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A. HEIDARIAN and M. TADAYON NEJAD
MSc. Plant Protection Research Department & MSc. Soil and water Research Department; Respectively; Esfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Esfahan, Iran Abstract
Preliminary studies on nutritional status of 29 commercial Golden Delicious orchards infected to Cytospora canker disease, showed defficiecy of potassium and calcium and excess of nitrogen in most of infected orchard. In this regard, an orchard’s trials was conducted to determine the effects of balanced potassium, nitrogen and calcium elements on prevention of incidence and development of Cytospora canker disease of 27 years apple Golden Delicious cultivar during 2014-15 in the commercial orchard at Semirom, Iran. Eighteen treatments (nitrogen and potassium at 3 levels and calcium at 2 levels) were designed in a factorial complete randomized block design with three replications. The results showed that deviation from optimum percentage index of nitrogen, potassium and calcium is proper option for predicting the occurrence and development of Cytospora canker disease of apple trees. Deficiency or excess of any nutrient caused imbalances in other elements and influenced the severity of the disease extensivily. The highest percentage area under disease progress curve occurred in most of the treatments, that nitrogen rate was less or more than the optimal amount. Combined application of nitrogen and potassium in most of the treatments significantly reduced the predisposing effects of high nitrogen application. The impact of calcium on reducing disease was lower than nitrogen and potassium. This results of this study showed that, balance utility of nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium in soils of Semirom area orchards and spraying of calcium based on recommended manual reduced Cytospora canker disease at 83.79 percent.
Key words: Apple, Cytospora, canker, nutritional elements.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
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?$) 8 ZQ< ?Q
A
<
/ Z
? . 8 h ? !/ !S G
) 1) 6);? ? L ! ;
;FW :6X
S
<V( 8[V
? ?Q ZQ< 8V-? ? Z
0 vV3YS S;; ); A<; ?
0 T$S T
8 5 !T T !TS ;
S ? !/ A<;
nX A
0 0 aX
)
? .
8V-? ? ;FW :6X AeW ?#) !Y#) ;
! "<
AeW 0; ?9V<;
l- 0; ?;SV<;
DOP
AeW !/
) ;_ 63) ; ZQ< 8V-? $) 5) T?
)
Malakouti and Gheibi, 1997
( TT ?9VTT<;
.
? CTT;
VTT<;
AeW :6X Z/ 0S( ;FW S
0
?
-?
8V ZQ<
Z_
8 Q?
+1 w) !T MG OT T T) "T<6) A FL
T
! ;
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TT 5TT) ATTeW TT )
Cref
( ) qTT<;
TT oS C
AeW 8 ? 7 C
?
; !/
VS C h ? = j
!T{;;
? A<;
.
T(5 U V
#) )? z<V) !Y
) S z<V) !S
Q<
< !S h< ? a GNj k GNG
#) ? h< !Y GNj k G
Table 1. Mean montly temperature and mean anual precipitation in 2014 and 2015 in Semirom compared to the same figures for 2002-2015 Mean low Temperature (monthly) (°C) Mean high Temperature (monthly) (°C)
Annual precipitation (mm) Year
6.58 17.25
386.1 2014
7.43 17.97
370.1 2015
7.12 17.64
520.7 Average (2002-15)
T(5 W V ' + R
;; `$) ,-
)0
%
Table 2. Characteristics of the soil in the experimental site Soil depth Clay Silt Sand TNV OC EC
pH P K Zn Cu Mn Fe Gypsum
(cm) (%) (dS/m) (mg/L) mg/100
0-60 55 37 8 55 1.03 1.04 7.5 43 29
5 2.2
6 0.6
8 12.6
6 6.5
2 15
T(5 X V L !6);?
; ' + R ,- O )0 ?)
%
? y X
VS<
V)
Table 3. Ranges of ohysical and chemical properties of the soils (0-60 cm) in the experimental trial site
CaSO4 EC
pH OC
TNV P (ava.)
K (ava.) Sand
Silt Clay Orchards Depth
mg/100 dS/m
% mg/kg
% cm
9-15 0.4-1.2
7.4-7.8 0.33-1.77
18-38 1.8-33.3
170-956 19-86
32-50 35-57
Healthy 0-60
9-20 0.51-1.1
7.3-7.8 0.56-2.11
25.5-50.5 2.2-33.2
300-750 11-29
32-38 27-37
Infected 0-60
T(5 Y V
;FW :6X 5) AeW
S(
0 Z/
S O ? 0 Q? 8 ZQ< +1 N
a 0; 7 0
`
Table 4. Concentration reference determined from leaf macro and micro nutrients contents at 90 DAFB in Golden Delicious cultivar in healthy orchards
Cu Zn
Mn Fe
Mg Ca
K P
N
mg/kg
%
11.13 16.87
27.04 88.12
0.96 2.06
1.37 0.17
1.89
2
! DOP
K- 8;6X
;T &T1 7TI l
A
FL
!
; 7 8V-?
C ?T3 ] T
% ;FTW T:6X ?T
) ;_ ?9V<; ?)
? . V_
:6X
?#) q<;
DOP
Q;
A 6
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l- }T /DOP
T
81S 9: 0;
6?
S 0
%
< ! A3YS
;FW :6X
? ;- )
h
.(
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! ;
)
ΣDOP
( yc)_ P) 0; !/
! DOP
) A<?
S +
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.(
?#) t
ΣDOP
8 T aTX
FL h?7
!
;
% ?
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t :?
}T
,- ? <
a ) h G ( ) S;
R t? 0;
` ?T3 ]
FL t|V-;
!
;
; ? O C .
l- q<;
DOP ΣDOP
OT ? T ?TQ
) h
( S K6X !<
<V( 8[V
Y/ Z V-T< ? !/ Z
A aR$V<;
T / %T#S T `T);X T; ? T
;0 TS;?
)
Pozza and Pozza, 2012; Thompson and
Huber, 2006; Biggs and Peterson, 1990; Zahoor et al., 2017
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T
< RS
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< 8V-?
< "
.
NO PABC
PQ 8-(P
P&./ ( G
EP G
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0; ?) T67) m|V-; `_; 8)0 0; ?9V<;
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hT
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( 23
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: .5 67 , 8 9 : 8 9;<=
T(5 Z V :? 0; m;$S;
!6 FL h?7 l-
! ;
;FW :6X S(
Z/ 0 S O ? 0
Q? 8 ! ?Q +1 Cytospora cincta Fries
N
0; 7 0
; a
` *
Table 5. DOP and ΣDOP index determined from leaf macro and micro nutrients contents at 90 days after full boom in Golden Delicious cultivar in infected orchards by Cytospora cincta Fries*
Lab. no. ΣDOP DOP
N P K Ca Mg Fe Mn Zn Cu
166 1376 -33 24 -31 -33 -53 -17 -66 180 939
167 618 -29 141 17 -58 -74 -2 -54 95 148
168 803 -29 253 -28 -30 -59 -9 -35 45 315
413 381 15 -24 -18 -56 -6 24 -23 167 -48
414 264 32 18 -5 -67 -28 30 -20 49 -55
415 423 30 12 -9 -55 -4 30 -2 231 -50
423 205 13 71 6 -32 46 22 2 9 4
424 232 47 41 -15 -50 7 44 -3 0 -25
428 224 -10 35 22 -41 27 -19 -9 -49 -12
429 277 -9 35 -24 -15 83 36 45 -16 -14
430 202 -19 29 17 -33 45 5 2 -44 8
431 143 0 29 -5 -35 39 12 0 -13 -10
432 217 4 76 7 -27 56 15 -4 -3 -25
433 212 5 24 11 -49 9 4 -49 -31 -30
437 285 -6 -24 -31 -17 79 11 37 -41 -39
438 311 -30 -29 -26 -33 44 -38 18 -36 -57
439 245 -10 29 7 -26 59 -17 8 -45 -44
211 354 55 6 -9 17 -15 -24 70 116 -42
212 414 13 -6 -33 68 15 -60 152 -37 -30
213 264 21 -6 -27 -11 -38 -54 48 -38 -21
214 292 11 -29 9 -18 -56 0 41 -68 -60
215 329 34 6 11 -33 -29 -3 100 -79 -34
216 471 25 -12 -15 -8 -42 -31 196 -100 -42
221 401 24 0 24 k -17 -42 -41 100 -100 -53
222 221 -2 -29 -16 -28 17 -31 86 -3 -9
223 331 17 6 17 -37 6 -24 177 -36 -11
226 246 4 -18 7 -24 40 -24 75 39 -15
227 300 51 -6 20 -35 17 -18 112 35 -6
228 285 30 -41 -18 -49 14 -17 59 -38 -19
Average - 8.76 21.07 -6.31 -28.69 5.41 -6.76 36.656 6.52 8.76
:*
?;SV<;
#)
;FW :6X !Y
Q? 8 Z_
!TS S q<; +1 ;?T
T1 0;
TY- T C T
T hT<
N
aT 0; T7 0 `T
) Bergmann 1992 .(
A)|X ) k ( (+)
! "
C
% Z/ C ! A3YS ;#) C
!6 )
( A<;
.
*: Mineral leaf composition standards for Golden Delicious cultivar, based on sixth-shoot leaves sampled at 90 days after full bloom (Bergmann 1992). Sign (-) and (+) indicates lower and higher content than optimum (0) respectively.
?
%' ABC
Q 8-(
P&./ ( G
( G
: Q;
0 Z{|X C
T ?
)0 h< ?
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T
! TS0 ?
x9 ; S ;T#) ? h?T7 aTX !T/ ?TV;
8[TV
<V(
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) C oS C T TS T
? )0 1 hT V; bcT< ?
% m|VT-;
67)
;? ? ;?
A . fg S7) :6X V )
0; ?) T
) oS T C
T < RST
;UT<V 8TV-?
<
h ? "
d AT<; T !T{;;
. L TS T T ;
S ! !
LV) A<;
.
T(5 [ V ) oS
;FW :6X ;#) C
S
<V( 8[V
Y/ Z Q? 8 Z_ ? Z
+1 N
a 0; 7 0 )0 a? h< ? `
1
*
Table 6. Mean contents of nitrogen, potassium and calcium in Golden Delcious cultivar leaves, at 90 DAFB in treatments at second year trial*
Treatment N K Ca
%
N0K0Ca0 1.07e 0.88c 0.69g
N0K0Car 1.08e 0.82cd 2.88a
N0KrCar 1.01e 1.25b 2.14c
N0KrCa0 0.99e 1.22b 0.98ef
N0K2rCar 1.03e 1.77a 2.09c
N0K2r Ca0 0.97e 1.73a 1.03e
NrK0Car 1.51d 0.84c 2.10c
NrK0 Ca0 1.53d 0.77cd 1.30d
NrKrCar 1.48d 1.23b 2.20bc
NrKr Ca0 1.45d 1.23b 1.04e
NrK2rCar 1.52d 1.69a 2.17bc
NrK2r Ca0 1.50d 1.65a 0.87f
N2rK0Car 1.56cd 0.76cd 2.30b
N2rK0 Ca0 1.98a 0.68d 1.25d
N2rKr Car 1.67bcd 1.25b 2.10c
N2rKr Ca0 1.93ab 1.25b 1.07e
N2rK2rCar 1.70abcd 1.72a 2.15bc
N2rK2r Ca0 1.83abc 1.77a 1.10e
LSD 0.2922 0.1484 0.1574
CV(%) 12.33 6.99 5.74
:* ) 8V< ?
oS C
!1) m
h V; bc< ? m|V-; `_; 8)0 q<;
% 67) m|V-;
S;S ;?
.
*: Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ statistically through the test of LSD value, at 0.05 probability level.
T(5
\ V ) oS C S 0 bc<
6$6) ( A1 ) AUDPC ( %/ :?
fg A$
S :6X
<V( 8[V
Y/ Z h< ? Z GNG
*GNj
Table 7. Means of final disease severity, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and disease reduced percent as affected by nitrogen, potassium and calcium fertilizer applications at 2014 and 2015 years*
Treatments
Final mean canker lesion size (mm2)
The Area Under the Disease
Progress Curve (AUDPC) Disease reduced (%)
2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014
N0K0Ca0 1551.00a 985.00a 1425 2301 0.00 0.00
N0K0Car 1491.00ab 879.00ab 1373 2130 4.62 10.76
N0KrCar 1139.00fg 537.67hij 1035 1589 26.58 45.41
N0KrCa0 1180.00f 580.33ghi 1065 1558 23.90 41.08
N0K2rCar 949.70h 360.33k 810 1120 38.77 63.42
N0K2r Ca0 1092.00g 492.33ij 1036 1381 29.59 50.02
NrK0Car 1358.00cd 778.67bcde 1323 1955 11.28 20.95
NrK0Ca0 1376.00c 759.00cdef 1253 1911 12.42 22.94
NrKrCar (recommended) 342.00k 159.67l 247 458 77.95 83.79
NrKrCa0 355.30k 177.67l 261 480 77.09 81.96
NrK2rCar 837.30ij 454.67jk 737 1118 46.27 53.84
NrK2rCa0 882.00i 496.33ij 781 1192 43.13 49.61
N2rK0Car 1440.00b 826.67bcd 1370 2107 5.01 16.07
N2rK0Ca0 1473.00b 840.33bc 1345 2091 7.14 14.69
N2rKrCar 1320.00d 722.00def 1225 1850 14.87 26.70
N2rKrCa0 1350cd 750.33cdef 1250 1898 12.94 23.82
N2rK2rCar 1250.00e 650.33fgh 1150 961 19.39 33.98
N2rK2rCa0 1270.00e 670.33efg 1214 1880 14.87 31.95
LSD 46.85 115.8 - - - -
CV(%) 12.46 11.29 - - - -
:* ) 8V< ?
oS C ? m|V-; `_; 8)0 q<; !1) m
h V; bc<
% 67) m|V-;
S;S ;?
.
*: Means followed by the same letter in the column don't differ statistically through the test of LSD value, at 0.05 probability level.
!T/ ?/ l&1)
T T )
T1
( |T(
T T6 !T/
% ?T ( 8 ? ? hT X; T T
AT<;
T
#) ? ; |T( T !TY T
? To
hTT d .(
TTY/ 0; ?9VTT<;
!TT Z TT6
;TT/
#) ? !Y
!6 T )
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(
ap S 0;
<V( 8[V
!T Z T67) T4
;?
fg ! A3YS
66/7VY)
;+;
S % T 8[V
?;? %/ ; .
C
AUDPC
oVY3 T96)
A;? ? )
`R .(
ZY/ Z<V( 8[VS :6X 8;+) ;
;FW V&) fg A$ +1Q? 8 8V-? ?
Fig. 1. AUDPC of Cytospora in leaf of Golden Delic
?
!6 ! A3YS
<
A<; Z/
%'(
T aTPS;
T )
Marschner, 2012;
Taiz and Zeiger, 2013; Freitas
(
? ; T )0 C !T6
6$6) ( A1 C TV&)
% :? C
AUDPC
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T
S ;#) !/ A<; ?V; x9 ;
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8 ? Z/
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,- 8[V )
Q C/
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, 8 9 : 8 9;<=
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; ! !
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0; `T: =
T hT< ? GNG T9
) ;FTQ A;S T
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.(
0 bcT<
T T6$6) ( AT1
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;
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T
P ≤
( ( A1 AT$ ;
.(
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#) ) !Y oS C !T/ ?/ l&1)
S 8[V )
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) hTT
67)
;?
A;S . ?9V<;
ap
) (0.05
fg ! A3YS
?;? %/ ; )
j / M k
=
R2
( A;? ?
V U<V< RS A1( 6$6) 0 bc<
ZY/ Z<V( 8[VS :6X 8;+) ;
;FW V&) fg A$ +1Q? 8 8V-? ?
Cytospora canker and content elements of nitrogen, potassium and calcium Golden Delicious plants as affected by different nutritional treatments
;FW :6X 8;+
T ? ?T)
? `TT TT TTV&) )
hTT
(
V&)
;FW :6X
? ?T)
T<V( 8[V
TY/ Z
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% !T A3YS
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h
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) T:6X 8;+
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?
; !/
C
!PVS
%'(
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) A#c)
S .
bc<
0 6$6)
) 81S ?
%
S ;#) !/ A<; ?V; x9 ;
% ;#) 0;
!6
) S 8;+
,- 8[V
Treatments
( 23
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: .5 67 , 8
+P
!
$
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bcT< ?
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)0 1 67) f;
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.
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`_
!e|) ; h<
GNj ) ;FTQ A;S
GNj 0;
) hT d .(
)
AUDPC
( S
0;
?9V<;
. VS =
AUDPC
;FW
! 67) 4
;?
)
0.05
fg ) ;_
6?
) h d .(
] U V canker and content elements of nitrogen, potassium and calcium
) m|V-;
) C
;FW :6X 8;+
N
aTT 0; TT7 0 ? `TT
8 fg V&)
? . ) S :6X 8;+
T<V( 8[V
)
T1
(
! 4
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( LV) ? ) h
? ?) ?
!6 ) !
j (
?+S
? } .
! AX ; T C ;FTW T:6X !T/
#; A)#)
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Total N, K and Ca (%dry weight leaf at 90 DAFB
<
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.(2006
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)
Pozza and Pozza, 2012
.(
; 0 ?;7 h)
? 8TV-? 0;
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)S(
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!V;? ? 8[V S;
)
Furtado et al., 2009
( T_ ZT1 ;
T_ 8TV-?
;+TT; TT S % ;FTTW hTT$) ? 8[TTV
d / M
%
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AT<; !TV )
Pozza et al., 2001
.(
!TRQ T T TS 0;
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae
8V-? ?
?3 ]
S 8[V
%
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)
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.(
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Marschner, 2012
.(
!6 )
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( 0;
eS ;FTW ?;)
T )
NrKr
(
Z/
C
AUDPC
6V;? ; )
`R ( 0;
eS ) ? T }
T6V ;T_
) hT d .(
tT ;T#) C
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?
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S Z Y/ 8[V
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; !/ A<;
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;FTW T:6X
) !T T 8;+
% FL ? T< 8TV-? !
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a0t )
Malakouti, 2014
(
? hV6/
T T )
Heidarian and Tadayonnejad,
2014; Belan et al., 2014; Furtado et al., 2009
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S;?
.
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? T o
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%/
;+;
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.(
! 4 / ? S !/
T<V( 8[V
mTK) Z
1S
<V(
Q 1S mK) Z
S 8 ? 8[V ZT/
T T
% ;#) 0;
!6 A<;
TS
T
AUDPC
A<; /;
) `R ( 0;
eS ) ZT T ST(
S S;? + ) h d .(
; C VS
= !TV T T3_
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?
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? A#c) AT;?
)
Burks et al., 1998
.(
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aX mK) ?9VT<;
T % 0;
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qV<?
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% A3TYS ?C:N
%]
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)
? (
; T C TS;oS
; !T
? T;-
? !T]
;+T;
ATeW % S
8[TV T<Y
A
8
!
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Agrios, 2005
.(
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