٣
ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد : 16 / 12 / 1393 شﺮﻳﺬﭘ ، : 20 / 2 / 1394 .
هﺮﺸﺣ ﻦﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ناﺮﻳا ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ
73 - 63 ):
2 ( 35 - 1394
ﺤﺗ و دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻲﻠﺼﻓ تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ رﺪـﻨﻐﭼ ﺪﻴﺑ يﺎﻫورﻻ رد ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻤ
ﺪـﻨﻗ
Scrobipalpa ocellatella
(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
جﺮﻛ رد
ﻲﻣﺮﺤﻣ ﺪﻴﻌﺳ و ﻲﺠﻨﮔ اﺮﻫز
*رﻮﭘ
ناﺮﻳا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،سرﺪﻣ ﺖﻴﺑﺮﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،يزروﺎﺸﻛ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ،يزروﺎﺸﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ هﺮﺸﺣ هوﺮﮔ .
* ﻴﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟا ﺖﺴﭘ ،تﺎﺒﺗﺎﻜﻣ لﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻲﻜ
Seasonal changes in supercooling point and cold tolerance in field collected larvae of the beet moth, Scrobipalpa ocellatella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Karaj, Iran
Z. Ganji and S. Moharramipour
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box: 14115-336, Tehran, Iran.
*Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
هﺪﻴﻜﭼ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ زا ﻲﺸﺨﺑ ﻨﻗ رﺪﻨﻐﭼ ﺪﻴﺑ
ﺪ Scrobipalpa ocellatella (Boyd) نﺎﺘﺴﻣز
ﺖﺨﺳ يﺎﻫ ار ﻪﺑ ورﻻ ترﻮﺻ و رﺪﻨﻐﭼ يﺎﻳﺎﻘﺑ رد
ﺮﻳﺎﺳ هﺎﮕﻫﺎﻨﭘ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ يﺎﻫ يﺮﭙﺳ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ . ﻪﺑ ﻈﻨﻣ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ﻲﻳﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رﻮ ﻲﻧارﺬﮔ
هﺮﺸﺣ ﻦﻳا ﻪـﺑ ﺮـﺧآ ﻦـﺳ يﺎـﻫورﻻ ، زا ﻪـﻧﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ ترﻮـﺻ
ﺪﻨﻔﺳا ﺎﺗ رﻮﻳﺮﻬﺷ 1390
ﻊﻤﺟ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ يروآ . ﺺﺧﺎﺷ رد ﻲﻠﺼﻓ تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻲﺘﺨﺳﺎﻣﺮﺳ يﺎﻫ
) هﺪﻨﺸﻛ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ يﺎﻣد و دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ (
رﺪـﻨﻐﭼ ﺪﻴﺑ
ﺪﻨﻗ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ .
ﻊـﻤﺟ ﺪـﻨﻗ رﺪﻨﻐﭼ ﺪﻴﺑ يﺎﻫورﻻ دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻪـﻋرﺰﻣ زا هﺪـﺷ يروآ
99 / 0 15± - ﺎـﺗ 92 / 0
±
8 / 17 - سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد دﻮﺑ نﺎﺳﻮﻧ رد
. ﻪﺑ هوﻼﻋ دوﺪﺣ 50 زا ﺪﺻرد ﻊﻤﺟ ﯼﺎﻫﻭﺭﻻ ﻩﺪﺷ ﯼﺭﻭﺁ
ﻬﻣ رد ﺮ هﺎﻣ زا ﺲﭘ 24 ﻦﺘﻓﺮـﮔ راﺮـﻗ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ
يﺎﻣد رد 12 - سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻒﻠﺗ
؛ ﻪﺑ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﻳا و ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺞﻳرﺪﺗ
رد ﻦﻤﻬﺑ هﺎﻣ ﺪﻴﺳر ﺮﻔﺻ ﻪﺑ .
ياﺮـﺑ هﺪﻨـﺸﻛ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ يﺎﻣد
50 زا داﺮﻓا ﺪﺻرد 2
/ 13 - ﻪﺑ هﺎﻣ ﺮﻬﻣ رد سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد 4
/ 16 - رد سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد ﻦﻤﻬﺑ
ﺪﻴﺳر . ﺗ رد ﻣز لﻮـﻃ مﺎﻤ دﺎـﻤﺠﻧا ﻪـﻄﻘﻧ نﺎﺘـﺴ
ﻻ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز يﺎﻫور هﺎﻣ رد نارﺬﮔ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺪﻧداﺪﻧ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ يراد
. ﻦﻳا رد ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﺖﺳا ﻢﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺎﻣد ﻲﺠﻳرﺪﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺎﺑ نﺎﻣز ي
اﻮﻫ ، ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﺪﻨﻗ رﺪﻨﻐﭼ ﺪﻴﺑ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ
ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺪﺑﺎﻳ .
يﺪﻴﻠﻛ نﺎﮔژاو ،ﺪﻨﻗ رﺪﻨﻐﭼ ﺪﻴﺑ:
Scrobipalpa ocellatella ﺎﻣد ،دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ،ﻲﻠﺼﻓ تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ،
هﺪﻨﺸﻛ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ي
Abstract
A part of population of the beet moth, Scrobipalpa ocellatella (Boyd) in severe winter condition overwinters as larvae. In order to study overwintering potential of the pest, last instar larvae were collected monthly from September 2011 to March 2012. Seasonal changes in cold hardiness indices such as supercooling point (SCP) and lower lethal temperature of the beet moth were studied. The mean supercooling points of field collected larvae varied from –15.0 ± 0.99 to –17.8 ± 0.92 °C. Samples collected in October exhibited about 50%
mortality, after 24 h exposure to -12 °C. It was gradually decrease until January (no mortality was observed) in January. Lethal temperature for 50% mortality (LT50) decreased from -13.2 ºC in October to -16.4 ºC in January.
Supercooling points of overwintering larvae thorough the winter did not change significantly; while during the gradual decrease in ambient temperature, cold tolerance of S. ocellatella is progressively increased.
Key words: beet moth, Scrobipalpa ocellatella, seasonal changes, supercooling point, lower lethal temperature
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻢــﻬﻣ زا ﻲــﻜﻳ دوﺪﺤﻣ ﻞــﻣاﻮﻋ ﻦﻳﺮــﺗ
ﺖــﻴﻌﻤﺟ هﺪــﻨﻨﻛ
ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ ،تاﺮﺸﺣ نﺪﺷ
ﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻳﺎـﭘ يﺎـﻫﺎﻣد هﺎـﻣ رد
دﺮـﺳ يﺎـﻫ
لﺎﺳ ﻲﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺐـﺳﺎﻨﻣﺎﻧ ﻂﻳاﺮـﺷ ﺎﺑ تاﺮﺸﺣ يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ مﺪﻋ ؛ﺪﺷ
،نﺎﺘﺴﻣز رد ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ
ﺐﻴﺳآ ﺎﻳ گﺮﻣ ناﺮـﺒﺟ يﺎـﻫ
ﻪـﺑ ﺮﻳﺬـﭘﺎﻧ
ﻲﺗﺎــﻴﺣ يﺎﻫﺪــﻨﻳآﺮﻓ ــﻫاﻮﺧ هﺮــﺸﺣ
ﺪــﺷ ﺪ )
Zhao, 1997
( .
ﻚﻳ ﻲﻳﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﻲﺘﺨﺳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻞـﻤﺤﺗ ﺢﻄـﺳ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ياﺮﺑ هﺮﺸﺣ
رد ﻢــﻬﻣ ﻲﻜﻳژﻮــﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ يرﺎﮔزﺎــﺳ ﻚــﻳ و ﺖــﺳا ﺎﻣﺮــﺳ ﻪــﺑ ﻲﻣ نﺎﻳﺎﭘﺪﻨﺑ
نآ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ نﺎﺘـﺴﻣز ﻞـﺼﻓ ﻪـﺑ دورو ياﺮﺑ ار ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ هدﺎﻣآ هﺎـﺗﻮﻛ زور يرﻮـﻧ هرود و ﻦﻴﻳﺎـﭘ يﺎـﻫﺎﻣد ﺎﺑ و ﺪﻨﻛ
ﻲﻣ لﺎﻌﻓ دﻮﺷ
(Horwath & Duman, 1982)
. ﻪﺑ ود ﻲـﻠﻛ رﻮـﻃ
دﻮﺟو نﺎﻳﺎﭘﺪﻨﺑ رد ﻲﺘﺨﺳﺎﻣﺮﺳ عﻮﻧ دراد
: ﻊﻳﺮـﺳ ﻲﺘﺨﺳﺎﻣﺮﺳ
ﺮﺳ ﻲﺸﻨﻛاو ﻪﻛ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ و ﺖـﺳا ﺎﻣد ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد ﻊﻳ
ﻲﺘﺨـﺳ
ﻪﻛ ﻲﺠﻳرﺪﺗ يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ
ﺪﻨﻠﺑ و ﻲﻠﺼﻓ تﺪـﻣ
ﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﻪـﺑ )
ﻲـﻃ
ﺪﻨﭼ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﭼ هﺎﻣ ( ﻲﻣ و ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ زا تاﺮـﺸﺣ يرﺎﻴـﺴﺑ رد
ﻲﻣ خر نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ﺎﺗ نﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ ﺎـﻳ ﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﺐﻴـﺳآ زا ﻊﻧﺎـﻣ و ﺪـﻫد
ﻲﺠﻨﮔ و ﻲﻣﺮﺤﻣ رﻮﭘ : ﻲﻠﺼﻓ تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ و دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ
ﺪﻴﺑ يﺎﻫورﻻ رد ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ...
ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫﺎﻣد رد گﺮﻣ دﻮـﺷ
(Leather et al., 1993)
. ﻦـﻳا
ﺮﺛا رد ﻲﺘﺨﺳﺎﻣﺮﺳ زا عﻮﻧ اﻮـﻫ يﺎﻣد ﻲﺠﻳرﺪﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ
دﺎـﺠﻳا
و هﺪﺷ تﺪﻣ ﻲﻧﻻﻮﻃ ﺮﺛا دراد
. نﺎﻤﻫ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ رﻮـﻃ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳرﺪﺗ ﻲﻣ دﻮﺟو ﻪـﺑ ﺪﻳآ
ﻲـﻣ ﻦﻴـﺑ زا ﺰـﻴﻧ ﺞﻳرﺪـﺗ دور
)
Lee et al., 1987; Lee, 2010
( . يﺎﻫرﺎﻛوزﺎـﺳ زا تاﺮـﺸﺣ
ﻬﺑ دﻮﺧ ﻲﺘﺨﺳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ياﺮﺑ نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ هﺮ
ﻪـﺑ و ﺪـﻧﺮﺑ
ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻦﻳا ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ ﻦﻴﻳﺎـﭘ يﺎﻫﺎﻣد رد ﺪـﻨﻧﺎﻤﺑ هﺪـﻧز
(Lee,
1991; Danks, 1996; Bale, 2002)
. ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ زا تاﺮـﺸﺣ ﻲـﻠﻛ
ﻪﺑ ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻳز يﺎﻫﺎﻣد ود ﻚﻤﻛ
رﺎﻜﻫار ﻋ ﻲﻣ نﻮﺼﻣ هﺪﻤ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ
:
ﺦﻳ زا بﺎﻨﺘﺟا ﺦـﻳ ﻪـﺑ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ و ﻲﮔدز
نﺪـﺑ تﺎـﻌﻳﺎﻣ ﻲـﮔدز .
زا ﻪﻛ ﻲﺗاﺮﺸﺣ رﺎﻜﻫار
ﻲﻣ هﺮﻬﺑ لوا ﺮﺑ
ﺪـﻧ سﺎـﺴﺣ ﺦـﻳ ﻪـﺑ -
نآ و ﻲﮔدز زا ﻪﻛ ﺎﻫ
رﺎﻜﻫار ﻲﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا مود ﻪـﺑ ﻞﻤﺤﺘﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﺦﻳ ﻲﻣ هﺪﻴﻣﺎﻧ ﻲﮔدز ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
. ﻞـﻤﺤﺘﻣ تاﺮﺸﺣ ﺦـﻳ ﻪـﺑ
،ﻲـﮔدز
ﻞـﻤﺤﺗ ار لﻮﻠـﺳ جرﺎﺧ رد ﺦﻳ يﺎﻫرﻮﻠﺑ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻲـﻣ
ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ ،
ﻲﻟﺎﺣرد ﻪﻛ داﺪﻳور ﻦﻳا تاﺮﺸﺣ ياﺮﺑ
سﺎﺴﺣ ﺦـﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻲـﮔدز
ـﺸﺣ ﻦـﻳا و ﺖـﺳا هﺪﻨﺸﻛ ﺦـﻳ زا ﺰـﻳﺮﮔ ياﺮـﺑ تاﺮ
ﺎـﺑ ندز
وزﺎـــﺳ نﺪـــﺷ دﺮـــﺳ قﻮـــﻓ ﻲﻳﺎـــﻧاﻮﺗ ،ﻒـــﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫرﺎﻛ
(supercooling capacity)
ﻲـﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا ار دﻮـﺧ ﺪـﻨﻫد
(Lee,
2010)
. رﺎﻜﻫار توﺎـﻔﺘﻣ ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ تاﺮـﺸﺣ رد ﻲﺘﺨﺳﺎﻣﺮﺳ
و ﺖﺳا رد ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ يور زا ﺺﺧﺎﺷ
ﺪـﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ دﺎـﻤﺠﻧا ﻪـﻄﻘﻧ
(Supercooling point (SCP))
هﺪﻨﺸﻛ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫﺎﻣد ﺎﻳ
(lower
lethal temperatures (LLTs))
ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻲﻣ دﻮـﺷ )
Leather et al.,
.(1993
ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ،دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻞﻴﻜـﺸﺗ عوﺮـﺷ زا ﺶﻴﭘ ﺎﻣد ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا نﺪﺑ تﺎﻌﻳﺎﻣ رد ﺦﻳ يﺎﻫرﻮﻠﺑ ﺎﺑ
نﺪﺷ دازآ ﻲﻧﺎـﻬﮔﺎﻧ
ﺖﺳا هاﺮﻤﻫ نﺪﺑ يﺎﻣﺮﮔ
(Lee, 1989)
.
ﺪﻨﻗ رﺪﻨﻐﭼ ﺪﻴﺑ ﺎﺘﻴﻟ ﺎﻳ
Scrobipalpa ocellatella
ﻲﻜﻳ
ﻢﻬﻣ زا رﺪﻨﻐﭼ تﺎﻓآ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻣ
ﻲ ﻪـﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻧﺎـﻬﺟ ﺶﻨﻛاﺮـﭘ
ﺖــﺳا هﺪــﺷ شراﺰــﮔ ﺎﻫرﻮــﺸﻛ يرﺎﻴــﺴﺑ زا و ﻪﺘــﺷاد
(Behdad, 1982)
. ﻂﻳاﺮـﺷ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﺘـﺴﺑ ﺖﻓآ ﻦﻳا ﻞﺴﻧ داﺪﻌﺗ
ﻦﻴـﺑ ناﺮﻳا رد و توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺮﻫ ﻲﻳاﻮﻫ و بآ 3
ﺎـﺗ 6
ﺖﺳا ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ لﺎﺳ رد ﻞﺴﻧ
(Kheyri et al., 1980)
. ﺖﻓآ ﻦﻳا
ﻪﺑ ار نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ﻪﺗﻮﺑ رد ورﻻ ترﻮﺻ
رﺪﻨﻐﭼ يﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﻗ
ﺮـﺳ و ﻪﺸﻳر
ﻲﻗﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻋرﺰﻣ رد هﺪﻧﺎﻣ
نﺎﻨﭼ ﻲﻟو ،ﺪﻧارﺬﮔ ﻪـﭼ
ﻲﻣ هﺪﻳد ﻞﻜﺷ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ لﺪﺘﻌﻣ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ﺮـﮔا و دﻮـﺷ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ دﺮﺳ ﻲﻠﻴﺧ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ
ترﻮﺻ ﻞـﻣﺎﻛ يﺎـﻫورﻻ
ﺑﻻ رد ﻪ ﻪﺗﻮﺑ يﻻ ﺰـﻐﻣ و رﺪـﻨﻐﭼ هﺪـﺷ ﻊﻄﻗ يﺎﻫﺮﺳ و ﺎﻫ
گﺮﺒﻣد ﻲـﻣ ﻲﻗﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺪـﻨﻧﺎﻣ
(Behdad, 1982)
. ﻲـﺳرﺮﺑ يﺎـﻫ
ﻲـﻧاواﺮﻓ ﺖـﺴﻳز ﻪـﻨﻴﻣز رد ﻲـﺳﺎﻨﺷ
(Kheyri et al., 1980;
Valich et al., 2005; Timus & Croitoru, 2006)
لﺮـﺘﻨﻛ ،
ﻲــﻘﻴﻔﻠﺗ لﺮــﺘﻨﻛ و ﻲﻜﻳژﻮــﻟﻮﻴﺑ ،ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻤﻴــﺷ
(Saad & El-
Abhrawi, 1977; Robert & Blaisinger, 1978; Marie, 2004; Sabry et al., 2011; Arnaudov et al., 2012)
ﺪـﻴﺑ
مﺎﺠﻧا ﺪﻨﻗ رﺪﻨﻐﭼ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
. ناﺰـﻴﻣ نﻮﻨﻛﺎـﺗ ،لﺎﺣ ﻦﻳا ﺎﺑ
تاﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ و ﻦﻴﻳﺎـﭘ يﺎـﻫﺎﻣد رد ﺪـﻨﻗ رﺪـﻨﻐﭼ ﺪـﻴﺑ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ راﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ نآ ﻲﻠﺼﻓ .
،ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ ﻪـﺑ
-
رﺪـﻨﻐﭼ ﺪـﻴﺑ ﻲﺘﺨـﺳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻲﻠﺼﻓ تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ،ﺪﻨﻗ
(SCP)
ﺮـﻳز يﺎﻫﺎﻣد ﻪﺑ هﺮﺸﺣ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ و
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ﺮﻔﺻ .
و داﻮﻣ شور ﺎﻫ
هداد ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷاﻮﻫ يﺎﻫ
ﻚـﻳدﺰﻧ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا زا ﻪﻋرﺰﻣ يﺎﻣد زا ﻲﻫﺎﮔآ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ
ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷاﻮﻫ هﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳا )
جﺮـﻛ يزروﺎﺸﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷاﻮﻫ هﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳا
ناﺮـﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺲﻳدﺮﭘ يزروﺎﺸﻛ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد رد ﻊﻗاو (
ﻪـﺑ
تﺎـــﺼﺘﺨﻣ
35°48'23"
ﻲﻟﺎﻤـــﺷ و
50°57'14"
ﻲﻗﺮـــﺷ و
عﺎﻔﺗرا 9 / 1292 ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﻳرد ﺢﻄﺳ زا ﺮﺘﻣ .
ﻊﻤﺟ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يروآ
ﻪــﻧﻮﻤﻧ زا يرادﺮــﺑ ﻪــﻋرﺰﻣ
تﺎــﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪــﺴﺳﺆﻣ رد يا
رﺪﻨﻐﭼ رﺬﺑ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ و حﻼﺻا ﺪﻨﻗ
) سﺪـﻨﻬﻣ ﻲﺗﺎـﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ هﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳا
يﺮـﻬﻄﻣ لﻮـﺳﺮﻟاﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻴـﺳ (
تﺎـﺼﺘﺨﻣ ﻪـﺑ
35° 50' 22.56"
ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ و
50° 51' 58.68"
ﻲﻗﺮـﺷ عﺎـﻔﺗرا ﻪـﺑ و 1253
زا ﺮـﺘﻣ
لﺎﻤﻛرد ﻊﻗاو ﺎﻳرد ﺢﻄﺳ جﺮﻛ ﺮﻬﺷ
مﺎﺠﻧا ﺪﺷ . ﻪـﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪـﺑ ﺎـﻫ -
ﻮﺻ ﺪﻨﻔﺳا ﺎﺗ رﻮﻳﺮﻬﺷ زا ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ تر 1390
ﻊﻤﺟ ﺪـﺷ يروآ .
هﺮﺸﺣ ﻦﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ،ناﺮﻳا ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ
35 ) : 2 ( ، 1394
ﻪﺸﻳر ﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﻗ رﺪﻨﻐﭼ يﺎﻫ ﺮـﺑ و ﻪﻗﻮﻃ هاﺮﻤﻫ
گ ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ ﺎـﻫ
ﻞﻴﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻏﺎﺑ و هﺪـﺷ اﺪﺟ ﻲﻧﻮـﮔ رد
ﻊـﻤﺟ ﻲـﻔﻨﻛ يﺎـﻫ يروآ
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . ﺲﭙﺳ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ هﺪﻜـﺸﻧاد يژﻮـﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ هﺎﮕـﺸﻳﺎﻣزآ ﻪـﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﺷ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ سرﺪﻣ ﺖﻴﺑﺮﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد يزروﺎﺸﻛ .
ﻪﺑ ﻆﻔﺣ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ
ﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ،ﻲ
ﺶﻳﺎـﻣزآ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻲﻃ رد ﺎﻫ ﺎـﻫ
يﺎـﻣد رد
ﻂﻴﺤﻣ هﺎﮕﺸﻳﺎﻣزآ زا نوﺮﻴﺑ و ﻲـﻣ يراﺪـﻬﮕﻧ
ﺪﻧﺪـﺷ . زا ﺲـﭘ
ﻦﺘﻓﺎﻜﺷ ﻪﺸﻳر ﺖﺳﻮﭘ و
گﺮﺒﻣد گﺮﺑ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ و ﺎﻫ ﻪـﻟﻮﻟ يﺎﻫ
رﺪﻨﻐﭼ هﺪﺷ ﻊﻤﺟ ﻪﺑ ماﺪﻗا ،ﺪﻨﻗ
ﻞـﺤﻣ زا ﺎـﻫورﻻ يروآ يﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻳﺬﻐﺗ ﺪﺷ . ﺎﻫورﻻ ﻢﻠﻗ ﻚﻤﻛ ﺎﺑ يﺮـﺘﭘ ﻪـﺑ مﺮﻧ يﻮﻣ
ﺶـﻳد
ﺎﻛ لﺎﻤﺘﺳد يوﺎﺣ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ ﻚﺸﺧ يﺬﻏ
ـﺷ ﺪﻧﺪ . زا هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا
ﻪﺑ يﺬﻏﺎﻛ لﺎﻤﺘﺳد ﺎـﻫورﻻ نﺪـﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ندﻮﻤﻧ ﻚﺸﺧ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ
) ﻳ يﺎﻘﻟا زا يﺮﻴﮔﻮﻠﺟ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺦ
ﻲﮔدز ( ﻲﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ
. رد
رﺪـﻨﻐﭼ گﺮﺑ ،ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يزﺎﺳاﺪﺟ تﺪﻣ لﻮﻃ رﺎـﻴﺘﺧا رد ﺪـﻨﻗ
تاﺮﺸﺣ ﻲﻣ راﺮﻗ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ .
دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻊﻤﺟ يﺎﻫ
ﺰﻣ زا هﺪﺷ يروآ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻋر
شور
Khani et al. (2007)
ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺪﺷ . ﻪﺑ لﻮﻤﻌﻣ رﻮﻃ ﺮـﻫ رد
دوﺪﺣ دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ،هﺎﻣ 20
هزاﺪﻧا ورﻻ دﺪﻋ ﺪـﺷ يﺮـﻴﮔ
. ﻪـﺑ
ﺮﮕﺴﺣ ﻪﻛ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻦﻳا ﻞﻜﻴﻧ ﺲﻨﺟ
- موﺮﻛ ﺖﺒﺛ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد هﺪـﻨﻨﻛ
ﺎﻣد
(Testo, model 177-T4, Germany)
ﺢﻄـﺳ ﺎـﺑ سﺎـﻤﺗ رد
ﻮـﺧ ﻞـﺤﻣ رد و ﺪـﺷ هداد راﺮﻗ ﺮﺧآ ﻦﺳ يﺎﻫورﻻ ﻲﻤﻜﺷ د
ﻪﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ و ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ ﺖﻴﺒﺜﺗ هﺎﮕﺘـﺳد
هﺪﻨﻨﻛدﺮـﺳ ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ
ﻪـﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ -
ر ــﻳ ﺰ ي
(Binder, model MK53, Germany)
ﺪﻧﺪــﺷ ﻞــﻘﺘﻨﻣ .
يﺎﻣد ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﻦﻳا ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ يﻮﺤﻧ
زا ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﺷ يﺰﻳر 20
+ ﺎـﺗ
30 - ﻲــﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺖﻋﺮــﺳ ﺎــﺑ سﻮﻴــﺴﻠﺳ ﻪــﺟرد 5
/ 0 ﻪــﺟرد
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻘﻴﻗد رد سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ ﺮـﻫ تﺪﻣ ﻦﻳا ﻲﻃ و دﻮﺷ دﺮﺳ ﺞﻳرﺪﺗ
3 نﺪـﺑ يﺎـﻣد ﻪﻴﻧﺎﺛ يﺎـﭘﺎﻣد هﺎﮕﺘـﺳد ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ هﺮـﺸﺣ
Testo
Comfort-Software Basic
ﺪﺷ ﺖﺒﺛ . ﻪﻄﻘﻧ يا ،نآ زا ﺲـﭘ ﻪﻛ
ﻪﺑ ﺎﻣد ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ازآ ﺖﻠﻋ
ﻲﻣ خر ﻲﻧورد يﺎﻣﺮﮔ نﺪﺷ د -
ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻫد ﺪـﺷ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ناﻮﻨﻋ
(Lee, 2010)
. ﺲﭙـﺳ
ﻪـﺑ ار ﺎﻣد سﻮﻜﻌﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد 20
+ سﻮﻴـﺴﻠﺳ ﻪـﺟرد ﻲﻣ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ و ﺪﻧﺎﺳر نآ زا ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ جرﺎﺧ هﺪـﻧز ﺖﻴﻌﺿو و ﺪﻧﺪﺷ
هزاﺪﻧا زا ﺲﭘ ﺎﻬﻧآ نﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﻲـﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮـﻣ دﺎـﻤﺠﻧا ﻪـﻄﻘﻧ يﺮﻴﮔ
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ .
ﺎـﻳ و هدﺮـﻣ درﻮـﻣ رد ﺪـﻳدﺮﺗ دﻮﺟو ترﻮﺻ رد
ﻲﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا پﻮﻜﺳوﺮﻜﻴﻣﻮﻳﺮﺘﺳا زا ﺎﻫورﻻ ندﻮﺑ هﺪﻧز ﺪﺷ
.
ﻪﺑ ﺮﺧآ ﻦﺳ يﺎﻫورﻻ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ
ﺎﻫورﻻ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ناﺰﻴﻣ ـﻨﻗ رﺪـﻨﻐﭼ ﺪـﻴﺑ ﺮـﺧآ ﻦـﺳ ي
ﺪ رد
يﺎﻫﺎﻣد 5 - ، 7 - ، 10 - ، 12 - ، 15 -،
17 -،
19 - و 21 - ﻪـﺟرد
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ گﺮـﻣ ناﺰﻴﻣ ناﻮﺘﺑ ﺎﺗ
و ﺮـﻴﻣ
دوﺪﺣ رد ﻲﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ 10
ﺎﺗ 90 ﺑ ار ﺪﺻرد ﻪ دروآ ﺖﺳد .
ﺮـﻫ ياﺮﺑ
ﺎﻣد 4 ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد راﺮﻜﺗ .
ﻪﻟﻮﻟ زا ﺶﻳﺎﻣزآ يﺎﻫ 15
ﻲﻠﻴﻣ -
ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺶﻳﺎﻣزآ ﻦﻳا مﺎﺠﻧا ياﺮﺑ يﺮﺘﻴﻟ .
هﺎـﮕﻧ اﺪـﺟ ﺖﻬﺟ
ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ زا ﺎﻫورﻻ ﻦﺘﺷاد ﺢﻄـﺳ زا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﺖﺑﻮﻃر بﺬﺟ و
،ﺎﻫورﻻ نﺪﺑ ﻚﻳ ﺶﻳﺎﻣزآ ﻪﻟﻮﻟ ﺮﻫ رد
ﻪـﻜﺗ يﺬـﻏﺎﻛ لﺎﻤﺘـﺳد
ﻚﺸﺧ ﺪﺷ هداد راﺮﻗ .
ﻲﮔدﻮـﻟآ ناﺰـﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ راﺮﻜﺗ ﺮﻫ رد
هﺎﻣ نآ
، ﻦﻴﺑ 4 ﺎﺗ 10 هﺮﺸﺣ ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا .
ﺳر ياﺮﺑ يﺎـﻣد ﻪﺑ نﺪﻴ
ﺑ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ هﺪﻨﻨﻛدﺮﺳ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد زا بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮ
ﺪـﻳدﺮﮔ هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا يﺰﻳ
هﺎﮕﺘﺳد يﺎﻣد و زا
20 + درﻮـﻣ يﺎـﻣد ﺎـﺗ سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد ﺮﻈﻧ
ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺎﺑ 5
/ 0 ﺎـﻫورﻻ و ﺪـﺷ دﺮﺳ ﻪﻘﻴﻗد رد ﻪﺟرد ﻪـﺑ
ـﻣ تﺪ
ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ) 2 و 24 ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ( ﺲﭙـﺳ و يراﺪـﻬﮕﻧ ﺎﻣد نآ رد ﺎـﺑ
ﺖﻋﺮﺳ نﺎﻤﻫ يﺎﻣد ﻪﺑ
20 و ﻪﺘـﺸﮔزﺎﺑ سﻮﻴـﺴﻠﺳ ﻪـﺟرد 24
ﺎﻣزآ يﺎﻣد رد ﺖﻋﺎﺳ هﺎﮕـﺸﻳ
) دوﺪـﺣ 25 ﻮﻴـﺴﻠﺳ ﻪـﺟرد س
(
ﻬﮕﻧ ﻲـﺳرﺮﺑ نﺪـﻧﺎﻣ هﺪـﻧز ﺮـﻈﻧ زا تﺪـﻣ ﻦﻳا زا ﺲﭘ و يراﺪ
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . هﺪﻫﺎـﺸﻣ ورﻻ ندﻮـﺑ هﺪﻧز كﻼﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﺮﻛذ ﻪﺑ مزﻻ نﺎﺑﺮـﺿ و نﺪﺑ ﻢﻳﺎﻤﺿ نداد نﺎﻜﺗ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ورﻻ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﻫ
ﻮﻳﺮﺘﺳا ﺮـﻳز رد ﺐﻠﻗ دﻮـﺑ پﻮﻜـﺳوﺮﻜﻴﻣ
. ﺪـﻳدﺮﺗ ترﻮـﺻ رد
رد ﻢﻠﻗ زا ،تاﺮﺸﺣ ندﻮﺑ هﺪﻧز صﻮﺼﺧ ﻪـﺑ مﺮـﻧ يﻮـﻣ
ناﻮـﻨﻋ
ﺳا كﺮﺤﻣ ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘ .
هﺪﻨﺸﻛ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ يﺎﻣد ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ
Lower Lethal Temperature
(LLT)
هداد زا ﺑ يﺎﻫ ﻪ ﺶﻳﺎـﻣزآ زا هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻞـﻤﺤﺗ يﺎـﻫ
ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫورﻻ )
24 ﻲﻫدﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﺖﻋﺎـﺳ (
ﻪﺒـﺳﺎﺤﻣ ياﺮـﺑ
ﻲﺠﻨﮔ و ﻲﻣﺮﺤﻣ رﻮﭘ : ﻲﻠﺼﻓ تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ و دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ
ﺪﻴﺑ يﺎﻫورﻻ رد ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ...
ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫﺎﻣد هﺪﻨﺸﻛ
ﻪﺑ گﺮـﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ و
ﺮـﻴﻣ 50 و 80
ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ زا ﺪﺻرد )
LT50
و
LT80
( ﺪـﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا .
ﺮﻳدﺎـﻘﻣ
قﻮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺠﻟ لﺪﻣ ﻲﻧﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔر ﻪﻟدﺎﻌﻣ ﻚﻤﻛ ﻴ
ﻚﻴﺘـﺴ
(Binary
Logistic)
ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ،
(Saeidi et al., 2012)
.
يرﺎﻣآ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ
ﻪﺑ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻪﺑ هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد
ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ترﻮﺻ يﺎـﻄﺧ±
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ رﺎﻴﻌﻣ .
هداد ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ زا ندﺮـﻛ لﺎـﻣﺮﻧ زا ﺪـﻌﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻪﻟدﺎﻌﻣ
Arcsine (X/100)-0.5
نﻮـﻣزآ ﻚـﻤﻛ ﺎـﺑ
(Independent
samples t-test) t
ﻚـﻳ ﺲﻧﺎـﻳراو ﻪـﻳﺰﺠﺗ و ﻪـﻓﺮﻃ
(One-way
ANOVA)
هداد ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ و ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺎـﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺣا ﺢﻄﺳ رد ﻲﻛﻮﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﻚﻤﻛ لﺎﻤﺘ
5 هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا ﺎﺑ و ﺪﺻرد
مﺮﻧ زا راﺰﻓا
SPSS 18.0 (SPSS Inc., 2009)
ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا .
ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
هداد ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷاﻮﻫ يﺎﻫ
رﻮﻳﺮﻬﺷ رد اﻮﻫ يﺎﻣد ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ هﺎﻣ
، دوﺪـﺣ 22 ﻪـﺟرد
دﻮــﺑ سﻮﻴــﺴﻠﺳ .
ﻪــﺑ هﺎــﻣ ﺮــﻬﻣ رد ﺎــﻣد ﻦــﻳا 7
/ 15 ﻪــﺟرد
و ﺪﻴﺳر سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺑ هﺎﻣ ود ﻦﻳا رد ﺎﻣد ﻖﻠﻄﻣ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ
ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ
6 / 10 و 2 ﺪـﺷ ﺖـﺒﺛ سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد .
ﺪﻫﺎـﺷ هﺎـﻣ نﺎـﺑآ رد
اﻮـﻫ يﺎﻣد ﺪﻳﺪﺷ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ )
10 سﻮﻴـﺴﻠﺳ ﻪـﺟرد (
و ﻢﻳدﻮـﺑ
ﻪﺑ هﺎﻣ نﺎﺑآ يﺎﻣد 7
/ 5 ﺎـﻣد ﻖـﻠﻄﻣ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ و سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد دوﺪــﺣ ﺰــﻴﻧ
8 ــﺟرد ﻪــﺑ و ﺖــﺷاد ﺶﻫﺎــﻛ ﻪ 6
/ 5 - ﻪــﺟرد
ﺪﻴﺳر سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ .
ﻲـﺋﺰﺟ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ هﺎﻣ يد و رذآ ﺎﺗ نآ زا ﺲﭘ
) ﻪﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ 1 و 2 ﻪـﺟرد ( رد داد يور ،اﻮـﻫ يﺎـﻣد .
ﻞﻗاﺪـﺣ
هﺎــﻣ رذآ يﺎــﻣد ﻖــﻠﻄﻣ 4
/ 4 - ﺪــﺷ ﺖــﺒﺛ سﻮﻴــﺴﻠﺳ ﻪــﺟرد .
ﻦـﻤﻬﺑ و يد هﺎـﻣ ود يﺎﻣد ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ 6
/ 2 سﻮﻴـﺴﻠﺳ ﻪـﺟرد
ﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ .
و يد رد هﺪﺷ ﺖﺒﺛ يﺎﻣد ﻖﻠﻄﻣ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﻦـﻤﻬﺑ
ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ هﺎﻣ 8
/ 8 - دﻮﺑ سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد .
ﺪﻨﻔـﺳا ﺎـﺗ نآ زا ﺲﭘ
ـﻫ يﺎـﻣد ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـﻴﻣ و داد يور اﻮـﻫ يﺎـﻣد ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا هﺎﻣ و اﻮ
ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻣد ﻖﻠﻄﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ
1 / 7 و 7 - سﻮﻴـﺴﻠﺳ ﻪـﺟرد
ﺪﻴﺳر ) ﻞﻜﺷ 1 (.
دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ
(SCP)
ﺎﻫورﻻ نﺪﺑ
ﻪﻨﻴﻤﻛ و ﻪﻨﻴﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻦﻳا ﺎﺑ هﺎﻣ ردSCP
ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ا ز 6 - ﺎﺗ 25 - داﺮـﻓا ﻦﻴـﺑ رد سﻮﻴـﺴﻠﺳ ﻪـﺟرد
ﺪـﺷ هﺪﻫﺎـﺸﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ
، ﺎـﻣا ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـﻴﻣ هﺎـﻣ ردSCP
يﺎـﻫ
ﻦﻴﺑ ،ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ 15
- و 18 - دﻮﺑ نﺎﺳﻮﻧ رد سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد
ﺪﻧور زا و دﺮﻜﻧ يوﺮﻴﭘ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ
. رﻮﻳﺮﻬﺷ دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﺪﻨﻔﺳا ﺎﺗ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا هﺎﻣ ﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ يراد
(F = 0.736;
df = 5,94; P = 0.598)
) ﻞﻜﺷ 2 .(
ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ دﻮﺟو ﻦﻳا ﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ناﺰــﻴﻣ هﺎـــﻣ رذآ ردSCP
) 8 / 17 - سﻮﻴـــﺴﻠﺳ ﻪــﺟرد (
ﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ .
ﻪـﺒﻌﺟ رادﻮﻤﻧ رد ﻪـﻧﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ دﺎـﻤﺠﻧا ﻪـﻄﻘﻧ يا
ﻞﻜﺷ 2 ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد ﺶﻳﺎﻤﻧ .
ﻚﻳدﺰﻧ رد ﻪﻧازور يﺎﻣد ﻪﻨﻴﺸﻴﺑ و ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ،ﻪﻨﻴﻤﻛ تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ-1 ﻞﻜﺷ ﻪـﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻞـﺤﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻲـﺳﺎﻨﺷاﻮﻫ هﺎﮕﺘـﺴﻳا ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ
زا يرادﺮـﺑ
ﻮﻳﺮﻬﺷ لﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﻔﺳا ﺎﺗ ر 1390
.
Fig. 1. Seasonal changes in minimum, mean and maximum air temperatures at the nearest weather station to collection site from September 2011 to March 2012.
هﺮﺸﺣ ﻦﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ،ناﺮﻳا ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ
35 ) : 2 ( ، 1394
٧
هﺎﻣ رد هﺪﺷ يروآﻊﻤﺟﺪﻨﻗ رﺪﻨﻐﭼ ﺪﻴﺑﻦﺳ يﺎﻫورﻻ رد(SCP) دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ -2 ﻞﻜﺷ ﺪﻨﻔﺳا ﺎﺗ رﻮﻳﺮﻬﺷ يﺎﻫ
1390 .
Fig. 2. Supercooling point variation fluctuationin last instar larvae of Scrobipalpa ocellatella collected from September 2011 to March 2012.
ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻪـﺟرد ﺮﻔـﺻ ﺮـﻳز يﺎـﻫﺎﻣد ﻪـﺑ داﺮـﻓا ﻞـﻤﺤﺗ ناﺰﻴﻣ
ﺘﻤﻛ رد ﺰﻴﻳﺎﭘ ياﺪﺘﺑا رد سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ دﻮﺧ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺮ
دﻮﺑ . ﺲﭘ
ﻪﺑ نآ زا ﻂـﺳاوا رد و هﺪـﺷ هدوﺰﻓا داﺮﻓا ﺖﻣوﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳرﺪﺗ
ﺪﻴﺳر ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﺑ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز .
ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا ﺎﺑ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﺲﭙﺳ
ﺪـﺷ ﻪﺘـﺳﺎﻛ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ زا اﻮﻫ يﺎﻣد .
د ﺶﻳﺎـﻣزآ ر مﺎـﺠﻧا يﺎـﻫ
گﺮﻣ ﭻﻴﻫ ،هﺪﺷ و
يﺎﻣد رد يﺮﻴﻣ 5
- خر سﻮﻴـﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد
داﺪﻧ . رد رذآ هﺎﻣ ﻦﻤﻬﺑ و ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ
ﻪـﻤﻫ ﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﻪـﺑ
ﺎﻫورﻻ 24 يﺎﻣد ﺖﻋﺎﺳ 7
- ﻞـﻤﺤﺗ ار سﻮﻴـﺴﻠﺳ ﻪـﺟرد
ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ . ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﻦـﻤﻬﺑ ﺎـﺗ ﺮـﻬﻣ زا ﺮﺧآ ﻦﺳ يﺎﻫورﻻ
اﺰﻓا ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻳ .
ﻪﺑ يﺎـﻫورﻻ زا ﻲـﻤﻴﻧ ﺮـﻬﻣ هﺎﻣ رد ﻪﻛ يﻮﺤﻧ
رد هﺪــﺷ ﺶﻳﺎــﻣزآ رﺎــﻤﻴﺗ
24 ﻪﺘﻋﺎــﺳ يﺎــﻣد 12 - ﻪــﺟرد
سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻒﻠﺗ
ﻲﻟﺎﺣرد ، ﺎـﻫورﻻ ﻪـﻤﻫ ﻦـﻤﻬﺑ رد ﻪﻛ
ز ﺎﻣد ﻦﻳا رد ﺪﻧﺪﻧﺎﻣ هﺪﻧ
. ﻪـﺑ ﻞـﻤﺤﺗ ناﺰـﻴﻣ رد نآ زا ﺲـﭘ
ﺪﻨﻔـﺳا رد و ﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ 50
گﺮـﻣ ﺪـﺻرد -
و يﺎﻣد رد ﺮﻴﻣ 12
- داد يور سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد .
ﺮﺧآ ﻦﺳ يﺎﻫورﻻ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ هﺎﻣ
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
زا ﺲﭘ 24 رد ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ يﺎـﻫﺎﻣد
5 - ، 7 - و 10 -
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد ﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ راد
. رد ﻣ ناﺰـﻴ
ﻞﻤﺤﺗ يﺎﻣد ﻪﺑ ﺮﺧآ ﻦﺳ يﺎﻫورﻻ 12
- سﻮﻴـﺴﻠﺳ ﻪـﺟرد ﻦﻴﺑ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا ﺪﻨﻔﺳا و ﻦﻤﻬﺑ هﺎﻣ ود ﺪـﺷ هﺪﻫﺎـﺸﻣ راد
(F = 5.017; df = 3,12; P < 0.05)
. گﺮـﻣ ﺪـﺻرد و
ﺮـﻴﻣ
يﺎﻫورﻻ ﺪﻨﻔـﺳا ﺎـﺗ ﺮـﻬﻣ زا ﺪﻨﻗ رﺪﻨﻐﭼ ﺪﻴﺑ ﺮﺧآ ﻦﺳ هﺎـﻣ
لﺎﺳ 1390 لوﺪﺟ رد 1
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ .
ﻦﻴـﺑ 2 و 24
ﺧا ﻲﻫدﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘ
ﻪﺑ ؛ﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ راد زا ﺮﻴﻏ
يﺎﻣد 17 - سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد هﺎـﻣ رذآ رد
رد ﻪـﻛ 2 ﺖﻋﺎـﺳ
ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻲﻫدﺎﻣﺮﺳ 12
گﺮـﻣ ﺪﺻرد و
ﻲﻟﺎـﺣرد ،ﺮـﻴﻣ رد ﻪـﻛ
24
دوﺪﺣ ﻲﻫدﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ 60
گﺮﻣ ﺪﺻرد و
ﺮﻴﻣ ﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
(t = -2.931, df = 6, P < 0.05)
.
هﺪﻨﺸﻛ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ يﺎﻣد
گﺮـﻣ ياﺮﺑ هﺪﻨﺸﻛ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ يﺎﻣد ﺮـﻴﻣو
50 و 80
ﺪﺻرد ) ﻪﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ
LT50
و
LT80
( يﺎـﻫورﻻ ﺖـﻴﻌﻤﺟ زا
نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ﺮﺧآ ﻦﺳ ارﺬﮔ
ﺎـﺗ ﺮـﻬﻣ زا ﺪـﻨﻗ رﺪـﻨﻐﭼ ﺪـﻴﺑ ن
ﺪﻨﻔﺳا تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻲﻠﺼﻓ
داد نﺎـﺸﻧ ﻲﻬﺟﻮـﺗ .
يﺎـﻣد
ياﺮــﺑ هﺪﻨــﺸﻛ ﻞﻗاﺪــﺣ 50
ﺖــﻴﻌﻤﺟ داﺮــﻓا زا ﺪــﺻرد
)
LT50
( هﺎﻣ ﺮﻬﻣ رد 2
/ 13 - ﻪﺒـﺳﺎﺤﻣ سﻮﻴـﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد
ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ 3 زا سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـﻴﻣ
ﻘﻧ دﺎـﻤﺠﻧا ﻪـﻄ
نﺎﻤﻫ هﺎﻣ ﺖﺳا ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ .
ﻪﺑ هﺎﻣ ﻦﻤﻬﺑ رد ﺎﻣد ﻦﻳا 4
/ 16 -
ﺪﻴﺳر سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد )
سﻮﻴـﺴﻠﺳ ﻪـﺟرد ﻚﻳ دوﺪﺣ
٨
ﻲﻣﺮﺤﻣ و ﻲﺠﻨﮔ
رﻮﭘ : ﺑ يﺎﻫورﻻ رد ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ و دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻲﻠﺼﻓ تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺪﻴ
...
ﺮﺘﻤﻛ دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ زا هﺎﻣ نﺎﻤﻫ
( . ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ 50
ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳدﺰﻧ يﺎﻫﺎﻣد هﺎﻣ ﻦﻳا رد ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ داﺮﻓا زا ﺪﺻرد هدﺮـﻛ ﻞــﻤﺤﺗ ار دﻮـﺧSCP
ﺪــﻧا . هﺎــﻣ ﺪﻨﻔـﺳا رد
LT50
د ﻲﺋﺰﺟ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺖﺷا
) 9 / 15 - سﻮﻴـﺴﻠﺳ ﻪـﺟرد (
ﻪـﻛ
نﺎﺸﻧ ﺖـﺳا ﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﻪـﺑ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ هﺪﻨﻫد .
ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ رد لوﺪﺟ
2 ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد نﺎﺸﻧ .
ﻢﻫ لوﺪﺟ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ
2 ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺮﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻫد رﺎـﻴﻌﻣ سﺎـﺳا
(LT80)
ﻞﻗاﺪـﺣ
ﺶﺨﺑ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ زا ﻲﻤﻛ )
دوﺪﺣ 20 ﺪﺻرد ( ﻪﺑ ﺼﺧ صﻮ
ﻪﺘﺴﻧاﻮﺗ يد و نﺎﺑآ يﺎﻫ هﺎﻣ رد ﻪـﻄﻘﻧ ﺮـﻳز يﺎﻫﺎﻣد ﺪﻧا
ﻤﺤﺗ ار دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻞ
.
لوﺪﺟ 1 گﺮﻣ ﺪﺻرد- و
،ﺪﻨﻗ رﺪﻨﻐﭼ ﺪﻴﺑ ﺮﺧآ ﻦﺳ يﺎﻫورﻻ ﺮﻴﻣ ﺪﻨﻗ رﺪﻨﻐﭼ ﺪﻴﺑ
يﺎﻫﺎﻣد رد 5
- ﺎﺗ 21 - زا سﻮﻴـﺴﻠﺳ ﻪـﺟرد
هﺎﻣ ﺪﻨﻔﺳا ﺎﺗ رﻮﻳﺮﻬﺷ 1390
.
Table 1. Mortality rate in last instar larvae of the beet moth, Scrobipalpa ocellatella (-5 to -21 °C) from September 2011 to March 2012.
% Mortality Temperature (°C)
Exposure time (h) October November December January March
NT 0
0 0
0 -5
24
NT 0
0 25.0
12.5 -7
NT 0
29.2 31.3
31.3 -10
50.0 0
25.0 31.3
50.0 -12
25.0 43.8
62.5 43.8
56.3 -15
58.3 60.4
62.5 87.5
68.8 -17
83.3 62.5
93.8 NT
93.8 -19
NT 93.8
NT NT
NT -21
NT NT
NT NT
50.0 -12
2
NT 43.8
50.0 35.4
NT -15
NT 52.5
12.0 45.8
NT -17
NT 65.6
81.3 NT
NT -19
NT 93.8
NT NT
NT -21
NT: not tested.
لوﺪﺟ 2 ،دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ- هﺪﻨﺸﻛ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ يﺎﻣد
)
LT50
و
LT80
( نآ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ و ﻻﺎﺑ نﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃا دوﺪﺣ و ﻦـﺳ يﺎـﻫورﻻ رد ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﻗ رﺪﻨﻐﭼ ﺪﻴﺑ ﺮﺧآ ﺪﻨﻔﺳا ﺎﺗ رﻮﻳﺮﻬﺷ زا
1390 .
Table 2. Mean SCP, lower lethal temperature (LT50 and LT80) values and their lower and upper confidence limits in last instar larvae of the beet moth from September 2011 to March 2012.
Months n SCP ± SE (°C)1 n LT50 (Lower, Upper)
(°C / 24 h) 2, 3 LT80 (Lower, Upper) (°C / 24 h) 2, 3
September 10 -15.9 ± 1.29 NT NT
October 13 -16.3 ± 1.46 94 -13.2 (-13.3, -13.0) a -17.4 (-19.7, -16.4) a November 20 -15.0 ± 0.99 92 -14.5 (-16.9, -13.8) b -20.3 (-29.6, -17.6) b December 20 -17.8 ± 0.92 81 -14.3 (-14.3, -14.1) b -17.7 (-19.7, -16.8) a January 15 -15.7 ± 1.03 81 -16.4 (-16.4, -16.3) d -19.3 (-21.3, -18.5) a
March 22 -16.5 ± 1.19 42 -15.9 (-16.0, -15.2) c -19.2 (-24.5, -18.0) a
NT: not tested.
1 There was no significant difference among means (F = 0.736; df = 5, 94; P = 0.598).
2 95% lower and upper confidence limits are shown in parenthesis.
3 Values followed by the same letters in a column are not significantly different if their 95% confidence intervals overlap.
هﺮﺸﺣ ﻦﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ،ناﺮﻳا ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ
35 ) : 2 ( ، 1394
٩
ﺚﺤﺑ ﺪـﻨﻗ رﺪﻨﻐﭼ ﺪﻴﺑ ﺮﺧآ ﻦﺳ يﺎﻫورﻻ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ناﺰﻴﻣ
د هﺎﻣ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ر ﻪﺑ ،ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ
تﺪﻣ 24 رد ﺖﻋﺎﺳ
ﺪــﺷ ﻲــﺳرﺮﺑ سﻮﻴــﺴﻠﺳ ﻪــﺟرد ﺮﻔــﺻ ﺮــﻳز يﺎــﻫﺎﻣد .
ﻤﻫ ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ ،ﻦﻴﻨﭽ 24
هﺪﻧز ،ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺲﭘ تاﺮﺸﺣ ﻲﻧﺎﻣ
زا 2 ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺪﺷ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻫد
. ﺶﻳﺎـﻣزآ ﻦـﻳا
ﻪﺑ اﺰـﻴﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻫدﺎﻣﺮﺳ تﺪﻣ ﺮﺛا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻞـﻤﺤﺗ ن
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ تاﺮﺸﺣ .
يرﺎﻴـﺴﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد ياﺮـﺑ ،
ﻪـﺑ تاﺮﺸﺣ ،ﻲﺘﺨﺳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ تﺪـﻣ
24 رد ﺖﻋﺎـﺳ
ﻲﻣ راﺮﻗ ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻳز يﺎﻫﺎﻣد ﺪـﻧﺮﻴﮔ
(Coyle et al., 2011;
Bemani et al., 2012; Kawarasaki et al., 2013)
.
زا ﺲـﭘ ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ تاﺮـﺸﺣ ﻲﻳﺎـﻧاﻮﺗ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ 2
درﻮـﻣ ﻲﻫدﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﻲـﺳرﺮﺑ
ﮔ راﺮـﻗ ﺖـﺳا ﻪـﺘﻓﺮ
(Bennett & Lee, 1989; Lu et al., 2012; Nguyen et al., 2014)
. گﺮﻣ ﺪﺻرد و
ﺪﻨﻗ رﺪﻨﻐﭼ ﺪﻴﺑ يﺎﻫورﻻ ﺮﻴﻣ
رد 2 و 24 دﻮﺑ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ًﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻲﻫدﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ .
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ 2 و 24 ﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺪـﻴﺑ يﺎـﻫورﻻ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﻫد
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻗ رﺪﻨﻐﭼ ﺖﻔﮔ ناﻮﺗ
ﻪﻛ ﻲﻫدﺎﻣﺮﺳ نﺎﻣز )
2 ﺎﺗ 24
ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ( ﺛﺄﺗ هﺪﻧز خﺮﻧ رد يﺮﻴ ﺎﻫورﻻ ﻲﻧﺎﻣ
ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاﺪﻧ .
ياﺮﺑ هﺪﻨﺸﻛ يﺎﻣد 50
ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ داﺮﻓا زا ﺪﺻرد
(LT50)
زا 2 / 13 - ﻪــﺑ هﺎــﻣ ﺮــﻬﻣ رد ﻪــﺟرد 4
/ 16 - ﻪــﺟرد
ﺪﻴﺳر ﻦﻤﻬﺑ رد سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ .
ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳا ﻲﻄﻳاﺮﺷ رد ﻦﻳا
دوﺪـﺣ و ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ رﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ يﺎﻣد ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ 4
ﻪـﺟرد
دﻮﺑ سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ .
ـﻬﻨﺗ رذآ و نﺎـﺑآ ،ﺮﻬﻣ هﺎﻣ ﻪﺳ رد ﻚـﻳ ﺎ
مﻮﺳ ) 30 ﺪﺻرد ( زا ﺲﭘ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ داﺮﻓا زا 24
ﺖﻋﺎـﺳ
يﺎـﻣد رد ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ 10
- ﻦﻴـﺑ زا سﻮﻴـﺴﻠﺳ ﻪـﺟرد
ﺪﻨﺘﻓر . ﻦﻳا رد ﻦﻴﻳﺎـﭘ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳا ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻳﺎـﻣد ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ
لﺎــﺳ نﺎﺘــﺴﻣز و ﺰﻴﻳﺎــﭘ رد تاﺮــﺸﺣ 1390
ﻪــﺑﺮﺠﺗ
ﻤﻧ ،ﺪﻧدﻮ 8 / 8 - ﻪﺑ و دﻮﺑ سﻮﻴﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد ﻲﻤﻧ ﺮﻈﻧ
ﺪﺳر
رﻻ ياﺮﺑ يﺪﺟ ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز يﺎﻫو
نارﺬﮔ هﺮﺸﺣ ﻦﻳا
دﻮﺷ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ .
يﺎـﻣد ،هﺎـﻣ ﺮﻬﻣ رد
LT50
ًﺎﺘﺒـﺴﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـﻴﻣ زا ﺮﺗﻻﺎـﺑ
دﻮﺑ دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ .
هﺎﻣ رد ﻪﻠـﺻﺎﻓ ﺪـﻌﺑ يﺎﻫ
LT50
و ﻪـﻄﻘﻧ
ﻪﺑ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ ،دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻲﻳﺎﺟ ﺎﺗ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺳﺎﻛ ﺞﻳرﺪﺗ
ـﻛ ﻪ
ﻦﻴﻳﺎـﭘ يﺎﻫﺎﻣد ﺐﻴﺳآ ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ ﻦﻳا رد و ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ًﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺳر
. تاﺮﺸﺣ زا يرﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺦـﻳ زا ﺶﻴـﭘ
ندز
ﺪﺑ تﺎﻌﻳﺎﻣ ﻲﻣ ن
ﺦـﻳ زا ﺶﻴـﭘ گﺮﻣ رﺎﭼد و ﺪﻧﺮﻴﻣ ﻲـﮔدز
ﻲـﻣ ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ )
Baust & Rojas, 1985; Bale, 1987; Bale,
1993; Koštál et al., 2004
( . گﺮﻣ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ و
ﺮﻴﻣ 50 ﺪﺻرد
،داﺮﻓا زا هﺮـﺸﺣ ﻞـﻤﺤﺗ ناﺰـﻴﻣ ياﺮـﺑ ﻲﺒـﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ
و ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫﺎﻣد ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘـﺳا ﻦﻴـﻴﻌﺗ
رﺎـﻜﻫار ﺎـﻳ
ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺳ ﺖﺳا ﻲﺘﺨ ﻲﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ نآ رد ﺎﻄﺧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻛ و
دﻮﺷ
(Turnock & Fields, 2005)
. يﺎﻣد نﺪﺷ ﻚﻳدﺰﻧ
LT50
ﻪـﺑ
ناﺰﻴﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ نﺎﻜﻣا ﺶﻫﺎﻛ و ﻞﻤﺤﺗ
ﺦﻳ زا ﺶﻴﭘ گﺮﻣ ﺖﺳا ﻲﮔدز
. ،ﻞـﻤﺤﺗ ناﺰـﻴﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا ﺎﺑ
ﻪـﺑ ﻚـﻳدﺰﻧ يﺎﻫﺎﻣد ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ردﺎﻗ ﺪﻨﻗ رﺪﻨﻐﭼ ﺪﻴﺑ يﺎﻫورﻻ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ار دﻮﺧSCP
ﻦﻳﺮﺘـﺸﻴﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﺐـﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ و
ﺪﻧﺪﻴﺳر دﻮﺧ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ناﺰﻴﻣ .
ﻦﻳا ﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﺪـﻨﺑ ي
Bale (1996)
ﻪﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﺳر ﻪﻛ رﺪﻨﻐﭼ ﺪﻴﺑ يﺎﻫورﻻ ﺪـﻨﻗ
زا رﺎﻜﻫار سﺎﺴﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺦﻳ ﻲﮔدز هﺮﻬﺑ ﻲﻣ دﺮـﺑ . ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا ﺎـﺑ
ﺎـﻫورﻻ ﻞـﻤﺤﺗ ناﺰﻴﻣ زا اﻮﻫ يﺎﻣد ﻲﺠﻳرﺪﺗ نﺎﺘـﺴﻣز ي
-
نارﺬﮔ
؛ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺳﺎﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﺣرد
ﺳ ﻲﻳﺎـﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ـﺑ ﻲﺘﺨـﺳﺎﻣﺮ
ﻪ -
ﻪﺑ هﺪﻣآ دﻮﺟو ﺪـﻧور دﻮـﺟو ﺎﺑ و ﺖﻓﺮﻧ ﻦﻴﺑ زا ﻞﻣﺎﻛ رﻮﻃ
موﺎﻘﻣ رﺎﻬﺑ ﻞﻳاوا رد تاﺮﺸﺣ ،ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻲﺸﻫﺎﻛ زا ﺮـﺗ
ﺪـﻧدﻮﺑ ﺰﻴﻳﺎـﭘ ياﺪـﺘﺑا تاﺮﺸﺣ .
و ﻲﺘﺨـﺳﺎﻣﺮﺳ رﺎﻛوزﺎـﺳ
نﺎﻤﻫ ،ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻛ رﻮﻃ
دﻮـﺟو ﻪـﺑ ﺞﻳرﺪـﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻳآ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ زا ﺰﻴﻧ ﺞﻳرﺪﺗ رد تاﺮـﺸﺣ ﻲـﺘﺣ و دور
ﻞﺼﻓ ﻢـﻫ رﺎـﻬﺑ ﺪـﻧراد ﻲﺘﺨـﺳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺖـﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ نﺎـﻨﭼ
. ﻦـﻳا
ﻲﻣ مﺎﻤﺗ تاﺮﺸﺣ ﻊﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ رﺎﻬﺑ ﻞﺼﻓ رد اﺮﻳز ؛دﻮﺷ
دراد دﻮﺟو اﻮﻫ يﺎﻣد ﻲﻧﺎﻬﮔﺎﻧ ﺖﻓا نﺎﻜﻣا .
ﺖـﻣوﺎﻘﻣ ﻦـﻳا
رد ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ نﺪﺷ ﺎـﺑ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ رد ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻧﺎـﻬﮔﺎﻧ يﺎـﻣد رﺎـﻬﺑ
ﻲﻣ هﺮﺸﺣ يرﺎﻳ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻫد يور ﺖﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺪﻳآ
. نآ لﺎﺣ -
ﻫ يﺎﻣد ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺾﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮔا ﻪﻛ يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ،اﻮ
ـﺑ يﺎـﻫ ﻪ -
٧٠
ﻲﻣﺮﺤﻣ و ﻲﺠﻨﮔ رﻮﭘ
: ﺪﻴﺑ يﺎﻫورﻻ رد ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ و دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻲﻠﺼﻓ تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ...
كﻮـﺷ ﺎـﺑ ﺖـﺳا ﻦـﻜﻤﻣ هﺮﺸﺣ دوﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﺑ زا هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد دﻮﺷ ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ
(Sømme, 1999)
. ًﻻﻮـﻤﻌﻣ تاﺮـﺸﺣ رد
ﻪﺑ سﺎﺴﺣ ﺦﻳ
ﮔدز ﻲ اﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ ﺶﻳ
،ﻲﺘﺨﺳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛSCP
ﻲﻣ ﺪـﺑﺎﻳ
(Lee, 2010)
. ر ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ ﺎـﻣا ﻪـﻄﺑا
يﺎـﻫورﻻ رد يا
نﺎﺘﺴﻣز نارﺬﮔ ﺑ ﺪﻴ ﺪـﻨﻗ رﺪﻨﻐﭼ ﺪـﺸﻧ هﺪﻫﺎـﺸﻣ
. ﺮـﻣا ﻦـﻳا
ا ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﻲـﻨﻌﻣ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ نوﺪﺑ
رد راد
ردSCP
يداﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﻗﺎـﺳ ﻪـﻧاوﺮﭘ ﺪـﻨﻧﺎﻣ تاﺮـﺸﺣ زا راﻮـﺧ
ﻧ ﺮﻜﺸﻴ
Sesamia nonagrioides Lef
، ﻪﻧاوﺮﭘ هﻮﻬﻗ يا ﻦﺷور
ﺐﻴﺳ
Epiphyas postvittana (Walker)
ﻪﺷﻮﺧ مﺮﻛ و راﻮﺧ
رﻮــﮕﻧا
Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermüller)
،
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ
(Gillyboeuf et al., 1994; Andreadis
et al., 2005; Bürgi & Mills, 2010)
. عﻮـﻨﺗ ـﻧواﺮﻓ ﻲ رد
دﺎــﻤﺠﻧا ﻪــﻄﻘﻧ )
5 / 8 - ﺎــﺗ 8 / 16 - ــﺴﻠﺳ ﻪــﺟرد سﻮﻴ
( رد
ﺐﺷ هﺮﭘ
Adoxophyes orana (Fischer von Roslerstamm)
ﻪﺑ ار نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ﻪﻛ ﻨـﺳ ترﻮـﺻ
ﻦﻴ ورﻻ ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ ي
ﺮﭙـﺳ ي
ﻣ ﻲ
،ﺪﻨﻛ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ )
Jo & Kim, 2001
( .
،ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ر ﺲﮕﻣ رد دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﺸﻳ
لﺎـﺳ لﻮـﻃ مﺎـﻤﺗ رد ﻢـﻠﻛ
ﺮﻘﺗ
ًﺎﺒﻳ نوﺪﺑ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻲﻗﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ
،ﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﻲﻟﺎﺣرد ﻪﻛ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻞـﻤﺤﺗ
ﻦﻳا هﺮﺸﺣ رد ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ يﺎﻫﺎﻣد ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ رد نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ
(Koštál & Šimek, 1995)
. ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ هداد يﺎﻫ
ا ﻦــﻳ ،ﻪــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ياﺮــﺑ
مﺮــﻛ خﺮــﺳ
،ﻪــﺒﻨﭘ
Pectinophora
gossypiella (Walker)
هداﻮﻧﺎــﺧ زا
Gelechiidae
شراﺰــﮔ
هﺪﺷ و ﻣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴ ﻃ دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻲ
ـﺑ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ﻦﻴ
6 / 14 - ﺎـﺗ
1 / 17 - ﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد سﻮﻴ
هدﻮﺑ ﺖﺳا
(Kalsta et al., 2006)
.
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ هﺪﻴﺠﻨـﺳ ﻲﻧﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ عﻮﻤﺠﻣ رد ﺖﺳا ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻪﻛ دﻮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧ و
ﻲﻳﺎـﻬﻨﺗ د ر ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ
(Van Lenteren et al., 2006)
. دﺎـﻤﺠﻧا ﻪـﻄﻘﻧ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻲﺘﺣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ تاﺮﺸﺣ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ،ﻲﺒﻄﻗ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ يﺎﻫ
زا ﺮﺗ
ﻲـﻣ ﻪـﺑﺮﺠﺗ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز رد ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳاﻮﻫ يﺎﻣد ﻖﻠﻄﻣ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ -
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
(Bale, 2002; Clark & Worland, 2008)
. ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ياﺮﺑ
ﺮﺘـﺸﻴﺑ ﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﺐﻴﺳآ ﺮﻄﺧ ،لﺪﺘﻌﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻛﺎﺳ تاﺮﺸﺣ ﺐﻴﺳآ زا ﺦﻳ
رد گﺮﻣ و ﺖﺳا ﻲﮔد ﻪﻄﻘﻧ زا ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ يﺎﻫﺎﻣد
ﻲﻣ يور دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﺪﻫد
(Bale, 2002)
. ﺮـﺑ هوﻼـﻋ ،ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ
ﻧا ﻪــﻄﻘﻧ ﻪــﺑ هﺪﻨــﺸﻛ ﻞﻗاﺪــﺣ نﺎــﻣز و ﺎــﻣد ،دﺎــﻤﺠ ﻋ
ناﻮــﻨ
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻲﻣ راﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ ﺪـﻧﺮﻴﮔ
(Watanabe, 2002)
. ﻪـﺑ هﺮـﺸﺣ ،ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا رد تﺪـﻣ
24
ﻳﺎﻫﺎﻣد ضﺮﻌﻣ رد ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﻲ
ﺎـﭘ رﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻦﻴﻳ
-
ﻖﻠﻄﻣ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ زا ﺮﺗ ﺎﻣد
ﺖـﺳا ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ رد .
ﻦﻳﺪـﺑ -
ﺖـﺳا ﻲﻳﺎـﻫﺎﻣد زا ﺮﺗ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ رﺎﻴﺴﺑ قﻮﻓ يﺎﻫﺎﻣد ﻪﻛ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺖﻌﻴﺒﻃ رد ار نآ هﺮﺸﺣ ﺖﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻪﻛ .
اﺬﻟ
فﺪﻫ ،ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا زا رﺪـﻨﻐﭼ ﺪـﻴﺑ ناﻮـﺗ ﺮﺜﻛاﺪﺣ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ
دﻮـﺑ ﻪﺟرد ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻳز يﺎﻫﺎﻣد ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﻗ .
ﻳﺎـﺘﻧ ﺎـﻣ ﺞ
ﻻ ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز يﺎﻫور
نارﺬﮔ زا ﻻﺎـﺑ ﻞﻴـﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ﻳ
ﻲ
ﺪﻧرادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻳز يﺎﻫﺎﻣد ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ياﺮﺑ .
رﺪـﻨﻐﭼ ﺪـﻴﺑ
ﻪﻧ ﺪﻨﻗ د ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪـﺑ ار جﺮـﻛ نﺎﺘـﺴﻣز رد ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫﺎﻣ ﻲﺑﻮـﺧ
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ،ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ
ﻪﻜﻠﺑ هﺮـﺸﺣ ﻦـﻳا ﻦﻴﻳﺎـﭘ دﺎـﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ
،
ﺮﻔـﺻ ﺮـﻳز يﺎﻫﺎﻣد رد نﺪﻧﺎﻣ هﺪﻧز ﻪـﺑ
ﻲﻧﻻﻮـﻃ تﺪـﻣ ار
نﺎﻜﻣا ﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻲﻣ زﺎﺳ د . ﺑ هوﻼﻋ رﺪـﻨﻐﭼ ﺪﻴﺑ يﺎﻫورﻻ ،ﻦﻳا ﺮ
ﺎـﻳﺎﻘﺑ نورد ﺪﻨﻗ رﺪـﻨﻐﭼ ي
ﺎـﻳ و ﺖـﺷادﺮﺑ زا ﺲـﭘ نورد
يﺎﻫرﺪﻨﻐﭼ هﺪـﺸﻧ ﺖﺷادﺮﺑ
نﺎﺘـﺴﻣز ﻪـﻋرﺰﻣ رد ﻲﻧارﺬـﮔ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ يدﺎـﻳز ﺪـﺣ ﺎـﺗ نآ ﺖـﻈﻓﺎﺤﻣ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ
زا ﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ هﺪﻨﺸﻛ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫﺎﻣد دﻮﺷ
.
ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
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٧٢
ﻲﻣﺮﺤﻣ و ﻲﺠﻨﮔ رﻮﭘ
: ﺪﻴﺑ يﺎﻫورﻻ رد ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ و دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻲﻠﺼﻓ تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ...
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