52
3 ! 1401 % &'(
772 - 743 ) (
-
!
∗
! " ! #$ ! #$ % & ' ( )* &
+, - . / -+01 +2 , / 1 -3 42 5 1 -2 61 7! 8 ( 9 1 + -
+2 7+
/
5 : -; < = >
? @ A / 2 > ; 2 = B C D;
- E
<
5 . A -+2 G + H
H3- ! < 1 I , < ; I 2 ?I
- + / J +HK! +, / 1 + -3 +I 5+ D2
L - K -M2 - 5N .
8 2 A -2 1
A 1 / HO>-2 +, / +L0P + 6+
-L -+ < -+2 ! 8 'K < 1 ! 2 < A < 1
5+P L -2 < E + .
6+ -!
+1 +1 7! <
% 0 A : 1 . 5N R - / , @ ; H
S 2 . + < 1 ! @ 2 L@
5 / I 8 / , - . / , 8 2 T2 S -+I -+ U; :+ -; < += >
+1 7! +V-3
GE H 3- I
<
-J A -+2 / + A 5+ / , R A W / , - . % , ,
/ -&2 < 1
- 5 ; 2
X I < E
KI . +H3 5OP
61 7+! < +1 / + K I < +1
Y @ @ -
?=
-;
8 -, / , T2 < 1 -
-2 / , - . .
8+ < +I 9 +1 +2 ZM
A T2 2021
- 2016 < - 2 K 0;
2
; C &;
< H&
=' J
<
5 \ ; A +1
2 -3 : -; < 1 2 - ! K 2 , / 1
?=
-;
8 6K; , C\ O
HR -! A .
+H3 +1
/ / -01 I 2 ,
] D^; - H _P J7 C N
- KKI : -; < E -
1 2
5 D`
KH3 KH3-J -` <
HO>-2 6 2 I
; <-;
? _ 2 <- J C\ O
5 K
2 N KKI ' - / ` Y @ @ 0 <-;-2 aOI G 0
.
+ , ,) - :
?O ;-!
3-
<
, -J
=K! R / , - . % ,
6 / ,
KO ∗
G bO :
slotfian@ut.ac.ir
53 c ; :
2 -R 1401 a _; c ; :
23 / 2B 1401
DOI: 10.22059/JPQ.2023.347089.1007986 © University of Tehran
744 52
3 ! 1401
1 . - -0 ! < -2
< E d;
8 T+2 < -`-2 2 W > -H 2 W3 K A +
8 +2
, / -01 .
, - A <- J >
5N R 2 +> ; e O+ < +1 - < I
5+ 7 .
/ H+ L + 1 % +,
A +, + -+2 < +1
+ I < -+2
2 < J G _ / , 3-f f
/ K A / -3 -2
<
+ / -+01 A / + B
9 +DH < H3 < 1 D B 8 ` Y @ @ - J-2 5+
. g +0; 5+ 1
, < 1 -H + 2 +I 8 , - . / -01 2 = B 42 L L@ - 2 -
?I H 6K;
] ( ; 5
. E 2 / , X A 0;
( 6N +@ +2 / +I
5 - / ` I e O < 1 - -2 , - . % , -2
. < + A
+3- +J7 < -+2 +, - . + / -+01 I G 8 -L
+ - . / +2 <
C\ ` -H , < 1 -
5+ / + , R A <- J > < -2 < + A hi+;
-I . T2 K A < -2 I <-, % DN 4 +N 5+ -HOJ / , - . / ,
6 -!
2 < 1 9iHR c !
+I > 5 6; 6 2 < B < 1-,
- N - / D ; W > < E
K H3 + A + -
<
: -;
+> ; + 1 L + + C3 & 8 -I 2 8 ; ! A Z!
5 H3-J -` <-H 2 .
< 1 / + / + 2 A :+ -; ; 2 PH 5O !
% 0j 2 H3- ! W > H I
Z! k-D -;
+ R + D+ ; -+J
+ -J
+` / =K! , -
+H3-J + . +1 +I \ O+ A < O+2
< +1 1950 1960 < + A
+2 + - + + / K +; I A -+2 G + H
@ + - / + / + ,
-H I H , A I 1 I D ;
H3
mP A K1
n K@-1 +!
6 +K 2
9 o < 1 ! -L ? HO 5N R
, 5 , / 1 -3
- < 1 ?+1 -; E
5 2 .
5 / , p ' -HOJ 6 K + q !
2 + A A -+;
-+ `
<
< +I < +1 =
5 ; I A -2 G H , .
2 / , I 5O <A
+ % +` ? HO f
/ 1 -3 K 2 H 5 ,
A +K ;
+, +2 / J + J < +1
<-+J
rK>
KKI X I 0 f .
6+P2 < +1A +2 +> ; / 2
hA + B / +q 1 +, - . < +1
< 1 = 2 -H 2 > 2 s _HR < -2 R-2 , / -01 5 =2 + 5 K < tLH <-H 2 ?= 8H , u +2 +2 +`
< 1 + =; +
KKI H K > R .
N +I +2 + < -J +
+ 1 r+
< 1 + =; +2 +0 >
! /& 01 2 3 $ ,2 # 4 "2 ! 2 1 ) -5$ 1 " *" ! /& 6 –
745
< _H`
- T & H>
1 ? ` - U; - J-2 HO A
O3 -I <- J + I
<
8 2 ; < -3 A /iI -R v 4 5 K < ; < -2 / -01 N
5 B
.
6 -!
1
<
H 8 1 7!
% 0 A : 1 . + + / + , + @ ;
5N R - H
S 2 . / + , - . / , 8 2 T2 < 1 ! @ 2 L@
5 / I 8 S -I - U; : -; < = >
61 7!
8 ! < 1 -4
I v
/ -&2 A -2
6N @ < 1
52 ` A L -2
2 2 < 1
% 0j
! <A +, !
+ ! ] D^+; +2 5+ / , R 6 3 2 ;
-+ < +1 < E +
K 2 ) 1 .(
GE H 1 7! V-3
6 3 I +3-
<
+ -J +,
A -2 / A 5 / , R A W / , - . % , / -&2
< 1
- 5 ; 2
X I < E
KI . 2 / H / -y / -L 1 7!
I f
-L a4` ; < 1 ! 2 1
9iHR < K2
2 Y 8 2 < 1
+f
] - -2 0 . < -2 : -; hi; 7
+, < +1 - A < +2 'H+ +2 < 1
J < 1 ! /
-I A -2 = B
. 2
>
G -+ o + + K@
+ - < +1
2 KI K < >
z
<
= >
>
+ / +` +2 +R < +3 K 2 5 -!
R 5 /
. -+LKI +2 + +2 =HK < 1 6
+ o 2021 A +I
{ O -+2 -2 -+ < + +, / 1 + -3 +2 + - - R c ; < 1A 8 -;
2 - R < ` CI -3 : -;
HO R , - . -R .
1
. R-@
jd;
< tJ- ( < 1- UH 1 7! V-3
W0K : L
5 \ ; 2 : -;
A < | -R PH A 1
J + JA +2 +, < 1
-0R / J J C\ O 2 R +2 1 2 - , 5 - U;
+2 % +
N / -I i , 0;
. 2 H 8
1 5 \ ;
< 1 N + K> 5 1 -!
746 52
3 ! 1401
K A : -;
5 < -2 1 J I , < 1
/ J +HK! / I +2
A + + - -+
} J > R / H
1 R -2 2 - L 3 . KKI .
J A <
8 5 \ ; 1
2 h J I : -; < 1
Y HI <-0R < 1
N 1 2 < 1 - HK C+ &;
6K; ; 1 R
~ I 8 2 8 -3B / J +HK! '
+J7 + K 8 +2 +42 < +1
/ , / L ! K 2 5N C=@
K!
Z \ 8 - = >
v- .
?+
H'J A H3-J-2 / H A < A
2 : -; ?= < 1 , C\ O
< B -J ZM
< -2
B < H& I •
RA 2 2 K@ R ' I < 1 K A ;
€ +V +1
+1
/ ^ mP ( < 1 .
5OP
?=
8 -;
V-3 1
? 1 ' ( H3
+\ / , R % 2 1
. 5 1 ZM J-J G
, T2 /
- 2 / , - . Id;
+ 6N +@ -+2
< +1
6 ! a4` Y @ @ , / -01 <
C + +2 +I - R < K2 <-+ J
-2 ; ! K 2 , / 1 -3 : -; 8 2 6K;-! T2 .
-=2 2 <-+ J
2 ' I B < H& C &; A
5 \ ; 1
: -; < 1 A 2 8H aN 4 -
J <
G K> , C\ O 2
2 A L -2
. W > 2 ! 6P2
H3 < K2
g 2- < 1
6N @ C\ O 2 s _HR - , / -01 6 8 -3B
.
2 .
6 -!
1
<
v-4 61 7!
1
<
8 !
% 0 A : 1 . / + , T+2 < +LN +I -
- D ; / / , - .
8 ^; E
S KI 2 . 2 L@ OI @
% , , < 1 = / , -2 KI
S 3 . + 2 HO A 2 C. , / 1 -3 +@ +;
S K 2 H p ' D > A 4
. a+ K 6 + H> < _+H` +
- +LK1-3
J S5O @ / , c ! A ; I <
-L 1 7! H < 1 v- 2
\ - A :
]N ( R-2 -, / 2 / , 6 2 / A -!
+ 0 , / -01 I KKI
+KKI C+ 5N / -01 A C HO HP R .
+ -;
+ / +` +I O+
- A - 2
/ K
» % ` € - d K =K;
« + + 5+
<-+;-2 + H
? _+; H , / 1 -3 -2 - J-2 , - . / -01
C\ O+ +2 g +2- < +1
ƒ rK> /i K , 5O+ +
(Travis, 2019: 555)
. e O+ < +1 - -+2 +I
O HR { K2 0; -
, - A 2 , - . / -01 %
-+I +' y
1 -3 - A , m_P; 2 -H 9- KKI 5
. / + , < + -
, / 1 -3 A ,H 8 1 K ! < 1 2
=> ; G ( 8 2 / 3
-2
! /& 01 2 3 $ ,2 # 4 "2 ! 2 1 ) -5$ 1 " *" ! /& 6 –
747
1 A / , ] D^;
?+=
-+;
a0+
+2 +H J -+ A -+2 / + ,
e O < 1 -
1. / , HR B + < -2 2 I / + -3
+ B +R / H+ E 2
I ,H N K 2
< 1 , - . K -3
? _+;
+2 + 5+ K < -+2 <-+ J
J h J = B K I < 1 -3
? _; < tLH -+` +> ; <- J
K1 . / -3 ( mP
O a; - / O2 , % -2 jd+;
- +1 R +'K
5 . 2 2 , / 1 -3
+@ + W+` ; += B A + / -01 I KKI • 2 R
1 I J -+ 5 3 ' 0 -J K 2 H / -3 A 5 f J B ;
< -2 < A %i A -2 2 = B ' y
(Herspring, 2009: 671-672)
.
Y ( 9iR-2 +K ; ` C HO+ 6+; + +2 +I +, - . % +, / +3-f
+` +2 2 H+ +2 HP OJ O3 %
+ -+ +2 + a + B < E +
+ A -+J
-, GE H / A -!
KKI A < -J I /
< 1 - / e O
+KI <-+ J
> J A A = B .
/ + , - . A / + , C+ I < - ! % +KD +2
<
aO+I < -2 / H 2 ; = 8 < tJ 5+ ?I + Y + + W3 +K
.
/ , - . / , T2 5N 8 2
1 . / -3 -2
<
/ , ;
» 5+ q A 2
/ 2 R R / -01
« 2 .
» K 2 9 DH , R
«
Coletta & Crosbie,)
2021: 18
Y PH 5 D` (
A ; a K < LN < -2 < 1
<p 8 2 % ` W / +D'
>
.
| ( 2 5 1 C N J
2 / =K! J
< I 1 +
5+ +
+=K! + R / I +
2 ; I € A , / 1 -3
5 5+ ' I < -+2 < J < 1 ! @-J
- < 2
5 N bO < E
< AB <- t!
< 1 .
+ + R € 8
+2 / +;
2 - HO 61 7! 2 -I K s R A -2 I- ; J-J
T+2
hi; -j -2 / , - . / , 6+ < +' < -+2 +, / B-+ A +R-2 K 3 1 < 1
A . C - A C ; 6 3 2 2 / -O3
X+ I +I 5+ + R
KKI : 1 . A -2 X H> / -&2 -
- 2 H I !
-H I < E
KI 2 5N R A - 0 H ! / , < 1
n 3 2 .
/ H ^
1 . / , T2 ?= C( 5 1 -
% 0 - / , - .
A : 1 . n/ 2 - . 2
. n8 H+ +, + +\
3 . 0K> 1 -2 / , - . % , n 3 5 < 1
4 .
<-LK \ n -LKI 2 < 1
5 . H A / , 1-!
3 5 A B n , / -01
6 . n LHO A 2 H , - . % A H A 1-!
7 . / + -3 < -+>
< +1
n `
8 . / -3 < -> A < R
`- . < 1 (Paterson, 2022: 7-15)
. < -+2 A -+
8+
8 + K2 G +(
- / , - . e O < 1 - T2 5 ! 2
1 -LK2
.
748 52
3 ! 1401
2 I - - .
+ < -+2 +, / -+01 2 LHO0 1 &; G 0 -H + 2 % +` +2 /
KHO1 R < 0` 5O
(Akkoyunlu & Lima, 2022: 35-36)
.
3 DN 4 9iHR 1 J , - . / -01 I /
6 +! + < +1 +2 + B
<A - ! 2 , / -01 N
/ 8 2 3
5
2 8
@ +J-
< K0 -2 =K;
J I < _H` …4K -
-3 I +2 5+
+ B
(Feaver, 2003)
+2 8 -2 +K2 .
Z +\ A q !-+ % +( % A + +2 + =; ; +, < 1 I A + >
+= >
5 <- L ! < -2 , / J I
R & >-; 3 5 K < 1
+K ;
A
C B < 1
. G - o + N -I K1 P Y _H 1 +K ;
+ -
| X 'DH / -&2 K1
. KI 2 / 1 -3 8
+ 0 f <- J +2 -+ +> ; a+ >
I H
K 1 ;
+ R `iR 5 N bO 2 H K LK < 1
+K1 .
@-J / K I R-2 H 1 2
'D ]N P / , K3-; 8 I KKI
5+ , - . % , ] D^; 5 (- 2 a K < -2
(Shields, 2020: 6) .
, < 1
K ; -2 < -> KKI B-2 -H 2 % K 1
-, ]N P < 1
2 < -2 -02 6 ! KI R
5 R-
tJ % HR A 1 R 2
+ H2 < -+2
C -2 5 < -> < -2 -LKI 2E p ' G 2 KKI 'H
+ I <
KKI 5I- / -01 5=> 9iR 2 = B `i
(Coletta & Crosbie, 2021: 9)
.
2 -, I , - . < 1 a _; 8 `
KKI K
+ ^ +KKI
( 8 -3
6; KKI -1 2
I + 1 A + +K1 R +N +KKI
C HR A 6 2 , ! K 2 < 1 -2 ` %
tLH
<
H K ,
jd;
tJ- ^; 2 - 8 ; n 6+; -+2 , - . / -01 Y 4 % , ] D
+ + € +3 ] D^+; 5+N 5+ 1 -+ U; +H +
(Kohn, 2002: 9)
1 +J.
9iHR < > -, 1 9-f 8 2
/ , K J =K ! 2
+ 8 L +> < +1
6 ! / -01 -, K J < -> J < 1 ! K 2
A +K ? HO - . < 1
2 % if A
2E A 'H 1
-LKI 1 -J
1
<
K p ' 2
+, < 1
hi; 3 a > < -2 HO A 2 KKI
% HR ;
/ H
+, - .
Z \ H KKI & = >
.
@ O2 5 1 2 5N 2 PH <
+ J +KKI -+> <
? _; / -01 ]DV ; 2 I 9 1 2 / I
/ + , <- J
) Kohn, 2002: 16
.(
42 2 / , D > -L `
2
< K3 6 ! € G &; , 8 < 1
rK>
0 -2 I 5N = H> < 1
< -2 , / -01 < A jd;
< tJ-
! /& 01 2 3 $ ,2 # 4 "2 ! 2 1 ) -5$ 1 " *" ! /& 6 –
749
? HO
2 J-J G 3 -2
5 . 2 0 f / <A 2- 5 R
5 R e O < 1 - - / -= A I -I
, T & A = B -H 2
rK>
? HO 1 JB 1 .
A 8 H
/ ! K 2 / , -2 I- A K ;
3
= B h-L 9 1
R ,
jd;
tJ- K 2 . 8 r R 5 D`
<-H 2 5 2 0& A / H 2 O / , I 5 R-2
2 - -
< 1 = A 6 2 , < 1 = H
1. A -2 / -&2 6N @ < 1 L -2
! ] D^; - 5 I < -2 - < 1
< E
/ , R ;
6 3 1 2 2
% 0j , <A K 2
. G / > †' < -2 I , =
5 ; -
> R / K -2 -2 I V 2
>
% ` 2 0 5 B
k -H Y I- < -2 5 6 ^ I , - . / -01 CR - < 1
/ 2 R 2 1
KKI . 8 -; 2 K
- , < ; I 2 O H )
K L >
Z \ `- .
, / -O3 < A = >
( - , / 5 N D3 O ! < 1 R
;
5 R 5 K
.
2 -H 2 , = O @-1
; 5 -H 2 _H` 5 R < -2 h .
@-1 2 0&
6H 2 -H 2
<-H 2 p ' % ` ; 2
5 B . -;p ' 2 -; K ; ` @-1
H 2 6Ni H -
KI =; - 5 I ;
. , = @-1 Z -2
3-
<
-; K ` -;
- 5 K †' < -2 ; < E
-;-j‡
KI C .
2 . 1 . ! "#
$
?=
-;
8 C+ +2 g 2- X iI % DN 4 <-, ? 1 ' jd;
t+J- T+2 5+ 1 -+2
/ , - / , - . 2
5 mP
. =' -2 I 2
» J ! 5N
« G E
! 6 K 2 I -I O2
2 8 N
< K3 +2 H3- + ! < 1 +I 8 + +, < +1
, < 1 - } O2 L 1 5 D`
K I I 5I + p ' 6 3 2 / + ,
(- 1
<
< _H`
- H>
. A -L 2 <
, -J
I 1
1 . K -, 2019 - J -2 < -2 ˆ N J 1
+2 50O+
+I / + +, < +1 - A += 8+
2 < 1 = 8 -;-0HD
B N G + +1 - 8 2 - H 61 +I -+ R < +1
3 5+ +H
(Brenan, 2019) .
H3 / <-L K 3 < 1 K1
5 86 c+ ! < +(
< +1 - A / J +K1
2 e O (Satia, 2021) .
H3 A 1 7! < 1 1
8\ o - 5
\ o 2021 +2 + -L 2 < + H
- 5 H K < 1 = 2 1 .
69 e O < 1 - 2 ( 51
Z ! 2 ( 38
5+ +2 +(
=K; < = >
12 KH < A H -LKI 2 ( (Brenan, 2021)
.
750 52
3 ! 1401
2 < 1 I
H K u 2 < 1 =; 2 J ! 5N
KD 1
5 < +1
- - . ,
-J 2 I
» 5 R 7
-J
2« +
(Lasswell, 1941)
.
5 ,H G E 6+ / , I
/ + K I 5 +R 8 +
n + + !
8+
J A 2 D`
5 5 X <A - < 1 .
2 &
2 .
" /& 2 9 : ;
! /& 01 2 , -
! /& 6
L :W0K
='
»
?O ;-!
3« / , 5N R 2
, 5
+ +KI +I
+2 5N e O < 1 - 0 H ! A > 2 , - . / -01 /B
+ + J +I +
.
C 0; / -L KI 2 ! K 2 / , +
+ 6 +3 5+ / + , % +`
2 .
, - . / H
<-+;-2 K ; -j‡+
<
-+2 K+ 2 H+ / + , .
HR +
< = D ;
H3 +D > / ; + +2
7+
+K H2 +I + < +1 = ]D+V
5 N D3 A +KKI +' += B 8 +2 + 6+ KKI C D; vi( 1 -J < 1
/ , 5 3 p ' h-HOJ C
2 + + B
Huntington, 1957;)
(Finer, 1975; Luckham, 1971
< 1 = -J , - .
2 5 - + +
6+; 4 + -+ A
+ G + H K+ 2 < +; -! 5+N
8 + 4
-H + 2 + +
) Perlmutter, 1969: 383 .(
1. Garrison State
2. Specialist violence 3.Praetorianism 4.Praetorian
! /& 01 2 3 $ ,2 # 4 "2 ! 2 1 ) -5$ 1 " *" ! /& 6 –
751
?O ;-!
2 I , - . , / -01 8 2 <- J 9iHR A -2 5
+2
-;-2 / ! / , - . <
1 .
» 3-
<
-J / + ,
1«
» +, -J +=
« +R-2 J + -,
+ / A -+!
+K
5 Y 4 / HLK H 1 - A
+, - . % +, +2
+3-f +2 / + , +3-
<
/ +
e O < 1 - / ;
-‰I 2
(Huntington, 1957)
».
+, - . % +,
2« A +
, ?= G ( D ;
H3 2 B / + , /B I + A
+, - . < +1
< - ! 9- 2 KKI
< K / -3 A
< 1 q !- , - . < 1
KKI . + < +1
5N )2 7 5O!
1
<
; A < I (
5 C ; / , - . A .
_; % `
? <- J
2 =
… D; , - . < 1 I
-2 +K -3 +, + + < tLH+
T O;
. / , < _; < -2 a_K
5+2 ` 5+N 2 % ` +
+KKI n
bf ; = B ; I KKI
+ X+ I +; I 2 KKI +KKI
Brooks, 2020; Feaver,)
1996; Huntington, 1957; Janowitz, 1960; Kuehn et al., 2017; Lotfian, 2009, (Nordlinger, 1977; Perlmutter, 1969
+I ? O+ ; , = % HR -HOJ 8 D; < -2
8 2 , - . , / L0P -J 8 2 < tLH+ 2 2 / , - . I 5 a ;-;
-01 8 D;
A -M2 6; % 2 a K h 2 /iI .
C\ O+ +2 + 2 / + ,
K , vi
1 % HI ; X 1 % += +2- ; + r+K> % + N { -2
3-
<
_;
?
<- J KKI . ? _; / , - .
+LK 2 + A +@ O+I +@ I - J
@ 2 @ , > 2 K>
r 1 3 @ < -R 5
+1 / + , -+2
2 ?I . A 0 < -> 6; 2 H0N h
< ->
_;
?
< 1 +, - . / -01
Gi H
. / , 2 / , - .
K J +2 J +K 5+ I += B _
/ , M
(Feaver & Kohn, 2021: 14)
/ , - ..
5 KKI r+K> 6+;
KI
.(Shanks, 2021: 51)
/ -O3 2
<A 2 A G > 1 -J 8 2 < 1
Y 1
<
K >
KKI 5 R 5 2 R 3- 2 < 3 2 .
» / = R I
3« J +2 +I 5+ , 52 ` <
» 5+
4«
» + +; I
5«
% ';
KD 2
<
-2 ; hi;
<
HN < tLH R < -2
2 5+ a+PHK / -+01 L - X ; -I … D; 8 ` Y @ @ -1 y
(Akkoyunlu & Lima, 2022: 33)
J R .
2
/ , J
5
+2 +KI
<
1.Military Professionalism
2. Civilian Control 3. Stealth Intervention 4. Resistance
5. Coup Event
752 52
3 ! 1401
- < E N 5 - I
-+2 -2 = A 2 C 5N <
/ = 8
< I 5 1 .
»
/ , -3
« A ; I <- t!-4R 2 /B 42
€ V 1
<
p ' < 1 ! (
% ` / ,
5 a f .
6 +3 +, < +; I € +` G + H R rK>
+ +1 .
/ -+01 5 +R Y I-+ % +` +2 2 , < 1 - C 0; 2 rK> ; I G H -H 2
(Berg, 2020; Feaver, 1999; Girod, 2015; Huntington, 1957)
.
3 .
!& & # ! ' ( # &
5 / A A
, T2 2 61 7! : -; < = >
/ - + ! <-H 2 … / , - .
5 -I .
A 8 2 C &; JA ;
Š&2 < 1
\ < L -2
5 2 Y +HI 7
+ A +
(Esper, 2022; Glasser & Baker, 2022; Woodward & Costa, 2021)
+2 +I
9iHR v-
1 5 K KKI =; < 1 HR -!
. 8 +2 KD H3 H'J 8 2
q B / 2 u 2 -01 2 / -01
KKI &
- a+ . +, < 1 -
> % ';
. < 1 -01 2 - / H Š&2 ] HP /iI
KKI +N
6N @ A 0 I-;
8 2 , < 1
C N
6 I
+2 X+ ; -I 2 < +1 +, - . / -+01 8
! K 2 / , a0
-1 I 5
\ Z / 1 < = >
+2 a+ KH 1 -01 €
T - KI ->
. 2 I J AB
<
C h-+, +, < tLH+ : -;
2 50O 5 / I
5 v-4 / J HK!
:
5OP 2 2 / K I R-2 2 -2
< 1 A
I- € +V +2 < +1
] HP
/ < H2 < 1
5 / O 1 6 2 I - -01 I 1
5 . z _+; +q B A -+H I 5 K -01 - U; < -2 = > <
+ + < AB A
R-2 C .
I -I - ; 1 2 : -;
> R 5 8 ; )
+2 + < -+2
/ HO U3 1 - (
, / / 1 -3 A
R < - ! + +KI . < tLH+
Z \ < -2
+2 T -+ +2 - t+!- U; + :+ -; +K 6I-+ Wf ` 1 1-! < = >
.
1 +J-J +2 mP + G +( + +H'J A 6 +2 ; + % , i +1 -0
+ +
(Dombrowski & Reich, 2017: 1015)
2 .
-, B + iD'K - : -; I < -+2 <
5 K -01 H3-J 6 !
2 O z
<
= >
<-H + 2 C Gi H 8 !
, / -01 2 +2
. -H + 2 ? _+; 8+ t+R 1 +I
+ + ;
! <
< 1 +
8 • -4R
2 > ; 2 N 2 KKI 9 4D
t!
<- < 3 - , =
! /& 01 2 3 $ ,2 # 4 "2 ! 2 1 ) -5$ 1 " *" ! /& 6 –
753
5N 2 /B ` =D;
_;
I < + + H2 ! K 2 / , Gi H % HR
H0‰ Y 4 I W3 K < -2
/ U 2 B
(Matisek, 2017: 54)
.
2 2 -L R-2
2 : -; => ; -I , / 1 -3
. +2 a+ . : -;
J - &; 2 R / K I < 1
< -+2 :+ -; +J7 8+ 5O+ -L
C , / 1 -3
2 8 -3B
(Bowden, 2019)
: -;.
2022 < -+2 I -I
/ -0>
-
» ] DV « 5+ e O < 1 - -2 ? HO % , -M 6 3 - A
» + 2
6;
-I «
) 2022 , Papenfuss .(
+I 5+ H \ +; +2 - +U :+ -; +H'J 8
2020 2
+2 H+ / HO+ U3 +2 +1 < +1 :
» ...
C+ < AB +R 6+; +2
?1 ...
<
u 2 -;
8 +' y + 1 +K += B ? HO1 / => e O < 1 -
R
. C I A = B 2 8 -2 K2
? ...
2 / J +I 5+ + N 8+
2 JA ; ; 8 …3 A 2
+
«
(Spinelli, 2020)
J + 8+ +2 +> ; +2.
+
: -; 8 2 9iHR 1 R -2 , / -01
.
3 . 1 . # ) *
! +
- 8 ! € 3 < A ! K 2 / , A <
-L T+2 < + ! +2 1
/ , - / , - . -I v-4
. / +' I C &; 2
+ 2 + 5+ \ ; +1
:+ -; < +1
/ 3 < I -2 H I 2 /E bO % =y
… &; < 1
Š+&2 -LKI m&';
< +1
61 7! K I
h J < 1
-2 KH0 <-0R < 1 0 _
! K 2 / , 2
= B J 9iHR < 5N 2 50O
, C\ O
-2 -!
. < -+2
2 I 8
; 1 5 \ + 2 -+I a+ > <-H 2 > ; -0HD W2 K I 1 + K
RA 2 2 K@
/ A 53-J B < H& C &; < -2 = B -2 .
' I < H& C &;
< B -J < 1
2 I % (
/ ^+ +1
+ -2 +1
H3 - O'; ;
/ 1 2 - t!
. 8 J C &;
+ 2 +H'= + + B ; .
B C &;
H'J -L 1 7! 1
61 7! < 1
v-
hi; 1
'H+ +2 KI
I A < 1 2 H3 I 1 B 8H q B
+2 h- O+'; ] +( ; 5+
2 X O2 8H .
-L 1 7! - O'; B G H'= < H& C &;
+H'J < A 2 2
g 2- 8H K2- A D
(Bengtsson, 2016: 10)
.
1.Manifest analysis
2.Latent analysis
754 52
3 ! 1401
3 . 2 . & ' , ( # $ ' -./0#
K &
?=
mP + J + 5+ \ ; A <
+ 2 +1 +I :+ -; < +1
% -f R p
<
/ D' h J - HK < 1
L ! 1
- <-0R < 1 -Ip
5 -2 :
3 . 2 . 1 . 123 4 (
67 & # ! +
, ' 8
| R 2 , < 1 - ?I 5 2 0& 2 > ; 2 - - ` A
< +1 - / + -JA 2
A - d
5
< 1 / -2 G ` A 2 <A-
+ C 0; : -; ; 2 PH < 1
1. :+ -;
I 2 H'J rK> 2
/ ! - < 1 -2 I 2 / A 2- 1
+ -J . + ! K 2 / + ,
5O!
2 - J 1 -3 < 1
! I 5 \ ; ! KKI C &; : -; - L 3 . < 1
.
<
19 -0 2018 ! H \ ;
< +1 - + 1 / + -JA 2 < -2 I -I i <-
` A - -I 1 R
hi+; G + }K+! 5+ tJ :+ -; < + 9iR-2
8 2 9iH\
2 P 5O A K1 6 - <-01 2 N .
:+ -; +=J ? _;
/ - 2 % ]` ; < -2 , / 1 -3 < -2 - / A 2- / I
- . +2 -+,HK .
: -; 2 8 2
5N -LKI < ^ , / -01 2 %
8HLK &H < 1 i
€ 3 - A A Z H < 'DH
! 5
2.
1 . G ` 8 < 2 PH a ` / HK I < i 1 2 O - / , 8 2 : -; 5 2 0& 6 3 2 1 2016
2 - K )
2016 , Shane
&
Altman
; 2016 , McGarry . (
2 . 21 -0 2018 I 5 H \ ; C N \ / 2 : -;
» Z H ? > G - o 1 R HO A 2
« ) , Shane
(2018 N 5 \ ; Z H < 'DH 2 A , < 1 - | -R 2 : -;
.
! /& 01 2 3 $ ,2 # 4 "2 ! 2 1 ) -5$ 1 " *" ! /& 6 –
755
-3 1 J % K&( / 1 -3 2
a K I
/ + , +N K
-3 ? ,D; - H E 2 , - . / -01 -2 -2 2 B
/B KKI ->
. G + 8+ 2
C; 9A > G - o 5K -3 1
I 5O { + -+2 : -; ? _; I +K -3
+
0 _+ +2 + H3-J K I … ` 0 & < tLH 5O+ < + <
-+I a t ; 2-. < 1 - < A 6 A + - < +1 - | -+R ZM+
-+ `
R 5 .
<
9 DH ` ` CI -3 2 R 5'N P / -I B 2
{ O N
-I +> ; 2 <-L @ I -+2 -2 +R 5 N bO+ +2
- A 5 3 < -2 6 H G & 5 d
.
/ HO+ L O+ -3 5+ 3 A Z+!
-+I -+ U; : -; ? _; 6 2 A 0 < -2 -H 2 < 1 - < -2
(Bowden, 2019) .
2 -0 G A A Z! / HO U3 A / , 1 | -R / -3
-+I ( / 2 <A - ! .
J HK!
1 / - H 2 A K - , < 1 -
4K 1 1
.
3 . 2 . 2 . 9 4 ( :.; ' + < = ,.>#
/2 #
2 JA ; 3 5
I e O < 1 - •-H H Z \ L >
O+! N +2 1
A .B A W ; 2 hi; Y -4V / - 2 : -; , <- J
. % ` I 2 / -L <
% 2 PH } H UN < -2 : -;
2020 % +` ( ` +2
/ + • K+ -1 < K+ +2
n K 2 -3 / 2 R 2 , < 1 - / R
` G H A <- J > < -2 1 5 N O
B
<-L n/ 2 2 % ` / - W3 K 2 1 / -3 2 > R / -&2
2.
1.General Joseph Votel
2 . u 2 -;
8 A n 1 , 2 : -; X -&; < -2 ` / - I 2 8 {-;
+2 X+ ; M < 1
% 1 - .
+ / A I -H 2 A / - 2 , <- J G H 2 -L
rK>
HO1 I - 2 A - ! % 2 PH q K@ I -I =K ! : -; 2 a f KI / - <
) Glasser
2022 August , Baker
&
K 2 > ; ; ( J H2 a > > R
-2 6; ` †' < -2 1 .
756 52
3 ! 1401
8 -RB G - o Z \ : -; 2
5O = >
% +2 PH +R 3
+ o
2021 ~ I € V '
HO1 -2
/ - <
-2
.2 + +H'J +2 r+K> +2 + -
X O2 i < = >
2 . bO 1 2 / - 5O
1
<
Z \ 2 ' ~ I = >
<- t!-4R 2 -1 v-4
I 1 < 1
5O ; +LK> ; + ;
+ |
2 -I J - L2 .
/ 1 R : -; @-J +0 rK>
+ 6 + - !
…+3 -+3 A <
KH -` / - 2 .
Z \ K k-3 2 % 2 PH : -; 5O A Z!
+ > = >
? i 5 p P; / -=; -2-2 <-;
KI 5OP 1 H
-2 < A < 1 3 C \ - - A
; -I 8HLK 2 , ` 2 5 / -
. I 1 : -; 2
» 8+ -+J
I 1 R HKDN LK> 2 1
«
) 2021 , Glasser .(
h J % I 2 <A 2
2 - U; < 1
+ : -; < 1
Š+&2 +1
+ L -2
} J 2 KKI . 2019 A Z! : -;
8 K N 1 -2B / -3 / - =; 1
2 -H < A R
} { 3 -I ( .
20 < + ! 1 X+ L -+ A Z+! 8+\ o
3i; 2 ? _; - 8 - / 2
>
=K; 53-J € -+ A 6 ! ` K@
-I ]` H /B .
I -I i D2 A
» + rK> _`
« / -+ / -+01 +2 C+ ;
5'J KI J . G 8 2 1 = B 2
I
» < 2 + +,H KKI H3 C 9iR -J
J-1 I K 2 H
«
(Bowden, 2019)
. + / -3 ( > ; < -2 : -;
+ GE H+ -+ - -; < -2 < M=!
+KI :
») + ( +2 + +
% M - , CK -! 1 5
? rK> ]` ; < -2 ; ` ...
? + + r+K> € -+ < -+2 ; +`
«
President Trump Statement, 3 January)
(2021
I -M .
/ A /B -+2 +K0 :+ -; < / 2 5 2 c ! 2 € 3 - A
! H P; ' =@ 2 < -2 / - L
/ + 2 + 4K + - < 1 -+I
+I
0f % if ;
< K2 N KI h 3 ...
< -+> -4R A 6 2 / - ` -4R
8 P; ' 2 ?> =; - A 2 %
+I 8 +2 rK> G H 6 3 2 - < 1
(Tapper Presses, 2020)
. Y / -01 2 -; / -3 8 ( % -I
€if
2 -LKI 2 N K
- + -2 +KK +` +2 :+ -; + -H
) August , Baker
&
Glasser
2022 . (
+2 + - < +1 - > =; < LK1 A < > < =; / / < -2 v-4 = B / < 3 / 2 P; ' =@
.
1 A Z!
HO1 I K 2 N -I -01
<
» 5+ 8+ + < 1
«
5 H \ ; : -;
:
» K -J / ; ? o K 1 R ]
r >
/ [ €i+f 2
HO1 I ?1 8 I 1
u 2 O2 N <
G A -; K ; ` -;
...
8+ + I n
! /& 01 2 3 $ ,2 # 4 "2 ! 2 1 ) -5$ 1 " *" ! /& 6 –
757
I KI
!«
) 018 2 , Foster
.(
2 N -I
»
? R 6;B «
=;
0 2 J 2 - >
-I -I .
8\ o 2018 r > ? I 2 H <
6H 3 / ]+` ; < -2
A 6 X -&; •-H , < 1 -I i 2 K> -I 2 K 1-! B
) , Shen
&
Kriner
4 : 2020
; (
B I A 5+'J 8P+ 2 +K> -I A - < 1 - C I | -R G H .
/ 2 / J HK!
| -R 2 <
8+ < -+> +2 +1 - + A
6 +1 +2 +( - +
(Bowden, 2019)
HO1 =; / 8 .
2 < > <
- A 5
/ +q 1 :+ -; < 1
HO1 R A h-HOJ
2 - <
7 3
vi 6
HO1 < 1 <
» 'H+
+ -+;
«
rK>
1 D A | -R & < 1
?= < 1 < -2 3 -01 - U; % & O; G-HKI
H > ;
HO1 >
> R < 1 =; -2 -2 <
) 8 + <-0 + + +H (
-+4R
HO1 rK>
2 -I -H 2 <
.
3 . 2 . 3 . 94; 4 ( 0#
-./0# ? @ 2 ! 0# !; ;
Z \ 8 2 9iHR
B / A - ! K 2 / , = >
< 7 <-= < 1
1 + '+ ~ +I :+ -; < 1A 8 O! / 2 2 % ` G H 6K;-! / . : -; K=2 hi;
- 2 < -2
+2 + R / J +KKI-1 ,; + 6+; <- J I
2 KH
»
h / `
1807
« <-L n / -I
+R % +` †' < -2 / , -
+2
B 5'N P / J HK!
2 .
+,H < -+ +L > / , A rK> O! <A A 2 / - R rK>
9iHR 6I -3 < -2
1 <-J I <
B -J
<
<- LH+ + A 2 + < -> % N
758 52
3 ! 1401
C& ?, †' Ž
<
<- J 'H < tL ` HN % O >
+ . / +K +2 +`
8 ;E ) < -
<
1( / +` / + - 6+ / , A -HOJ 'H • 2 6KI
1878 _; 2 a
) 57 - 56 : 2018 , a Else .(
6; 6 / `
, - .
&
/ ` n 1878
] +y < -+> < -2 , CK -! -2 I J-1
2 R Z ! /B >
2 -> -LKI A 2 =K; ?1 + B
)
&
Campbell
336 : 2010 , Campbell .(
2 / , / J / -+&2 € +` / + A
+N NA +K +D 0f < +1
6;B CLK> <A
! 1
+2 0 N KKI X I , - . < 1 = 2 K ;
/ + -3
Z \ = >
/ + , + 0 H ! 6 +UN < -+2
+2 -+ Y I-+ % +2 PH
/ 2 R 1 H -3
.
-M Z H )
A 8 8 HOP : -; € 3 -
( Y + A -+ A 5 +1 +2 -+ 1
< = > % -I
5 R € 3 - A L > -H ! I R -I
) + +H ! / +bN
81 I -; I / H 'O N K@ X <-!
ZH J %-2
CL 1 • @ (
+2
H
: -; 2 <
2 J-1 hi+;
< -+2 / + , + R
9iH+R C+
< +1
; 2 PH
C 8 1
»
`- . • -4R «
R . € 3 % A 5 -!- 2
; ' y P ; K ! / ` KJ { -2 I -I < B 6 H - A - / 2 2 % ` G H 2 c 2 KKI X I
% +2 PH } H I ` J-1 A
5 3 A ] D^;
<- J > > 5N KI
+ 1-M2
(Diaz, 2021)
+2 ZH+ J.
2 I 2 -I ( ; -M
6 ! 8 -3B-4R H3 C N K 2
8 / A ; : -;
K 2 / J HK!
) 2022 August , Baker
&
Glasser . (
+ :+ -; 8 +2 9iHR + B +;
I 53 6 ! 2020
'DH
'H+ +2 +R + -L H+ -' +J-1 I <
k -H Y I- < -2 6; A : -;
/ + R < 1 % +`
u +2 < 1 + !
/ -0>
-I v-4 / , R - t!
.
4 . B /
61 7!
KI < 1 /
GE H+ / + , - . % , N / , 1 + +1
W ` KKI \ <
5 6 -! A K1 N
2 < 1 -, 8 2 O 1 c ! / A -+!
1 . C &; -H 2
, / 1 -3 -f P -! 2 p ' < 1 ! C < 1
; 5 H3-J -, , H / L ! K 2 8 2 42 =K +
+ + +N
1 . Posse Comitatus )
Force of the County (
+I +2 < +K ; / -= A 1 -J 2 < -2 o 8 –
R -3 -1 ?, †' 2 X I < -2 ? ` / HO L .
! /& 01 2 3 $ ,2 # 4 "2 ! 2 1 ) -5$ 1 " *" ! /& 6 –
759
5 < tLH
p P; < 1 2
<- ' 1 +1 P + ! …+3 -+ < 1
2 . 6K 1-2 5 1 2 / , HO>-2 6 K -2 -H=2 5R K < -2 Š+ ‰ 1
% -
- O'; C &; e O < 1 - .
6+ -! 2 c !
» +@ +;
5N R - / , H+
+ S
«
» / + , + R + +@ +;
S5 2 H tJ A % 'H : -; / 5
« I -I / 2 2 / 1 + -3 + R
5O ? HO - 5 , 2
+ += B / J H+
+ :+ -; / +I
-; B
. 5 -01 ?1A ] DV
HOOJ 2 G + H + -&2 T -+ 7
+KKI 5+N R +R ` % HR A | R ; KI … ; / , I .
/ -+&2
T2 / H 2 - ! K 2 / ,
2 ; u 2 -+;
8 -+ 6N +@
< E +
2 C 0;
8 +2 +, +R p +' ; 5 hi; - I 4 - 7 C+ N
KI †' . 5 N D3 6 3
/ , < 1 + += B p +' 6 +3 +2 5+ 8+
I < _H`
% , ] D^;
6N @ 1 K 2 < > H K <
.
A R-2 + -L 5'N P , % / 1 -3
A +R < +1 +H3 < 1 + !
-I A -2 5 K < -2 : -;
2 : -; ; 2 PH 5O A Z!
+LK> A -+2 A 7+
Z \ -H 2 > ; 2 3 _; H R
= >
{ -+1 + ; r+K> + < 1 +I 2
KH . 2 : -; A I 2 ; A -M G - o %
-I H -M < KI-2
-L : -; ; 2 PH 5O A Z!
6 3 H K < 1 .
2 mP JA ; 5
2 I
2 'DH H B : -; 2 9iHR C N A + ! K 2 +, K@ =K ! 2 N n
2 9-_K R ? _;
. A ; ` 2 5 5 K †' A / K f G _ < -2
2 I : -; / 3-f A N 2 5 2 3 / 2 / 3-f -, -+; -3
2 < % HR A .
6 1 : -;
1 R +2 + +I K
/ + > …+ C+ N
a B Z \ => 2 / ?=H 5 R 2 = >
.
61 7! 8 8 2 / , 8 2 6K; ?= C E
\ Z = >
/B < 1 + !
/ , 8 2 42 < -2 -
2 < H& C &; 2 - / , - .
1 5+ \ ; :+ -; < +1
8 2 > ; I , C\ O 2
04` C 2 -I a > N
+3 + <A +
-2 .
! / KP
+H + - J-2 < +; I < +1
G + K> < +1
+2 -+ A + L -2 :
2 C( 2 => ; 2
3-f 3-
<
< -2 hi; 2 / , 2
6
+ 5+ / tJ
! K 2 / , 5 A
/ +2 R 2 6; / H -3 2 =; : -; < 1
Y I-+ < -+2 +1
k -H < 7 < 1 LK> % K> 2 ?=H - , K@ '
K +V 5+
G - o < -2 - H 1 < 1 / -3
-2
<
2 / @ -@
X 2 =K ! / -01 A
760 52
3 ! 1401
< -2 N ; I - < 2 P
+ ; +I - < 2 < -2 / - N -I rK>
= B , - < 3 .
/ 3 8 +2 T+2 / -; 2 2 ; 2 : -; -U L 8 -2
?1
/ !
. +2 <-H + 2 6 -+J / + NB O+ -3 +K 1 +I / H+
! C HO > R 5 /
. ! R-2
1 †' < -2 &H %E =D;
- A ! 5 K G ‡
8 ^; -2
< 1 < -2 8HLK H K % 0j †'
< -01 3 I
KHO .
H3 61 7! < 1 +I + /
+, / -+01 -
+2 + H _+P +J7 C+ N
6 ! - R -
K 2 : -;
- KH3-J -` < 5 D` 1 2 KH3
HO>-2 6 2 I
? _; - / ` Y @ @ <-;
+2 <- J C\ O+
2 N KKI ' 5 K
0 <-;-2 aOI G 0 .
+KI - , / -01
/ ` 2 HO R - 3
< +1 - A 'H < -2 : -; H A 2
h Y I- < -2 ,
-I < R 1 .
-+L +R-2 + | -+R = B A R-2
KH3-J -` : -; H .
]N P =0> 5 KI ! K 2 / , :+ -;
I KH3-J -` 6 1
KH R 8 +Kq 1 + R Z + ! < -+ X+ +2 6;
!
KKI C 0; HO M -; > R 5 .
6 < ' 2 ; / , d+
+,H
-O3 / ` G / J HK!
1 R 6D2 K 2 , - . 6P2 6 +3 < +>
1 > R < 1 =; 2 A 0 < -2 , J B KI K
. < +1 = +2 X+ I < -+2 1 +J
u-2 A , - .
rK> 5I < -2 - / K, -3 2 < -2 , < 1
2 P @ ` 2 A 0 ?O -;
N H3-J I +L > 5 N D3 < -2 / ,
5I- 2 <- J < -2 Z ! < - / J KKI
5 N O+ V -H ! + B
/ 2 R hA B 1 0
C 0; 9 1 < -2 - Y I- 2 2 .
+2 B / , - . / , T2 H : -; A 6 ! / :
1 . +R-2
/ 2 / H 5 - A 2 ; - , / -01 1 N KH
-+ R < 1
5 -; B T2 8 6K;
n 2 . I 5 A / , C I > 9 1 2 /
A 2- A Id;
/ H -`
- t!
0 5 . + 1-! +2 , ! K 2 / -01 1 J
A / -3 -2
<
2 / @ 2 ` -@
. + R -+I +, -
+ . + z
<
+= >
2 € +3 < A N + 5+ ' I +2 < -2 AE , LHO 2- ; 2 > ; < >
Y +PH +R +2 += B < +3 + 6 -J { -2 R ! K 2 , / -I > HK 2 , / 1 -3 1 J I 8 c ; - A n C +0; / H+ <
. / ` 5I 3-f / K I A R-2
GE H 5 / , K +
+KKI
! /& 01 2 3 $ ,2 # 4 "2 ! 2 1 ) -5$ 1 " *" ! /& 6 –
761
? _; , / -01 I
<-+ J 5I + 5+ + B +q B A 6 +2 + 5+ K < +1
H -L a0 0 5 D` 8 N - A
8 I A + T+2 †+' 2 8 +2
X I , < 1
KI . + p +' A <- J > aN . J G 8 2
6N @ A / , < _H`
5N 1 < -2 u 2 < 1
1 K!
2 < -2
0K> 1 -2 / , - . % , -2 bO 8
< 1 N D3 5+
/ + , Id;
+ + +KI . +; I
2 -
-, + ! G H N B -+I k-+3 -'+( + 0 < + • +1
.
< + + p +' A <- L + ! < -+2 / +Kq 1 ; , 2 / , - . 8 -2 K2 -I K1 R hi; A -! K 2 , % .
KO i I K I 1-! C 61 7! iR C\ O ; > W3 K k D;
A A
<
2 H 2 G
6 A X 61 7! - ; N 2 / -L
A
<
CD>
W0K 1 A
<
CD>
V W2 K 5 1 JB o 61 7!
H3 • . - 2 C I f 5
-I 5 .
C' D0Ĥ
FG#
(
!; H
1 . / '4N D . ) 1388 / HO A .(
»
R 5 / , R
5+ K _+3« -
+ +
++
++
++
39 4 : 225 - .250 : https://jpq.ut.ac.ir/article_20229.html )
27 K'++
1400 .(
I ( !2 J # 2. Akkoyunlu, Karabekir; and José Antonio Lima. (2022) "Brazil’s Stealth Military
Intervention," Journal of Politics in Latin America 14, 1: 31-54, <DOI:
10.1177/1866802X211039860>.
3. Altman, George R.; and Leo Shane III. (2016, May 9) "Military Times Survey:
Troops Prefer Trump to Clinton by a Huge Margin," Military Times. Available at: https://www.militarytimes.com/news/2016/05/09/military-times-survey- troops-prefer-trump-to-clinton-by-a-huge-margin (Accessed 5 September 2022).
4. Babb, Carla. (2020, October 9) "Pentagon Silent on Trump Tweet Calling for Full Afghan Exit by December 25," Voice of America (VOA) News. Available at:
https://www.voanews.com/a/usa_pentagon-silent-trump-tweet-calling-full- afghan-exit-december-25/6196909.html (Accessed 23 July 2022).
5. Bengtsson, Mariette. (2016) "How to Plan and Perform a Qualitative Study using Content Analysis," NursingPlus Open 2: 8-14, <DOI:10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.
001>.
6. Berg, Louise-Alexander. (2020) "Civil–Military Relations and Civil War Recurrence: Security Forces in Postwar Politics," Journal of Conflict Resolution 64, 7-8: 1307-1334, <DOI: 10.1177/0022002720903356>.
7. Bowden, Mark. (2019, November) "Top Military Officers Unload on Trump,"
Atlantic.com. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/ magazine/archive/
2019/11/military-officers-trump/598360 (Accessed 2 December 2021).
