The Semantic Interaction of Negation with Epistemic and Deontic Ppossibility and Necessity in Persian Modal Verbs
Gholamreza Medadian 1 (109-138)
Abstract
This descriptive-analytic study aimed at investigating the semantic interaction of negation with the epistemic and deontic possibility and necessity senses of a select group of central Persian modal verbs (i.e., tavanestan, shodan, momken budan, emkan dashtan, bayestan and lazem budan). Among these modal verbs, the first four express the notion of possibility and the rest express necessity.
Necessity and possibility constitute the core of modality domain. Modality as a semantic category mainly deals with speaker’s attitude or opinion regarding the state of affairs. Epistemic and deontic modality are the two main types of modality. The former expresses speaker’s judgment regarding the truth or falsehood of propositions while the latter deals with speaker’s influence on actualization or non-actualization of actions. Modal verbs are among the commonly used modal forms in Persian. Negation has logical and semantic interactions with modality (especially, possibility and necessity notions).
Negation appears in Persian modal verbs and main verbs as - prefix. In this ن study, the views of Palmer (1995) and de Haan (1997), who both investigated the interaction of negation and modality from typological point of view, were used as the theoretical framework. The examples used as evidence in our analyses were mainly extracted from the corpus of Academy of Persian language and literature. The study showed that the interaction of negation prefix with the modal verbs of possibility domain (i.e., tavanestan, shodan, momken budan and emkan dashtan) is “regular” in the sense that there is correspondence between the form and meaning of the negative modal verbs. Thus, a negative modal form negates the modality and a negative main verb negates the proposition. In the necessity domain, the interaction of lazem budan with negation prefix is, also, “regular”. In fact, the co-occurrence of negation prefix with bayestan negates the proposition (not the modality). In addition, bayestan cannot express the epistemic “lack of necessity” of the truth of a proposition and deontic lack of necessity for actualization of an action. Other modal verbs (e.g., lazem budan and modal verbs of the possibility domain) express these notions through “modal suppletion” or “logical suppletion” strategies. Bayestan is a
“uniscopal” modal form interacting only with “narrow scope” negation while other modal verbs investigated in this study are “biscopal” as they interact with both narrow and wide scope negation. Except bayestan, for which “modal suppletion” and “logical suppletion” strategies are employed to express wide scope negation, for other verbs investigated in this research “negation placement” strategy is used to distinguish between narrow and wide scope negation.
Keywords:negation, modality, possibility, necessity, epistemic and deontic.
1. Email of the corresponding author:
Assistant Professor at Foreign Languages Department, Hazrat-e Masoumeh University (HMU), Qom, Iran.
10.22059/jolr.2022.348760.666807Print ISSN: 2288-1026-Online ISSN: 3362-2676https://jolr.ut.ac.ir
Received: 23, July, 2022 & Accepted: 21, September, 2022
Journal of Language Researches Vol.13, No.1, Spring & Summer 2022-Serial No. 24
1. Introduction
Traditionally, modality has been investigated by philosophors and Logicians and since 1960s has, also, attracted the attention of linguists. Due to its internal complexity, its various subcategories and interaction with some other linguistic categories (such as negation and tense) offering a straightforwerd definition for modality has always been a challene for researchers. Modality is typically used a cover term for notions such as possibility, necessity, willingness, permission, obligation, opportunity, ability, recommendation, condition, hypotheticality, etc. In modalized sentences it is possible to distinguish modal notions from the proposition.
Epistemic and deontic modality are the two main types of modality. The former expresses speaker’s judgment regarding the truth or falsehood of proposition while the latter deals with speaker’s influence on actualization or non-actualization of actions. The third type of modality is dynamic modality, which mainly covers ability, circumastantial possibility, circumastantial necessity and obligation. Modal verbs are among the commonly used modal forms in Persian. Negation has logical and semantic interactions with modality (especially, possibility and necessity notions). Negation appears in Persian modal verbs and main verbs as ن- prefix.
Persian researchers have conducted various investigations on Persian modality system. Some studies have approached the investigation of Persian modality system from semantic, pragmatic, and cognitive perspectives; some other works have studied the grammaticalization process of Persian modal verbs. A group of researchers have focused on subjectivity, objectivity and evidentiality dimensions in Persian modality markers. There are, also, some typological studies on Persian modality. Regrettably, there are few publications on the interaction of negation and modality and they have mainly approached modality from a morpho-syntactic perspective. Similarly, the standard typological investigations of modality have treated Persian modality system and its interaction with negation only in passing.
This descriptive-analytic study aimed at investigating the semantic interaction of negation with the epistemic and deontic possibility and necessity senses of a select group of central Persian modal verbs (i.e., tavanestan, shodan, momken budan, emkan dashtan, bayestan and lazem budan). Among these modal verbs, the first four express the notion of possibility and the rest express necessity. Necessity and possibility constitute the core of modality domain.
2. Review of literature
In this section, various types of negation in interaction with modality (i.e., internal and external negation) will be reviewed. In addition, the classical logical equivalences based on the interaction of negation with possibility and necessity notions will be introduced. Finally, the findings of two Persian publications investigating the interaction of negation with Persian modal verbs will be critically reviewed.
3. Methodology
In this study, the views of Palmer (1995) and de Haan (1997), who have both investigated the interaction of negation and modality from a typological point of view, were used as the theoretical framework to describe and analyse the interaction of the select Persian modal verbs with negation from
111/ Journal of Language Researches Vol.13, No.1, Spring & Summer 2022- Serial No. 24
a semantic point of view. The examples used as evidence in our analyses were mainly extracted from the online corpus of Academy of Persian Language and Literature.
4. Findings and discussion
The study showed that interaction of Persian negation prefix with the modal verbs of possibility subdomain (i.e., tavanestan, shodan, momken budan and emkan dashtan) is “regular” in that there is correspondence between the form and meaning of the negative modal verbs. Thus, a negative modal verb of possibility negates the modality notion and a negative main verb negates the proposition. Similarly, in the necessity subdomain, the interaction of lazem budan with negation prefix is “regular”. In fact, the co-occurrence of negation prefix with bayestan negates the proposition (not the modality). In addition, bayestan cannot express the notion of “epistemic lack of necessity of the truth of a proposition” and “deontic lack of necessity for actualization of an action”. Other modal verbs (e.g., lazem budan and modal verbs of the possibility) are used to express these notions through “modal suppletion” or
“logical suppletion” strategies. It was found that Bayestan is a “uniscopal”
Persian modal verb which can only interact with “narrow scope” negation while other Persian modal verbs investigated in this study are “biscopal” in that they interact with both narrow and wide-scope negation. Except bayestan, for which “modal suppletion” and “logical suppletion” strategies are employed to express wide-scope negation, for other verbs investigated in this research “negation placement” strategy is employed to distinguish between narrow and wide-scope negation.
5. Conclusion
In this study, the interaction of Persian negation prefix with the deontic and epistemic senses of tavanestan, shodan, momken budan (from the possibility subdomain) and bayestan and lazem budan (from necessity subdomain) was investigated. Our findings showed that the interaction of Persian modal verbs of the possibility with the negation is “regular” in nature. In addition, the deontic and epistemic senses of Persian modal verbs of the possibility are
“biscopal”. Thus, the Persian deontic and epistemic subdomains in the Persian modality system employ the “negation placement” strategy. Similar to possibility subdomain, the interaction of negation with the “deontic necessity” reading of lazem budan is “regular”. Unlike the other five Persian modal verbs investigated in this study, the interaction of epistemic and deontic necessity senses of bayestan is “irregular”. In addition, bayestan cannot express the notion of “deontic lack of necessity to do an action” and
“epistemic lack of necessity of truth of proposition”, which both include wide-scope negation. In fact, both of these notions are expressed through
“modal suppletion” or “logical suppletion”. Thus, bayestan, as the most grammaticalized Persian modal verb, is the only uniscopal Persian modal verb.
ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ
يراﺪﺘﻗا و ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ تروﺮﺿ و نﺎﮑﻣا رد
لﺎﻌﻓا
ﻪﺟو يﺎﻤﻧ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ
نﺎﯾداﺪﻣ ﺎﺿﺮﻣﻼﻏ
1
نﺎﺑز هوﺮﮔ ،رﺎﯾدﺎﺘﺳا ﻧاد ،ﯽﺟرﺎﺧ يﺎﻫ
) ﻪﻣﻮﺼﻌﻣ تﺮﻀﺣ هﺎﮕﺸ ناﺮﯾا ،ﻢﻗ ،(س
:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 01
/ 05 / 1401 شﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ؛ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ
: 30 / 06 / 1401
ﯽﻤﻠﻋ - ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
ﻦﯾا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ - ﯽﻠﯿﻠﺤﺗ فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ
ِﺶﻧاﻮﺧ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ و ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ تروﺮﺿ و نﺎﮑﻣا
يراﺪﺘﻗا لﺎﻌﻓا ﻦﺘﺴﻧاﻮﺗ نﺪﺷ ، ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ، ندﻮﺑ نﺎﮑﻣا ، ﻦﺘﺷاد ﻦﺘﺴﯾﺎﺑ، مزﻻو دﻮﺑ ن ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا . د ﻦﯾا نﺎﯿﻣ ر لﺎﻌﻓا
.ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ تروﺮﺿ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﯿﺑ ﯽﻘﺑﺎﻣ و نﺎﮑﻣا مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﯿﺑ لوا ﻞﻌﻓ رﺎﻬﭼ يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ نﺎﮑﻣا و تروﺮﺿ
ةزﻮﺣ ﻪﺟو ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﯽﻣ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ ار ﺪﻨﻫد
. ﻪﺟو ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ نﺎﯿﺑ ﻪﺑ ًﺎﺗﺪﻤﻋ رﻮﻣا ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ةرﺎﺑرد داﺮﻓا ﺮﻈﻧ ﺎﯾ شﺮﮕﻧ
ﯽﻣ دزادﺮﭘ . ﻪﺟو د يراﺪﺘﻗا و ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ عﻮﻧ و
ﯽﻠﺻا ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﺟو ﯽﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ .ﺪﻧور
ﻪﺟو ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
ﻫراﺰﮔ ﻢﻘﺳ ﺎﯾ ﺖﺤﺻ ةرﺎﺑرد هﺪﻨﯾﻮﮔ توﺎﻀﻗ ﺎ
ﯽﻣ نﺎﯿﺑ ار رد ﺪﻨﮐ
ﯽﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﺟو ﻪﮐ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ ﺎﺑ يراﺪﺘﻗا ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ يراﺬﮔ
مﺪﻋ ﺎﯾ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺮﺑ هﺪﻨﯾﻮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا
لﺎﻤﻋا .دراد رﺎﮐوﺮﺳ ﺐﻃﺎﺨﻣ يﻮﺳ زا ﻪﺟو لﺎﻌﻓا
ﭘ زا ﺎﻤﻧ دﺮﺑرﺎﮐﺮ ترﻮﺻ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ
يﺎﻫ ﻪﺟو ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧﺎﺑز يﺎﻫﻪ ﻟﻮﻘﻣ نآ زا ﯽﻔﻧ.ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز ردﺎﻤﻧﻪﺟو و نﺎﮑﻣا ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ ،هﮋﯾﻮﺑ) ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
.دراد ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ و ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ (تروﺮﺿ ﯽﻔﻧ
ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ و ﯽﻧﺎﮔژاو لﺎﻌﻓا رد لﺎﻌﻓا
ﻪﺟو ﻪﺑ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ يﺎﻤﻧ ترﻮﺻ
ﺶﯿﭘ ن) ﺪﻧو - ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ( دﻮﺷ . ) ﺮﻤﻟﺎﭘ تاﺮﻈﻧ ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد 1995
د و ( ي ) نﺎﻫ 1997 هدر ﺪﯾد زا ﻪﮐ ،(
ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﻪﺟو ﺎﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻧا درﻮﻣ يﺮﻈﻧ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ناﻮﻨﻋ
و ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ًﺎﺗﺪﻤﻋ
زاﺎﻫﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳاﺪﻫﺎﺷ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ بدا و نﺎﺑز نﺎﺘﺴﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ نﺎﮔداد ةﺮﮑﯿﭘ زا جﺮﺨﺘﺴﻣ يﺎﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﻔﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺑﺎ
ِلﺎﻌﻓا نﺎﮑﻣا ةزﻮﺣ ،ﯽﻨﻌﯾ)
ﻦﺘﺴﻧاﻮﺗ
،نﺪﺷ ، ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ندﻮﺑ نﺎﮑﻣا و ﻦﺘﺷاد عﻮﻧ زا (
» هﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺪﻨﻣ « ناﺪﺑ ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا لﺎﻌﻓا يﺎﻨﻌﻣ و ترﻮﺻ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺎﻨﻌﻣ
ﻪﺟو يﺎﻤﻧ رد ﯽﻔﻨﻣ نﺎﮑﻣا ةزﻮﺣ ﺮﻇﺎﻨﺗ
ﮏﯾ ﻪﺑ ﮏﯾ ﻪﺑ دراد دﻮﺟو يرﻮﻃ
ﻪﮐ ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﯽﻔﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ ﺎﺑ
ﻪﺟو ترﻮﺻ ﺎﻤﻧ
» ﻪﺟو ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
« ﯽﻣ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ار ﺪﻨﮐ
و
ﯽﻫاﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﯾا ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻠﺻا ﻞﻌﻓ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ نﺪﺷ
» هراﺰﮔ
« ﯽﻣ .ﺪﻣﺎﺠﻧا
،تروﺮﺿ ةزﻮﺣ رد ﻞﻌﻓ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ
مزﻻ ندﻮﺑ » هﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺪﻨﻣ
« ﺎﻣا ﺖﺳا ﻦﺘﺴﯾﺎﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ رد ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﯽﻔﻧ ﺎﺑ
» ﯽﺑ هﺪﻋﺎﻗ « ﯽﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺪﻨﮐ .
،رﺎﻈﺘﻧا فﻼﺧﺮﺑ
ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ ﯽﯾآ ﻦﺘﺴﯾﺎﺑ
ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ نﺪﺷ هراﺰﮔ ﻪﺟو ،ﻪﻧ) (ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﯽﻣ ﯽﻬﺘﻨﻣ .دﻮﺷ ،ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا
ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻦﺘﺴﯾﺎﺑ
نﺎﯿﺑ ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ ود
مﻮﻬﻔﻣ
» مﺪﻋ تروﺮﺿ
« ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ
ﺤﺻ و هراﺰﮔ ﺖ
» مﺪﻋ تروﺮﺿ « يراﺪﺘﻗا
) يﺮﮕﯾد لﺎﻌﻓا و دراﺪﻧ ار ﻞﻤﻋ مﺎﺠﻧا مزﻻ
ندﻮﺑ ﻪﺟو و (نﺎﮑﻣا ةزﻮﺣ يﺎﻫﺎﻤﻧ ﮥﯾﺎﭘﺮﺑ
دﺮﺒﻫار
» ﯽﻬﺟو ﺶﻨﮐﺮﭘ «
ﺎﯾ ﻪﺟو ﮏﯾﻦﺘﺴﯾﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا نآ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا ﮥﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺮﮕﯾد.ﺪﻨﻨﮐﯽﻣنﺎﯿﺑ ارمﻮﻬﻔﻣ ود ﻦﯾا «ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺶﻨﮐﺮﭘ» يﺎﻤﻧ
» ﮏﺗ هﺮﻄﯿﺳ يا
« ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﯽﻔﻧ ﺎﺑ
» هﺮﻄﯿﺳ هﺎﺗﻮﮐ
« ﯽﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺪﻨﮐ رد ﯽﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﮐ درﻮﻣ لﺎﻌﻓا ﺮﮕﯾد ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ
ترﻮﺻ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
» ﺖﻔﺟ هﺮﻄﯿﺳ يا
« ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻔﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻢﻫ
» هﺮﻄﯿﺳ هﺎﺗﻮﮐ
« ﻢﻫ و ﯽﻔﻧ
» هﺮﻄﯿﺳ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ
« ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﯽﻣ . ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
رد ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ
، ﺑ ﻪ ﺮﯿﻏ ،ﻦﺘﺴﯾﺎﺑ زا ﻪﮐ ةزﻮﺣ رد نآ دﺮﺒﻫار » ﺶﻨﮐﺮﭘ ﯽﻬﺟو « ﺎﯾ » ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺶﻨﮐﺮﭘ
« ﺖﻬﺟ نﺎﯿﺑ
ﯽﻔﻧﺪﻨﻠﺑ و هﺎﺗﻮﮐهﺮﻄﯿﺳ ﯽﻔﻧ ﻦﯿﺑ ﺰﯾﺎﻤﺗ «ﯽﻔﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧﺎﺟ» دﺮﺒﻫار لﺎﻌﻓا ﺮﮕﯾدياﺮﺑ ، ﻧﺪﻮﺷﯽﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﻨﻠﺑهﺮﻄﯿﺳ
ار .ﺪﻨﮐﯽﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ
هژاو يﺎﻫ ﺪﯿﻠﮐ ي :
،ﯽﻔﻧ ﻪﺟو
،ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ ،تروﺮﺿ ،نﺎﮑﻣا
،ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ يراﺪﺘﻗا .
1 :لﻮﺌﺴﻣ ةﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ ﮥﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .
ﺶ�و�
ﯽ�ﺎﺑز ی�
، لﺎﺳ 13
، ةرﺎﻤﺷ 1 و رﺎﻬﺑ ، ﺑﺎﺗ نﺎﺘﺴ 1401 - ﯽﭘﺎﯿﭘ ةرﺎﻤﺷ 24
/ 113
1.
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻪﺟو ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
1، ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﮏﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ
، زﺎﺑﺮﯾد زا درﻮﻣ
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ و ﻪﻔﺳﻼﻓ ﻖﻄﻨﻣ
نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هدﻮﺑ و ﺖﺳا زا ﮥﻫد 1960 ﻪﺑ هزﻮﺣ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
ﯽﺗﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ نﺎﺑز رد
ﻢﻫ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ لﺪﺑ
هﺪﺷ
ﺖﺳا . ﺑ ﻪ ﮥﻄﺳاو ﯽﮔﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﺗاذ
، عﻮﻤﺠﻣﺮﯾز عﻮﻨﺗ ﺎﻫ
ﺖﻓاﺮﻇ و يﺎﻫ
ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ
نآ ﺑ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺮﮕﯾد ﺎ
،ﯽﻔﻧ) ﯽﻧﺎﺑز يﺎﻫ
،دﻮﻤﻧ يرﻮﺘﺳد نﺎﻣز هﺮﯿﻏ و
(،
ﺪﺣاو ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ ﮏﯾ ﻪﺋارا
ياﺮﺑ ﻪﺟو ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﺸﯿﻤﻫ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺰﯿﮕﻧاﺮﺑ و هدﻮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺮﮐذ ﻪﺟو ﻖﯾدﺎﺼﻣ ﯽﮑﯾ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور زا ياﺮﺑ ﻦﻣا
ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ زﻮﺣ ﻦﯾا ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ة ﺖﺳا
. ﯽﻣ دﺮﮑﯾور ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ ناﻮﺗ
ﻪﺟو ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
ار ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺒﻟﺎﻗ ﻣ
ﯽﻤﯿﻫﺎﻔ ﻞﯿﺒﻗ زا
،نﺎﮑﻣا وﺮﺿ ،لﺎﻤﺘﺣا ر
،ت ،هزﺎﺟا ،رﺎﺒﺟا ،هدارا
،ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ،ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ،ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ
،ﻊﻨﻣ ،ﯽﻬﻧ ،ﺮﻣا ،ﻦﯿﻤﻀﺗ
،ﻪﯿﺻﻮﺗ
،ﺖﺳاﻮﺧ(رد)
،وزرآ ،ﻦﯾﺮﻔﻧ ،ﺎﻋد
و ضﺮﻓ ،طﺮﺷ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺮﮕﯾد
ﺖﺴﻧاد . كﺮﺘﺸﻣ هﻮﺟو زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﻦﯾا
ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ
نآ1977 ،ﺰﻨﯾﻻ) ﺎﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ رد ،ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﮏﯿﮑﻔﺗﻞﺑﺎﻗ 2هراﺰﮔ زا ﺶﯿﺑﺎﻤﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا : «هﺪﻨﯾﻮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ و شﺮﮕﻧ » ﺎﺑًﺎﺗﺪﻤﻋ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧﻪﺟو ﻪﮐ ﺖﻔﮔ ناﻮﺗﯽﻣ (452 رﻮﻣا ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ةرﺎﺑرد
دراد رﺎﮐوﺮﺳ .
نﺎﺑز ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ زا
هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻒﯿﻃ ترﻮﺻ زا يا
ﺎﻫ ) ﻞﯿﺒﻗ زا ،دﻮﯿﻗ ،لﺎﻌﻓا
ﯽﻣﺎﺳا ،تﺎﻔﺻ
، فوﺮﺣ و هﺮﯿﻏ ( ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ نﺎﯿﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻬﺟو
ﯽﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
. ﯽﻠﻋ ﻢﻏر عﻮﻨﺗ
ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﯽﻬﺟو ، ) ﺮﻤﻟﺎﭘ 1990 و 2001 ( ﻪﺟو ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
» ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ
3« و » يراﺪﺘﻗا
4« ار ود
عﻮﻧ ًﺎﺳﺎﺳا ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧﻪﺟو ، يو ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ ﻖﺒﻃ . ﺪﻧادﯽﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧﻪﺟو ﯽﻧﻮﻧﺎﮐ توﺎﻀﻗ ﮏﯾ
هﺪﻨﯾﻮﮔ
5رﻮﺤﻣ ةرﺎﺑرد
ﺤﺻ ﺖ ﺎﯾ ﻢﻘﺳ هراﺰﮔ ﻫ ﺎ ا ﺖﺳ ) 1 (ﻒﻟا
، رد ﯽﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺟو ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ يراﺪﺘﻗا
ﻪﺑ اﺬﮔﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ ير يراﺪﺘﻗا هﺪﻨﯾﻮﮔ
،لﺎﻤﻋا ﺮﺑ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﺎﯾ ﺎﻫداﺪﯾور
ﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ دزادﺮﭘ ) 1 (ب ﺮﻤﻟﺎﭘ .
ﻪﺟو ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
» ﺎﯾﻮﭘ
6« ، ﻪﮐ ًﺎﺳﺎﺳا ةﺪﻧرادﺮﺑرد مﻮﻬﻔﻣ
» ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ
« و
» ةدارا
« دﺎﻬﻧ
7رﻮﺤﻣ ﺖﺳا
، 8«ﯽﺘﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ تروﺮﺿ» و« نﺎﮑﻣا» ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ يو .(ج1 )ﺪﻧادﯽﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧﻪﺟو مﻮﺳ ﮥﺘﺳدار ﻪﮐ ،
هﺪﻨﯾﻮﮔ و دﺎﻬﻧ ﺴﯿﻧ رﻮﺤﻣ ﺪﻨﺘ
، ﻢﻫ ار رد ةﺮﻣز ﻪﺟو ﺎﯾﻮﭘ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ
ﯽﻣ يﺪﻨﺑ ﺪﻨﮐ
) 1 د و
1 پ (.
،نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ
» نﺎﮑﻣا « و
» تروﺮﺿ « عاﻮﻧا ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﯽﻧﻮﻧﺎﮐ ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗزرﺎﺑ ار
ﻪﺟو ﯽﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ زا) ﺪﻨﻧاد
،ﺰﻨﯾﻻ ،ﻪﻠﻤﺟ 1977
،نﺎﯿﮕﻧﻼﭘ و اروا رد ناو ؛ 1998
،ﺰﺗﻮﮐ ؛ 1998 ؛
1.modality 2. proposition 3. epistemic 4. deontic
5. speaker-oriented 6. dynamic 7. subject-oriented
8. circumstantial/situational possibility and necessity
،ﺮﻤﻟﺎﭘ 1990 ،ﺲﺘﯾﻮﻧ ؛ 2001
و نﻮﺘﺴﻟدﺎﻫ ؛ ،مﻮﻟﻮﭘ
2002
؛ ،ﯽﮑﻟﺎﺳ 2009
؛ ،رﺰﺗاﺮﮐ 2012
؛1(211-2020:210) ﺪﯾر و هﺮﺗاﺮﭘد ،ﻪﯾﺎﭘﻦﯿﻤﻫﺮﺑ .(2020 ،ﺪﯾر و هﺮﺗاﺮﭘد ؛2017 ،هﺮﺗاﺮﭘد ﻪﺟو ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ هراﺰﮔ (ﻢﻘﺳ ﺎﯾ) ﺖﺤﺻ تروﺮﺿ ﺎﯾ نﺎﮑﻣا ﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
رﺎﮐوﺮﺳ ﺎﻫ
رد ،دراد ﯽﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﺟو ﻪﮐ ﻪﺟو ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ ًﺎﺗﺪﻤﻋ ﻪﮐ) ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣﺮﯿﻏ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ ار ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﭘ و يراﺪﺘﻗا ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
ﯽﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ تروﺮﺿ ﺎﯾ نﺎﮑﻣا ﻪﺑ (دﻮﺷ
عﻮﻗو ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻦﺘﺳﻮﯿﭘ ﯽﻣ ﺎﻫ
.دزادﺮﭘ
1
- .ﻒﻟا ﻪﻨﮑﻤﻣ ﻊﻗﻮﻣ نوا .ﻪﻨﮑﺑ ﺰﻐﻣ يور ﯽﺗﺎﻌﯾﺎﺿ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ و ﻪﻨﮑﺑ ﺪﺷر هﺪﺋاز ﻦﯾا ،هﺪﻨﯾآ رد ﻪﻨﮑﻤﻣ
هرﺎﯿﺑ ﺶﯿﭘ ﯽﺗﻼﮑﺸﻣ
. (1)( .ف.پ ،ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ نﺎﮑﻣا)
ب . ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﻮﺷ ﻊﻗاو ﺪﯿﻔﻣ ي
...
ﯾﺎﺑ ﺪ ﻫﺪﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا يرﺎﮐ ﯽ
.) تروﺮﺿ ،يراﺪﺘﻗا .ف.پ
( ،ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ/ﺎﯾﻮﭘنﺎﮑﻣا . )ﺪﻧﺰﺑ ﺮﯿﺸﻤﺷ و ﺪﺴﯾﻮﻨﺑ و ﺪﻧاﻮﺨﺑﺪﻧاﻮﺗﯽﻣﻦﻣ ﺮﺴﭘ .ج .ف.پ
( ... ﺪﯾﺎﺑ،ﺪﯾﺎﺑ،ﺪﯾﺎﺑ... ﺖﺷاد ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺪﯾﺎﺑ،ﺖﺷاد ثﺎﺛاﺪﯾﺎﺑ،ﺖﺷاد لﻮﭘﺪﯾﺎﺑ... .د نآ ﮥﻤﻫ ياﺮﺑ و
ﺎﻫ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﺪﯾود . تروﺮﺿ)
ﺎﯾﻮﭘ ، .ف.پ (
پ . آ مد ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﺳا ﺖ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻞﯿﻓ ﮏﯾ
،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻞﯿﻓ ﻪﺳ ﯽﺘﺣ ﺎﯾ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻞﯿﻓ هدﺰﯿﺳ
(.ف.پ ،ﺎﯾﻮﭘ نﺎﮑﻣا) .دﻮﺷﯽﻤﻧ اﺪﯿﭘ يدﺪﻋ نآ زا ﺮﺗرﻮﺟﺎﻧ ﻪﮐ، ﺪﺷﺎﺑ 2ﯽﻔﻧ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ زا ﺎﻫ ﯾ ﯽ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺟو ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ دراد . رد زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ نﺎﺑز
ﺎﻫ ﯽﻔﻧ
ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ يرﻮﺘﺳد هﺪﻣآرد
و ﺎﻨﮐرد ر ﻪﺑ لﺎﻌﻓا ﯽﻔﻧ تادا ترﻮﺻ ﯽﻣ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ
و يﺪﯿﻟﺎﻫ) دﻮﺷ
ﺴﯿﺗﺎﻣ ،ﻦ 2014 رد .(
لﺎﻌﻓا ﯽﻧﺎﮔژاو و ﻪﺟو يﺎﻤﻧ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ ﯽﻔﻧ ﺑ ﻪ ترﻮﺻ ﺶﯿﭘ ﺪﻧو ) ن -(
ﺮﻫﺎﻇ
ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ ) 2 و ﻒﻟا 2 ب
)(.
2
ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ (
تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ نﺎﺑز ﯽﻧاواﺮﻓ
ار ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ زا
) ﯽﻤﯾﺮﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﺨﻠﯾا و نﺎﺘﺳود ،رﻮﭘ
1391 ﯽﻧﺎﺨﻠﯾا ؛ رﻮﭘ
و ﻤﯾﺮﮐ ﯽ ،نﺎﺘﺳود 1395
؛ و ﯽﯾﺎﺿر
،ﯽﻧﺎﺴﯿﻧ 1395
؛ داﮋﻧ ،نﺎﯾداﺪﻣ ،يدﺎﺑﺎﻬﻣ و يرﺎﺼﻧا
1397
،(
ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ -
ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ
،هدازﻮﻤﻋ و نﺎﯿﻤﯿﺣر) 1392
ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ،(
ﯽﯾ - ،نﺎﯿﻤﯿﺣر) يرﻮﺻ 1388
( ، ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺣر) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و رﺎﮐﺰﯿﻫﺮﭘ 1393
،(
هدر ﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﺘﺧ ) ،يرﻮﺒﺻ و ﯽﻔﯾﺮﺷ 1400
(،
ﺖﯿﻨﻫذ
) ﺖﯿﻨﯿﻋ و ﺮﮕﻧاﻮﺗ
،هدازﻮﻤﻋ و 2009
،نﺎﯾداﺪﻣ ؛ 1400
يرﻮﺘﺳد ،(
) ﯽﮔﺪﺷ نﻮﯾﺎﻤﻫ
،ﺮﻓ ،دﻮﺟو ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ . ﺪﻧاهداد مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧﻪﺟو يور هﺮﯿﻏ و(1392 ﺎﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ
ﻪﺟو درﻮﻣ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
هدﻮﺑ .ﺖﺳا ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ود ،ﯽﻗﻼﺧا)
1986 ،ﯽﺗﺎﻘﻟﺎﻃ و
2008 ( ﻪﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ رﺎﮐ زا ﯽﺸﺨﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ
ﻪﺟو يﺎﻤﻧ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺪﻧا ﻦﯾا .
رﺎﺛآ
،ﺎﻣا ،
ًﺎﺗﺪﻤﻋ دﺮﮑﯾور ﯽﻓﺮﺻ - ﻪﺘﺷاد عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ يﻮﺤﻧ ﺪﻧا
ﺶﺨﺑ) 2 . 3.
.(ﺪﯿﻨﯿﺒﺑ ار
هدر تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﯽﻔﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ةرﺎﺑرد ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟو ،ﺮﻤﻟﺎﭘ ،هﮋﯾﻮﺑ) ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ 1995
يد و
،نﺎﻫ 1997 ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻢﻫ ( ارﺬﮔ ﯽﺗارﺎﺷا
ﻪﺑ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺪﻧا . رد ﻞﮐ ، ﻟﺎﺧ يﺎﺟ ﯽ
تروﺮﺿ و
1. Depraetere & Reed 2. negation
ﺶ�و�
ﯽ�ﺎﺑز ی�
، لﺎﺳ 13
، ةرﺎﻤﺷ 1 و رﺎﻬﺑ ، ﺑﺎﺗ نﺎﺘﺴ 1401 - ﯽﭘﺎﯿﭘ ةرﺎﻤﺷ 24
/ 115
تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻠﻘﺘﺴﻣ
ﯽ ﻧآ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺎﻬ
ﺮﺑ ،يوﺎﮐاو ﯽﻔﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻦﯿﯿﺒﺗ و ﻒﯿﺻﻮﺗ
ﺎﺑ
ﻪﺟو ﻪﺑ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ رد ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﯽﺑﻮﺧ
ﺣ ﺲ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ .
2 .ﻒﻟا- ﺪﯾﺎﻓ ه بﺎﺘﮐ ﻦﯾا تﺎﺟرﺪﻨﻣ زا ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ ﺎﻫ
ﯽﻤﻧ ناﻮﺗ دﺮﺑ . .ف.پ)
( ﻪﮐﺖﻓﺮﻧﺶﻔﺘﮐ ﻮﺗ ،ﻢﻨﮐ ﯽﻟﺎﺣ ﻢﯾﺎﺑﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻢﺘﺳاﻮﺧ رﺎﺑ ودﯽﮑﯾ .ب ﺖﻓﺮﻧ
. ف.پ)
.( نآ ندﺮﮐﺮﭘ تروﺮﺿ و هرﺎﺷادرﻮﻣ ﯽﺗﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ءﻼﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ،
فﺪﻫ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﯾا ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ
-ﺮﻈﻧ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ رد ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧﻪﺟو ﺎﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻦﯿﯿﺒﺗ و يوﺎﮐاو ﯽﻠﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ
ﯽﮔدﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣﺮﯾز
يﺎﻫ ﻪﺟو ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ و عﻮﻨﺗ ترﻮﺻ ﺎﻫ ار ﯽﻬﺟو ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻪﮐ يرﻮﺘﺳد ي
ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ رد ﯽﻣ نﺎﯿﺑ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ، ﺮﻤﺗ ﺰﮐ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ ، مﺎﮔ ﻦﯿﻟوا زا ﯽﮑﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ
،ﺎﻫ ﺮﺑ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ
ﯽﻔﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﺶﻧاﻮﺧ و ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ يﺎﻫ يراﺪﺘﻗا
لﺎﻌﻓا ﻦﺘﺴﯾﺎﺑ نﺪﺷ ،
ﻦﺘﺴﻧاﻮﺗ ،
، يﺎﻤﻧﻪﺟو يﺎﻫت رﻮﺻ ﻦﯾﺮﺗدﺮﺑرﺎﮐﺮﭘ زا ﻪﮐ ،ندﻮﺑمزﻻ وﻦﺘﺷادنﺎﮑﻣا ،ندﻮﺑﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ
،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ دﻮﺑ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ .
لﺎﻌﻓا ﻦﯾا راد كﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ﺪﻨﭼ
ﺪﻧ : ﯽﮕﻠﻤﺟ (ﻒﻟا) ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ
و نﺎﮑﻣا
ﻪﮐ ،تروﺮﺿ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ
ةﺪﻨﻫد يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﮥﺘﺴﻫ ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯽﻬﺟو ﯽﻣ نﺎﯿﺑ ار ،
)ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
3
(ب) ،(
ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣﺪﻨﭼ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ 1
ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺟو نﺎﯿﺑ ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ ﯽﮕﻠﻤﺟ نآ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺎﻤﻧ
ﯾ ﯽ
،ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ يراﺪﺘﻗا
ﺎﯾﻮﭘ و ﺪﻧراد ار
).
4
(ج) و (
ﻮﺘﺳد ﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ ﺶﯿﺑﺎﻤﮐ ر
هدﺮﮐ ﯽﻃ ار ﯽﮔﺪﺷ و ﺪﻧا
ﺑ ﻪﺘﺴﺑ ناﺰﯿﻣ ﻪ
يرﻮﺘﺳد ترﻮﺻ ياراد ﯽﮔﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ يدوﺪﻌﻣ يﺎﻫ
،ﯽﻗﻼﺧا) 1386
: 128 ؛
،ﺮﻔﻧﻮﯾﺎﻤﻫ 1392
: 2 (.
ﮥﻄﻘﻧ ﻪﺟو كاﺮﺘﺷا ﺎﻤﻧ
ﻢﻫ يراﺪﺘﻗا و ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﯽﯾ هﺪﻨﯾﻮﮔ
رﻮﺤﻣ ي
وﻪﮐ (،1995) ﺮﻤﻟﺎﭘ و (1997) نﺎﻫ يديﺎﻫهﺎﮔﺪﯾد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد.ﺖﺳﺎﻬﻧآ2ندﻮﺑﯽﻨﻫذ هدر ﺮﻈﻨﻣ زا ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﻪﺟو ﺎﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ رد ار ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
نﺎﺑز ﺎﻫ ي ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ درﻮﻣ راﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
هداد ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻧا يﺮﻈﻧ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ناﻮﻨﻋ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
ﻫاﻮﺧ ﻨ ﺪ ﺪﺷ . ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ ﻪﮐ ﻦﯿﯿﺒﺗ ياﺮﺑ
ﯽﻔﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﻪﺟو ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﯽﻣ ﺮﮐذ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ًﺎﺗﺪﻤﻋ زا ةﺮﮑﯿﭘ » نﺎﮔداد
« نﺎﺘﺴﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ بدا و ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ هﺪﺷ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا
ﺪﻧا . ﯽﻫﺎﮔ ﻢﻫ زا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻫ يﺎ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ زا جﺮﺨﺘﺴﻣ
ةﺮﮑﯿﭘ
» نﺎﺑز نﺎﮔداد
ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ
)«
5
وﮋﭘ (
ﻫ ﮕﺸ ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ و ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎ و
ةﺮﮑﯿﭘ
» ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﮥﻣﺎﻧ
)6« ناﺮﯾا (
كاد هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
. رد درﻮﻣ ﮥﻧﻮﻤﻧ دﻮﺒﻧ ترﻮﺻ ﻦﯾا رد ﺮﻈﻧ
هﺮﮑﯿﭘ ﺎﻫ رﺎﺒﺟﻷﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﻌﻗاو يﺎﻫ زا جﺮﺨﺘﺴﻣ
ﻦﯾا هﺮﮑﯿﭘ ﺎﻫ ﯽﻠﻗاﺪﺣ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
هﺪ . ﺪﻧاهﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ رﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳﻖﻘﺤﻣ يﺎﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﻫ يدراﻮﻣ كﺪﻧا رد.ﺖﺳا
1. polysemy 2. subjective
2.
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﮥﻨﯿﺸﯿﭘ زا ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺳ
هﺪﺷ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﻪﺟو ﺎﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ رد ﯽﻔﻧ عاﻮﻧا ﺮﺑ يروﺮﻣ :ﺖﺳا
ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
) ﺶﺨﺑ 2 . 1 ( ، ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ تﻻدﺎﻌﻣ ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ
ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ
) تروﺮﺿ و نﺎﮑﻣا ،ﯽﻔﻧ ﺶﺨﺑ
2
. ﻪﺟو ﺎﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ودﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺮﺑ يروﺮﻣ ،ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ رد ،و (.2 رد ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ لﺎﻌﻓا دﺮﭘ
ﻪﺘﺧا ) ﺪﻧا ﺶﺨﺑ 2 . 3 (.
2 . 1 . عاﻮﻧا ﻪﺟو ﺎﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ رد ﯽﻔﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
ﮐ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و كﺮ 1985
: 794 - 95 ﯽﻣ ﺢﯾﺮﺼﺗ ( ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﯽﺴﯿﻠﮕﻧا رد ﻞﻤﻋ
1ﺮﮔ
ﯽﻔﻧ 2ةﺮﻄﯿﺳ رد ار ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﯽﻠﺻا ﻞﻌﻓ يﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺎﯾ ﺎﻤﻧﻪﺟو ﻞﻌﻓ ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷنﺎﯿﺑ يﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗﯽﻣ دﻮﺧ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻪﺑ)
ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ
» ﻪﺟو ﻞﻌﻓ ﯽﻔﻧ ﺎﻤﻧ
« و
» ﯽﻠﺻا ﻞﻌﻓ ﯽﻔﻧ («
. ياﺮﺑ لﺎﺜﻣ
، رد ،3a و3b
ﻪﺟو 3c ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ نﺎﯿﺑ ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ ﯽﻔﻧ can
هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻠﺻا ﻞﻌﻓ و ﺖﺳا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ
. ) رد (3a
» ﯽﻧاﻮﺗﺎﻧ
« رد دﺎﻬﻧ صﻮﺼﺧ
» زاوآ نﺪﻧاﻮﺧ
« ) رد ؛ﺖﺳا حﺮﻄﻣ ( 3b
هﺪﻨﯾﻮﮔ
» ﺮﯿﻏ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ندﻮﺑ
«
ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ دﺮﻓ دﻮﺟو نﺎﯿﺑ ﻪﺳرﺪﻣ رد
هدﺮﮐ ) رد ؛ﺖﺳا (3c
هﺪﻨﯾﻮﮔ
» مﺪﻋ هزﺎﺟا
« ﺐﻃﺎﺨﻣ
.ﺖﺳا حﺮﻄﻣ نﺪﻧﺎﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ
ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ، رد ) ( 3d ﯽﻣ تروﺮﺿ ﻪﮐ ﻢﯿﻨﯿﺑ يراﺪﺘﻗا
نﺎﯿﺑ هﺪﺷ
ﺎﺑ need ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﯽﻔﻧ نﺎﯿﺑ يﺎﻨﻌﻣ و
ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻌﻓ ﻞ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺖﺳا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ .
رد ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ) رد ، (3e
يﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﯽﻠﺻا ﻞﻌﻓ ﯽﻔﻧ
هﺪﺷ ا يراﺪﺘﻗا تروﺮﺿ و ﺖﺳ )
رﺎﺒﺟا ( نﺎﯿﺑ ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ رد must
ﻞﻤﻋ ةﺮﻄﯿﺳ رد .دراﺪﻧ راﺮﻗ ﯽﻔﻧ ﺮﮔ
ﺮﯿﺴﻔﺗ ،ﻊﻗاو )
( 3e :ﺖﺳا ﻦﯿﻨﭼ هزاورد زا ﺖﺳا يروﺮﺿ
.ﺪﯿﻨﮑﻧ رﻮﺒﻋ
3-
a- He can’t sing well. (It is not possible for him to sing or He is not able to sing.)
b- He can’t be at school. (It is not possible that he is at school.)
c- you can’t stay any longer (you are not allowed/permitted to stay any longer.)
d- He needn’t pass through the x-ray gate (It is not necessary for him to pass through the x-ray gate.)
e- You must not/mustn’t pass through the gate. (It is necessary for you not to pass through the gate.)
رد ﻪﻄﺑار ﺎﺑ ،may ﯽﻔﻧ ﻪﺟو ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﺎﯾ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﯽﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻠﺻا ﻞﻌﻓ
عﻮﻧ ﻪﺟو ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ حﺮﻄﻣ هﺪﺷ ﺎﺑ
.دراد ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺑ may ﯽﻧﺎﻣز
ﻪﮐ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﯿﺑ may
» نﺎﮑﻣا يراﺪﺘﻗا
« (هزﺎﺟا) ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ، ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ
ﻪﺟو ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﯽﻣ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ دﻮﺷ
. ياﺮﺑ
،لﺎﺜﻣ ) رد (4a هﺪﻨﯾﻮﮔ زا
» مﺪﻋ هزﺎﺟا « ﺐﻃﺎﺨﻣ ياﺮﺑ
نﻮﻣزآ رد ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﯽﻣ ﻦﺨﺳ
ﺪﯾﻮﮔ . رد
،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز ﻪﮐ ﺶﻧاﻮﺧ ياراد may
» ﺎﮑﻣا
ندﻮﺷﯽﻣ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ و دﺮﯿﮔﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ ﯽﻔﻧ ةﺮﻄﯿﺳ رد ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﯽﻠﺻا ﻞﻌﻓ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ « ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ .
1. operator 2. scope
ﺶ�و�
ﯽ�ﺎﺑز ی�
، لﺎﺳ 13
، ةرﺎﻤﺷ 1 و رﺎﻬﺑ ، ﺑﺎﺗ نﺎﺘﺴ 1401 - ﯽﭘﺎﯿﭘ ةرﺎﻤﺷ 24
/ 117
) رد ﻨﯾﻮﮔ (4b ةﺪ
» ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ندﻮﺑ
« ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ » مﺪﻋ رﻮﻀﺣ
« هدﺮﮐ حﺮﻄﻣ ار لﺰﻨﻣ رد ﺺﺨﺷ
.ﺖﺳا
4-
a- You may not take the exam again. (It is not possible for you to take the exam again.)
b- He may not be at home. (It is possible that he is not at home.)
) ﺰﻨﯾﻻ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ 1977
: 787 ) اروا رد ناو ،(
1996 : 182 و ( مﻮﻟﻮﭘ و نﻮﺘﺴﻟدﺎﻫ
) 2002 : 175 ( ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ
» ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ « و
» ﯽﻧورد
1« ﯽﻣ ﺰﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﺪﻧراﺬﮔ
. ﯽﻧورد ﯽﻔﻧ رد ،
هراﺰﮔ
ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ةﺮﻄﯿﺳ رد ﻞﻤﻋ
ﺮﮔ ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ ﯽﻔﻧ رد دﺮﯿﮔ
ﯽﻟﺎﺣ ﯽﻔﻧ رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ
ﻦﯾا ﻪﺟو ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ةﺮﻄﯿﺳ رد
ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺮﮔ ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ ﯽﻔﻧ دﺮﯿﮔ
ﯽﻣ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ و دﻮﺷ
. ﺎﺑ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ ﻦﯾا ﺮﻈﻧ
ﮐ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و كﺮ 1985
زا (
» ﯽﻠﺻا ﻞﻌﻓ ﯽﻔﻧ «
و
» ﻞﻌﻓ ﯽﻔﻧ ﻪﺟو
ﺎﻤﻧ « ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ ﯽﺑﻮﺧ .دراد
ﻦﯾﺪﺑ
،ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﻫ ) ي ( 3a ) ﺎﺗ ) و (3d ةﺪﻧرادﺮﺑرد (4a ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ و يﺎﻫ
) (3e ) و ( 4a ﯽﻧورد ﯽﻔﻧ يوﺎﺣ ﯽﻣ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ . ﺮﻤﻟﺎﭘ ) 1995 ﻦﯿﺑ (
» هراﺰﮔ ﯽﻔﻧ «
و
»
ﯽﻔﻧ2«هﺎﺗﻮﮐهﺮﻄﯿﺳ ﯽﻔﻧ» زا (1997) نﺎﻫ يد ،ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ رد .دﻮﺷﯽﻣ ﻞﺋﺎﻗ ﺰﯾﺎﻤﺗ «ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧﻪﺟو و
» هﺮﻄﯿﺳ ﯽﻔﻧ
ﺪﻨﻠﺑ
3« ﯽﻣ نﺎﯿﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺨﺳ آ
درو ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ
» ﯽﻔﻧ ﯽﻧورد « و
» ﯽﻔﻧ ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ
« 3 ﺶﺨﺑ رد.ﺪﻧراد ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ «ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ
،دراد صﺎﺼﺘﺧا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺮﻈﻧ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ،
) ﺮﻤﻟﺎﭘ تاﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻞﯿﺼﻔﺗ ﺎﺑ 1995
) نﺎﻫ يد و ( 1997
.ﺖﺧادﺮﭘ ﻢﯿﻫاﻮﺧ (
2 . 2.
ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ تﻻدﺎﻌﻣ زا
،ﯽﻔﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ نﺎﮑﻣا
و تروﺮﺿ
ﺎﻗ ﯽﻔﻧ ﮥﻠﯿﺳﻮﺑ تروﺮﺿ و نﺎﮑﻣا ﻞﺑ
.ﺪﻧﺮﮕﯾﺪﮑﯾ ﻪﺑ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ تﻻدﺎﻌﻣ
) ( 5 تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ
ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ار مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﺳ ﻦﯾا ﻦﯿﺑ دﻮﺟﻮﻣ .ﺪﻨﻫد
هراﻮﻤﻫ ﻪﮐ تﻻدﺎﻌﻣ ﻦﯾا درﻮﻣ
و لﻮﺒﻗ دﺎﻨﺘﺳا
هدﻮﺑ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ زا) ﺪﻧا
،ﺰﻨﯾﻻ ،ﻪﻠﻤﺟ 1977
،ﺮﻤﻟﺎﭘ ؛ 1990
،نﺎﻫ يد ؛ 1997
،اروا رد ناو ؛
1996 ( ًﺎﺳﺎﺳا زا » ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺗ ﻊﺑﺮﻣ
4« ﯽﻣ ﺖﺷادﺮﺑ ﻮﻄﺳرا .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
تﺎﻬﺟﻮﻣ ﻖﻄﻨﻣ رد يﺎﻫدﺎﻤﻧ5
،□ و ◊
¬ و ﻪﺑ p ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ
» يروﺮﺿ
« ،
» ﻦﮑﻤﻣ
« ،
» ﯽﻔﻧ « و
» هراﺰﮔ « ﯽﻣ هرﺎﺷا .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﻪﺟﻮﺗﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ
،تﻻدﺎﻌﻣ ﻦﯾا ندﻮﺑ رد ﺎﻬﻧآ
نﺎﺑز ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﺎﻫ
قدﺎﺻ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ . ياﺮﺑ لﺎﺜﻣ
، ﺪﻧﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ زا ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ًﺎﺒﯾﺮﻘﺗ (ب6 )و (ﻒﻟا6 )ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ يﺎﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ،(5a) ﻖﺒﻃ .
ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ، ﻖﺒﻃ ) ،(5b ) 7 (ﻒﻟا و ) 7 يﺎﻨﻌﻣ (ب ﺶﯿﺑﺎﻤﮐ
راد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﮑﯾ ﻧﺪ
. ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
ﻪﺑ( ¬□¬p ) .«يرﻮﺨﻧ بآ ﺖﺴﯿﻧ مزﻻ» ﺎﺑ (◊p) «.يرﻮﺨﺑ بآ ﯽﻧﻮﺗﯽﻣ» يﺎﻨﻌﻣ ،(5c)
1. internal and external 2. narrow scope 3. wide scope
4. square of opposition 5. modal logic
ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ًﺎﺒﯾﺮﻘﺗ رد .ﺖﺳا
) ﻖﺒﻃ ،ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ ﮥﻠﻤﺟ ،(5d
» ﯽﻤﻧ ﻪﺷ (ﻪﮐ) يرﻮﺨﻧ بآ
!«
)
¬◊¬p (
ﺎﺑ .درادﯽﺒﯾﺮﻘﺗﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺖﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ (□p) «!يرﻮﺨﺑ بآ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ» ﮥﻠﻤﺟ
(5)
a- not possible p ≈necessary not p - (¬◊p≈□¬p) b- not necessary p≈ possible not p - (¬□p≈◊¬p) c- possible p ≈ not necessary not p - (◊p≈ ¬□¬p) d- necessary p≈ not possible not p - (□p≈¬◊¬p)
)6 .ﻒﻟا( نآ ﺎﻫ ﯽﻤﻧ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ رد ﻫ ﭻﯿ عﻮﻧ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻮﮔ ﯽﯾ ﻏ ِﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺒﯿ ﻧ ﻪﻤﯿ ضﺮﻏ دﻮﻟآ ﺼﺨﺷ ةرﺎﺑرد ﺖﯿ
يﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻬﺸﻣ حﻼﻄﺻا
ﻧ كرﻮﯾﻮﯿ .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﺪﺷﺎﺒﻧ )
م.ع.پ . ) (
¬◊p
( ﭻﯿﻫ رد ﺎﻫنآﺖﺳا مزﻻ/ﺖﺳا يروﺮﺿ/ﺪﯾﺎﺑ .ب عﻮﻧ
ﺖﻔﮔ ﻮﮔ ﯽﯾ ﻏ ِﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺒﯿ ﻧ ﻪﻤﯿ ضﺮﻏ دﻮﻟآ ﺼﺨﺷ ةرﺎﺑرد ﺖﯿ
يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﻧ رﻮﻬﺸﻣ حﻼﻄﺻا كرﻮﯾﻮﯿ
ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﺪﺷﺎﺒﻧ ﻧ
ﺪﻨﻨﮑ . )
□¬p
( ( 7)
ﻒﻟا - هرﺎﺟا ﻧ مزﻻ ﺮﺟﺄﺘﺴﻣ و هﺪﻨﻫد ﺖﺴﯿ
ﺻ ﮥﻐﯿ ﺑﺮﻋ ﯽ .ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺨﺑ ) .ف.پ ( ) ( ¬□p
ب - هرﺎﺟا ﺮﺟﺄﺘﺴﻣ و هﺪﻨﻫد ﯽﻣ
ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ ﺻ ﮥﻐﯿ ﺑﺮﻋ ﯽ ﻧ .ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺨ )
◊¬p
( ﺪﻨﮐﯽﻣ ﺢﯾﺮﺼﺗ ﯽﺘﺳردﻪﺑ ( 457 : 1995 ،ﺮﻤﻟﺎﭘ) ﻪﮐ
يﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ يﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ يﺮﺑاﺮﺑ
رد ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃنﺎﺑزﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣﯽﯾﺎﻤﻪﺟو ﻧ ةزﻮﺣ رد،يو ﺪﯾد زا .ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ نﺎﺑز ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ ﻖﻄﻨﻣ و
ﯽﺑﻮﺧ ﺪﻧراد ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻣا
رد ﻪﺟو ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ يراﺪﺘﻗا .ﺖﺳا ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ ﻦﯾا
2 . 3 . ةرﺎﺑرد ﻦﯿﺸﯿﭘ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺟو ﺎﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ
رد ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ لﺎﻌﻓا
ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ زا ﺮﺛا ود نﺎﺑز
اﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ن دﻮﺧ رﺎﮐ زا ﯽﺸﺨﺑ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ
ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ ا و ﯽﻔﻧ ﻪﺟو لﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﻤﻧ
ي ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ ﺪﻧا
. رد ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ
روﺮﻣ ءارآ ﺎﻬﻧآ رد
ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ و يراﺪﺘﻗا تروﺮﺿ و نﺎﮑﻣا ةزﻮﺣ ﯽﻣ
.ﻢﯾزادﺮﭘ
2 . 3 . 1 ) ﯽﻗﻼﺧا . 1386
(
) ﯽﻗﻼﺧا 1386
( ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﺮﺼﺘﺨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ نﺪﺷ ﺎﺑ
ﻦﺘﺴﻧاﻮﺗ ، ﻦﺘﺴﯾﺎﺑ و
ﯽﻣ دزادﺮﭘ . رد صﻮﺼﺧ ﺶﻧاﻮﺧ
» ﯽﺘﺷادﺮﺑ ماﺰﻟا
« و
» ﻟا ﯽﺘﺳاﻮﺧرد ماﺰ
)«
7
ﻦﺘﺴﯾﺎﺑ (
، ﯽﻗﻼﺧا
) 1386 : 101 ( ﯽﻣ شراﺰﮔ ﺪﻨﮐ
ﻪﮐ » ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ
« ﻦﯾا دﻮﺧ ﻞﻌﻓ
ﯽﻣ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ دﻮﺷ
) 8 (ﻒﻟا .
يو،يو ﺪﯾد زا . (ب8 )ﺪﻧادﯽﻣ ﺪﻣﺎﺴﺑﻢﮐ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﺎﻣا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﻢﻫ ار «هراﺰﮔ» نﺪﺷﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ يزﺎﺳ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﻦﺘﺴﯾﺎﺑ
و ﻞﻌﻓ ﯽﻧﺎﮔژاو ﻢﻫ
» نﺎﮑﻣا ﺮﯾﺬﭘ « رﺎﺠﻨﻫﺎﻧ يدوﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﺎﻣا
ﺖﺳا (. ج8)
8 .ﻒﻟا- هد ﺪﯾﺎﺒﻧ - ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺶﻟﺎﺳ هدزﺎﯾ
. دراو ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ رد ﺪﯾﺎﺑ وا ﻢﺳا .ب ﺷﺎﺑ هﺪﺸﻧ
.ﺪ
ج ﺪﯾﺎﺒﻧ . ا ﺪﺷﺎﺒﻧ ﺎﺠﻧآ ﻞﻫ
*. ) 1386 :
(101
ﯽﻗﻼﺧا ،ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺪﯾد زا ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ
ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ ﯽﺘﺷادﺮﺑ ﺶﻧاﻮﺧ ﺪﯾﺎﺒﻧ»
« ﺗوﺎﻀﻗ ﯽ ةرﺎﺑرد ار ﯽﻔﻨﻣ
هراﺰﮔ ﯽﻣ نﺎﯿﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ يا ﺪﻨﮐ
ﯽﻟﺎﺣرد ﻪﮐ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﺎﺑ نﺪﺷ و ﻞﻌﻓ ﯽﻧﺎﮔژا ﺗوﺎﻀﻗ ﯽ ةرﺎﺑرد ﺖﺒﺜﻣ
ﺶ�و�
ﯽ�ﺎﺑز ی�
، لﺎﺳ 13
، ةرﺎﻤﺷ 1 و رﺎﻬﺑ ، ﺑﺎﺗ نﺎﺘﺴ 1401 - ﯽﭘﺎﯿﭘ ةرﺎﻤﺷ 24
/ 119
هراﺰﮔ يا حﺮﻄﻣ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﯽﻣ
دﻮﺷ . هﺎﮔﺪﯾد ﻦﯾا ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ زا
ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﺢﯿﺤﺻ اﺮﭼ
ﻪﮐ ﺮﯿﺴﻔﺗ
ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ) 8 (ﻒﻟا ) ﮥﻠﻤﺟ 9 ﻒﻟا ( ﺖﺳا ﻪﻧ ﮥﻠﻤﺟ ) 9 ب (.
ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺳر رد ﯽﻗﻼﺧا
) 8
(ﻒﻟا ﺪﯾﺎﺒﻧ نﻮﭼﻪﮐ هدراﺬﮔ ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ ار ﺎﻨﺑ و ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﺮﻇﺎﻨﺘﻣ ار ﺪﯾﺎﺒﻧ ترﻮﺻ و ﺎﻨﻌﻣ يوﺎﺣ
ﯽﻔﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ ﺖﺳا
ﻪﺟو ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ نﺎﯿﺑ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﻢﻫ نآ ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ .ﺖﺳا
يراﺪﺘﻗا ﺶﻧاﻮﺧ ةرﺎﺑرد
،ﻦﺘﺴﯾﺎﺑ ) ﯽﻗﻼﺧا
1386 : 104 ) يﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺖﺳا ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ( 10
) ﺎﺑ (ﻒﻟا 10
و ﺖﺳا نﺎﺴﮑﯾ (ب
ًﺎﻓﺮﺻ
» ﺄﺗ و راﺮﺻا ﺪﯿﮐ
« مﺎﺠﻧا ﺮﺑ هﺪﻨﯾﻮﮔ ) رد ﻞﻤﻋ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ
0 .ﺖﺳا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ (ﻒﻟا
9 ﻒﻟا- ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺶﻟﺎﺳ هدزﺎﯾ هد ﻢﻨﺌﻤﻄﻣ . .ﺖﺴﯿﻧ
ب ﻢﺘﺴﯿﻧ ﻢﻨﺌﻄﻣ . مراد ﮏﺷ/
هد - ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺶﻟﺎﺳ هدزﺎﯾ
. - 10
ﻒﻟا .يوﺮﻧ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ .
.يوﺮﺑ ﺪﯾﺎﺒﻧ .ب )
1386 .ص ، 104
( 110 : 1386) ﯽﻗﻼﺧا ﯽﻣ شراﺰﮔ (
ﻪﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ ﺐﻠﻏا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ ﺶﻧاﻮﺧ
ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ
و نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻔﻧ و ﯽﻠﺻا ﻞﻌﻓ ندﻮﺑﯽﻔﻨﻣ يو ،ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﺒﺴﭼﯽﻣ نﺪﺷ ﻞﻌﻓ يراﺪﺘﻗا ﻞﻌﻓ
و ﯽﻠﺻا نﺪﺷ
ار ﻢﻫ نﺎﮑﻣا ﺎﻣا ﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﻢﮐ
ﯽﻣ ﺪﻣﺎﺴﺑ ﺪﻧاد
. رد ﻪﻄﺑار ﺎﺑ ﺶﻧاﻮﺧ ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ
و ﯽﻔﻨﻣ :ﺪﻧادﯽﻣ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ار يزﺎﺳﯽﻔﻨﻣ عﻮﻧ ﻪﺳ ﯽﻗﻼﺧا ﻢﻫﻦﺘﺴﻧاﻮﺗ ﻞﻌﻓيراﺪﺘﻗا ﻞﻌﻓ ندﺮﮐ
ﻪﺟو ﺎﻤﻧ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ، ﻞﻌﻓ ندﺮﮐ ﯽﻠﺻا
ﯽﻔﻨﻣ و ندﺮﮐ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﻞﻌﻓ ود ﺮﻫ
) 1386 : 117
.(ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺶﻧاﻮﺧ يوﺎﺣ تﻼﻤﺟ ندﺮﮐﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا نآ ﯽﻗﻼﺧا ﯽﯾﺎﻬﻧ يﺮﯿﮔﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ و
يراﺪﺘﻗا ﻦﺘﺴﻧاﻮﺗ
ﻦﺘﺴﯾﺎﺑ ، نﺪﺷ و
زا ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ رد ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ةﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﮏﯾ
ﯽﻣ يوﺮﯿﭘ :ﺪﻨﮐ
» ﯽﻣ ﺮﺑ ناﻮﺗ ﺸﯿﭘ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ يﺎﻨﺒﻣ ود ﺮﻫ ﺎﯾ و (داﺪﺧر/) هراﺰﮔ ،ﻪﺟو ﻪﮐ دﺮﮐ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﯽﻔﻧ ﺪﻧﻮ
هﺪﺷ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﺪﻧا
« ) 1386 : 127 (.
2 . 3 . 2 ) ﯽﻧﺎﻘﻟﺎﻃ . 2008
(
) ﯽﻧﺎﻘﻟﺎﻃ 2008
ﺑ ﻪﺑ ( ﻪﺟو لﺎﻌﻓا و ﯽﻔﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﯽﺳرﺮ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ يﺎﻤﻧ
ﯽﻣ دزادﺮﭘ
. ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ ﺎﺑ ترﻮﺻ ود ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗﯽﻣ ﻦﺘﺴﯾﺎﺑ يراﺪﺘﻗا و ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣﺶﻧاﻮﺧ ،يو ﺮﻈﻧ ﻖﺒﻃ ﯽﻔﻧ
دﻮﺷ ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ :
ﻪﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ (ﻒﻟا) ﻦﺘﺴﯾﺎﺑ
ﯽﻣ ﯽﻣ ﯽﻔﻧ نآ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ و ﺪﺒﺴﭼ ﻞﮐ و دﻮﺷ
ﻪﺟو ﻞﻣﺎﺷ) ﻪﻠﻤﺟ اﺮﻗ ﯽﻔﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ةﺮﻄﯿﺳ رد (ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
ﯽﻣ ر ﻪﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ (ب) ﺎﯾ و دﺮﯿﮔ
ﻞﻌﻓ ﯽﻠﺻا ﯽﻣ ﻞﺼﺘﻣ ﻞﻌﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ و دﻮﺷ
ﯽﻧﺎﮔژاو د ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ ﯽﻔﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ هﺮﻄﯿﺳ ر ) دﺮﯿﮔ
11
و (12 ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ يو . ﺶﻧاﻮﺧ رد
) ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ 11
و ( يراﺪﺘﻗا ) 12 ﻦﺘﺴﯾﺎﺑ ( ﻦﯾا
ﯽﻔﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ يﻮﺤﻧ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا
ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ةﺮﻄﯿﺳ ﯽﻔﻧ
ﯽﻣ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ار ﺪﻨﮐ
) 2008 : 140 -
141 (.
ﯽﻧﺎﻘﻟﺎﻃ رد
(هزﺎﺟا) يراﺪﺘﻗا نﺎﮑﻣا يﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻦﺘﺴﻧاﻮﺗ
ﻢﻫ .ﺪﻧادﯽﻣ ﯽﻔﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ةﺮﻄﯿﺳ ةﺪﻨﻨﮐﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ار ﯽﻔﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ يﻮﺤﻧ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ
11-
a- Sârâ na-bâyad be in konferâns be-r-e.
b- Sârâ bâyad be in konferâns na-r-e. (2008: 140) 12-
a- Sârâ na-bâyad be šohar-eš haqiqat ro gofte bâ-š-e.
b- Sârâ bâyad be šohar-eš haqiqat ro na-gofte bâ-š-e. (2008: 141)
ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ،ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﻘﻟﺎﻃ ) 2008 : 143 ( ﯽﻔﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ
ﺎﺑ ﺳ ﯽﻔﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ يﻮﺤﻧ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ،(13 )ندادهزﺎﺟا وندﻮﺑرﻮﺒﺠﻣ ،ندﻮﺑمزﻻ نآ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ةﺮﻄﯿ
ﯽﻣ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ار .ﺪﻨﮐ
13-
a-Sârâ lâzem ni-st (ke) tu in mosâbeqe šerkat be-kon-e.
b. Sârâ lâzem-e (ke) tu in mosâbeqe šerkat na-kon-e. (2008: 143)
ةرﺎﺑرد و ﯽﻔﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺶﻧاﻮﺧ
ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ندﻮﺑ ) ( 14 ﻢﻫ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﯽﻧﺎﻘﻟﺎﻃ
ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ار ﯽﻔﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ يﻮﺤﻧ ﻣ ةﺮﻄﯿﺳ ةﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﯽﻣ نآ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌ ) ﺪﻧاد
2008 : 144 .(
14-
a- Sârâ momken ni-st (ke) be in konferâns rafte bâ-š-e.
b. Sârâ momken-e (ke) be in konferâns na-rafte bâ-š-e. (Taleghani, 2008: 143-44) 3 . 2 . 3 . ﻊﻤﺟ يﺪﻨﺑ ﯽﻗﻼﺧا و ﯽﻧﺎﻘﻟﺎﻃ ءارآ
ﻊﻤﺟ رد يﺪﻨﺑ آ ءار ﯽﻧﺎﻘﻟﺎﻃ ) 2008 ( و ) ﯽﻗﻼﺧا 1386
( ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﮏﯾ رد ﺪﯾﺎﺑ
ﺖﻔﮔ ﻪﮐ ود ﺮﻫ
ﻖﻘﺤﻣ
ًﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ
ةزﻮﺣ رد يراﺪﺘﻗا و ﯽﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ تروﺮﺿ و نﺎﮑﻣا
هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ يﻮﺤﻧ
ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ ﯽﻔﻧ
ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ةﺮﻄﯿﺳ نآ
ﺗ رد ار ﻪﺟو ﺎﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌ ﯽﻣ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
.ﺪﻨﮐ
ﻦﯾا ﻪﺟو ﻞﻌﻓ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ ﯽﯾآﻢﻫ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ ﯽﻬﺟو مﺎﻈﻧ رد نﺎﺸﯾا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺎﻨﻌﻣناﺪﺑ ار ﺎﻤﻧ
ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﻪﺟو نﺪﺷ ﻢﻫ و ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
ﯽﻠﺻا ﻞﻌﻓ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻔﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺸﯿﭘ ﯽﯾآ ار
ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ
نﺪﺷ .ﺪﻨﻧادﯽﻣﯽﻠﺻا ﻞﻌﻓيﺎﻨﻌﻣ
3 ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺮﻈﻧ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ . ) ﺮﻤﻟﺎﭘ تاﺮﻈﻧ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﯾا رد 1995
) نﺎﻫ يد و ( 1997
(،
ﻪﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ هدر
ﻪﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﻪﺟو و ﯽﻔﻧ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧ
نﺎﺑز رد يﺎﻫ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺪﻧا
، ار ﯽﻣ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ .ﻢﯿﻨﮐ
رد
ﺶﺨﺑ 4 زا ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ تاﺮﻈﻧ يﺮﻈﻧ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ناﻮﻨﻋ
.دﺮﮐ ﻢﯿﻫاﻮﺧ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﮥﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
3 . 1 ) ﺮﻤﻟﺎﭘ . 1995 (
ﮥﯾﺎﭘﺮﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺟو يﺎﻤﻧ
1ﯽﻔﻨﻣ رد نﺎﺑز ،نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻫ ﺮﻤﻟﺎﭘ
) 1995 ( ﺢﯾﺮﺼﺗ
ﯽﻣ رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ ترﻮﺻ ﻦﯾا
ﺎﻫ ﺮﻇﺎﻨﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ و ترﻮﺻ ﻦﯿﺑ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ
ﺖﺴﯿﻧ راﺮﻗﺮﺑ يو .
ﺮﻇﺎﻨﺗ
1. negative modal forms
