Homepage: https://jwim.ut.ac.ir/
University of Tehran Press
The site selection of Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Sustainable Rural Development in Northern Savadkooh County
Fatemeh Shafiee1 | Fatemeh Jafari Sayadi2
1. Corresponding Author, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari AgriculturalSciences and Natural Resource University (SANRU), Sari, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] 2. Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of agricultural engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural
Resource University (SANRU), Sari, Iran.E-mail:[email protected]
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article type:
Research Article
Article history:
Received: 16 December 2022 Received in revised form:
24 January 2023 Accepted: 6 June 2023 Published online: 2 July 2023
Keywords:
Optimal water management, Rainwater harvesting, Rural people, Surface water.
Rainwater harvesting systems is an effective method for the utilization of surface water resources in rural and agricultural areas especially and can be considered as a factor for the development of these areas. However, since site selection and identifying suitable places to implement this technology in rural areas is one of the most important and basic steps of using these systems, the main purpose of this study was to determine the location of rain water harvesting systems for sustainable rural development in Northern Savadkooh county. This research was carried out using remote sensing technology and using satellite images, meteorological organization data and geographic information system and Analytical Hierarchy Process. For this purpose, data were collected through pair wise comparison questionnaire by 16 samples among water sources and the paired matrix of criteria and the weight of each was estimated. Then the layers of each criterion were combined and the final layer of susceptible areas was determined.
Based on the results, this county was classified into four categories: unsuitable, medium talent, good talent and suitable talent. According to the talent of the region, this city is classified into four categories: unfit, medium talent, good and suitable, and the suitable and good areas cover a total of 57.2 percent of the study area. Applying appropriate methods of rainwater extraction can be used to store rainwater and optimal management to prevent wastage of surface water.
Cite this article: Shafiee, F., & Jafari Sayadi, F. (2023). The site selection of Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Sustainable Rural Development in Northern Savadkooh County. Journal of Water and Irrigation Management, 13(2), 509-525. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22059/jwim.2023.352542.1037
© The Author(s). Publisher: University of Tehran Press.
DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.22059/jwim.2023.352542.1037
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Homepage: https://jwim.ut.ac.ir/
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Figure 1. The conceptual framework of research
•agricultural water wastage
•Decreasing productivity
Unsustainable agriculture
•site selection RWHS
•application RWHS RWHS
•Increasing the supply of water resources
•Increasing productivity and improving rural economic and social indicatorsRWHS-based
agriculture
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Figure 3. DEM map in study area
Recognition the study Area Data collection from
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Table 1. Range of rain & evapotranspiration in study area
Index Index Range
Low Mean High Very high
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2 - 3 . /0 1#2 #() )3 4 5
" H ,
" T0 12 G Q 0 ' O* • 5 "'
&@A Z ,5? ' "B 2 #4 D* - ' =
G ' ' ! ! O* F% G(() ! "@/
) a J " j K (2 ! )' ' (DEM
100 ! JB* ,5? ! B
) A ! .! ( j "* '! ,5? ! a J V ((U E 2
O(E V ((U x! > ( ,5? !
,)4 ? ! !
D* E .
Table 2. Range of slop in study area
Index Index Range
Low Mean High Very high
Slop (%) <3 3-8 8-15 >15
2 - 4 . 7 8 1#2 )
" DN ! V^ l G , D* B ' G(4 { _ ‚?* A V^ l ' - ! V (c R_ ,H(B !
,' { _ m Bn { _ DN ' 1
,' K(4!
O* F% " * E ! " ^ ' D(@0 M2d J V E ' M Z
,' X
&@A ! _ ' - ' =
) D*
Soltani et al., 2018
{ _ DN ' , 5 .(
,5? ! ,)4 ? !
!
) A ! DN ! - - B* !l(n' ")($% &' K 3
( ! d J V E ' M Z Y * ' - x! >
.D* E
Table 3. Soil texture & classify by infiltration in study area
Index Infiltration rate
Low Mean High Very high
Soil texture Clay Clay-Silt Sandy-Silt Sand
2 - 5 .
#() :
,' K (B * 0 R ,)4 ? ! ,5? ! "t ' G(() X -
2 ‡ ! 29 * !! _ 1400
! JB*
D * X ! R B' . E
EarthExplorer
! JB* ' \]* DN ! lN
ENVI V 5.3
T(2 K E - ! 2
E H e J @ ‚(>R ) ! E K $ G( ‚?* ")j = ' ,' K (2 0
Hoersch, 2015
, ! ! .(
,5$% "t ' , 5 ,(/ ' V X '
' ("E ) "@( ) • 5 ,(/ ,' ( G ' ' E ! JB* E
' "N ) , @ = nB ' .! ' ,5? ! m Bn 0
"@( ) 0
† ' R
! ' =d "5(5L 0 0
\ "* ' - * E i* " ( ' E ! JB* ,5? " 0 0
") /" # A F% K E I/ 0
( ) , @ 2 Kj L ' 0 ' G ' ' ! ' , _! /K( " B* / /E ,5? " B 0 F%
,' "@
,5$% E "N ) lN 0 R '
.! M2 H "B* ! ,' "t ' , 5 ˆ nB* '
2 - 6 .
& 0< = >
D* D(@0 ! "0 ( I TE 2 G(() ") /" # A ' ! ,5? ! "t ' G(() )' ,' - 0 ( K %
" ( A = (_d T lN ' "
TE 2 ' ,5? ! = *
) B 0 I B
Nowruzzadeh et al., 2019
V J y_ E ! JB* ' "0 ( TE 2 I , 5 G ' ' .(
) "0 ( E ' , L G ! "t ' G(() ! "' nB R G ' ' . E Kc L ,' (NDVI
y_ E Y * ' "0 ( TE 2 I , 5 E &j ! JB* ! ") /" # A ' G(() G ! NDVI
,' ' . D*!
2 - 7 .
2 =@A
,5? ! = (a J ) IHL G(() ,)4 ? !
,R_ E - ! I/
.D* "' ,'
X , 5 = ! '
" > @E ' 4
TE 2 M2d J ,' • ' ! ! ! JB*
F(J ' ,(/ "0 ( "t ' , 5
NRCS-CN
,?' ! JB* ' ,t L = ) 0
1 ) ( 2 ) E ,$* > (
Hernàndez and Ruiz, 2013
.(
I0 G( S
I0 , 5 ! JB* ' (4 = IHL ,5? 0 DL '
,' V c , 5 - !
"' E ,' D*!
.
,?' 1 (
=( − 0.2 )
+ 0.8 > 0.2
,?' 2 (
=25400
− 254
,?' ! 0 ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ,' O(
= a J Q
" ' a J P
24 ,B * ,' • ' /# - , ( ('S
) A ! - V ((U ! > = a J ,$* > \2 .D* ">?* (_d { _ ! d J 4
,5$% ( E '
) K E ! - , 0 V ((U " >
5 .D* E ! (
Table 4. Run off height in study area
Index Index Range
Low Mean High Very high
Run off height (mm) <14 14-34 34-64 64-80
Figure 5. Monthly run off curve
2 - 8 . C D &
&
&@A \2
! ! ,' • ' V W%
= IHL "* _ , 5 (O(E) ' "B 2 #4 "* E 0 0
I TE 2 "t ' , 5 "0 (
! ! G " 0 `(> ! 0
lN
Arc MAP 10.7
! E *
T0 12 Y * ' ) 0
Soltani et al., 2018; Najafian et al., 2009
, ^ ( I0 # ' `$ 0 E " E 2
G( ' "@( j " ' " c , ^ 2 D / ! - ' G( TE 2 "?(>
F% G(() "0!
! )B
&@A - ' =
! JB* ! .DN j
"A , 5 F %
Saaty
) ,)* (1994
" ( > "$ , * - ! D* E ! !
) ( AHP
, K( ' ( !
" ! JB*
' O* "t G(() ' T0 12 G ! .! E
&@A - ' =
`* B "0 ( TE 2 I (n$ ! ' V E B 2 X "t ' O(E
.DN j
,' X ! - D(@0 , ^ 0 - G(() -
, * 2 "' $ '
(B_ ! ,(/ AHP
16 J
T* 2 ! N = nB G ! .DN j !l(n' = &' L ! - RRnB - * E E
,' , @ @ V c ,' (
" V c "4 @BL (q V c ! (
,' ' ! N "N! R = nB .! l(0 2 V E
, @ " G ! G ' ' , @ - ' "4 @BL (q (
@N 0 ( F5> @N 0 , @ . E ! JB*
Q 0 ,' ,A ' T0 12
" = nB ! A ` E ! .
,)4 ? t L
" H , L ! yRnB ! N X !
- - B* ! ,'
1
! ' X "4 @E ! * - B* /E .
G ' ' L ! - RRnB ,B*! ,*
M
, @ T0 12 K E , ! ! K(
1 -
= L - RRnB { _
- B* ")($% &' ! /A - *
- ( J TE) 2
- (0 „ "@ D
0
= "* /
!l(n'
&' # !
* ")($%
( J 2) 3
- ,5? = D E - RRnB - * E - - B*
.( J 2) '
G , ! V c
G ,)4 ? 16
! ! K( > , lH ' . BN j T* 2! , @ 3' • ,' = L yRnB 0
lN 0
SPSSv26
ECv10
Arc MAPv10.7
ENVI V 5.3
E ! JB*
.
3 . EF G 2
3 - 1 .
<H I A I &
5J
- #n* 2 G* G(# ( 7
/ 43 () Q > ' * 6
/ 7 , ! ' * 5
/ 37 c ! - 0 " * ! 54
- 47 *
3 / 6 c ! - 0 " * ! 26
- 33 Tn' ! - #n* 2 UBE ,5' * G(# ( . BE ! j * 4
/ 16
() Q > ' * 8
/ 6 "@( T(' ! ' -
0 G(' 14 23 ,' H # (' , BE ! L G ! ,5' * *
^ ' D$ ,' -
0 .D* ! ' T('
) ! - #n* 2 8
/ 68 ( c ! VW(R> - l(
T(' - 0 ) 3 / 56
" (R> ,BE B ! ( c ! T('
- 0 ) 75 A) ! ' = "* / ( c ! 5
.(
Table 5. Personal and professional characteristics of experts participating in hierarchical analysis process technique (AHP) Maximum Minimum
Standard deviation Mean
Percent Frequency
Variable levels Variable
54 26
7.6 43.7
6.3 1
26-33
Age (years) 33-40 5 31.3
25 4
40-47
37.5 6
47-54
32 5
6.8 16.4
31.3 5
Experience in 5-14 agriculture
(years)
56.3 9
14-23
12.5 2
23-32
- -
- 68.8 -
11 Gender Male
31.3 5
Female
- -
- 56.3 -
9 Level of education Ms.c
43.8 7
PhD
- -
- -
75 12
Water engineering
Major Watershed 2 18.8
engineering
6.3 1
Geology
B ,' ,A ' (
0!
"
5 ,' ' , ( c y_ E 2 G
"
! , e
, B_
(
"
A _ ,'
"
lN
4EC
5 \ A V
"
)(
0 c
"
ƒ E ,' '
, D* D*!
) A 6
* o ) ( 01
/ 0 ! .(
) A 6 - ( 4 x 0!
)t l j † ,' ! .D* ,% ' - B* y_ E ,' D$ ?* y_ E D (
Y ) D
)
"
4 .D* ! ! - ?* ,' D$ - B* D
Table 6. The matrix of pairwise comparisons of the main criteria
Land use Land cover
Environmental Climatic
Rainfall
2.11995 2.80485
3.05044 3.15986
Rainfall
1.13283 1.34145
1.30775 Climatic
1.04412 1.00862
Environmental
1.24591 Land cover
Incon:0.01 Land use
I0 G( S ) K E 6 ,$ ( '
"
) ((
G y_ E E - 0
"
: 0!
Figure 6. Ranking and weighted value of indicators
) A ' F' ? 7
y_ E ( " c 0
,' O(
- ,' ,A ' (D(@0 ) D(>A -
,' 0 O(
y_ E K E
. ! ' G( TE 2 y_ E "?(> y_ E G( ' y_ E "@( j y_ E " '
Table 7. Weighting of five indicators by experts
) K E ! )B F% G(() ! M Z y_ E 2 ,' • ' , 5 5
.D* E ! ( ,'
K(4!
V W% D(@0
(n$ ! , 5 "@( j ,'
V c ) K E ! , A 7
G(() ! > .DN j (
! E A ) 0 1 ) ( 4 ! (
, 5 . E @ , ^ 0 ,' • ' - \]* DN j = ! ' (n$ ,' • ' 0
C- Rain spatial map B- Temperature spatial map
A- Evaporation spatial map
F-Plant cover map E- Land use map
D- Run off spatial map
Figure 7. Map of effective parameters in suitable site selection for harvesting rain water Rank Weighted value
Index Name Row
1 0.408
Rainfall 1
2 0.165
Climatic 2
3 0.160
Environmental 3
4 0.136
Land cover 4
5 0.132
Land use 5
,5? ! (n$ " " 2 , 5 ,' ,A ' ,)4 ? !
"BL ^ ' (n$ ' F%
I 15 ! c !
D* ,BE! ,5?
T('
! ' I `* B (n$ ! F%
.
" G ' ' - n ' ' ƒ ?* -
&@A =
! ! JB* - ' !
"4 L ,' ,B ' ƒ ?* ! JB* `5N ^ ' (n$ ' "5% ! , (
(n$ T0 0
" ‚?*
) E ' ! RBj
Darabi and Ildoromi, 2021
( F% ! "/' " 2 #4 " ' ! , 5 .
T(' `* B " ' ! ' ,BN ' ! ,)4 ? ! ,5? ! DL G
I0 , = " 2 , 5 . " E 2
,' = -l( O(E D/A O(E c ! , 5 ) D* D*!
Akbarpoor et al., 2016
( ' ( O(E D/A , 5 &'
I ) "4 @E Tn' D@* ,' (&J ) "' A Tn' = Y * G ' D* ! '
" D* A (a J #4 G -
" * E ' .! ! JB* "4! F% ! - &(@H = Q > ' O* F%
, 5 K( > ' ( TE 2 "t ' 0
K (B * 0 R , "0 -
2 ,' D*!
! ' ^ B'
E ,$* > K D>c - ! JB* ' K( , 5 0 ' ?_ \ .! E H "' .
I0 G( S '
F(j! "* ' ) A ! ,$* > l( 2 O t
8 .D* E ! (
Table 8. Total accuracy & Kappa coefficient for remote sensing map Assessment Index Land use map Plant cover map
Kappa coefficient (%) 87 88
Total accuracy (%) 91 93
) A ,' ,A ' 8
, 5 Dj! (
" ! ' ^ ' ! TH * Kc L 0 -
- 0 ! JB* , ! '
) !
Esmali Ouri et al., 2017
,' "t ' , 5 .(
" - "' _ ! > ! " ^ ' DL , 0!
,' .! ! v RB_ ") /" # A ' ,' ,)4 ? ! ,' , 5 ! l( $4 * ! > W
,5? - D( ' j '
&@A , _! =
,' 0 5 .D* E G(() "' _ ,
• ' DL , D* ! ! - l( "0 ( TE 2 I
D / ! . ! ' "0 ( TE 2 5N ! " B 0 F% `5N ! ' ^ ' ( ' `* B I I B F% ,' , ^ - ! JB* ' ! A 0 yn 0
) A ! E 9
- ( ' O* F% " / , 5 E "0!
&@A ) K E ! - ' =
8 ( ,' D*!
.
Table 9. Area of susceptibly zone in rain harvest Row Situation Area (km2) Percentage
1 Suitable area 730.84 34.6
2 Susceptible area 478.25 22.6
3 Middle susceptibility area 487.35 23.1
4 Non suitable area 418.11 19.7
) K E ' F' ? 8
! * - B* /E (
"4 @E
&@A ' O* F% D* ,BN j ,5$% /S ! - ' =
T(' BE! j - B* /E "4 @E D@ j ! ,' F% G ! ! ' " B* / /E ' !
! A K(4!
- @B_ * I I B 0
&@A ' "$* ! > "4 _ „N -! ' D* ! $ - ' =
"
F% G ! -
ƒ %
&@A 0 D 2 - ' =
! .! ,(c /E l$* „N ,)* ! ! JB* ' " @ ' ) '
) A 9 O* F% ( 7
/ 19 ƒ % A ' , ! ' E K E - B* /E G DL c !
&@A 0 =
D 2 DL ' K' j
,' , B 0 "5% `* B ! )B* ' F% .D* "/A = " ^ ' IHL ")($% V c
!! d J { _ ,' - ' Kc L , ^ D 5 € '
" " ( ' 0 . E
Figure 8. Area's susceptibility for rain harvest
F% G 1
/ 23 ,BE! - B* /E DL c ! ,'
,_ S ! , "B(@0 K(4!
= = G(' " ! "* E
" j ' " ( = ">?*
"@ B 0 ( ' D(@0 ! ƒ % ,)* ' -
&@A 0 " - ' =
! ) ! F% G ")($%
" n'
"B `(>
a @H ! , O* = _ ! )B* ' F% .! I0 ' 2
/ 57 c !
" , B 0 "5% D* !! v RB_ ! _ ,' - B* /E DL - -
ƒ % A ! 0
&@A 0 - ' =
"$* IHL , B 0 "5% ") " # A " B 0 ' `* B "0 ( TE 2 ' F% G .! ! JB*
" (4 =
"
! - - I0 .! (_d ">?* ">?* - n
" B* F% ! > G ! G( S
&@A = ! ! ! A " N
" - ' E ! ( j ! JB*! 2 UBE ! H 0 B* ,)* '
,'
% ,)4 ? ' F' ? , 0
Montazari et al.
) (2021 Ahmadi
) ( 2022
, * ! JB* '
&@A 0 =
" - ' y_ E T lN ,' -
/' ! RBj " @BA 0 - E e@ 0 B* ! 2 D ()
! E "/A
D* (* Q 0 ,' F % G . E 2 K@ , A - B* /E ,)* * " A 0
4 .
@0 2 0<
,' I( j V ((U T4 S " -
"* B*! I4 * = ,' G( ! ! ! ) D* ƒ ? " /A I/ 0
" H I0 ( ! K ! ,
T(' G( S , (/' Q R ,' ,A l4 ! ! = Q R G
I0
&@A G( S
= - ' =
" ">?* 0 i e@
" (L ' ! G Q R ! " A ,N c ' Z
I0 . E ' ,BE!
I/ " - " B* Tn' "4 @E ! * - B* /E ,)* * ' F' ? G( S G
G( 2 - B* /E G 3)* 0 # -! '
O t /'
! '
= 0
">?*
" ( (_d
* = * e D
"N "* * 3 -! '
&' G( [
= ! 0 B*
D* - B* /E G ,'
% Q 0 " , G( [ ,)* 0
(_d
*
= ' Q R
= E Tn' 0
"B) c
&@A D* ! ' ,' = (_d
! $0 -
' G( [
= ( !
= E , * ! TH * N T0 12 G ! G ' ' .D* X D) c
/' - E ! JB* " (N UA V W%
.DN j "* '! " B* ,)* ' - ' = @E &$
, 5 B K( >
,' 0 D*!
A V W% , * ! TH * N ,' " (N U
- e@
! JB* ' "0!
y_ E - ( , !! - "$ , * K( >
,$ 0 ' ) " ' y_ E E 408
/ 0 ) "@( j ( 165
/ 0 ' (
) G(
160 / 0
"?(> ( )
136 / 0 ) G( TE 2 ( 132
/ 0 ,' ( ,' O(
y_ E G Zi -
&@A ' 0 ! - ' =
? I0 . ! ' ,)4 ? ! ,5 F% O* F% K E ,5$% /S ! "4 @E ! * - B* /E , !! - B G( S
,5$% O* ! )B* ' F% = _ ! )B* ' F% `* B ! )B* ' = _ ! )B* ' F% v R_ ! .D* E '
&@A ' O*
- ' = :D* E ! / (2 V
- , * ! H 0
&@A ,5? ! - ' =
X ! e@ ' " B* = &' , (/' D
(0! 0 E , @A " B* " > 0! / 0
,' 1
,5? 0 B* E
,)4 ? ! .
- A - m Bn 0
&@A , ' ' - ' =
"B l K(/
G( 2 ,' ^ '
,'
% - ( B* ! _ , ,'
- ,5? ! ( j X } 2 " c - $L c
"* '!
.! ( j
- O*
G
&@A - ' =
,' V c V Z A ,5? ! " ƒ % `(>
"B ! -
.! E "* ' F% 0 B*
-
"' - N ' /' V Z " B* "B "' " B* & * 0
- ' = ,'
- G ")$
- - ( B* 2 D () 2 ,)* !
"* '!
! ( j .
- I0 D ! > ,' ,A ' G( S
!! -! ' Y B*! ! K• t L ,)4 ? 0 ,' "N 0
!! -! $ 0
yj "
' -! '
!! ! " 0 , ' "B()@A 0
/ v R_ ! A D> " ( @
(_d
* - ' = ' G( [
= ( ! = E ,5? !
"* ' - T0 12 H G(L ! ,)4 ? !
, ' G V Z 0 (2 T0 12 ,' 0
" ! / (2 V )4 ? ! G ' ' .D* ! - :! E
-
! ! ! JB* ' .! E "* ' ' #4 ' I( j ((U V Z O* 0
- ' ! ((U D()@A T lN V Z .! ( j "' ! "t
- , ' G( S A V c ! ,5? ! - 0 (2 V Z "* ' ,' )' V )4 ? " 0
,' 1 & A !
. ! ]' " B*
5 . K 2
&
1. Rain Water Harvesting Systems (RWHS)
2. Geographic Information System (GIS) 3. Secondary Data
4. Curve Number (CN) 5. Expert Choice (EC)
6 . I ) L
‰(0 .! ! A - `* ")N Š ) ,
7 . ) Aghaloo, K., & Chiu, Y. R. (2020). Identifying optimal sites for a rainwater-harvesting
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