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Definition
Blood Type Test
It may take up to 10 minutes for the bleeding to stop if the patient is taking anticoagulants (aspirin, coumadin). Before testing, explain to the patient that there is no need for special preparation for the test, how the test is performed and the conditions that can negatively affect the test results.
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
The test is performed to assess the blood's clotting ability before any invasive procedure, for hemophilia, lupus anticoagulant syndrome or antiphospholipid antibody syndrome - which occurs when antibodies attack blood clotting factors - and the effectiveness of a given dose of heparin. to the patient (APPT test). Before testing, explain to the patient why you are taking a blood sample; that samples may be taken frequently until the healthcare provider determines a therapeutic dose of heparin for the patient, and that the use of aspirin, antihistamines, and herbal and natural medications may affect test results.
Total Serum Protein
Herbal and natural medicines that the patient is taking because they may affect the test results. The test is performed to detect liver and kidney function (albumin), malnutrition (albumin), cause of edema, ascites, pulmonary edema (albumin), risk of infection (globulin), multiple myeloma (globulin) and macroglobulinemia (globulin).
Blood Alcohol
The patient will experience a feeling of tightness when the tourniquet is tightened, a pinch or nothing when the needle is inserted into the vein, and pressure when a gauze pad is pressed against the insertion site to stop bleeding. Explain to the patient why the blood sample was taken, that the patient's consent is needed to administer the test, unless ordered by legal authorities (check your health care facility's policy), and the result of the test.
Lead
Before testing, explain to the patient why the blood sample is being taken, that multiple samples can be taken, and why the health care provider must report certain results to the local health department. Heel/Toe Bar: The patient may feel a pinch or nothing at all when the lancer hits the skin.
Serum Osmolality
Uric Acid in Blood
High uric acid levels may indicate kidney disease, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, hemolytic anemia, heart failure, leukemia, sickle cell anemia, preeclampsia, cirrhosis, alcohol abuse, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, starvation, lead poisoning, malnutrition, psoriasis, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, obesity, or a high-purine diet. Low uric acid levels may indicate a low-protein diet, SIADH, Wilson's disease, cancer, liver disease, or that the patient is taking aloprim, zyloprim, benemid, probalan, sulfinpyrazone, or 1500 mg or more of aspirin each day.
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Infection as a result of surgery is suspected if the level of C-reactive protein remains high after the third day.
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
High erythrocyte (RBC) count may indicate lung disease, alcoholism, polycythemia vera, smoking, kidney disease, dehydration, burns, sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, false polycythemia, exposure to carbon monoxide, or that the patient is using diuretics. A high platelet count may indicate that the patient is bleeding, has cancer, bone marrow disorders or iron deficiency.
Chemistry Screen
Vitamin B 12
Test results are listed as high, normal, or low relative to a laboratory control test. Low levels of vitamin B12 can indicate folic acid deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, hyperthyroidism, tapeworm infection, or multiple myeloma.
Cold Agglutinins
The laboratory determines the normal values based on calibration of test equipment with a control test.
Toxicology Tests (Tox Screen)
Folic Acid
Taking Dyrenium, Proloprim, Dilantin, pentamidine, phenobarcial mysoline or methotrexate, as these may affect the test result. The patient must refrain from eating and drinking anything other than water for 8 hours before the test.
Gastrin
Do not drink alcohol 1 day before the test is administered and do not eat or drink anything except water 12 hours before the test. Take Rolaids, Prilosec, Pepcid, Zantac or Tums 12 hours before the test The patient must rest for 30 minutes before the test is administered.
Ferritin
A high ferritin level may indicate hemochromatosis, thalassemia, alcoholism, iron deficiency anemia, hepatitis, cirrhosis, Hodgkin's disease, gout, leukemia, lupus, or excess iron in the diet. A low ferritin level can indicate iron deficiency, excessive menstrual bleeding, bleeding, colon cancer, ulcers, colon polyps, pregnancy, or insufficient iron in the diet.
Lactic Acid
A high lactic acid level may indicate lactic acidosis, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, anemia, dehydration, leukemia, cirrhosis, blood flow disturbance, alcohol poisoning, that the patient has exercised prior to the test, that the patient has taken Glucophage or isoniazid prior to the test, or too much iron from the diet.
Prothrombin Time
A longer prothrombin time may indicate cirrhosis, bleeding risk, vitamin K deficiency, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), or too much coumadin or heparin.
Reticulocyte Count
Schilling Test
Before testing, explain to the patient why the sample is being collected, that the patient will not experience any discomfort when taking the capsule, that the radioactivity in the radioactive vitamin B12 is low and not dangerous, and that the healthcare provider should ask not to use Mycitracin, Dilantin or colchicines prior to the test.
Sedimentation Rate (SED)
Higher values may indicate inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, appendicitis, pneumonia, chronic kidney disease, lymphoma, pelvic inflammatory disease, Graves' disease, giant cell arteritis, rheumatic polymalgia, or pre-eclampsia.
Iron (Fe)
Before testing, explain to the patient why the sample is being taken, that the sample must be taken in the morning, and that the healthcare provider may ask the patient not to take iron supplements, vitamin B12 supplements, estrogen, birth control pills, chlormycetin. , aspirin, corticotrophin and St. A low level may indicate iron deficiency anemia, an iron deficiency diet, bleeding, pregnancy or rapid growth.
Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPE)
Before testing, explain to the patient why the sample is being taken, that the sample must be taken in the morning, and that the health care provider may ask the patient to refrain from taking birth control pills, chlorpromazine, corticosteroids, aspirin, sulfonamides, neomycin. , or isoniazid before the test. The patient's signed consent may be required before the test is performed because the result of the blood alcohol test may have legal consequences for the patient.
Reactive Protein
Definition
Electrolytes are salts that are electrically charged ions that are used to maintain voltage across cell membranes and transmit electrical impulses throughout the body.
Calcium (Ca)
Electrolytes 31
- Magnesium (Mg)
- Phosphate
- Potassium (K)
- Sodium (Na)
- Chloride (Cl)
- Definition
- Arterial Blood Gases
Explain why the blood test is being taken and that the patient should not take antacids, laxatives, milk of magnesia, diuretics, Epsom salts or magnesium supplements 3 days before giving the test, as these can affect the test result. The test also screens for the effects of medications that cause changes in the levels of
Arterial Blood Gas Tests 41
- Total Carbon Dioxide
- Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- Definition
- Hepatitis A Virus Test
- Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Tests
Explain why the blood test is being taken and that the patient must stop smoking before the test is taken. A negative test result does not mean that the patient is not infected with hepatitis A virus.
Liver Tests 49
- Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
- Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
- Ammonia
- Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
- Bilirubin
- Definition
- Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Test
- Cardiac Enzyme Studies
The alkaline phosphatase test determines whether a patient has the enzyme alkaline phosphatase in their blood. The patient may be asked to stop taking these for a few days before the test.
Cardiac Enzymes and Markers Tests 61
Homocysteine
Explain why the sample is being taken and that the patient cannot eat or drink anything except water for 12 hours before the test. The health care provider may ask the patient not to take birth control pills, theophylline, tamoxifen, antibiotics, or anticonvulsants for two weeks before the test.
Renin Assay
Walked around for two hours after the first blood sample was taken and before the second blood sample was taken. Walk around for 2 hours after the first blood sample is collected and before the second blood sample is collected.
Cardiac Enzymes and Markers Tests 63
The patient should avoid consuming natural black licorice for 2 weeks before the test and no caffeine for 24 hours before the test. Reschedule the test and tell the patient not to eat or drink anything except water for 12 hours before the test.
Cardiac Enzymes and Markers Tests 65
Definition
Serological tests are used to diagnose an infection, if the patient has developed immunity to specific antigens, a patient's blood type, and if the patient has an autoimmune disease. An autoimmune disease occurs when the patient's immune system identifies the patient's own protein as a foreign protein, causing the patient's immune system to produce antibodies against that protein.
Immunoglobulins
Explain to the patient that arteries are narrower and deeper than veins and are protected by nerves, making them sensitive to pain. The patient should not lift or carry objects or exercise for 24 hours after the test.
Serologic Tests 69
- Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA)
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Tests
- CD4 ⫹ Count
- Viral Load Measurement
- Rheumatoid Factor (RF)
- Definition
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) and Cortisol
- Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Test
The viral load measurement test determines the amount of HIV RNA in the patient's blood. A viral load measurement test is administered when the patient is diagnosed with HIV and becomes baseline.
Endocrine Tests 79
- Aldosterone Test
- Cortisol Test
- Estrogens
- Growth Hormone
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
- Thyroid Hormone Tests
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Testosterone
- Definition
- C-Peptide
- D-xylose Absorption Test
If the patient has undergone a radioactive scan in the week prior to the test. The healthcare provider may ask the patient not to eat or drink anything for 12 hours before the examination.
Glucose Tests 95
- Blood Glucose
- Glycohemoglobin (GHb)
- Peptide
- xylose Absorption Test 8.9 What is xylose?
- Definition
- Cancer Antigen 125 (CA–125)
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
The fasting blood sugar (FBS) test requires the patient to fast for 8 hours before the test is administered. This test measures blood glucose levels at specific time intervals after the patient consumes a glucose drink.
Tumor Markers 103
- Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
- Definition
- Antisperm Antibody Test
- Alpha-Fetoprotein (AF P) Test
A normal level of prostate-specific antigen does not mean that the patient is free of prostate cancer. Explain why the test is requested and that the patient should not ejaculate for 2 days before the test and no longer than 5 days before the test.
Pregnancy and Genetic Tests 109
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
The healthcare provider may order a sperm count or assessment of the patient's ovarian reserve. A blood sample may be taken every day for a period prescribed by the healthcare provider if the patient has problems with the menstrual cycle or cannot become pregnant.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
High follicle-stimulating hormone may indicate: (for women) polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), ovarian failure before age 40, or menopause; (for men) abnormal testicular functionality or Klinefelter's syndrome; (for children) onset of puberty. Low follicle-stimulating hormone may indicate: (for women) loss of ovulation; (for men) testicles that do not produce sperm; (for both sexes) malnutrition, hypothalamic disorder, pituitary disorder or stress.
Pregnancy and Genetic Tests 111
Inhibin A Test
The hormone inhibin A test is part of the quad screen tests performed in the twentieth week of pregnancy to determine whether there is a risk of a birth defect in the fetus, such as Down syndrome. Inhibin A hormone is secreted by the placenta, and the level of the hormone is measured by the hormone inhibin A test.
Prolactin
Pregnancy and Genetic Tests 113
- Phenylketonuria (PKU) Test
- Tay-Sachs Test
- Sickle Cell Test
- Hemochromatosis Gene Test (HFE)
Assess whether the patient has received a blood transfusion within three months prior to the test. The patient should undergo genetic counseling if the test is positive for sickle cell trait or sickle cell disease.
Pregnancy and Genetic Tests 117
Ask the patient to consult with their healthcare provider if masturbation conflicts with the patient's religious beliefs. The level of the hCG hormone can be detected before the patient misses her period, and already six days after the attachment of the egg.
Pregnancy and Genetic Tests 119
Definition
Inflammation can be the result of the immune system's response to an infection caused by a microorganism. In this way, the right dose of the right medicine can be prescribed, which reduces the risk of the microorganism becoming resistant to the medicine.
Antibody Tests
Once identified, the laboratory specialist recommends the most sensitive medication and the minimum dose to effectively kill the microorganism.
Infection Tests 121
Blood Culture
Normal false-negative: Improper processing or improper sampling results in bacteria or fungi not being found in the blood sample, but patient's blood is contaminated. Abnormal false-positive: Contaminated sample or improper processing results in bacteria or fungi found in the blood sample but not in the patient's blood.
Mononucleosis Tests
A blood sample is taken from three different veins and at two different times to ensure that bacteria on the skin does not contaminate the blood sample. Patients who have a catheter in their veins will have the blood sample taken from the catheter.
Infection Tests 123
- Helicobacter Pylori Tests
- Herpes Tests
- Lyme Disease Test
- Rubella Test
- Syphilis Tests
- Definition
- Blood Urea Nitrogen
- Creatinine and Creatinine Clearance
Assess whether the patient has recently received antibiotics, as this may affect test results. If the patient ate meat or protein before the test was administered.
Renal Function Tests 133
Definition
The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon along with digestive enzymes that are used by the small intestine to break down carbohydrates, protein and fat. An imbalance occurs when there is too much LDL in the blood, leading to a build-up of LDL on the artery walls.
Amylase
Health care providers order lipid metabolism tests to determine the level of lipids in the patient's bloodstream and pancreas tests to determine pancreatic function. Explain that the patient must refrain from eating or drinking anything other than water for 2 hours before the test and avoid drinking alcohol for 24 hours before the test, and that the patient must tell the doctor if he or she is taking codeine, morphine diuretics, coumadin, indocin , aspirin or birth control pills, as these may affect the test results.
Lipase
The patient will experience a tight feeling when the tourniquet is tightened, a pinch or nothing at all when the needle is inserted into the vein, and pressure when a gauze pad is pressed against the insertion site to stop bleeding. Test results are reported as high, normal, or low based on the laboratory's control test.
Pancreas and Lipid Metabolism Tests 139
Cholesterol and Triglycerides Tests
Has taken codeine, morphine, diuretics, Coumadin, Indocin, aspirin, or birth control pills, as these may affect test results. There is damage to the liver or pancreas, as this may affect the test result 13.13 What the patient should learn before the amylase test is administered.
Pancreas and Lipid Metabolism Tests 141
Definition
Less dense objects, such as air, appear black, while liquid and fat appear a lighter shade of gray.
How an X-ray Is Taken
Abdominal X-ray
The patient is asked to lie still and hold his or her breath while the x-ray is taken. The patient is asked to stand still and hold his or her breath when the x-ray is taken.
Diagnostic Radiologic Tests 145
Extremity X-ray
Spinal X-ray
Explain why the x-ray is being taken, what the patient can expect in the X-ray room, that the patient should not take Pepto-Bismol (bismuth) or barium 4 days before the test, and that the patient will need to lie still when the X-ray is taken .
Mammogram
Diagnostic Radiologic Tests 147
Chest X-ray
Removed all jewelry in the thoracic area as it may show up on the X-ray image. Have scars in the thoracic area that may show up on the X-ray How the test is performed.
Dental X-ray
The patient stands or sits in front of or lies down on the X-ray plate. The patient is asked to hold their breath while the X-ray is taken.
Diagnostic Radiologic Tests 149
Facial X-ray
The test determines for cysts, tumors, abscesses, the underlying cause of sinus pain, fractures and foreign bodies.
Skull X-ray
Diagnostic Radiologic Tests 151
Part of the X-ray beam passes through the patient's body, hits the photographic film and leaves a black area on the photographic film. Another portion of the X-ray beam is absorbed by bone and other dense tissue in the patient's body, appearing as shades of gray on the photographic film depending on the density of the tissue.
Test
Explain that x-rays should not be performed if the patient is pregnant, the level of radiation will not have long-term effects on the patient, and the healthcare professional may require special preparation depending on the part of the body being x-rayed. beam; all jewelry near the x-ray site must be removed, the radiologist is usually the healthcare professional who reads the x-ray, the patient may be asked to undress and wear a gown during the x-ray, the patient will be asked to lie still during the x-ray and hold your breath, the x-ray room is cold and the patient may feel uncomfortable while being positioned for the x-ray. If the patient is pregnant, an ultrasound is ordered instead of an X-ray to protect the fetus from radiation exposure.
Test
An abdominal x-ray is ordered to determine the underlying cause of abdominal or flank pain, confirm the position of the nasogastric tube, nephrostomy tube, VP shunt, or dialysis catheter, locate an ingested foreign body, determine the underlying cause of assess vomiting and nausea, assess for intestinal obstruction and check for perforation in the intestine or stomach. Some abnormal findings of an abdominal X-ray include abnormal position, size and shape of the stomach, diaphragm, liver, spleen, large and small intestines; blockage; perforation in the intestine or stomach (Conn syndrome); abnormal amounts of air, fluid, or stool; kidney stones; gallstones; foreign object located; or growths.
Test
Diagnostic Radiologic Tests 153
- Definition
- Full Body CT Scan
- CT Scan of the Head
Also determine whether the patient will be given a sedative to relax them during the CT scan. A CT scan of the head produces images in slices of the patient's skull and brain.
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan 157
- CT Scan of the Spine
Normally, the healthcare provider prints the image of all slices that indicate an abnormality, which is then stored with the patient's file. A whole-body CT scan is time-consuming and typically provides more information than is necessary for the healthcare provider to diagnose the patient's condition.
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan 159
Typically, a healthcare provider orders a CT scan for a specific part of the body rather than ordering a full body scan. The CT scan of the spine creates images of the cervical spine, thoracic spine and lumbosacral spine.
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan 161
- Definition
- Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Ultrasound
- Transvaginal Ultrasound and Hysterosonogram
- Testicular Ultrasound
- Abdominal Ultrasound
- Breast Ultrasound
- Cranial Ultrasound
- Doppler Ultrasound
- Fetal Ultrasound
- Pelvic Ultrasound
- Definition
- Abdominal MRI
- Breast MRI
Confirm that the patient is not allergic to latex if the doctor performs a transvaginal ultrasound. The patient will have an enema one hour before the test (transrectal) and will not urinate until the test is completed (transabdominal).
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Tests 179
- Head MRI
If the patient is allergic to contrast material, the healthcare provider will discuss the risk and benefits of administering the contrast material with the patient. If the patient agrees that the benefits outweigh the risk, the healthcare provider may administer medication that counteracts the allergic reaction to the contrast material.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Tests 181
- Knee MRI
- Shoulder MRI
If the patient is allergic to contrast material, the healthcare provider will discuss the risks and benefits of administering the contrast material with the patient. The healthcare provider may order a knee MRI to assess whether the patient needs knee arthroscopy.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Tests 183
- Spinal MRI
If the patient agrees that the benefits outweigh the risk, then the health care provider may administer medication that counteracts the allergic reaction to the contrast material. If the patient agrees that the benefits outweigh the risks, then the health care provider may administer medications that counteract the allergic reaction to the contrast material.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Tests 185
If the patient is allergic to contrast material, the doctor will discuss the risks and benefits of. The patient may be asked to refrain from eating or drinking 12 hours before the MRI scan.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Tests 187
