The Effect of Physical Training and Selective and Compulsory Observational Pattern on Intrinsic Motivation and Cognitive Learning of Basketball Jump
Shot Skill: with Basic Psychological Demands Approach
Farzad Maleki1 , Mahmood Shiekh2 , Fazlolah Bagherzadeh3 ,
Rasoul Hemayat-talab4
1. Corresponding Author, Department of Physical Education, University of Payam Noor, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] 2. Department of Motor Behavior and Sports Psychology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
E-mail: [email protected]
3. Department of Motor Behavior and Sports Psychology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
E-mail: [email protected]
4. Department of Motor Behavior and Sports Psychology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
E-mail: [email protected]
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article type:
Research Article
Article history:
Received:
17 January 2018 Received in revised form 13 November 2018 Accepted
14 November 2018 Published online
18 December 2022
Keywords:
Demonstration, Motivation, physical training, psychological, recall.
Introduction: This research aimed to investigate the effect of physical training and selective and compulsory observational pattern on the intrinsic motivation and cognitive learning of basketball jump shot skill with the approach of basic psychological demands.
Methods: Eighty male students (18-22 years old) were selected voluntarily and based on their pre-test scores, were randomly divided into four Self-Control, Paired, Experimenter-Control, and Control groups (20 people in each group). To examine the motivation level, the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI), and to examine the cognitive learning level, Recall Questionnaire (adapted from Knudson, 1993) was used. An educational video of the expert model that showed the movement components was presented to the participants. A retention test was conducted 24 hours later. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the data (p≤0.05).
Results: The results showed that in the acquisition phase, the level of intrinsic motivation of the participants to learn the basketball jump shot skill in the Self- Control observation condition was significantly higher than the participants in the Paired and Control conditions. Also, in the retention phase, the level of intrinsic motivation in the Self-Control observation condition was significantly higher than in other experimental conditions. In addition, in the acquisition and retention phases of cognitive learning (recall success), the participants in the Self-Control observation condition scored significantly higher than the participants in the Paired and Control conditions.
Conclusion: In general, the results of this study show that motivation affects learning. Also, task demonstration as a whole-part-whole is an effective and efficient method in the cognitive phase.
Cite this article: Maleki F., Shiekh M., Bagherzadeh F., & Hemayat-talab R. (2022). The Effect of Physical Training and Selective and Compulsory Observational Pattern on Intrinsic Motivation And Cognitive Learning of Basketball Jump Shot Skill: with Basic Psychological Demands Approach. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning, 14(3), 5-23. DOI: http//doi.org/10.22059/jmlm.2018.250503.1340
.
© The Author(s). Publisher: University of Tehran, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health.
ExtendedAbstract
Introduction
Physical training is not necessary to learn new skills and motor skills can be learned by observing the performance of others. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of physical training as well as the selective and compulsory observation pattern on the level of intrinsic motivation and cognitive learning of basketball jump shot skill with the approach of basic psychological demands.
Methods
Eighty male students (18-22 years old) were selected voluntarily and after they were homogenous based on the scores of the first pre-test (a block of 5 trials) they were randomly assigned into four groups of (20 people in each group) Self-Control, Paired, Experimenter- Control and Control. To measure intrinsic motivation, the modified short version of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory by McAuley et al. (1989) was used to assess participants' experience of target activity, which has three subscales of interest/enjoyment, perceived competence, and effort/importance. The cognitive learning of the subjects was measured through the Recall Questionnaire (adapted from Knudson, 1993).
An educational video of the expert model, which indicates the biomechanical components of movement was presented for 6 minutes and then the second pre-test (a block of 5 trials) was performed. The acquisition phase consisted of 10 blocks of 5 trials. The retention test was conducted 24 hours later. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the difference in the scores of intrinsic motivation and cognitive learning in the acquisition and retention phases (p≤0.05).
Results
The results of the current research showed that the components’ (technique) recall success of the jump shot (cognitive learning) of the participants in the Self- Control group was significantly higher compared to the participants of Paired and Control groups. In addition, the results of recall (cognitive learning) in the post-test (acquisition) and retention phases demonstrated that the Self-Control participants recalled an average of 61% of the technical components, while participants in the Experimenter-Control, Paired and Control groups recalled an average of 51%, 44%, and 42% of the technical components, respectively. Also, in the retention phase, the Self-Control group recalled an average of 58% of the technical components, while the Experimenter-Control, Paired, and Control groups recalled an average of 47%, 40%, and 41% of the
technical components, respectively. Furthermore, other results showed that observing an educational video with details before training is sufficient for developing the overall cognitive representation of motor skills without observing additional information during training.
Moreover, the results of the level of intrinsic motivation (interest/enjoyment, perceived competence, and effort/importance) for skill learning in the pre-test, post- test (acquisition), and retention phases showed that in the pre-test phase there was a significant difference among experimental groups in the level of intrinsic motivation for learning, and the mean score of motivation at the beginning of the training was equal for Self-Control (66%), Paired (68%), Experimenter- Control (65%), and Control (67%) groups. in the post- test phase, The mean score of intrinsic motivation for learning in the Self-Control group was 83%, while in the Experimenter-Control, Paired and Control groups were 75%, 72%, and 71%, respectively. Also, in the retention phase, the mean score of motivation to learn in the Self- control group was 81%, while in the Experimenter- Control, Paired, and Control groups were 73%, 71%, and 70%, respectively.
Conclusion
In general, we conclude that for trainers who instruct new students or teach a new skill, whole-part-whole training is an effective and efficient method in the cognitive phase. Using knowledge and experience, trainers can develop conditions for people during training and practice to increase their competence, enjoyment, and effort.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines: The present study was conducted following ethical principles.
Funding: No financial resources to declare
Authors’ contribution: all authors contributed equally Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments: We are very grateful to the physical education students of Shahid Chamran and Payam Noor (Ahvaz-Ramhormoz) who patiently participated in the present research and cooperated to carry out this research.
ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺮﻤﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﻮﮕﻟا و ي هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ يا
ﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﯽ رﺎﺒﺟا و ي
ﻣ ﺮﺑ ﯿ ناﺰ ﮕﻧا ﯿ ﺰ ة ﻧورد ﯽ و ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿ ﺮ ي ﺷ ﺘﺧﺎﻨ ﯽ
ور ﺎﺑ :لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ ﺖﻔﺟ تﻮﺷ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﯾ
دﺮﮑ ﻧﯿ ﺎﻫزﺎ ي ناور ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺎﭘ
ﯾ ﻪ
ﯽﮑﻠﻣ دازﺮﻓ
1
ﺦﯿﺷ دﻮﻤﺤﻣ ،
، 2
ﻞﻀﻓ ﷲا هدازﺮﻗﺎﺑ لﻮﺳر ، 3
ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ﺐﻠﻃ
4
1 . ،لوﺆﺴﻣ ةﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ هوﺮﮔ
ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،
رﻮﻧ مﺎﯿﭘ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .ناﺮﯾا ، [email protected]
2 هوﺮﮔ . ﺘﮐﺮﺣ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽ و ﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور ﯽ ﺷزرو ﯽ ، ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ة و ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ
هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ، :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ [email protected]
pro
3 هوﺮﮔ . ﺘﮐﺮﺣ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽ و ﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور ﯽ ﺷزرو ﯽ ، ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ة ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ و ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،
:ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ c.ir
4.
هوﺮﮔ ﺘﮐﺮﺣ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽ و ﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور ﯽ ﺷزرو ﯽ ، ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ة ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ و ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،
ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ .
:ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار [email protected]
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﻟﺎﻘﻣ
ﮥ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 27 / 10 / 1396
:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 22
/ 08 / 1397
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 23 / 08 / 1397
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا : 27 / 09 / 1401
ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ
ﮕﻧا ﯿ هﺰ
، ﺮﻤﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ناور ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ
،
،ﯽﻧاﻮﺧاﺮﻓ ﺎﻤﻧ ﯾ ﺶ . ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
: ﺳرﺮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ زا فﺪﻫ ﯽ
ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺮﻤﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﻮﮕﻟا و ي هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ يا ﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﯽ رﺎﺒﺟا و ي ﺑ ﻣ ﺮ ﯿ ناﺰ ﮕﻧا ﯿﺰ ة ﻧورد ﯽ
و ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ور ﺎﺑ لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ ﺖﻔﺟ تﻮﺷ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﯾ
دﺮﮑ ﻧﯿ ﺎﻫزﺎ ي ناور ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺎﭘ ﯾﻪ دﻮﺑ .
:ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور 80
ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ي ﺮﺴﭘ ) 18-22 لﺎﺳ ( ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﻧ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ و بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻪﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃواد تاﺮﻤ
ﺶﯿﭘ نﻮﻣزآ ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ
ﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ﯽ هوﺮﮔ رﺎﻬﭼ رد )
20 ﺮﻔﻧ ( ﺖﻔﺟ ،لﺮﺘﻨﮐدﻮﺧ ،هﺪﺷ
لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺮﮕﻧﻮﻣزآ و
لﺮﺘﻨﮐ راﺮﻗ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ . اﺮﺑ هﺰﯿﮕﻧا ناﺰﯿﻣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ي
،
زا ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﮥ ﮕﻧا ﯿﺰ ة ﻧورد ﯽ ) ناﺰﯿﻣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑو(IMI ﯾ
ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ زا ﯽ ﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻣﺎﻨ ﮥ ﯽﻧاﻮﺧاﺮﻓ )
،نﻮﺳدﻮﻧ زا سﺎﺒﺘﻗا
1993 ( هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا و .ﺪﺷ ﯾ ﻮﺋﺪ ي ﺷزﻮﻣآ ﯽ اﺰﺟا ﺮﻫﺎﻣ لﺪﻣ زا ي
ﺎﻤﻧ ار ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﯾ
ﺶ ﻪﺑ و داد ﯽﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﺎﻫ نﻮﻣزآ .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا
ﯾ راددﺎ ي 24 ﺪﻌﺑ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ
ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ زا ﻠﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻞ راو ﯾ ﺲﻧﺎ ﯾ ﮑ ﻪﻫاﺮ (اﻮﻧآ) هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﺷ ) 05
≤ /0 .(P
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ :ﺎﻫ ﺎﺘﻧ ﯾ ﺞ رد داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ
ﻣ بﺎﺴﺘﮐا ﯿ ناﺰ ﮕﻧا ﯿﺰ ة ﻧورد ﯽ اﺮﺑ ي ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي تﻮﺷ ترﺎﻬﻣ لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ ﺖﻔﺟ
ﯽﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﺎﻫ
اﺮﺷ رد ﯾ ﻂ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ة لﺮﺘﻨﮐدﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ يراد زا ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﺎﻫ اﺮﺷ رد ﯾ ﻂ ﺖﻔﺟ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ و هﺪﺷ دﻮﺑ
ﻨﭽﻤﻫ . ﯿ ﻦ رد ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ
ﯾ راددﺎ ي ﻣ ﯿ ناﺰ ﮕﻧا ﯿﺰ ة ﻧورد ﯽ اﺮﺷ رد ﯾ ﻂ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ه ﮐدﻮﺧ لﺮﺘﻨ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ يراد زا ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ د ﯾ ﺮﮕ اﺮﺷ ﯾ ﻂ ﺎﻣزآ ﯾ ﺸ ﯽ دﻮﺑ هوﻼﻋ . ﺮﺑ
اﯾ ﻦ و بﺎﺴﺘﮐا ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد ﯾ
راددﺎ ي ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﻘﻓﻮﻣ) ﯿ ﺖ ﻧاﻮﺧاﺮﻓ ﯽ ( ﯽﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﺎﻫ اﺮﺷ رد ﯾ ﻂ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ة لﺮﺘﻨﮐدﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ
ﺎﻨﻌﻣ يراد زا ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﺎﻫ ي اﺮﺷ رد ﯾ ﻂ ﺖﻔﺟ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ و هﺪﺷ دﻮﺑ
.
ﺘﻧ ﯿ ﻪﺠ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي : ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﻦﯾا ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﯽﻠﮐ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﮕﻧا
ﯿﺰ ه ﺮﺑ ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ،دراد ﻫ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤ ﺎﻤﻧ ﯾ ﺶ ﻠﮑﺗ ﯿ ﻒ ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ
ﻞﮐ - ﺶﺨﺑ - ﺷور ﻞﮐ ﯽ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺪﻣارﺎﮐ و ي ﻠﺣﺮﻣ رد ﮥ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ترﺎﻬﻣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﺖﺳا
.
دﺎﻨﺘﺳا : دازﺮﻓ ،ﯽﮑﻠﻣ ؛ دﻮﻤﺤﻣ ،ﺦﯿﺷ
؛ ،هدازﺮﻗﺎﺑ ﻞﻀﻓ ﷲا
؛ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ﺐﻠﻃ لﻮﺳر ، ) 1401 .(
ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺮﻤﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﻮﮕﻟا و ي هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ يا ﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﯽ رﺎﺒﺟا و ي ﻣ ﺮﺑ ﯿ ناﺰ ﮕﻧا ﯿﺰ ة ﻧورد ﯽ و
ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ور ﺎﺑ :لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ ﺖﻔﺟ تﻮﺷ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﯾ
دﺮﮑ ﻧﯿ ﺎﻫزﺎ ي ناور ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺎﭘ ﯾﻪ ﺮﺸﻧ . ﮥﯾ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر و
ﯽﺷزر
، ) 3(
14
، 5-23 .
2018.250503.1340
jmlm.
/ 10.22059 http//doi.org/
DOI:
ﺎﻧ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد :ﺮﺷ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد
ﺷزرو ﯽ و .ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ
.نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ©
8 ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ ،مﻮﺳ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر
1401
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ هﻮﯿﺷ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﻪﺑ نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ و نﺎﻤﻠﻌﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺐﻠﻏا ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ رﺎﮐ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﺎﺗ دور هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﺎﯾ ﯽﻫدﻮﮕﻟا ،ﺪﻨﮐ ﻞﯿﻬﺴﺗ ار
ﺖﺳا يا
ﺖﻟﺎﭼو يوﺮﻟ ،يردﻮﺑ) ،1
2006 ﯽﻣ ﻞﯿﻬﺴﺗ ار يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ،هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هداد نﺎﺸﻧ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ .(
ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ردﺎﻗ ار دﺮﻓ اﺮﯾز ،ﺪﻨﮐ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﯽﻔﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز و ﯽﯾﺎﻀﻓ يﺪﯿﻠﮐ زآ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﻞﻤﻋ يﻮﮕﻟا ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ دﺎﺠﯾا ﻪﺑ زﺎﯿﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ
ﯽﻣ فﺮﻃﺮﺑ ار ﺎﻄﺧ و نﻮﻣ و نﺎﻨﭼﻮﺑ) دزﺎﺳ
ﻦﯾد ،2
2010 اورﺪﻨﺑ و لورﺎﮐ ؛ ،3
1982 ﯽﻟ و كﻮﻟﻮﭘ ؛ ،4
1992 ﺖﯿﻤﺳا ؛ ،5
2000 .(
زا ﺮﻃ ﯾ ﻖ ةﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻧاﻮﻗ ﯿ ﻦ ﻠﮐ
،ﯽ رﺎﺘﻓر ﻞﮑﺷ ﯽﻣ دﺮﯿﮔ و رد آﯾ هﺪﻨ اﯾ ﻦ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي و ﺎﻤﻨﻫار ي رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﻣ ﻪﺑ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻤﻫ ﯿ ﻦ ﻟد ﯿ ﻞ داﺮﻓا
ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ زا ﺮﻃ ﯾ ﻖ هﺎﮕﻧ ندﺮﮐ ﻪﺑ ﯾ ﮏ
،لﺪﻣ ﺶﯿﭘ زا مﺎﺠﻧا ﺮﻫ رﺎﺘﻓر
،ي ﺑﯿ ﺪﻧزﻮﻣﺎ ﻪﮐ ﻪﭼ رﺎﮐ ي مﺎﺠﻧا ﺪﻨﻫد و رد ﺘﻧﯿ ﻪﺠ ردﺎﻗ ﺪﻨﻫاﻮﺧ دﻮﺑ رد نﺎﻣز
و شﻼﺗ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﯽﯾﻮﺟ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ،اروﺪﻨﺑ) 1996 ،اروﺪﻨﺑ ؛ 1975 زﺮﺘﻟاو و اروﺪﻨﺑ ؛ ،6
1977 .(
ﺪﺑ ﯾ ﻦ ﺮﻃ ﯾ ﻖ ﻓﺮﻇ ﯿ ﺖ شزﻮﻣآ زا ﺮﻃ ﯾ ﻖ ﻻﺎﺑ ندﺮﺑ ﺶﻧاد و
ترﺎﻬﻣ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﺎﻤﻧ ﯾ ﺶ هداد هﺪﺷ ﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﻣ ) دور ﮑﻠﻣ
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽ 2010
(
ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ نازادﺮﭘ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﯿﮐﺄﺗ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻪﮐ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ زا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ
،هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ يﻮﮕﻟا رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﺪﻨﻣدﻮﺳ و ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ رد يﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺖﺳا
،اروﺪﻨﺑ و لورﺎﮐ) 1990
، 1985
، 1982 هوﻼﻋ .(
ﺮﺑ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ يﺎﻫ
،ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ عﻮﻧ دﯾ ﺮﮕ ي زا ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي دﻮﺟو دراد ﻪﮐ ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ هﺪﯿﻣﺎﻧ7
ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ
.
رﻮﻈﻨﻣ زا ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ رد ﻦﯾا عﻮﻧ ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ﺎﻫ
، نﺎﯾﺮﺟ يﺎﻫ ﺮﮑﻓ ي و ﯽﻨﻫذ ﻢﮐﺎﺣ ﺮﺑ رﺎﺘﻓر
،ﺎﺳ يا) ﺖﺳا 200
ﻪﺑ .(
ﺮﻈﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺳر ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ي ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي
ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻌﺗ ﯿﯿ ﻦ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ رد يا ﮔاﺮﻓ ﯿﺮ ترﺎﻬﻣ ي يﺎﻫ
ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ زﺎﺑ ي ﯽﻣ ﯽﻧود) ﺪﻨﮐ ،8
1988 .(
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ي ﻪﮐ ﺲﮑﯾو )9
1992 هرﺎﺷا ( دﺮﮐ ﻪﮐ
ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ زا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ لﺪﻣ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ي ﺎﺑ ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ زا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ لﺪﻣ ةﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ .دراد لﺪﻣ
ﻪﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ شزﻮﻣآ ﺎﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ي ﻪﺑ
تﺎﻋﻼﻃا
و يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﻔﻣ ﯿﺪ ي اﺮﺑ ي اﺮﺟا ي ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﯽﻣ
نﻮﭼ و دﻮﺷ ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ
ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻦﯿﻟوا و ﻢﻬﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﯾ رد ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺖﺳا ،
مﺎﮕﻨﻫ شزﻮﻣآ ترﺎﻬﻣ زا لﺪﻣ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺸﯾﺎﻤﻧ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ،ﯽﮑﻠﻣ) دﻮﺷ ﯽﻣ 2012
ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .(
تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻧ
لﺪﻣ رد ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ
ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ و ﺖﻗد ترﺎﻬﻣ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﻪﮐ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ اﺰﺟا ي ﯽﻧﺎﻣز و ﯽﯾﺎﻀﻓ هﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ
،ﺪﻧا ﮏﻤﮐ ﺎﻧﺎﮔﻻ) ﺖﺳا هﺪﻨﻨﮐ
10 ، 1999 ،ﺎﻧﺎﮔﻻ ؛ 2008 .(
فوﺮﻌﻣ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ
هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﻦﯿﯿﺒﺗ درﻮﻣ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ ) اروﺪﻨﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ يا
1966 ، 1969 و 1977 (
ﺖﺳا هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﯾا سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ، ﺶﯿﭘ رﺎﻬﭼ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا يا
ﯽﻣ هرادا يروﺮﺿ زﺎﯿﻧ ،سﺪﻧﺎﮔﺎﻓ) هﺰﯿﮕﻧا و ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗزﺎﺑ ،يراددﺎﯾ ،ﻪﺟﻮﺗ :دﻮﺷ
ﺎﻧﺎﮔﻻ و ﻦﭼ
11 ، 013 2 و ﯽﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺖﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﯽﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓﺮﯾز .(
راﺬﮔﺰﻣر ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ي ﻪﺋارا
هﺪﺷ هﺪﻬﻋ ار ﻮﮕﻟا ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا راد
ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺖﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ يراددﺎﯾ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓﺮﯾز .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺋارا
هﺪﺷ ياﺮﺑ ﻞﮑﺷ ﮔﯿ ﺮ هﺪﻬﻋ ار ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻧ ي ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓﺮﯾز .ﺖﺳا راد
ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺖﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ يراددﺎﯾ ﻪﺋارا
هﺪﺷ ياﺮﺑ ﻞﮑﺷ ﮔﯿ ﺮ هﺪﻬﻋ ار ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻧ ي لﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗزﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓﺮﯾز .ﺖﺳا راد
ﯽﺷﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓﺮﯾز ،ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ رد .ﺖﺳا ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ زا ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ لﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗزﺎﺑ ياﺮﺑ هﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا
ﺖﮐﺮﺣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ هﺪﺷ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا كﺮﺤﻣ ﺎﻫ شادﺎﭘ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ)ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ي ﯽﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ (دﻮﺧ زا ﺖﯾﺎﺿر ،ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ / ﯽﻧورد يﺎﻫ
ددﺮﮔ . يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓﺮﯾز ،ﻞﺻا رد
يروﺮﺿ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ياﺮﺑ يﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗزﺎﺑ و ﯽﺷﺰﯿﮕﻧا يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓﺮﯾز و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ بﺎﺴﺘﮐا ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻬﺟﻮﺗ و يراددﺎﯾ ،ﺎﻧﺎﮔﻻ) ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ
2008 .(
) اروﺪﻨﺑ 1969 ، 1977 ، 1986 هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﭽﻧآ ﻪﮐ دﺮﮐ ناﻮﻨﻋ ( ﯽﻣ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا نآ زا لﺪﻣ ﮏﯾ ةﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ مﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺎﻫﺮﮔ
طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺪﻋاﻮﻗ ﺎﯾ تﺎﯿﻠﮐ ،ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳا
ﯽﻣ ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ار ﺪﻋاﻮﻗ ﻦﯾا ﺎﻬﻧآ . ﻖﯾﺮﻃ ود زا ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻫد ﻞﮑﺷ ار ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ ﮏﯾ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ار دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻣ
1. Baudry, Leroy & Chollet
2. Buchanan & Dean
3. Carroll & Bandura
4. Pollock & Lee
5.Schmidt RA
6. Bandura & Walters
7. cognitive learning
8. Downey
9. Weeks
10. Laguna
11. Fagundes, Chen & Laguna
ﺮﻤﺗ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﻮﮕﻟا و ي هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا يا ﯽ رﺎﺒﺟا و ي ﻣ ﺮﺑ ﯿ ناﺰ ﮕﻧا ﯿ ﺰ ة ﻧورد ﯽ و ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿ ﺮ ي ...
9
ﯽﻣ ﯽﻣ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ﺮﻈﻧدرﻮﻣ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ زا ﯽﺒﯾﺮﻘﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ ﻦﯾا ،ﻪﮑﻨﯾا لوا ؛ﺪﻨﮐ شﻼﺗ رد ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻨﻫار ياﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﯽﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﯿﻟوا يﺎﻫ مود ؛دﻮﺷ
مﺰﯿﻧﺎﮑﻣ ،لﺪﻣ ةﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﮥﻣادا ﺎﺑ ،ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﯽﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﻬﻧآ رد ﺎﻄﺧ ﺢﯿﺤﺼﺗ و ﺺﯿﺨﺸﺗ زا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
،اروﺪﻨﺑ) ﺪﺑﺎﯾ 1969
،اروﺪﻨﺑ ؛ 1986 ،زﺮﺘﻟاو و اروﺪﻨﺑ ؛
1977 ﺪﻠﯿﻔﺷ .(
1) 1961 هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ و ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮﯿﻏ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ ( ﯽﮐاردا تﺎﻋﻼﻃا دﻮﺑ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ يو .دﺮﮐ ضﺮﻓ يا
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﺣﺮﻃ ﺎﯾ ﯽﻨﻫذ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ دﺎﺠﯾا رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﯽﻣ رﺎﮐ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ دور ﯽﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻨﻫار نآ ﺐﻗﺎﻌﺘﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ،ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ حﺮﻃ ﻦﯾا ﮥﻄﺳاو
.دﻮﺷ ﺪﻠﯿﻔﺷ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﯽﮐاردا ﺪﮐ ﮏﯾ ار حﺮﻃ ﻦﯾا ﯽﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ،ﺢﯿﺤﺼﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻌﺟﺮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ يرﺎﮑﺘﺳد ﻪﺑ رﺪﻘﻧآ هﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ .دﻮﺷ
ﯽﻣ تردﺎﺒﻣ دﻮﺧ ﻪﮕﻧ دﻮﺧ ﻦﻫذ رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﮐاردا حﺮﻃ ﺎﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻦﯾا زا كاردا ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﺎﺗ دزرو
) دﻮﺷ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ،ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻔﺷ
ﯿ ﺪﻠ ، 1961 .(
ﮥﯿﻟوا تﺎﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ ) اروﺪﻨﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺪﻠﯿﻔﺷ
1969 ، 1977 ، 1986 ﯽﺼﺼﺨﺗ ( هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ زا يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ تﺎﯿﺋﺰﺟ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﻨﯿﯿﺒﺗ و ﺪﺷ ﺮﺗ
يا
ﻪﺑ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ .دﺮﮐ ﻪﺋارا ار هﻮﯿﺷ ةرﺎﺑرد لوا هﺎﮔﺪﯾد ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﯽﻣ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ نآ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﺮﺑ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﮐ يا ةرﺎﺑرد اروﺪﻨﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ،دراﺬﮔ
ﺘﺟا يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﯽﻫدﻮﮕﻟا ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﻃﺎﺳو ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﮐ هﺎﮔﺪﯾد ﻦﯾا سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدﺎﻬﻧ ﺎﻨﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤ
ﯽﻣ هﺪﯿﻣﺎﻧ2
،دﻮﺷ ﺘﻗو ﯽ ﻪﮐ ار ﯽﻟﺪﻣ يدﺮﻓ
ﯽﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ،ﺪﻨﮐ
هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ هﺪﺷ ﻦﯾدﺎﻤﻧ يﺎﻫﺰﻣر ﻪﺑ ار ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ
ا ﯽﻣ ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗ ي ﻦﯾا .ﺪﻨﮐ
ﺎﻫﺰﻣر ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ رد ار ﯽﻨﻫذ ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ سﺎﺳا
ﯽﻣ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ ﺮﺣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﮥﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﻞﯿﻟد .ﺪﻫد
ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺘﮐ ﯽﻣ روﺮﻣ ار رﻮﺑﺰﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﺰﻐﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻦﯾا يا
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ و ﺪﻨﮐ
ﯽﻣ ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ ﺲﭙﺳ و ﺪﻫد ﻪﺑ يا
ﻪﺑ ﺎﻄﺧ حﻼﺻا و ﻒﺸﮐ ياﺮﺑ يرﺎﯿﻌﻣ و ترﺎﻬﻣ ياﺮﺟا ياﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻨﻫار ناﻮﻨﻋ ﯽﻣ رﺎﮐ
ياﺮﺟا ياﺮﺑ .دور
ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ دﺮﻓ اﺪﺘﺑا ،ترﺎﻬﻣ نآ ﺲﭙﺳ و ﺪﺑﺎﯿﺑ ار يا
ﻞﯿﮕﻣ) دﻮﺷ ﺮﺴﯿﻣ ﻮﻀﻋ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ يﺎﻫﺰﻣر ﻪﺑ ار
نﻮﺳرﺪﻧا و ،3
2007 هﺎﮔﺪﯾد ،ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد .(
مﻮﺑ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ) ﯽ ﺳ ﯿ ﻢﺘﺴ ﺎﻫ ﻞﯾوﻮﯿﻧ و ﯽﻟﺎﮑﺳا ،(ﺎﯾﻮﭘ ي )4
1985 ةﺪﯾا سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ (
» كاردا
ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ
« نﻮﺴﺒﯿﮔ5 6 ) 1979 هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ زا توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﯽﻫﺎﮔﺪﯾد ،(
ﮐ حﺮﻄﻣ يا ﯽﻫدﻮﮕﻟا يﺎﯾﻮﭘ هﺎﮔﺪﯾد ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻊﻗاو رد .ﺪﻧدﺮ
ﻦﯿﺸﻧﺎﺟ ﻪﮐ ار7
ﯽﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ اروﺪﻨﺑ هﺎﮔﺪﯾد ﯽﮕﻧرﺎﮐ و ﯽﻟﺎﮑﺳ) ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ حﺮﻄﻣ ،دﻮﺷ
،8
1998 .(
ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ يزﺎﺳﻮﮕﻟا ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ) ﻦﯾدﺎﻤﻧ يﺪﻨﺑﺰﻣر ﻪﺑ زﺎﯿﻧ ،ﺎﯾﻮﭘ هﺎﮔﺪﯾد يرادﺮﺑﻮﮕﻟا ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ةﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻦﯿﺑ (يا
لاﺆﺳ ﺮﯾز ار ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ و هﺪﺷ
ﯽﻣ رﺎﻬﻇا ضﻮﻋ رد .دﺮﺑ ﯽﻣ
ﻪﺑ ار ﯽﯾﺎﻨﯿﺑ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ردﺎﻗ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﯿﺑ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻨﮐ شزادﺮﭘ رﺎﮐدﻮﺧ رﻮﻃ
ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﻪﮐ ﯽﺗرﻮﺻ
ار ﻣاو ﯽ دراد ﺮﯿﺑ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﯽﯾﺎﻨﯿﺑ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد .ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ ﻒﺸﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﯿﺑ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻞﻤﻋ يﺰﯿﭼ نآ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﺎﺗ نو
ﯽﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ار لﺪﻣ زا هدز ﺪﻨﮐ
ار نﺪﺑ و ﻣاو ﯽ دراد ﻪﺑ ﺎﺗ هﻮﯿﺷ ﻦﯾﺪﺑ .ﺪﻨﮐ رﺎﺘﻓر صﺎﺧ يا ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ ﻪﺑ يزﺎﯿﻧ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ
ا ﻪﺑ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻦﯾ ﺎﻫﺰﻣر
و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ي راﺪﻬﮕﻧ
ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ رد ﺎﻬﻧآ ي
ﯽﯾﺎﻨﯿﺑ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد .ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﯿ ﻢ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ و ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ سﺎﺳا ﺖﻤﺴﻗ
ﺎﻫ اﺮﻓ ار نﺪﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ي .دروآ ﻢﻫ
ازا ﯾ ﻦ ور ﻢﻬﻣ زﺎﯿﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺮﮔ
ﻦﯾا يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﮥﯿﻟوا ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ رد ﯿﺑ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﻂﺑاور ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﮐ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ار ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا
ﺪﻨﮐ كرد ار نﺪﺑ يﺎﻀﻋا ﻦ
) ﻔﺷ ﯿ ﺪﻠ ، 1961 .(
ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
ﺮﮔ ،ترﺎﻬﻣ ةﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ زا ، ﺪﭘ
ﯾ هﺪ ﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ كاردا نآ ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ يﻮﮕﻟا ةرﺎﺑرد ار ﯽﯾ و ﯽﻟﺎﮑﺳ) ﺪﻨﮐ
،لوﻮﯿﻧ 1985 ﯽﺑ ؛ ،ﯽﺟ 1992 .(
هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺮﮔ
ًﺎﺻﺎﺼﺘﺧا ،دﻮﺧ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﻮﮕﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﮑﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ
ﺎﻫ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﮓﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ يﻮﮕﻟا (يﺮﻫﻮﺟ هﻮﺟو) ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ي
ﯽﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا و كرد ار ﺮﮔا .ﺪﻨﮐ
هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺮﮔ ﯽﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا و كاردا ار ﺮﯾﺬﭘﺎﻧﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ يﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟا ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا اﺮﺟا ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ ،ﺪﻨﮐ
ﺮﻣ ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﻪﺑ ،ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻧ ةﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ زا ﺲﭘ ،ﺪﻠﯿﻔﺷ) ﺪﺷﺎﺑ طﻮﺑ
1961 ﻦﯾازا .(
ار ﮓﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟا ﺮﻫﺎﻣ لﺪﻣ ور ﺮﺗدوز
ﻞﻣﺎﮑﺗ
ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺸﺨﺑ ﺑ) ﯽ ﯽﺟ ، 1992 .(
هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺮﮔ رد شﻼﺗ ﺎﻫ ﺪﯿﻠﻘﺗ ار دﺮﺒﻫار نآ ،ترﺎﻬﻣ ياﺮﺟا رد دﻮﺧ ﻪﯿﻟوا ي ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺲﭘ . ﺮﻈﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺳر ﻦﯾا زا ﻪﮐ
1. Sheffield
2. Cognitive mediation theory
3. Magill & Anderson
4. Scully & Newell
5. Direct perception
6. Gibson
7. Dynamic view of modeling
8. Deirdre Scully & Carnegie
10 ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ ،مﻮﺳ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر
1401
،يدﺎﺒﻗ) ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺗﺪﻨﻣدﻮﺳ يﺪﺘﺒﻣ لﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺮﻫﺎﻣ لﺪﻣ ﺚﯿﺣ 2013
دﻮﺑ ا لا ؛ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و1
2001 ﺲﯿﻫ و دﺮﯿﺑ ؛ ،2
2005 ﺰﺟﺎﻫ ؛ و3
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 2003
ﯽﻣ ﻞﯿﻬﺴﺗ ار ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ترﺎﻬﻣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ،ﺮﻫﺎﻣ لﺪﻣ ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ صﻮﺼﺧ رد ( ،ﺖﻨﺑ و ﺪﯾﻮﯾد) ﺪﻨﮐ
2001 ،ﺲﯿﻫ و دﺮﺑ ؛
2005 ،يدﺎﺒﻗ ؛ 2013 ﺲﮑﻧاﺮﻓ و اﻮﭼ ،ﺲﮔدﺎﻫ ؛ ،4
2003 .(
ﺮﻫﺎﻣ لﺪﻣ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ،زﺮﺗاو و اروﺪﻨﺑ) ﺖﺳا ﯽﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ دﺮﺒﻫار ﺎﯾ نداد مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ زا ﯽﻠﻣﺎﮐ لﺎﺜﻣ
1977
،(
ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﯽﻣ ردﺎﻗ ،ﻪﯿﻟوا حﺮﻃ كاردا ﺎﯾ ﻖﯿﻗد ﮥﺋارا ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ اﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ار ،ﺪﻠﯿﻔﺷ) دزﺎﺳ
1961 ﻞﻧرﻮﻣ و ﻒﻟو .(
5 ) 2008 ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ رﺎﻬﻇا ( ﻦﯾا ﺮﻫﺎﻣ لﺪﻣ ﺖﯾﺰﻣ
ﯾ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﮔدﺎ
ﯿ هﺪﻧﺮ ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ هﺪﯾا ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﺎﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ يﻮﮕﻟا زا ي ﯽﻣ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ لآ
ﻮﺌﺗوﺮﭘ و دﺮﻔﻧﺎﺒﻫور .ﺪﻨﮐ
6 ) 2011 ﯽﺘﻗو ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ (
ﺪﯾﺪﺟ يﻮﮕﻟا هﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ نﺎﺸﻧ
ﺪﻨﻫد ﯽﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ار ترﺎﻬﻣ ة ﯽﻣ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟا دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ رد ﺶﺷﻮﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺶﺷﻮﮐ يﺮﯾﺬﭘﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ،ﺪﻨﮐ
ﻞﻤﻋ ﻦﯾا .دﻮﺷ
ﻪﺑ ﺳا ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺎﻫﺎﻄﺧ ﺢﯿﺤﺼﺗ و ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﯽﻤﻧ نﺎﺸﻧ ار ﻊﺒﻨﻣ زا ﯽﺤﯿﺤﺻ رﺎﯿﻌﻣ يﺪﺘﺒﻣ يﻮﮕﻟا ﻪﮐ ﺎﺠﻧآ زا ﻦﯾا دﻮﺟو ﺎﺑ ،ﺖ
،ﺪﻫد هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﯽﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد يﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﺖﺤﺻ ﺎﺑ ار تﺎﻋﻼﻃا و ﺪﻨﮐ
ارﺎﮐ ﯽﯾ نﺎﺷ ﯽﻣ دوﺪﺤﻣ ترﺎﻬﻣ بﺎﺴﺘﮐا رد ار ﮏﯾ ﯽﻧدﻮﻣزآ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺟ ﺎﺗ ،ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .ﺪﻨﮐ
ﺮﻫﺎﻣ يﻮﮕﻟا نﺎﺸﻧ
ﺪﻨﻫد ﯾ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ترﺎﻬﻣ ة ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا يدﺮﻓ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎ
ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﯽﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺢﯿﺤﺻ رﺎﯿﻌﻣ ة ﻮﺌﺗوﺮﭘ و دﺮﻔﻧﺎﺒﻫور) ﺪﺑﺎﯾ
،7
2011 ( تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ.
مﺎﺠﻧا ﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻪ ﺪﻨﻣدﻮﺳ ترﺎﻬﻣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ياﺮﺑ ﺮﻫﺎﻣ يﻮﮕﻟا ﺖﺳا
هوﻼﻋ ﺎﻣا ، تﺎﯿﺋﺰﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻮﮕﻟا ندﻮﺑ ﺮﻫﺎﻣ ﺮﺑ
رد ﻮﮕﻟا ﻞﮑﺷ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻠﻤﻋ ياﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﮥﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ي ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ و ﺖﺳا يروﺮﺿ ،دﻮﺷ هﺮﯿﺧذ ﻪﻈﻓﺎﺣ رد
ًاﺪﻌﺑ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻨﻫار ياﺮﺑ
ﯽﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا سﺪﻧﺎﮔﺎﻓ) دﻮﺷ
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و8
2013
ًاﺮﯿﺧا .(
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ي ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻟﺪﺒﻋ) يدوﺪﻌﻣ 1394
ﻮﯿﻧدرﻮﺑ ؛ ،9
2015 ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻒﻟو ؛
2005 نﺎﯿﺑ ( هداد ﺪﻧا ﻪﮐ رد ﺗ ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮ زا ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ و هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
،يا ﺮﮔا ﺮﯿﮔاﺮﻓ يراﺪﻘﻣ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺮﺑ ﮥﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ ﻪﺘﺷاد
،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا
يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﯽﻣ ،ﯽﻋﺎﺠﺷ و ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ ،ﯽﻬﻟاﺪﺒﻋ) دﻮﺷ 2015
،ﻮﺌﻧدﺮﺑ ؛ 2015 ،ﺮﻔﯿﻔﭘ و چﺎﭘار ،ﻒﻟو ؛ 2005
.(
ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐدﻮﺧ ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ
ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ رد نآ
ﺮﯿﮔاﺮﻓ يراﺪﻘﻣ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺮﺑ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﺮﯿﻤﯾو وﺪﻧﻮﺑ) دراد
10 ، 2004 ( تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ .
رد ﮥﻨﯿﻣز ﻟﺮﺘﻨﮐدﻮﺧ ﯽ نﺎﺸﻧ هداد ﺪﻧا ﻪﮐ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐدﻮﺧ
ﺮﺗﺪﻨﻣدﻮﺳ زا ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ
ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ زا يﻮﺳ ﯽﺑﺮﻣ ﺰﯾﻮﺠﺗ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ لﺪﻨﻣو ﭻﯾرﺪﯾﺮﻓ)
11 ، 1995 .(
ﻘﺣ رد ﯿ ﺖﻘ ﯽﻟﺮﺘﻨﮐدﻮﺧ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻦﯾا نداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﭘ رد ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﯽﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ار يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ12
ﯽﻣ ار نﺎﮑﻣا ﻦﯾا اﺮﯾز ،ﺪﻫد ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺎﺗ ﺪﻫد
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻞﻧﺎﺟ ) ﺪﺑﺎﯾ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ 1997
ﻪﺑ و ( دﺮﺒﻫار ﻪﻧﻻﺎﻌﻓ رﻮﻃ ﺎﻫ
ار يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ي ﺖﺴﺟ
ﻮﺟو ،ﺮﮕﻨﯿﺳ و ﻦﭼ) ﺪﻨﻨﮐ 1992
؛
،لﻮﺗ و ﻒﻟو 1999
.(
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻠﻨﺳ) ﺮﮕﯾد ﻞﯾﻻد زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ نﺎﯿﻣ رد
13 ، 2013 ( زا ﯽﻟﺮﺘﻨﮐدﻮﺧ ارﺎﮐ
ﯽﻣ تﺬﻟ ترﺎﻬﻣ بﺎﺴﺘﮐا ﯽﯾ اﺮﯾز ،دﺮﺑ
و ﺎﻫزﺎﯿﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ار ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﺎﺗ ﺖﺳا ردﺎﻗ هﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ
ﯽﯾ ﺎﻫ ي دﺮﻓ ي نﺎﺷ ،ﻒﻟو) ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ 2007
بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .(
ﻮﯾر و ﻮﺳ) ﺪﻧراد ار يرﺎﺘﺨﻣدﻮﺧ و ﺖﯿﺣﻼﺻ سﺎﺴﺣا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ و ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ
14 ، 2011 ﻒﻟو .(
15 ) 2005 ﻞﻧﺎﺟ ،(
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و16
) 1997 لﻮﺗ و ﻒﻟو ،(
17 ) 1999 ﻒﻟو و ﯽﮑﺳﻮﮐﺎﯾﻮﯿﭼ ،(
18 ) 2002 ، 2005 ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻞﻧﺎﺟ ،(
1995 ﻒﻟو و ﺖﯾﺎﺗﻮﻟ ،(
19 ) 2010 و ﻒﻟو و (
) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 2001
ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ ( ﻧﺎﻣز
ﯽ ﻪﮐ ﮏﯾ هﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﺒﻨﺟ
ﯽﻣ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ار ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﮥ ﺎﺗ دراد يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻞﯿﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ (هدوﺰﻓا تﺎﻋﻼﻃا) ﺪﻨﮐ
ﮕﻧا ﯿ هﺰ ار شا
1. Al-Abood
2. Bird & Heyes
3. Hodges
4. Al-Abood, Davids, & Bennett; Bird & Heyes; Ghobady N; Hodges, Chua & Franks
5. Wulf and Mornell
6. Rohbanfard & Proteau
7. Rohbanfard & Proteau
8. Fagundes
9. Daniel
10. Bund & Wiemeyer
11. Friedrich & Mandl
12. self control
13. Sanli, Patterson, Bray & Lee
14. Su & Reeve
15. Wulf
16. Janelle
17. Wulf & Toole
18. Chiviacowsky & Wulf
19. Lewthwaite & Wulf
ﺮﻤﺗ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﻮﮕﻟا و ي هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا يا ﯽ رﺎﺒﺟا و ي ﻣ ﺮﺑ ﯿ ناﺰ ﮕﻧا ﯿ ﺰ ة ﻧورد ﯽ و ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿ ﺮ ي ...
11
دﺮﺒﻫار ﺪﻧراد ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ،ﺪﻧراد ار ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ زا ﺪﻌﺑ ﮏﯾ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻪﮐ يداﺮﻓا ﺖﻠﻋ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ .ﺪﻫد ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ياﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ
ار ﯽﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ ي ﺖﺴﺟ
ﻮﺟو
و دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ضﻮﻋ رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺖﺣار ﯽﻠﯿﺧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻣ
ًﺎﺒﻗﺎﻌﺘ ﯽﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ار هﺰﯿﮕﻧا ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻞﻧﺎﺟ) ﺪﻫد
1997 ﻦﯾازا ،(
فﺪﻫ ﻦﯿﻟوا ور
ﻦﯾا ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ
ﯽﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﺎﯾآ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺖﻔﺟ و لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ياﺮﺑ يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا لﺮﺘﻨﮐدﻮﺧ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ﺎﻫ
هﺪﺷ
؟ﺪﻧراد لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺮﮕﻧﻮﻣزآ و هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ رد ﯽﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ ،يا
ﻓ ﻪﮐ لﺪﻣ ةﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ زا ار يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ،ﺪﻧراد ار تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﺖﺳاﻮﺧرد ياﺮﺑ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ناﺮﯿﮔاﺮ
ﯽﻣ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ ﯽﺻﺎﺧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺪﯾﺎﺷ لﺮﺘﻨﮐدﻮﺧ ناﺮﯿﮔاﺮﻓ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ياﺮﺑ .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ياﺮﺑ ،ﺪﻧراد ﮏﺷ نآ درﻮﻣ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ زا ﯽﯾ
نﺎﺸﻧ ،ﻪﻧ ﺎﯾ ﺖﺳا ﺢﯿﺤﺻ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺎﯾ ﺎﻫﺎﻄﺧ ،ﺪﻧراﺪﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺖﺳاﻮﺧرد ياﺮﺑ ار ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ يداﺮﻓا ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد .ﺪﻨﻫد
ﻪﺑ ﺪﯾﺎﺷ ﺶﯿﭘ ﻞﯿﻟد ﯽﻨﯿﺑ
رد ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ،لﺪﻣ ةﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ندﻮﺑ ﺮﯾﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﻨﭼ
ﯿ ﻦ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ،ﻒﻟو) ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺮﯿﮔرد تﺎﻋﻼﻃا شزادﺮﭘ ي 2007
.(
ﺑﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ ﯾ ﻦ ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ تﺎﻘ ﻟﺮﺘﻨﮐدﻮﺧ ﯽ ﺣ رد ﯿ ﻄ ﮥ ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﯽ زﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا رد .ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ درﻮﺧ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﻠﻋ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺎﻫ
ي اﺮﺑ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ي ﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا ﯽ ﺑﯿ نﺎ هﺪﺷ
لﺮﺘﻨﮐدﻮﺧ درﻮﺧزﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺐﺟﻮﻣ
ﺖﮐﺮﺷ لﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﺗ ﺮﯿﮔاﺮﻓ رد ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ و شزادﺮﭘ ﻖﯿﻤﻋ ﺮﺗ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ و ﺎﺑ يﺎﻫزﺎﯿﻧ ﺮﯿﮔاﺮﻓ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ
،دراد ﻦﯾازا يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ور ار
ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﯽﻣ ،ﻒﻟو) ﺪﻫد 2007
هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﮥﻨﯿﻣز رد ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .(
نﺎﻤﻫ لﺮﺘﻨﮐدﻮﺧ يا تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ،ﺪﺷ هرﺎﺷا ﻪﮐرﻮﻃ
،ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﮐﺪﻧا ﻪﺑ
رﻮﻃ ي ﻪﮐ ﺐﺴﺣﺮﺑ يﻮﮕﻟا عﻮﻧ زﺎﯿﻧ نﺎﺷﺮﻈﻧدرﻮﻣ
نﺎﻣز ﺮﻫ ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ تﺎﺴﻠﺟ لﻮﻃ رد و يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ زا ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺮﻫ رد ار
ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ زﺎﯿﻧ سﺎﺴﺣا ﻪﮐ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا لﺮﺘﻨﮐدﻮﺧ ترﻮﺻ
و ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿ تاﺮ ﺎﻣا .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ لﺮﺘﻨﮐدﻮﺧ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺮﮔا
هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ هﺪﺷ
رﺎﺑ) يدﺎﯾز ﯽﻠﯿﺧ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا يوﺎﺣ ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ دﻮﺧ ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻧ ،(لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ ﺖﻔﺟ ﯽﺷﺮﭘ تﻮﺷ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ) ﺪﺷﺎﺑ رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﮔﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ زا ﯽﻣ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺐﻠﻏا ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ياﺮﺑ (دﺎﯾز ﯽﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ دﻮﺷ
ﺮﺑ ﺘﻧﯿ ﺠ ،ﻦﻣﺎﺗ و نﺎﮑﻧاد ،ﯽﻟوا ﮏﻣ) ﺪﻨﮐ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﮥ 1989
.(
ﻪﺑ رد ار هﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ضﻮﻋ رد ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﯾا ﺖﺳد
ندروآ ﯽﻣ دوﺪﺤﻣ صﺎﺧ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ دﺮﺒﻫار ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ
ﯾ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ دﺎ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ هﺪﺷ
،نﻮﺳﺪﻨﮐ) ﺖﺳا زﺎﯿﻧ درﻮﻣ 1993
.(
ياﺮﺑ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هرﺎﺷا ﺰﯿﻧ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ زا ﺮﮕﯾد يداﺪﻌﺗ رد ﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا
ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ عﻮﻧ ﯽﻫدﻮﮕﻟا ﯽ ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ راﺬﮔﺮﺛا
ﺲﻨﯿﮕﯿﻫ و درﺎﺗﻮﺳ) ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ،1
1987 صﻮﺼﺧ ﻦﯾا رد .(
ﺰﯿﻧ ﺳ ﯿ ﻢﺘﺴ ﺎﻫ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺎﯾﻮﭘ ي راﺬﮔﺮﺛا
دﺮﻓ و ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ،ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ار يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﺮﺑ ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻨﻧاد ﺖﯿﻤﺳا) ،2
2005
،(
) ﻮﯿﻧدرﻮﺑ 2015 دﺮﮐ رﺎﻬﻇا ( ﺮﮔا
ﺶﺨﺑ ﻪﺑ هﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﮑﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﺳﺎﺳا ﯽ نﺎﺷ ﺴﻘﺗ ﯿ ﻢ ياﺮﺑ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻦﺘﺷاد ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
ﺮﻫ ة
ﻦﯾا زا ماﺪﮐ ﺶﺨﺑ
ﺎﻫ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ترﺎﻬﻣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ رد و ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﯽﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃا رﺎﺑ دﻮﺷ ﯽﻣ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ .
ناﻮﻨﻋ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻦﯾا رد
شزﻮﻣآ مﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺮﮔا ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ترﺎﻬﻣ
ﺎﻫ زا ﯽﺷزرو ي لﺪﻣ
ﺎﻫ ﯽﺸﯾﺎﻤﻧ ي ةﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ نﺎﮑﻣا ﻪﮐ
ﺶﺨﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ي ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ترﻮﺻ
ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ) ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد دﻮﺟو هﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ياﺮﺑ لﺪﻣ
ﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ يﺮﺘﻬﺑ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﻪﺑ ،دﻮﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا (ﻦﺸﯿﻤﯿﻧا ي
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﮑﻠﻣ) دﻮﺷ 2010
.(
ﻦﯾازا ﯽﻣ حﺮﻄﻣ لاﺆﺳ ﻦﯾا ور ﺮﮔا ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ
ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ هﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ ي ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻪﺑ يﺎﻫ ا ﺳﺎﺳ ﯽ نﺎﺷ ﻪﺘﺳد ﺪﻨﺑ لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ ﺖﻔﺟ تﻮﺷ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ي
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻦﺘﺷاد ﺎﯾآ ،ندﺮﮐ ﺎﻫر ﺶﺨﺑ و ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ
ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ة ﺶﺨﺑ ﺎﻫ يروآدﺎﯾ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ، ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ
ﺎﻫ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ار ترﺎﻬﻣ ﮏﯿﻨﮑﺗ ي
؟ﺪﻫد ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺖﺳا ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ فﺪﻫ ﻦﯿﻣود ﺎﯾآ ﻪﮐ
ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ة ﺎﻤﻧ ﯾ ﺶ ﺎﻫ ،ﻞﮐ) توﺎﻔﺘﻣ يﻮﮕﻟا ي ﺶﺨﺑ
ﺎﻫ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ (
ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد لﺮﺘﻨﮐدﻮﺧ ﺖﻔﺟ يﻮﮕﻟا هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا
ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ،لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺮﮕﻧﻮﻣزآ و هﺪﺷ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ (ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ) يروآدﺎﯾ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺎﻫ ي
لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ ﺖﻔﺟ تﻮﺷ ﮏﯿﻨﮑﺗ ﯽﻣ
.دﻮﺷ
1. Southard & Higgins
2. Schmidt
12 ﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر
ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ ،مﻮﺳ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ي 1401
شور ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽ
ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ ﻘﺤﺗ عﻮﻧ زا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﯿ
تﺎﻘ دﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ي ﻧ و ﯿ ﻪﻤ ﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﯽ ﻌﻣﺎﺟ .ﺖﺳا ﮥ
رﺎﻣآ ي ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﯾ نﺎ ﺑﺮﺗ ﺮﺴﭘ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺎﻫ ي ﻬﺷ ﯿﺪ
هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد و ناﺮﻤﭼ ﺎﻫ
ي ﭘﯿ مﺎ ﻨﻣاد ﺎﺑ ﺰﻣﺮﻬﻣار و زاﻮﻫا رﻮﻧ ﮥ
ﻨﺳ ﯽ 18 - 22 ﺼﺤﺗ لﺎﺳ رد ﻪﮐ لﺎﺳ ﯿﻠ
ﯽ 95 - 96 ﺑ ﺼﺤﺗ ﻪ ﯿ ﻞ
،ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد لﺎﻐﺘﺷا ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ
.
ﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ 80 ﺮﺴﭘ يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ار لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ ﺖﻔﺟ تﻮﺷ شزﻮﻣآ ﮥﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﻪﮐ يﺪﺘﺒﻣ
.ﺪﻧﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻪﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃواد ترﻮﺻ
راﺰﺑا
1 عﺎﻔﺗرا ﺎﺑ دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ رﻮﺗ :دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ رﻮﺗ .
05 /3 ﺒﻟ ﺮﻄﻗ و ﺮﺘﻣ ﮥ
46 /0 ﯽﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﻪﮐ ﺮﺘﻣ ﻠﺻﺎﻓ زا ﺎﻫ
ﮥ دوﺪﺣ 60 /4 ﻪﺘﺨﺗ زا ﺮﺘﻣ
ﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ار بﺎﺗﺮﭘ (بﺎﺗﺮﭘ ﻂﺧ نوﺪﺑ) ﯽ
ﺪﻧداد .
2 ﺎﻤﻧ لﺪﻣ .
ﯾ ﺸ ﯽ ﺎﻤﻧ لﺪﻣ : ﯾ ﺸ ﯽ دﺮﻓ ي = ﺪﻗ) 180 ﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﯽ ﺮﺘﻣ وزﺎﺑ لﻮﻃ ، ي
= 95 ﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﯽ ﺮﺘﻣ ﺳا لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ رد ﺮﻫﺎﻣ ( ﺴﮐ (ﻪﺒﺨﻧ) ﺮﻫﺎﻣ دﺮﻓ .ﺖ
ﯽ
ﺎﻨﺜﺘﺳا دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﯾ
دراد اﺮﺑ و ي ﺳر ﯿ نﺪ ا ﻪﺑ ﯾ ﻦ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ زا ﺢﻄﺳ 10
ﺮﻤﺗ لﺎﺳ ﯾ تﺎﻨ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺖﺨﺳ ﺖﺳا
ﺎﻤﻧ لﺪﻣ . ﯾ
ﺸ ﯽ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ
ﻓﯿ ﻢﻠ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺤﻣ رد هﺪﺷ ﯿ
ﻂ ﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﯿ
ﻂ دﻮﺑ نﻮﻣزآ .
3 وﯾ .
ﻮﺋﺪ ي ﺷزﻮﻣآ ﯽ و : ﯾ ﻮﺋﺪ ي ﺷزﻮﻣآ ﯽ دوﺪﺣ ﻪﮐ 6 ﻗد ﯿ ﻪﻘ ﯽﻣ لﻮﻃ ﺪﯿﺸﮐ
، ﮏﯿﻨﮑﺗ نداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ لﺪﻣ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﺖﻔﺟ تﻮﺷ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﻔﻫ ﺘﻣا ﯿ زﺎ ي ﺑ شزﻮﻣآ ﯿ ﻧﺎﮑﻣﻮ ﯿ ﮑ ﯽ ﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ) ﺶﺨﺑ ود رد و ﯽ
ا رد .دﻮﺑ (ندﺮﮐ ﺎﻫر ﯾ
ﻦ و ﯾ ﻮﺋﺪ ي ﺷزﻮﻣآ ﯽ ﺮﻫ ﯾ ﮏ ﺖﻔﻫ زا ﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﮥ ﺑﯿ ﻧﺎﮑﻣﻮ ﯿ ﮑ ﯽ
ﻣﻼﮐ حﺮﺷ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ ﺖﻔﺟ تﻮﺷ ﯽ
ﻪﺑ و ، ﺎﻤﻧ نآ لﺎﺒﻧد ﯾ
ﺶ و ﯾﺪ ﺋﻮ ياﺮﺟا ﯽﯾ لﺪﻣ
ﺎﺑ ﺮﻫﺎﻣ 50 ﺪﺻرد ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ارد) ﯾ ﺴ خﺎﺒ ﺟ ﯽ
، ﻪﮑﺷﻮﮔ ،
2004 ( ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ ﯽﻣ ءاﺰﺟا
ﯿﺑ ﻧﺎﮑﻣﻮ ﯿ ﮑ ﯽ ﻠﺤﺗ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﺎﺑ ار ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﯿﻠ
ﯽ ﺎﻤﻧ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﯾ
ﺶ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻫد .
4 ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ.
ﮥ ﮕﻧا ﯿﺰ ة ﻧورد ﯽ
:(IMI)
اﯾ ﻦ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﺑ
رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﮕﻧا يﺪﻌﺑﺪﻨﭼ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﯿﺰ
ة ﻧورد ﯽ ﻠﮑﺗ ﯿ ﻒ ﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ بﺎﺗﺮﭘ حﻼﺻا ،ل
ﺨﺴﻧ زا هﺪﺷ ﮥ
ﻟوا ﮏﻣ ﯽ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 1989
ا .ﺖﺳا ( ﯾ ﻦ اراد ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ي
18 آﯾ ﻢﺘ ﻘﻣ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﯿ
سﺎ 7 ﺘﻣا ﯿ زﺎ ي ﻟﯿ تﺮﮑ زا ﻪﺑ تﺪﺷ ) ﻢﻔﻟﺎﺨﻣ 1 ﺎﺗ ( ﻪﺑ تﺪﺷ
) ﻢﻘﻓاﻮﻣ 7 و دﻮﺑ ( زا رﺎﻬﭼ ز ي ﻘﻣ ﯿ سﺎ ﺎﺷ ،تﺬﻟ/ﻪﻗﻼﻋ ﯾ
ﮕﺘﺴ ﯽ كاردا ﻤﻫا/شﻼﺗ ،هﺪﺷ ﯿ
ﺖ ﻓ /ﺶﻨﺗ و اﺮﺑ رﺎﺸ ي ﮕﻧا ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﯿ
شﺰ ﻧورد ﯽ ﮑﺸﺗ ﯿ ﻞ
ﻟوا ﮏﻣ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ .دﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﯽ
) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 1989
ﮕﻧا رد ( ﯿﺰ ة ﻧورد ﯽ ﺣ رد ﯿ ﻄ ﮥ ﻠﮑﺗ) شزرو ﯿ
ﻒ رد (لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ بﺎﺗﺮﭘ ﻘﻣ
ﯿ سﺎ ﻠﮐ ﯽ ﺮﺿ ﺎﺑ ﯾ ﺐ ﺎﻔﻟآ ي
85 / 0 ﻠﺧاد تﺎﺒﺛ ، ﯽ
ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ار ﺮﺿ و ﺪﻫد
ﯾ ﺐ اﺮﺑ ﺎﻔﻟآ ي هدﺮﺧ رﺎﻬﭼ ﺮﻫ ﻘﻣ
ﯿ سﺎ و ﻪﻗﻼﻋ زا دﻮﺑ ترﺎﺒﻋ تﺬﻟ
) 78 /0 ﺎﺷ ،(
ﯾ ﮕﺘﺴ ﯽ كاردا هﺪﺷ
) 80 /0 ) شﻼﺗ ،(
84 /0 ) رﺎﺸﻓ و ﺶﻨﺗ و ( 68
/0 ( ) ،ﻦﻣﺎﺗ و نﺎﮑﻧاد ،ﯽﻟوا ﮏﻣ 1989
ﻘﺤﺗ رد .(
ﯿ ﻖ رﺮﺑ زا ﺲﭘ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﯽﺳ
ترﻮﺻ يﺎﻫ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ
ﺳا نادﺎﺘ ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﺧﺮﺑ ﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﯽ
راﺮﮑﺗ تﻻاﺆﺳ زا ي
ﺖﺳا ﯾﺎ ﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﯽ ﺪﻧ ﺮﻈﻧدرﻮﻣ فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ را
ﺪﻧ . ﻦﯾازا ور زا 18 ﻟوا لاﺆﺳ ﯿﻪ 5 فﺬﺣ لاﺆﺳ
ﺷ ﺪ راﺰﺑا و 13 ﯽﻟاﺆﺳ يﺎﺑ ﻤﮑﺗ ﯿ ﻞ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ
رد ﻪﻣادا رد ﺳرﺮﺑ ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ
ﯽ ﺎﭘ ﯾﺎ
،ﯽﯾ هدﺮﺧ ﻘﻣ ﯿ سﺎ ) رﺎﺸﻓ/ﺶﻨﺗ 52
/0 ﻧ ( ﯿﺰ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻠﻋ
ﺎﭘ رد ﻒﻌﺿ ﯾﺎ
ﯽﯾ ﺎﻬﻧ رد .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷاﺬﮔ رﺎﻨﮐ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زا ﯾ
ﺖ ﺎﭘ ﯾﺎ ﯽﯾ ﺮﻃ زا ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﯾ
ﻖ ﺮﺿ ﯾ ﺐ اﺮﺑ ﺎﻔﻟآ ي ﻣ ﯿ ناﺰ ﻠﮐ ﯽ ﮕﻧا ﯿﺰ ة ﻧورد ﯽ 81 /0 تﺬﻟ/ﻪﻗﻼﻋ ،
78 / 0 ﺎﺷ ، ﯾ ﮕﺘﺴ ﯽ كاردا هﺪﺷ 72 /0 و /شﻼﺗ ﻤﻫا ﯿ ﺖ 75 /0 ﻪﺑ
،ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻦﯾازا
ور ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ رد ﺨﺴﻧ زا ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗو ﮥ
حﻼﺻا هﺎﺗﻮﮐ ﺪﺷ
ة 9 و ﯽﻟاﺆﺳ 3
زﯾ ﺮ ﻘﻣ ﯿ سﺎ /ﻪﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﺷ ،تﺬﻟ ﯾ ﮕﺘﺴ ﯽ كاردا ﻤﻫا/شﻼﺗ ،هﺪﺷ ﯿ
ﺖ اﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ي ﺮﻫ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﯾ
ﮏ ا زا ﯾ ﻦ هدﺮﺧ ﻘﻣ ﯿ سﺎ ﺎﻫ
، ﻨﻣ لاﺆﺳ ﻪﺳ رﻮﻈ
،ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
ﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﺷ هدﺎ .
5 ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ . ﮥ
ﻧاﻮﺧاﺮﻓ ﯽ ،نﻮﺳدﻮﻧ زا سﺎﺒﺘﻗا) 1993
ﻮﯿﻧدرﻮﺑ زا ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ،
، 2015 ﻣ :(
ﯿ ناﺰ ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ زا ﻃ ﺮﯾ ﻖ ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﮥ ﻧاﻮﺧاﺮﻓ ﯽ ﺠﻨﺳ ﯿ هﺪ
ﯽﻣ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ كرد ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ ﻪﺑ زا هﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﯾ دﺎ ﺟ ﺖﻔﻫ ندروآ ﺑ ءﺰ
ﯿ ﻧﺎﮑﻣﻮ ﯿ ﮑ ﯽ ﻨﮑﺗ ﯿ ﮏ ﺷﺮﭘ تﻮﺷ ﯽ
ﺮﻤﻧ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ،ﺖﺳا لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ ة
0 - 7 هداد
ﯽﻣ ﺘﻣا .ﺪﻫد ﯿ زﺎ ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﯽﯾ
ﻧاﻮﺧاﺮﻓ ﯽ ﺑ ءﺰﺟ ﺖﻔﻫ زا ماﺪﮐ ﺮﻫ ﯿ
ﻧﺎﮑﻣﻮ ﯿ ﮑ ﯽ ﺪﺷﺮﮐذ ة اﺮﺑ مزﻻ ي ﺟا اﺮ ي ﻨﮑﺗ ﯿ ﮏ ﺤﺻ ﯿ ﺢ .ﺖﺳا لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ تﻮﺷ
اﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﯾ ﻦ ﺮﮔا ﯾ ﮏ ﺑ ءﺰﺟ ﯿ ﻧﺎﮑﻣﻮ ﯿ ﮑ ﯽ ﻪﺑ ﻧاﻮﺧاﺮﻓ ﺢﺿاو رﻮﻃ ﯽ
ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺷ ﺘﻣا ﯿ زﺎ ﯾ ﮏ هداد صﺎﺼﺘﺧا ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﺷ
، ﻪﺑ ﺮﮔا ﺤﺿاو رﻮﻃ ﯽ
ﻧاﻮﺧاﺮﻓ ﯽ ﻤﻧ ﯽ ﺪﺷ
، ﻪﺑ
ﺎﻣزآ ﯾ ﺮﮕﺸ ﺘﻣا ﯿ زﺎ ﻣ هداد ﺮﻔﺻ ﯽ
ﺪﺷ اﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ . ﯾ ﻦ ﻧاﻮﺧاﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﯽ ﺑ ءﺰﺟ ﺖﻔﻫ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﯿ
ﻧﺎﮑﻣﻮ ﯿ ﮑ ﯽ ﺘﻣا ﯿ زﺎ ﻣ هداد ﺖﻔﻫ ﯽ
ﺪﺷ ) ،ﻮﯿﻧدﺮﺑ 2015 ،نﻮﺳدﻮﻧ ؛ 1993
.(