تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ة

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ

ﭘ ياﺮﺑ ﻸﺧ ندﺮﻛﺮ ﺖﺳا ﺖﻴﻤﻫا ﺰﺋﺎﺣ دﻮﺟﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ

. ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ حﺮﻄﻣ

هﺪﺷ

ﻴﻤﻫا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺑار رد ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﺖ

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺎﻫ

، ﻪﺑ ﻦﻳﺪﻜﻨﻴﻟ هﮋﻳو

، ﺐﺴﻛ يﺎﻀﻓ رد يﺎﻫرﺎﻛو

هﺎـﮕﻨﺑ ﻪـﺑ هﺎـﮕﻨﺑ و ﻮـﻀﻋ زا ﺶﻴـﺑ ﺖﻳ 2

و نﻮﻴﻠﻴﻣ 700

رد ﻲﻧاﺮﻳا ﺮﺑرﺎﻛ ﺮﻔﻧ راﺰﻫ ﻦﻳﺪﻜﻨﻴﻟ

، لﺎﺳ رد 2020 ﻦﻴـﻨﭽﻤﻫ و

، دﻮـﺒﻧ ﺶـﻘﻧ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻄﺑار رد ﻲﻓﺎـﻛ تﺎـﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ

ﻪﺑ ﻦﻳﺪﻜﻨﻴﻟ ﻧﺎﺳر ناﻮﻨﻋ

ﺔ رد يﻮﻗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ةزﻮﺣ

ﺐﺴﻛ يﺎﺘﺳار رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا ،لﺎﺘﻴﺠﻳد يﺎﻫرﺎﻛو ﺦﺳﺎﭘ

ﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻳ ﻦﻳا ﺳ ﺆ لا ،

ﺐﺴﻛ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ يﺎﻫرﺎﻛو

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﻜﻨﻴﻟ مﺮﻔﺘﻠﭘ رد دزادﺮﭘ

: اﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ي

ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﺎﻫ ي ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻲ ـﻣ ﻲ ﺪـﻧاﻮﺗ

ﺮﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺐﺴﻛ يﺎﻫرﺎﻛو هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﺛﺄﺗ ﻴ ﺮ دراﺬﮕﺑ

؟

ﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا و ﺶﻫ رد ﻤﺴﻗ ﺶﺷ ،ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ،ﺖ

ﺔﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ

،ﺶﻫوﮋـﭘ ﻪـﺘﻓﺎﻳ

ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧ ،ﺶﻫوﮋـﭘ يﺎـﻫ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ و ﺎﻫدﺎﻬﻨـﺸﻴﭘ و يﺮـﻴﮔ

يﺪﻨﺑرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ

.

1. Diba, Vella & Abratt

2. Mooi, Mani, Kleinaltenkamp, Lilien & Wilkinson 3. Rukšytė

4. Brigstock 5. Kleinaltenkamp 6. Cortez & Jonston 7. Mittal & Sridhar

(7)

1401 هرود ، 14 هرﺎﻤﺷ ، 4

ﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ ﺔ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺮﻈﻧ

ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺎﻫ

رد تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻢﺠﺣ ةرﺎﺑ

هدﺎﻴﭘ يزﺎﺳ ﻧﺎﺳر ﺔ رد ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا زﻮﺣ

ة هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ دﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ نآ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ و

، رد مواﺪـﻣ رﻮـﻃ ﻪﺑ

ﺖﺳا ﺪﺷر لﺎﺣ .

ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ،لﺎﺣ ﻦﻳا ﺎﺑ ﺖﺳد و نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ

ﻲﻤﻧ هﺎﮕﻧ ﻪﻧﺎﻃﺎﺘﺤﻣ هزﻮﺣ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ زﻮﻨﻫ نارﺎﻛرﺪﻧا ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

. ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﻨﭼ

هدﺮﻛ نﺎﻴﺑ ﺮﻴﺧا ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧا

يﺎﻫ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ

، زا ﻧﺎﺳر ﺔ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

ﻲـﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا دوﺪـﺤﻣ ترﻮﺻ تﺎـﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺪـﻨﻧﺎﻣ ،ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ

رازﺎﺑ و شوﺮﻓ )

و ﺖﻤﻬﻣ

1كرﻼﻛ ، 2016 فوﺮﺤﻣ و ﺎﺘﭘﻮﮔ ،ﻲﻧاﺮﻳا ،هﺎﺟاراﻮﻴﺳ ؛ ،2

2020 و ردرﺎـﻣ ،نوﺮـﺑﺮﭼرآ ،ﺲﻳواد ،اﻮﻜﻧﺎﻳ ؛

3واﺎﻳ ، 2019 .(

و يﺮﺘـﺸﻣ درﻮﺧزﺎـﺑ ،ﺎﻫﺪﻧﺮﺑ زا يﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻴﺘﺸﭘ ،يﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺪﻳﺮﺧ تﺎﻤﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ يﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ هزوﺮﻣا

هداد ﺪﻧراد رازﺎﺑ تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ يﺎﻫ .

ﻦﻳا رد ﺪﻨﻳاﺮﻓ

، ﺮﺑرﺎﻛ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ هﺪﺷ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ياﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻧﺎﺳر ﺎﻳ4

ﺔ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

، ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ

ﻲﻣ ﺎﻔﻳا ﺪﻨﻛ

؛

ﻲـﻣ ﻢﻫاﺮـﻓ ﻲﻌﻗاو نﺎﻣز رد نﺎﻳﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﺑ ترﺎﻈﻧ ياﺮﺑ ار ﻲﺘﺻﺮﻓ اﺮﻳز ﺪـﻨﻛ

) ،ﻮـﻴﻟ 2019 .(

هوﻼـﻋ رد ،ﻦﻳاﺮـﺑ

لﺎﺳ شﺮﻳﺬﭘ ،ﺮﻴﺧا يﺎﻫ ﻧﺎﺳر

ﺔ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ

رﻮﻃ يﺮﻴﮕﻤﺸﭼ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا

)

،يدﻮﻳﻮﻳد ﺎـﻧار ،اﻮﻠﻴﮔﺎﻤﺴﻳا

نﺎﻣار و ،5

2021 ( ﻧﺎﺳر ﺔ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا هﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ نﺎﻳﺮﺘﺸﻣ بﺬﺟ ﺎﺑ

، رد ﻪﻄﺑار دﺎﺠﻳا رد ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ،يﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺑاور دﺎﺠﻳا ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا

ﻨﻴﻣز ﺔ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻔﻳا ﺪﻨﻛ )

6لﺎﭘ ، 2019 (

،ور ﻦﻳا زا ، يروﺎﻨﻓ كرد

يﺎﻫراﺰﺑا و ﺎﻫ ﻧﺎﺳر

ﺔ يروﺮـﺿ ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ

؛ اﺮﻳز ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا

ﻧﺎﺳر ﺔ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

، ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻄﺑار

ﺔ هﺪﻨﺷوﺮﻓ و راﺪﻳﺮﺧ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺪﻨﻛ اﺪﻴﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺗ

) ﻦﻧﺎﻴﭙﻴﻟ ،7

2015 .(

ﻧﺎﺳر ﺔ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﻳدوﺪﺤﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﻣ ﻞﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻪﺑ

ﻲﻣ ﻚﻤﻛ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﺪﻨﻛ

) ،اﻮﻠﻴﮔﺎﻤﺴﻳا ،يدﻮﻳﻮﻳد

يدﻮﻛاﺮﻳو و ﺎﻧار ،8

2019 ﻴﺟ ،ﺎﻧار ،يدﻮﻳﻮﻳد ؛ ﺰﻣﺎﻴﻠﻳو و ﺖﻨﻤﻠﻛ ،جارﺎ

،9

2019 .(

ﻧﺎﺳر زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ،لﺎﺣ ﻦﻳا ﺎﺑ ﺔ

رد زﻮﻨﻫ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ يﺎﻫ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ و ﻚﭼﻮﻛ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ10

ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳا دوﺪﺤﻣ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ .

ﺐـﺴﻛ يﺎـﻘﺗرا و يروآﻮـﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳد ياﺮﺑ ،ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻳا رد ،رﺎـﻛو

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ زا ﺎﺗ ﺪﻧراد زﺎﻴﻧ ﻧﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ

ﻲ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ تﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﺮﺒﺑ هﺮﻬﺑ

. ﻚﻨﻳﺮﺑ )11

2017 (

،

ﺖـﺳا هدﺮـﻛ ﻪﻴـﺻﻮﺗ ﻪـﻛ

ناﺮﻳﺪـﻣ

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ يﺎﻫ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ و ﻚﭼﻮﻛ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ

، ﻧﺎﺳر زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ياﺮﺑ ﺔ

يﺎـﻫراﺰﺑا زا ﺪـﻳﺎﺑ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻧﺎـﺳر

ﺔ ﻲﮔﺪـﻧز رد ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا

دﻮﺧ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا

تﺎـﻋﻼﻃا يروﺎﻨﻓ يﺎﻫراﺰﺑا ﻲﻨﻓ تﺎﻜﻧ كرد ار

ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ . هوﻼـﻋ

هﺮـﻬﺑ ،ﻦﻳاﺮـﺑ مﺎـﻤﺗ زا يرادﺮـﺑ

ﺖﺻﺮﻓ و ﺎﻫ ﺖﻳﺰﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﻧﺎﺳر

ﺔ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

، يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا زا نﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃا ياﺮﺑ ـﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ

ﺆ ﺮﺛ

، يروﺮـﺿ

1. Mehmet & Clarke

2. Sivarajah, Irani, Gupta & Mahroof

3. Iankova, Davies, Archer-Brown, Marder & Yau 4. UGC

5. Dwivedi, Ismagilova, Rana & Raman 6. Pal

7. Lipia¨inen

8. Dwivedi, Ismagilova, Rana & Weerakkody 9. Dwivedi, Rana, Jeyaraj, Clement & Williams 10. SME

11. Brink

(8)

630

ﺖﺳا ) ﻲﻨﻴﺣﺮﺗ و تﺎﺑاﺮﻐﻟا ،ﺎﻧار ،ناﻮﻠﻟا ،1

2019 مﻼﺴﻳا و ﺎﻧار ،يدﻮﻳﻮﻳد ،ﻲﺟﺮﻛﻮﻣ ،ﻒﻳﺮﺷ ؛ ،2

2019 .(

مﺮﻔﺘﻠﭘ ﻧﺎﺳر صﺎﺧ يﺎﻫ ﺔ

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

، ﻠﻴﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ﺖﻬﺟ ار ﻲ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺋارا ﺦﻧﺮﺳ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ نﺎﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻫد ﻪﺑ

ﺖﺳا هﺎﮕﻨﺑ .

ار ﺪـﻧﺮﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ

ﻲﻣ نﺎﻣز لﻮﻃ رد ناﻮﺗ

، ﻪﻨﻴﻣز رد ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻧﺎﺳر

ﺔ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ و دﺮﻛ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﺪﻳﺮﺧ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ

ﻪﺑ فﺪـﻫ ار هﺎـﮕﻨﺑ

داد راﺮﻗ .

ﻦﻳﺪﻜﻨﻴﻟ

ﻟﻴ ﺪﻜﻨ ﻳ ﻦ ﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻴ ﺶ زا 330 ﻣ ﻴﻠ ﻴ نﻮ ﻮﻀﻋ نﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷر لﺎﺣ رد

ﺖﺳا ﻪﺑ ، ﻼﻃ نﺪﻌﻣ ي

ﻌﻤﺟ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻴﺘ

ﻲ رﺎـﺠﺗ شﻮﻫ و ي

ﺪﺒﺗ ﻳ ﻞ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ .

ﺎﻀﻋا ﺮﺜﻛا ،ﻪﻧﺎﻔﺳﺄﺘﻣ ي

ﻟﻴ ﺪﻜﻨ ﻳ

،ﻦ نآ رﺎﺠﺗ ﺪﻨﻤﺗرﺪﻗ راﺰﺑا ار ي

ﻤﻧ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻧاد . نآ ﻟ ﺎـﻫ ﻴ ﺪـﻜﻨ ﻳ ﻦ ﻧﺎـﻜﻣ ار ﻲ اﺮـﺑ ي

ﺖﺴﭘ ﺎﻓوﺮﭘ ندﺮﻛ ﻳ

ﻞ ﻣ دﻮﺧ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻧاد ﺪﻧراد رﺎﻈﺘﻧا و ﻪﻛ

د ﻳ ناﺮﮕ نوﺪﺑ ﺋارا ﺔ ـﺷزرا ﻲ

ﺎـﺳ ﻪـﺑ ﻳ

،ﺖ نآ

ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ رﺎﻜـﺷ ار ﺎـﻫ .

هزوﺮـﻣا

ﻟﻴ ﺪﻜﻨ ﻳ ﻦ رﻮﺗﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺴﺟ ﻮﺟو ي ﺴﺑ ﻴ رﺎ ﺪﻨﻤﺗرﺪﻗ ي اﺮﺑ ي ﺐﺴﻛ رﺎﻛو ﺪﺒﺗ ﻳ ﻞ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ .

و ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﮔﮋ ﻲ ﺎﻫ ي ﺖﺴﺟ ﻮـﺟو ي ﭘﻴ

،ﻪﺘﻓﺮـﺸ

ﻣ ﻲ ناﻮﺗ ﻟﺎﻋ ناﺪﻨﻣرﺎﻛ ﻲ

اﺮﺑ ار ي ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﺎﻳ ﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻲ

اﺮﺑ ار ي ﭘ رﺎﻛ ﻴ اﺪ دﺮﻛ . ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ

، ﻲـﻣ ناﻮـﺗ ﺦﻧﺮـﺳ ﺎـﻫ ي ـﺴﺑ ﻴ رﺎ

ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ ار ي اﺮﺑ ي شوﺮﻓ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﺮﻜﻓ ناﺮﺒﻫر ﺎﺑ و ي

ـﻛ راﺮـﻗﺮﺑ طﺎـﺒﺗرا ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﺮ

د .

ﺖـﺴﺟ ﺎـﺑ

ﻖـﻴﻤﻋ يﻮـﺟو ﺎﭘ رد

ﻳ هﺎـﮕ داد ة

ﻟﻴ ﺪﻜﻨ ﻳ ﻦ

، ﻲﻣ ناﻮﺗ ﺠﻨﮔ ﻴ ﻪﻨ ا ي ﭘ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا زا ﻴ

اﺪ ﻛ دﺮ ﻐﺗ ار ترﺎﺠﺗ مﺎﺠﻧا شور ﻪﻛ ﻴﻴ

ﺮ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻫد . داﺮﻓا ﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ تﺎﻗﻼﻣ زا ﻞﺒﻗ ي

،

ﻗر ،ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺐﻴ

نآ لﻮﺼﺤﻣ و ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ، ﺎﻫ

، نآ ةرﺎﺑرد تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﺎﻫ زﻳ

دﺎ ي ﺐﺴﻛ ﻫاﻮﺧ ﺪﻨ دﺮﻛ . ﻟﻴ ﺪﻜﻨ ﻳ ﻦ رد ﻐﺗ لﺎـﺣ ـﻴﻴ ﺮ ﺪـﻨﻳاﺮﻓ

و ﺖﺳا شوﺮﻓ ﻳ

ﻦﺘﻓﺎ ﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻳ نﺎ اﺮﺑ هﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ي ﺐﺴﻛ رﺎﻛو نﺎﺳآ ار ﻤﻫ زا ﺮﺗ ﻴ ﻪﺸ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻛ ) ﻮﻣوردوﺮﭘ ،3

2015 (.

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ

ﻲﻣ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻳﺪﻜﻨﻴﻟ زا ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ شور

ﺪﻨﻨﻛ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ .

نآ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ هوﺮﮔ رد ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﻦﻳﺪـﻜﻨﻴﻟ

ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ .

هوﺮﮔ ﻦﻳا ﺎﻫ

، هزﻮﺣ زا ﻲﻳﺎﻀﻋا هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧراد ﻪﻗﻼﻋ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ .

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ يﺎﻀﻋا ﻲﻣ

ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ رد

ﺖﻔﮔ ﻮﮔو ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺳا ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ طﺎﺒﺗرا رد

ﺶﻟﺎﭼ يﺪﻴﻠﻛ يﺎﻫ يا

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ نﺎﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺑ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ

.

نوﺰﻓا

،ﻦﻳاﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﻜﻨﻴﻟ ادراﺮﻗ فﺪﻫ و ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ياﺮﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

يداﺮﻓا ند دﻮﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا

ﻪـﺑ ﺖﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺮـﺑ ﻢﻴﻘﺘـﺴﻣ رﻮـﻃ

ﻳﺎﻤﻧ سﺎﺳا ﺔ

ﺶﻴﭘ تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ

ﻪﻗﻼﻋ هﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻣ

) نﻮﺴﻨﻜﻠﻳو و ﻦﻠﻴﻟ ،ﭗﻤﻜﻨﺘﻟﺎﻨﻴﻠﻛ ،ﻲﻧﺎﻣ ،يﻮﻣ ،4

2020 .(

ﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ ﺔ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ

يراﻮﻴﺗ رﺎﻣﻮﻛ ،فاﺮﺳ ،رﺎﻣﻮﻛ ، و

5ﺎﻧار ) 2021 ( ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد ،

»

زا هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ ﻲﺑﺎـﻳزرا ﻪﻧﺎـﺳر

رد ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا يﺎـﻫ

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ : ﻮﻠﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻫار و تﺎﻴﺑدا ﺮﺑ يروﺮﻣ

« ـﺗ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺄ

ﻪﻧﺎـﺳر زا هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا ﺮﻴﺛ ﻲﺑﺎـﻳرازﺎﺑ رد ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا يﺎـﻫ

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﺎﺑ بﺎﺘﻛ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗو ﻲﺠﻨﺳ

ﺪﻨﺘﺧادﺮﭘ . ﺖﻛﺮﺷ زا يرﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ يﺎﻫ

، ﺎـﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ رد

ﻛﺮﺷ ﺖ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ

فﺮﺼﻣ هﺪﻨﻨﻛ

، ﻲﻤﻧ ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﻞﻴﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ زا ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ ﺎﻫ

ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻞﻜﺷ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ي ﻲﻟﺎـﺣ رد ؛

ﻪـﻛ ،

ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﺎﻫ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ نﺎﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ي ﻪﺑ

ﻚﻤﻛ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻲﻣ

ﻛ ﻨ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺢﻄﺳ رد ار دﻮﺧ ﺪﻧﺮﺑ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا و رﻮﻀﺣ ﺎﺗ ﺪ ﺪﻨﻫد شﺮﺘﺴﮔ

1. Alalwan, Rana, Algharabat & Tarhini 2. Shareef, Mukerji, Dwivedi, Rana & Islam 3. Prodromou

4. Mooi, Mani, Kleinaltenkamp, Lilien & Wilkinson 5. Tiwary, Kumar, Sarraf, Kumar & Rana

(9)

1401 هرود ، 14 هرﺎﻤﺷ ، 4

و

،ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺑ و ﺪﻨﻨﻛ اﺪﻴﭘ هﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ نﺎﻳﺮﺘﺸﻣ

ﻪﺋارا ﺎ ﺮﻴﺠﻧز نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻫد ة

ـﺗ ﺄ ﻲﻧﺎـﻬﺟ ﻦﻴﻣ طﺎـﺒﺗرا

ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ راﺮـﻗﺮﺑ .

ﻦﻧﺎـﺳﺎﺗ ) 2021 ( رد ،

ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ

» هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻚﻳ رد ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻴﺠﻳد ﻲﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ

صﺎﺧ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ

« ﻪﻧﺎـﺳر زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ، ﻞﻏﺎـﺸﻣ رد ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا يﺎـﻫ

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ار هﺎﮕﻨﺑ دﺮﻛ

. يو ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻞﻴﻬﺴﺗ و يﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺑاور زا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ياﺮﺑ

ﺪﻨﻳاﺮﻓ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ

يﺮﺘـﺸﻣ يﺮـﻴﮔ ،

ﺪﻳﺎﺑ زا ﻪﻧﺎﺳر لﺎﺘﻴﺠﻳد ﻲﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺎﻫ دﻮﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا

. ﺖﻛﺮﺷ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ يﺎﻫ ﻪـﺑ

ﻲـﻣ هﺎـﮕﻨﺑ ﺪـﻨﻧاﻮﺗ

دﺎـﺠﻳا ﻦﻤـﺿ ﻊـﻣاﻮﺟ

ﻦﻳﻼﻧآ

، ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا ار دﻮﺧ ﺪﻧﺮﺑ ﺖﺴﭘ

ﻪﻧﺎﺳر يﺎﻫ ﻛ ﻞـﻘﺘﻨﻣ دﻮﺧ نﺎﺒﻃﺎﺨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺎﻫ

ﺪـﻨﻨ . ﺪﻧﺎـﺳ مرﻮﺘـﺳا ،ﻢـﻟآ ،

نﻮﺳراد و ﻦﻴﻠﻫاد )1

2020 ( ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﺰﻴﻧ ،

» ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ياﻮﺘﺤﻣ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ : ﻦﻳﺪﻜﻨﻴﻟ رد ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ

« ﻪـﺑ ،

يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻧﺎﺳر رد اﻮﺘﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺎﻫ راﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

ﺪﻨﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺮﺑ .

نآ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ

مﺎـﻴﭘ ﻪـﻛ داد نﺎـﺸﻧ ﺎـﻫ يﺎـﻫ

ﺶﻨﻛ رﻮﺤﻣ

، ﻧ مﺎﻴﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴ لﻮﺼﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ

مﺎﻴﭘ و رﻮﺤﻣ شزرا يﺎﻫ

ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ رﻮﺤﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ و ﺪﻧراد ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺮﺑ يﺮﺗ

ﺪـﺳر ﻪـﻛ

ﻳﺎﺳ ﺖ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ يﺎﻫ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺎﻫ

، ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﻜﻨﻴﻟ

، نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ يا ﻲﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ و فﺪﻫ ﺮﻈﻧ زا نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﻢـﺋاد ، رد

ﺖﺳا ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ لﺎﺣ .

ﺑﺮﺠﺗ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲ

ﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲ د ﻪﻛ دراد دﻮﺟو ﻻ

ﻳ ﻞ ﻜﺒﺷ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺔ

ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﻲ ﺪـﻣ رد ار ﻳ ﺮ ﻳ ﺖ

هﺎـﮕﻨﺑ ﻂـﺑاور ﻪـﺑ

هﺎـﮕﻨﺑ

ﺳرﺮﺑ ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ) ﻦﻤﻜﭙﺳا و ﺪﻳﻮﺑ ،2

2004 ﺎﻴﺧ و ﻚﻣﻮﺗ ؛ ،3

2002

ﺮﺒﻟﺎﭙـﺳا و ﻲـﻠﻳر ﮓﻨﻴﻛﻮﻟ ؛ ،4

2001 .(

ـﻨﭼ رد ﻴ ﻦ ﺗﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲ

،

د زا ًﺎﺗﺪﻤﻋ شزرا ـﻳ

هﺎﮔﺪ هﺪﻨـﺷوﺮﻓ ﻲـﺳرﺮﺑ

طﺎـﺒﺗرا ﺮـﻈﻧ زا و )

ـﻧاواﺮﻓ شزرا ﻲ

،

طﺎـﺒﺗرا شزرا و اﻮـﺘﺤﻣ شزرا ،ﺎـﻨﻏ شزرا (

هزاﺪﻧا ﮔ ﻴ ﺮ ي ﻣ ﻲ دﻮﺷ . ﺠﻨﺳﺮﻈﻧ ﻲ ردور ﻳ ﺰﮕ نﻮﺳﺮﺘﭘ ، و

نﺎﻨﺸﻳﺮﻛ )5

2012 (

، ﺘﻧ ﻴ ﺠ ﺔ كرد شزرا ﻪﺑ ار هﺪﺷ

ﺎـﻧاﻮﺗ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﻳ

اﻳ دﺎـﺠ

ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺮﻌﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻳ ﻒ دﺮﻛ . ﻓﺮﻃ زا ﻲ

، ﻘﺤﺗ ﻴ تﺎﻘ ﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻲ هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ فاﺪﻫا ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧا

ﺎﻫ ي اﺮﺑ ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ي

ﻪﻧﺎﺳر زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎـﻫ

ي

ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻲ

، اﺰﻓا ،ﺖﻛﺮﺷ تﺮﻬﺷ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﻪﺑ ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻳ

ﺶ ﻗﻼﻋ ﺔ ﺮﺘﺸﻣ ي ﻫﺎﮔآ و ﻲ ﺮﺘﺸﻣ ي ﺗ و وﺮ ﻳ ﺞ

ﺮﺘـﺸﻣ ﻪـﺑ ترﺎﺠﺗ ﻳ

نﺎ ﻮﻘﻟﺎـﺑ ة

ﺪﺟ ﻳ ﺪ ﻣ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻲ دﻮﺷ ) ﻤﻛوﺮﺑ ﻴ ﺮ ﻮﺋﺎﭼ ، و يردﺎﻬﻴﺳ ،6

2015 .(

د تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻳ

ﺮﮕ ﻧﻴ ﺰ ا زا ﻳ ﻦ اﻳ هﺪ ﺎﻤﺣ ﻳ ﺖ هدﺮـﻛ

ﻣز رد ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻧا ﻴ

ﻪـﻨ

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ،هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺳر زا ﺎﻫ

ﺎﻫ ي ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻲ اﺮﺑ ي ﻘﺗ ﻮ ﻳ ﺖ

ﺮﺘـﺸﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﻂﺑاور ي

، ﺎﻤﺣ ـﻳ ﺖ ا و شوﺮـﻓ زا ﻳ

دﺎـﺠ ﺪـﻧﺮﺑ شزرا و

ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻴ ﻦ ﻧ بﺬﺟ ﻴ وﺮ ﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻲ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ) مرﻮﺘﺳا ﻚﻳو و نﻮﺳرﺪﻧا ،7

2015 ﻲﻤﻴﻧﻮﻜﻟوا و ﻦﻧﻮﺘﺳﺎﻣ ،ﻮﺗﻮﻟﺎﺟرﺎﻛ ؛ ،8

2017 .(

ﻪﺑ ﻠﻛ رﻮﻃ ﻲ

، ﺑﺮﺠﺗ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲ

ﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻲ ﺪﻫد ﻻد ﻪﻛ ﻳ ﻞ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﻫ

ي ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻲ

، ﻪﺑ هﺪـﻤﻋ رﻮﻃ

هزﻮـﺣ ﺮـﺑ ﺎـﻫ

ي

ﺎﺗ ﺖﺳا ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا و تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﺔﺋارا

ﺪﻨﻳاﺮﻓ ﺷرﺎﻔﺳ و ﺮﺗﺪﻣآرﺎﻛ شوﺮﻓ ﻲ

زﺎﺳ ي هﺪﺷ ) ﺎﮔﻻﺎﺴﮔ ،9

2016 .(

ﻘﺤﺗ ﻴ تﺎﻘ ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻴ ﻦ

ﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻲ ﺪﻫد راﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ي ﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﺔ اور ﻂﺑ ﺮﻃ زا ﻳ ﻖ ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﺎﻫ ي ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻲ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺮﺗراﻮﺷد

؛ زﻳ اﺮ ﺧﺮﺑ ﻲ زا ﻪﻧﺎﺳر

رﺎﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ﺎـﻫ ي

ﻠﻋ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧراد ﻴ

ﻪ ﻧﻻﻮﻃ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻲ

تﺪﻣ ﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ و ﺖﺴﭘ ﻓ رد ﺎﻫ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺪ ي ﺮﺒﺧ ي ﻣ ﻢﮔ ﻲ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ) ﺚﺷ و ﺎﻣرﺎﺷ ،ﺎﻣرو ،10

2016 .(

1. Sundström, Alm, Larsson & Dahlin 2. Boyd & Spekman

3. Tomak & Xia

4. Lucking-Reiley & Spulber 5. Rodriguez, Peterson & Krishnan 6. Broekemier, Chau & Seshadri 7. Andersson & Wikström

8. Karjaluoto, Mustonen & Ulkuniemi 9. Guesalaga

10. Verma, Sharma & Sheth

(10)

632

شور ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ

،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا ﻲﻔﺴﻠﻓ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ يﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗ ﻢﻳادارﺎﭘ

ـ تﺎﺒﺛا ﻲﻳاﺮﮔ ) شور ﻮﻴﻛ ( ﺖـﺳا . شور ار ﺮﮕـﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳا ﻲـﻨﻓ ﻮﻴﻛ

ﻲﻣ ردﺎﻗ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ و ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ار يدﺮﻓ ﺪﻳﺎﻘﻋ و تﺎﻛاردا ًﻻوا ﺎﺗ دزﺎﺳ

ًﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ و ﺪﻨﻛ يﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﺘﺳد ﻪﺑ

هوﺮﮔ يﺪﻨﺑ سﺎـﺳا ﺮـﺑ داﺮـﻓا يﺎﻫ

دزادﺮﭙﺑ نﺎﺸﺗﺎﻛاردا )

ﻚﻣ سﺎﻣﻮﺗ و ﻦﻛ ،1

2013 .(

ﻪـﻧ ،ﺖـﺳا ﺮـﻜﻔﺗ ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎـﻫﻮﮕﻟا ﻦﺘﺧﺎـﺳ رﺎﻜﺷآ ،ﻦﻓ ﻦﻳا ﻲﻠﺻا فﺪﻫ

ﺮﻜﻔﺗ ﻪﻛ يداﺮﻓا داﺪﻌﺗ شرﺎﻤﺷ يﺎﻫ

ﺪﻧراد ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ .

ا رد ﻳ ﻦ زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺪﻨﻳاﺮﻓ

ﺞﻨﭘ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ا ي ﻛ ﻴ

،ﻮ ﻪﺑ حﺮﺷ ﺮﻳز دﺎﻔﺘﺳا ه ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ )

ﻮﮕﺷﻮﺧ ﻳ نﺎ ،دﺮﻓ 1386 (:

1 . روآدﺮﮔ ي ﺎﻀﻓ ي ﺮﻃ زا نﺎﻤﺘﻔﮔ ﻳ

ﻖ ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺔ

ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ دراﻮﻣ

؛

2 . ﻧﻮﻤﻧ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺔ

ﺎﻀﻓ فﺮﻌﻣ ي

نﺎﻤﺘﻔﮔ ﺐﺣﺎﺻ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ناﺮﻈﻧ

ﻲ و ا نادﺎﺘﺳ ﺺﺼﺨﺘﻣ

؛

3 . بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ

، ﺼﺤﺗ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻴ

،تﻼ ﻣز ،ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻴﻨ ﺔ ﻠﻐﺷ ﻲ و ...

؛

4 . ﺐﺗﺮﻣ زﺎﺳ ي ﻛ ﻴ ﻮ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ

نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ

؛

5 . ﻠﺤﺗ ﻴ ﻞ هداد ﺎﻫ ﻠﺤﺗ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻴ

ﻞ ﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻲ .

ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﺑ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا يروآدﺮﮔ ﺐﺴﺣﺮﺑ و ﺖﺳا يدﺮﺑرﺎﻛ ،فﺪﻫ ﺮﻈﻧ زا

ﺖـﺳا ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ مﺎـﺠﻧا ﻮﻴﻛ شور .

ـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺔ

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يرﺎﻣآ ترﺎﺒﻋ ،

زا ﺪﻧا : ﺐﺴﻛ ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ و

يﺎﻫرﺎﻛ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻦﻳﺪﻜﻨﻴﻟ رد لﺎﻌﻓ

، ﺮﺘـﺴﮔ هزﺎـﺳ سﺎـﻤﻟا ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا

نﺎﻨﻤﺳ ) زﻮﺣ رد لﺎﻌﻓ ة

ﻟﻮﺗ ﻴ ﺪ ﭻﮔ ﺎﻫ ي ﻠﭘ ﻴ ﺮﻤ ي ﺐﺴﭼ عاﻮﻧا و ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﺎﭘ ﺔﻳ ﺳ و ﭻﮔ ﻴ

،نﺎﻤ ردﻮﭘ ﻞﻜﺷ ود ﻪﺑ ي

ﻤﺧ و ﻴ ﺮ ي ( ؛ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ

ﺲﻛﺎﭘاﺮﻓ و نﺎﺳاﺮﻓ )

گرﺰﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻳ ﻦ ﻟﻮﺗ ﻴ ﺪ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ة زﻮﭙﻣﺎﻛ تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻳﺘ

ﻲ ا رد ﻳ ناﺮ ( ؛ لﺎﺑ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ )

لﺎـﻌﻓ ﻟﻮﺗ رد ـﻴ ﺪ ﺐـﺼﻧ و

ﺷﺎﻣ ﻴ ﻦ ﺘﻌﻨﺻ تﻻآ ﻲ

، ﺳﺎﻣﻮﺗا ﻴ

،نﻮ ﻬﺠﺗ ﻴ تاﺰ ﻫﺎﮔدوﺮﻓ ﻲ هزﺎﺳ و .(

ﻮﻴﻛ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد ﻪﻜﻨﻳا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ

، ﻲﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

ﻦﻴﺑ

8 ﺎﺗ 40 ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ ) ،دﺮﻓ نﺎﻳﻮﮕﺷﻮﺧ 1386

(

، ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا رد 9

عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺮﻔﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ طﺎﺒﺗرا

، ﻪﺑ ترﻮـﺻ

ﺑ ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ ﻪ ـﻟﻮﻠﮔ شور ﺔ

ﺪﻧﺪـﺷ بﺎـﺨﺘﻧا ﻲـﻓﺮﺑ .

ﻦـﻳا تﺎـﺼﺨﺸﻣ 9

ﺮـﻔﻧ لوﺪـﺟ رد 1

ﺖـﺳا هﺪـﺷ نﺎـﻴﺑ .

دورو يﺎـﻫرﺎﻴﻌﻣ

ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ

، ﺑﺮﺠﺗ و ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﺔ

ﺐﺴﻛ رد يرﺎﻛ رﺎﻛو

هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻦﻳﺪﻜﻨﻴﻟ مﺮﻔﺘﻠﭘ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺷآ و ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ

.

لوﺪﺟ 1 . ﻲﮔﮋﻳو ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ يﺎﻫ ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ دﺮﻣ

: 7 / 66 ﺪﺻرد

نز : 3 / 33 ﺪﺻرد

ﻦﺳ زا ﺮﺘﻤﻛ

35 لﺎﺳ : 3 / 33 ﺪﺻرد

35 ﺎﺗ 40 لﺎﺳ : 4 / 44 ﺪﺻرد

زا ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ 45 لﺎﺳ : 2 / 22 ﺪﺻرد

تﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺪﺷرا ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ

: 60 ﺪﺻرد

ﺮﺘﻛد ي : 40 ﺪﺻرد

ﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﺔ ﻲﻠﻐﺷ زا ﺮﺘﻤﻛ

10 لﺎﺳ : 1 / 11 ﺪﺻرد

10 ﺎﺗ 15 لﺎﺳ : 6 / 55 ﺪﺻرد

زا ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ 15 لﺎﺳ : 3 / 33 ﺪﺻرد

1. McKeown & Thomas

(11)

1401 هرود ، 14 هرﺎ�