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Screening of oilseed rape cultivars
relation to diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lep. : Plutellidae) in fields of Tehran
Alireza Askarianzadeh a , Fat emeh Jahan a , Gholamhosein Hasanshahi a , Amir Mohammad Naj i b & Mohammad Salehit abar a
a Plant Prot ect ion Depart ment , College of Agricult ural Sciences, Shahed Universit y, Tehran, Iran
b Agronomy Depart ment , College of Agricult ural Sciences, Shahed Universit y, Tehran, Iran
Version of record f irst published: 25 Mar 2013.
To cite this article: Alireza Askarianzadeh , Fat emeh Jahan , Gholamhosein Hasanshahi , Amir Mohammad Naj i & Mohammad Salehit abar (2013): Screening of oilseed rape cult ivars relat ion t o diamondback mot h, Plut ella xylost ella (Lep. : Plut ellidae) in f ields of Tehran, Archives Of Phyt opat hology And Plant Prot ect ion, DOI: 10. 1080/ 03235408. 2013. 774994
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Screening of oilseed rape cultivars relation to diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lep.: Plutellidae) in fi elds of Tehran
Alireza Askarianzadeha*, Fatemeh Jahana, Gholamhosein Hasanshahia, Amir Mohammad Najiband Mohammad Salehitabara
aPlant Protection Department, College of Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran;
bAgronomy Department, College of Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
(Received 6 February 2013;final version received 7 February 2013)
The diamondback moth (DBM),Plutella xylostella(L.) (Lep., Plutellidae), is one of the most important pests of oilseed rape,Brassica napusL., in the world. In this study, resistance of oilseed rape cultivars to DBM was evaluated infields of Tehran based on injury rate of the cultivars. To evaluate cultivar resistance, 19 cultivars of oilseed rape were planted in randomised complete-block design with three replications. Total exper- iments were conducted in experimentalfield of Shahed University. Results showed that DBM had activity on the plants during season and peak of the injury occurred on 27 May. Results indicated that the total of oilseed rape cultivar was spotty. Statistical anal- ysis showed that there was significant difference among determined characteristics in all cultivars. The highest and lowest numbers of holes in the leaf were observed in Midas, Karaj3, Zarfam and Hyola420, Hyola308 cultivars, respectively, in sampling of the end growth. Opera and Midas cultivars have the highest percentage of leaf infesta- tion and the lowest percentage of leaf infestation was observed in Hyola420 and Hyola308. Also, Karaj3 and Zarfam cultivars have the highest percentage of meristem infestation and the lowest percentage of meristem infestation was observed in Licard and Hyola420 cultivars. Based on peak of the injury rate and importance of meristem injury, Hyola420 and Hyola308 cultivars were relatively resistant to DBM, and Karaj3 and Zarfam were relatively sensitive to DBM.
Keywords:Plutella xylostella;Brassica napus; injury; cultivar; resistance
Introduction
Oilseed rape, Brassica oleraceawith good agronomic characteristics, high quality and a high percentage of oil, is one of the most important cruciferous plants (Singh et al. 1997).
One of the most important factors that affected the cultivation of this plant in the world is a pest problem. Among important pests of oilseed rape, the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, is the serious and important pest of oilseed rape fields of the world (Talekar & Shelton 1993). Thefirstlarvae instaris feed on miner model. Older age larvae which were fed on underlying tissue of leaves remain veins and epidermis supernatant (Capinera 2001). Combating threshold, this pest is 0.30, 0.20 or 0.50 larvae per plant in some parts of the USA (Kirby & Slosser 1984; Alonso 2005). The last outbreak of pest was seen in 2000 in Tehran (Marzban & Baniameri 2005). Research conducted in Karaj
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Ó2013 Taylor & Francis
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(Iran) on its population density has shown that the highest population density of larvae on plants was occurred during theflowering stage (Golizadeh 2008). Fathi et al. (2010) exam- ined population density of the DBM on 19 oilseed rape cultivars in region of Ardabil (Iran). Population changes of the DBM were evaluated during years of 2007–2008 in Karaj and highest population density of pest calculated was 37.09 and highest population larva on per plant have been estimated as 35.83 (Golizadeh 2008). Herbivores are consid- ered as environmental live factors in reduction of the performance of the agricultural prod- ucts. Protection of agriculture products and foodstuffs against pests is considered imperative and important. Pest management programmes include using of resistant culti- vars. Resistant cultivars reduce pest damage with the least cost for the farmer (Reagan et al. 1997). Resistant cultivars can balance pest populations over time in a range that was observed as significant decrease in product performance (Nouri-Ghanblani et al. 1995).
Host plant quality is a key factor that followed by determining fertility and subsequently, the intrinsic rate of increase of a herbivora insect. In some insects, host plant quality dur- ing the larval development is an effective factor in fertility and reproductive adults (Awmack & Leather 2002). Contents (quality) of host plant, such as carbon, nitrogen and defensive metabolites, directly affected the fertility of herbivore (Morgan et al. 2001; Gou- ld et al. 2005). Factors such as glucosinolates, cardenolide, volatile plant materials, wax and host plant quality may affect feeding activity and, subsequently, the development of the DBM (Sarfraz et al. 2008). Effects of host plants on DBM can be related to effects of feed content and defence, or the interaction between them. When the plant species in terms of suitability as hosts for certain insects are assessed with parameters such as survival, growth and reproduction, they are significantly different together. Shorter development time and high reproductive rate of insect on host plant indicate its high suitability as a host (Van Lanteren & Noldus 1990). The DBM is considered as an important pest in the region of south of Tehran and chemical control is done constantly against this pest. Excessive use of pesticide caused resistance of this insect to pesticides available, therefore other factors of management programme of this pest including the use of resistant cultivars will have prominent role. Use of resistant cultivars, due to economic importance and integration with other control factor, is an appropriate method for protecting crops such as oilseed rape against pests. Present study is done in this regard and aims to damage assessment of the DBM on different oilseed rape cultivars and provide one management programme solutions of the DBM control.
Materials and methods
In this study, resistance of oilseed rape cultivars to DBM, P. xylostella (Lep.:
Plutellidae), is evoluted at the research field of Shahed University (south of Tehran) during 2012. Nineteen oilseed rape cultivars (Table 2) were planted as randomised complete-block design with three replications. Larvae of the DBM were fed on epidermis supernatant or underlying tissue of leaves. Therefore, by counting the number of spots that are caused by feeding on leaves, resistant and susceptible cultivars can be identified. Also, the percentage of infested leaves was calculated by counting the number of infested leaves per plant. Sample size was 15 pots per each plot. Sampling was done for every 15 days from late April to the early of July. Three primary samplings were considered as early growth stage of different oilseed rape cultivars and next sampling was considered as the end growth stage. Data were analysed using the SPSS statistical programme. Comparison of means was conducted with Duncan’s test.
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Results
Results of the analysis of variance of measured parameters in different cultivars are given in Table 1. The result showed that injury rate of oilseed rape cultivars has signifi- cant difference during different growth stages (p< 0.01). Mean comparison of number Table 1. Results analysis of variance of measured parameters in different cultivars on 27 May.
Parameters Source df Mean of square F
Number of holes in the leaf Time 3 15026.26 252.15⁄⁄
Cultivar 18 230.61 3.87⁄⁄
Repeat 2 407.29 5.16⁄⁄
Cultivartime 54 117.98 1.98⁄⁄
Error 154 59.59
Total 228
Percentage of leaf infestation Time 3 934962.39 59.15⁄⁄
Cultivar 18 61052.12 3.86⁄⁄
Repeat 2 274.41 2.04ns
Cultivartime 54 54828.99 3.46⁄⁄
Error 154 15805.20
Total 228
Percentage of meristem infestation Time 3 731.89 124.73⁄⁄
Cultivar 18 35.18 5.99⁄⁄
Repeat 2 10.00 1.72ns
Cultivartime 54 11.82 2.01⁄⁄
Error 154 5.86
Total 228
Note:⁄⁄Significant at 1% probability level;nsnon significant.
Table 2. Mean ± SE of number of holes in the leaves of different oilseed rape cultivars in during the growth period.
Cultivars 30 April 13 May 27 May 24 June
Karaj3 3.86 ± 2.30 ab 25.04 ± 3.15 a 48.64 ± 17.00 abc 34.60 ± 14.52 a Zarfam 3.67 ± 0.72 ab 16.95 ± 7.82 abc 52.57 ± 23.47 ab 26.78 ± 22.56 ab Karaj1 3.13 ± 0.34 a 20.62 ± 5.34 ab 46.86 ± 8.88 abc 24.08 ± 13.23 abc Licard 2.11 ± 2.30 b 15.95 ± 3.16 abc 40.11 ± 18.94 abcd 18.20 ± 3.76 abcd SLM046 2.58 ± 2.30 ab 14.22 ± 7.95 abc 30.31 ± 15.48 bcde 18.57 ± 4.28 abcd Talaye 3.49 ± 2.94 ab 13.75 ± 8.97 abc 32.73 ± 12.16 bcde 13.87 ± 3.01 bcd Opera 4.55 ± 1.56 ab 13.26 ± 1.44 abc 49.73 ± 7.78 abc 14.13 ± 17.67 abc RqS003 3.69 ± 0.89 ab 12.95 ± 1.48 abc 35.42 ± 9.48 abcde – Modena 2.33 ± 2.13 b 14.02 ± 4.86 abc 33.22 ± 9.57 bcde 15.15 ± 4.74 bcd Savygol 5.40 ± 1.98 ab 17.84 ± 11.92 abc 27.17 ± 7.23 bcde – Karaj2 3.88 ± 2.31 ab 15.44 ± 11.95 abc 44.44 ± 22.27 abc 18.22 ± 1.18 abcd Okapi 3.53 ± 1.15 ab 16.80 ± 11.05 abc 40.31 ± 23.49 abcd 30.15 ± 10.95 ab
Hyola420 1.53 ± 1.67 b 6.53 ± 3.82 c 14.95 ± 7.55 de –
Hyola308 1.84 ± 0.95 b 7.46 ± 4.50 c 10.31 ± 1.48 e –
Okra 2.20 ± 1.32 b 12.91 ± 6.41 abc 23.49 ± 8.06 cde 11.73 ± 2.60 d Hopper 2.55 ± 1.50 ab 10.75 ± 1.66 bc 29.15 ± 9.37 bcde 29.02 ± 12.71 ab
Jevel 2.40 ± 0.77 ab 11.93 ± 3.40 bc 24.11 ± 3.88 cde –
Midas 3.69 ± 0.63 ab 21.93 ± 4.44 ab 61.02 ± 20.30 a 29.02 ± 12.71 ab RGS0010 3.24 ± 1.09 ab 23.66 ± 5.80 ab 35.84 ± 2.95 abcde – Note: Means within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different (P<0.01).
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of holes in the leaf on different oilseed rape cultivars during growth is given in Table 2.
The lowest number of holes was observed in Hyola420 and Hyola308 cultivars at different dates of sampling. Based on injury rate of the DBM to leaves, these two cultivars have more resistant than other cultivars. Also, this resistance is observed during the season and reduces pest populations. According to Table 3, Hyola308 cultivar has the lowest percentage of leaf infestation at different dates of sampling.
Therefore, Hyola308 cultivar is resistant than other cultivars. This resistance is observed during the season.
Mean comparison of the percentage of meristem infestation on different oilseed rape cultivars during growth is given in Table 4. Hyola420 and Hyola308 cultivars have the lowest percentage of meristem infestation at different dates of sampling. Therefore, these two cultivars have more resistant than other cultivars.
Based on results of clustering analyses dendrogram, Hyola420 and Hyola308 cultivars have more resistant than other cultivars to the DBM (Figure 1) (Table 5).
Discussion
There would be different qualitative and quantitative changes on plants and foodstuffs when the pests attack them. Annually, a lot of costs are paid for controlling plant pests and protecting foodstuffs and agriculture against plant pests. Important strategies in the control of DBM, P. xylostella, are found to be resistant cultivars. The use of resistant cultivars to prevent the damage of DBM and other pests of oilseed rape is cost-effective method and proportional to environmental conditions, and has lees adverse effects in comparison with other key pest control methods. Also, the use of resistant cultivars reduces pest populations and increases the efficiency of parasitoids (Hasanshahi 2012).
Sampling will give us comprehensive information about the presence or absence of pest
Table 3. Mean ± SE of percentage of leaf infestation of different oilseed rape cultivars in during the growth period.
Cultivars 30 April 13 May 27 May 24 June
Karaj3 32.73 ± 10.62abc 66.64 ± 28.48abcd 96.15 ± 4.65 95.87 ± 5.58a Zarfam 33.95 ± 3.07abc 88.59 ± 12.24a 93.75 ± 7.37 94.12 ± 5.65a Karaj1 38.63 ± 10.52ab 75.37 ± 14.18abc 98.55 ± 2.49 93.31 ± 3.16a Licard 30.26 ± 8.78bc 82.59 ± 4.26ab 92.29 ± 8.26 90.83 ± 3.60a SLM046 34.85 ± 5.46ab 55.04 ± 19.97bcd 83.96 ± 9.21 90.78 ± 4.57a Talaye 31.62 ± 15.66abc 46.18 ± 7.08cd 94.03 ± 5.21 91.70 ± 5.75a Opera 38.55 ± 8.08ab 83.42 ± 2.37ab 100.00 ± 0.00 96.03 ± 6.30a
RqS003 41.03 ± 4.67ab 70.98 ± 9.38abcd 101.55 ± 4.67 –
Modena 31.47 ± 10.64abc 81.80 ± 8.22ab 87.53 ± 3.97 92.65 ± 6.13a
Savygol 49.17 ± 10.81ab 77.59 ± 8.10abc 94.57 ± 11.62 –
Karaj2 40.03 ± 10.91ab 54.58 ± 30.56bcd 97.83 ± 1.87 86.37 ± 7.78a Okapi 34.11 ± 2.32abc 66.75 ± 32.79abcd 82.90 ± 27.34 96.09 ± 1.41c
Hyola420 15.61 ± 10.53a 40.65 ± 10.91d 68.48 ± 23.34 –
Hyola308 22.75 ± 4.01bc 40.77 ± 3.16d 84.21 ± 11.45 –
Okra 29.96 ± 13.54bc 76.08 ± 11.47abc 89.31 ± 5.89 80.32 ± 2.75a Hopper 27.70 ± 16.44bc 65.28 ± 3.45abcd 93.21 ± 4.29 41.45 ± 36.44b
Jevel 26.70 ± 0.28 bc 53.36 ± 7.04cd 99.68 ± 0.54 –
Midas 34.21 ± 5.81abc 81.58 ± 4.41ab 97.71 ± 3.96 95.86 ± 1.65a
RGS0010 29.53 ± 7.90bc 72.22 ± 28.96bc 93.00 ± 5.24 –
Note: Means within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different (P<0.01).
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outbreaks or non-outbreaks of pests, migration, feeding, reproduction, mortality, age structure, shape population growth, density, and pest distribution, analysing them and determine control time (Pedigo 1994). In this study, the highest and lowest number of holes in the leaf was observed in Midas, Karaj3, Zarfam and Hyola420, Hyola308 cultivars, respectively. Opera and Midas cultivars have the highest percentage of leaf Table 4. Mean ± SE of percentage of meristem infestation of different oilseed rape cultivars in during the growth period.
Cultivars 30 April 13 May 27 May 24 June
Karaj3 1.00 ± 1.73cd 9.66 ± 2.08ab 13.66 ± 1.52ab 1.33 ± 1.52b Zarfam 3.23 ± 1.52abc 11.66 ± 1.52a 14.33 ± 1.15a 0.66 ± 1.15b
Karaj1 1.00 ± 1.00cd 6.00 ± 1.73abc 98.55 ± 3.05defgh –
Licard 0.66 ± 1.15cd 6.00 ± 1.00abc 2.00 ± 2.00gh –
SLM046 0.00 ± 0.00d 5.00 ± 3.00bc 8.00 ± 7.00abcdefg 0.33 ± 0.57b Talaye 0.33 ± 0.45cd 7.33 ± 4.61abc 11.00 ± 3.46abc 0.66 ± 1.15b
Opera 1.00 ± 1.00cd 5.66 ± 2.30bc 4.00 ± 1.00efgh –
RqS003 1.33 ± 2.30cd 2.66 ± 0.57abc 9.33 ± 1.52abcde –
Modena 1.66 ± 1.52bcd 6.00 ± 2.64abc 7.66 ± 1.52bcdefg 0.33 ± 0.57b
Savygol 5.00 ± 1.00a 6.33 ± 2.88abc 11.66 ± 1.52abc –
Karaj2 3.33 ± 2.08abc 7.33 ± 2.08abc 7.33 ± 4.93bcdefg –
Okapi 4.66 ± 1.52ab 7.33 ± 4.72abc 9.33 ± 6.65abcde –
Hyola420 2.00 ± 3.46abcd 2.66 ± 2.30c 0.66 ± 0.57h –
Hyola308 0.33 ± 0.57cd 2.33 ± 0.57c 2.66 ± 2.51fg –
Okra 1.00 ± 1.73cd 7.00 ± 6.55abc 10.66 ± 2.08abcd 0.66 ± 1.15b
Hopper 2.00 ± 1.00abcd 6.66 ± 2.51abc 6.66 ± 1.52defgh –
Jevel 2.33 ± 0.75abcd 7.33 ± 4.04abc 9.00 ± 2.00abcdef –
Midas 2.66 ± 1.52abcd 7.00 ± 1.00abc 11.33 ± 3.21abc 0.66 ± 1.15b
RGS0010 1.66 ± 2.08bcd 10.00 ± 3.00ab 7.33 ± 6.11bcdef –
Note: Means within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different (P<0.01).
Figure 1. Ward’s clustering dendrogram of resistance of 19 oilseed rape cultivars against P. xylostella.
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infestation and the lowest percentage of leaf infestation was observed in Hyola420 and Hyola308. Also, Karaj3 and Zarfam cultivars have the highest percentage of meristem infestation and the lowest percentage of meristem infestation was observed in Licard and Hyola420 cultivars. Hasanshahi et al. (2012) studied quantitative damage of DBM, P. xylostella, on oilseed rape. According to this study, 1000-seed weight was obtained significantly more in the spraying plot than in the non-spraying plot. Therefore, it can be realised that the DBM has negative effects on quantity product. Based on studies by Hasanshahi et al. (2012), larval density of DBM on oilseed rape was calculated as 2.46 in number and showed that quantitative damage of DBM on oilseed rape sharply decreased the product performance. Hasanshahi et al. (2012b) calculated density of DBM larva on cauliflower 0.7–19.10 (larvae per plant) and the highest density of the total developmental stages of this pest is 53.90. Hasanshahi et al. (2012a) studied para- sitism rate of the DBM on eight cauliflower cultivars and observed the highest percent parasitism by parasitoids on Buris, Snow mystique and White cloud cultivars. The low- est percent parasitism of the DBM was observed on Snow crown, SG and Galiblanka cultivars.
Results of this study showed that among the studied cultivars, Hyola420 and Hyola308 cultivars have the lowest quantitative damage of DBM. Therefore, this culti- var can be used in pest management programme as important and effective strategy for the DBM control and for reducing pesticide use.
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RGS0010 19
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