Stakeholder Perception Analysis of Coastal Cities Tourism for Sustainable Urban Development
Case Study: Babolsar City
SusanYousef Jamali a, Sadruddin Metoli b, Gholamreza Malekshahi c, Azita Rajabi d
a. Ph.D student of Geography and Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University, Noor Branch, Noor, Iran
b. Associate Professor of Natural Geography and Geomorphology, Noor Branch, Islamic Azad University, Noor, Iran
c. Associate Professor of Applied Geography Department, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran
d. Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran,
Iran
Abstract
Coastal tourism is one of the important motivating factors in tourism, and the development programs of most areas that have beaches are considered an important factor in achieving sustainable development. This will be realized if planners and managers at all levels and all forms of tourism do not consider one-dimensional development and pay attention to all stakeholders. A subject that has received less attention in most development programs. The present study aims to analyze the stakeholders' perception of tourism in the coastal city of Babolsar for the purpose of sustainable urban development. The research method is descriptive- analytical in terms of applied purpose and research methodology. The statistical population consists of four categories of beneficiaries including tourists, citizens, economic activists and experts (managers), and the sample size among the first three groups is 383 people using Cochran's formula and 20 people among the experts group were selected in an available manner.
In order to analyze the data, spss software and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to check the normality of the data, and one-sample t-test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that in terms of the level of perception of the stakeholders regarding the effects of tourism on the sustainable development of Babolsar city, tourists with a score of 3.41, citizens with a score of 3.63, economic activists with a score of 3.1, and experts and managers with a score of 3.27 and in total with a level of They are average. And according to them, there is a significant difference between the perceptions of stakeholders regarding the effects of tourism on the sustainability of economic, social-cultural, physical-infrastructural, management- institutional and environmental indicators.
Keywords: Perception of Stakeholders, Coastal Tourism, Sustainable Development, Babolsar City
. Corresponding author (E-mail: [email protected]) http://doi.org/10.22059/JUT.2022.338755.1012
Received: 9 April 2022; Received in revised form: 15 June 2022; Accepted: 9 August 2022
Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by University of Tehran. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Journal of Urban Tourism, 9 (2), 2022
Extended Abstract Introduction
Tourism is one of the most dynamic economic activities of the present age that plays an important role in sustainable development. Some researchers have introduced the sustainable development of tourism as a process associated with improving the quality of life of hosts, meeting the demand of visitors, and in turn, protecting natural and human resources. In the meantime, the critical point for achieving sustainable tourism development is to involve all stakeholders because sustainable tourism development is almost impossible without the support of stakeholders.
Mazandaran province, with the most coastline on the northern coast of Iran, has a rich source of coastal tourism activities. For this reason, it is popular with tourists. The present study focuses on the coastal city of Babolsar. Babolsar city is one of the tourism hubs in the north of the country due to its beautiful landscape, natural attractions, and artificial tourism. Although various stakeholders have been involved in the development of tourism in the city, so far no study has been conducted to identify the perception of stakeholders, including tourists, citizens, economic activists, and experts who seek their interests in the tourism industry. Therefore, studying in this field and considering and recognizing all the views of actors and stakeholders on the issue of tourism in this city should be considered. In order to determine the status of tourism sustainability, actors also express their views so that appropriate strategies and strategies can be presented. It is worth mentioning that in the process of studying the effects of tourism development, it is not enough to be satisfied with the views of local residents, because in the process of tourism development there are other stakeholders such as resources (environment), entrepreneurs, and tourists who are effective factors. Therefore, all stakeholders should be involved in tourism development. Considering the importance of the subject of the present study, it tries to measure the perceptions of tourism stakeholders in Babolsar city and, in this regard, also examines the differences between the perceptions of tourism
stakeholders. In line with this goal, a question has been formulated as follows:
- What is the perception of tourism stakeholders about the role of coastal tourism on the environment of Babolsar city?
Methodology
This research is applied and descriptive- analytical in terms of purpose and method, respectively. Also, according to the study of the coastal city of Babolsar in Mazandaran province, is a case study research. The statistical population included all stakeholders, including tourists, citizens, economic activists, tourism experts, and managers. The sample size for tourists, citizens, and entrepreneurs, according to Cochran's formula, was 383 people (divided equally among all three groups so that 128 questionnaires were distributed among each group) and among the experts and managers, which were done in an accessible way, a sample of 20 was considered. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used to test the normality of the data, and a sample test was used to analyze the data related to the beneficiaries.
Results and discussion
In this study, the valid Kolmogorov- Smirnov test is used to investigate the normality of the distribution of the main variables. The significance level of all variables of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov quality gap test is more than 0.05, and it is concluded that the distribution of research variables is normal. Therefore, parametric inferential statistics are used. Analysis of single-sample test data shows that the managerial-institutional index plays the lowest role with an average of 3.12 in coastal tourism from the citizens' point of view. With an average of 3.91, the environmental dimension has the most role in coastal tourism. In general, the average of all dimensions is higher than 3, which means it is above average and has a significant role in coastal tourism. Analysis of information from the perspective of economic actors shows that the economic dimension plays the lowest role, with an average of 3.09 in coastal tourism. In general, the average of all dimensions is
higher than 3, except for the physical dimension of infrastructure and management-institution, which shows the weak role of these dimensions in coastal tourism. Experts' views show that the environmental dimension plays the least role in coastal tourism, with an average of 3.12.
Conclusion
The results show that attention to the participation of all stakeholders and various actors in the planning and development process is an integral part. This is because if any of the actors are removed from the list of tourism development decision-makers and planners, there will be the possibility of obstacles and delays in tourism development, and it will delay the achievement of sustainable tourism development. Therefore, in order to achieve
sustainable development, all elements of development and all strata involved in development must have an active presence.
No stakeholder can decide on behalf of another stakeholder because all of them will pursue their interests.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper
كاردا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻠﺣﺎﺳ يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ زا نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ
يﺮﻬﺷ راﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ
ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ يدرﻮﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟ ﻒﺳﻮﻳ نازﻮﺳ -
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ و ﺎﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ يﺮﺘﻛد يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد
،ﻲﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،يﺮﻬﺷ يﺰﻳر ناﺮﻳا ،رﻮﻧ ،رﻮﻧ ﺪﺣاو
ﻲﻟﻮﺘﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﻟارﺪﺻ -1
ﻧاد ،رﻮﻧ ﺪﺣاو ،يژﻮﻟﻮﻓرﻮﻣﻮﺋژ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ يﺎﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ رﺎﻴﺸﻧاد ناﺮﻳا ،رﻮﻧ ،ﻲﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸ
ﻲﻫﺎﺸﻜﻠﻣ ﺎﺿﺮﻣﻼﻏ -
ناﺮﻳا ،ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ ،نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺶﻳﺎﻣآ ﺎﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ هوﺮﮔ رﺎﻴﺸﻧاد
ﻲﺒﺟر ﺎﺘﻳزآ -
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ و ﺎﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ رﺎﻴﺸﻧاد ناﺮﻳا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،يﺰﻛﺮﻣ ناﺮﻬﺗ ﺪﺣاو ،ﻲﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،يﺮﻬﺷ يﺰﻳر
هﺪﻴﻜﭼ رد ﻢﻬﻣ ﻲﺷﺰﻴﮕﻧا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﻲﻜﻳ ﻲﻠﺣﺎﺳ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ
ياراد ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻘﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﺜﻛا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻞﺣاﻮﺳ
ﻲﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ راﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳد رد ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
ﺪﻳآ . ﺮﻣا ﻦﻳا ﺖـﻓﺎﻳ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﺗرﻮﺻ رد
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ لﺎﻜﺷا ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ و حﻮﻄﺳ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ رد ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ و ناﺰﻳر ﻚﺗ يا
ﻪـﺑ و هداﺪـﻧ راﺮﻗ ﺮﻈﻧﺪﻣ يﺪﻌﺑ
ﻤﻫ يذ ﻪ
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ .
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺮﺜﻛا رد ﻪﻛ ﻲﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نآ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ يا .
ﺮـﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﻪﺑ ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﺣﺎﺳ ﺮﻬﺷ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ زا نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ كاردا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ فﺪﻫﺎﺑ
ﻪـﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ يﺮﻬﺷ راﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ
ﺖﺳا .
دﺮﺑرﺎﻛ فﺪﻫ ﺮﻈﻧزا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور ي
ژﻮﻟوﺪﺘﻣ و ي ﺻﻮﺗ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻴ
ﻔ ﻲ - ﺗ ﻲـﻠﻴﻠﺤ ﺖـﺳا .
رﺎـﻣآ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ي
ﻞﻣﺎـﺷ
نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ و يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا نﻻﺎﻌﻓ ،ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ ،ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ ﻪﺘﺳد رﺎﻬﭼ )
ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ ( ﻲـﻣ ﻢـﺠﺣ ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ
ناﺮﻛﻮﻛ لﻮﻣﺮﻓ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ لوا هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺳ نﺎﻴﻣ رد ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ 383
نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ هوﺮﮔ نﺎﻴﻣ رد و ﺮﻔﻧ 20
رد هﻮﻴـﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا سﺮﺘﺳد .
ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ هداد ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗو
زا ﺎﻫ مﺮﻧ راﺰﻓا spss
نﻮﻣزآ و فوﺮﮔﻮﻤﻠﻛ يﺎﻫ -
ﺖـﻬﺟ فﻮﻧﺮﻴﻤـﺳا
هداد ندﻮﺑ لﺎﻣﺮﻧ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻚﺗ ﻲﺗ نﻮﻣزآ زا و ﺎﻫ
ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ياﺮﺑ يا .
ﺮـﻈﻧزا داد نﺎﺸـﻧ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
يذ كاردا ﺢﻄﺳ
ﺎـﻴﺘﻣا ﺎـﺑ ناﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﺮﺴـﻠﺑﺎﺑ ﺮﻬـﺷ راﺪـﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﺮـﺑ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ تاﺮﺛا ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ ز
41 / 3 ،
زﺎﻴﺘﻣا ﺎﺑ ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ 63
/ 3 زﺎﻴﺘﻣا ﺎﺑ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا نﻻﺎﻌﻓ ، 1
/ 3 زﺎﻴﺘﻣا ﺎﺑ ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ و نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ و 27
/ 3 ﺢﻄﺳ ﺎﺑ عﻮﻤﺠﻣرد و
ﺪﻧراد راﺮﻗ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ .
نآ ﺮﻈﻧزا و
يذ كاردا ﻦﻴﺑ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﺎﻫ
يراﺪـﻳﺎﭘ ﺮـﺑ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ تاﺮـﺛا ﻪـﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ،يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا يﺎﻫ -
يﺪﺒﻟﺎﻛ ،ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ -
ﻲﺘﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ،ﻲﺘﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳز -
ﺖﺴﻳز و يدﺎﻬﻧ دراد دﻮﺟو ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ
.
يﺪﻴﻠﻛ نﺎﮔژاو :
يذ كاردا ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ ،راﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،ﻲﻠﺣﺎﺳ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ،نﺎﻌﻔﻧ
1 . ﻮﻧ لﻮﺌﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﻳ
Email: [email protected]
ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
20 / 01 / 1401 يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
25 / 03 / 1401 شﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
18 / 05 / 1401
http://doi.org/10.22059/JUT.2022.338755.1012
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ هزوﺮﻣا ﻪﺑ
ناﻮﻨﻋ ،ﻲـﺳﺎﻴﺳ تﺎﺒـﺳﺎﻨﻣ زا يرﺎﻴﺴـﺑ ؛ﺖـﺳا ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔراﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗدرﻮﻣ نﺎﻬﺟ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﻛ رد ،ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻚﻳ
يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﻠﻣ
ﺎﻫ زا
ﻲـﻣ مواﺪـﺗ و ﻆـﻔﺣ ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ ﻦـﻳا ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺪـﺑﺎﻳ
Chung et al, 2020:389) .(
زا يرﺎﻴﺴـﺑ رد
هﺪﺷ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ رﻮﺸﻛ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺪﺷر و دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﻲﻠﺻا يوﺮﻴﻧ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ،ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﻛ
Suhel & Bashir, 2018:34) .(
؛ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺎﻳﻮﭘ زا ﻲﻜﻳ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﺖﻴ ا راﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺮﺼﻋ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا يﺎﻫ ﺎﻔﻳ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻛ
Dube, )
2020:91
( ﻲﻣ و ﻪﺑ نآ زا ناﻮﺗ دﻮﻤﻧ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻌﺒﻨﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ
Bandoi et al, 2020:9) .(
ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ
ﻪﺑ ار يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ راﺪﻳﺎﭘ
و نﺎﮔﺪـﻨﻨﻛﺪﻳدزﺎﺑ يﺎـﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ،نﺎﻧﺎﺑﺰﻴﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ يﺪﻨﻳاﺮﻓ ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ نﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳا طﺎﺒﺗرا رد ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧا و ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑ
Sodhro et al, 2019: 1168) .(
ﻪﻫد رد
ﻪﺑ نآ ذﺎﺨﺗا و يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﺪﺷر ﺮﻴﺧا يﺎﻫ
ﺖـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ زا ﻲـﻜﻳ ناﻮﻨﻋ فﺮـﻃ زا يدﺎﺼـﺘﻗا هﺪـﻤﻋ يﺎـﻫ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﻛ
لﺎﺣرد و ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺎﺗ ﻪﺘﺷاد نآ ﺮﺑ ار ناﺰﻳر ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ،ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﻪـﺑ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ ﻪـﻟﻮﻘﻣ ود
ﺪـﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ،ﺖﺳا نﺎﺑﺰﻴﻣ ﻊﻣاﻮﺟ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺖﻬﺟ رد شﻼﺗ يﺮﮕﻳد و يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻬﻣ ) ،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و مﺪﻘﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﺿر 1398
: 130 .(
ﻦﻳارد
ﺖﺳد ياﺮﺑ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﺘﻜﻧ ﻦﻴﺑ
يذ ﻪﻤﻫ نداد ﺖﻟﺎﺧد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ راﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻳ
ﺖـﻳﺎﻤﺣ نوﺪـﺑ ﻪـﻛاﺮﭼ ،ﺖﺳا نﺎﻌﻔﻧ
يذ ﺗ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ ﺖﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻣﺮﻴﻏ ًﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ راﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻪﺑ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮ
Budneau, 2005:91) .(
يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ زا فﺪﻫ
ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ و ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ لدﺎﻌﺗ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﺠﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ نﺪﻴﺳر هوﺮﮔ مﺎﻤﺗ ياﺮﺑ ار ﺎﻫ
يذ يﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ﻊﻔﻧ
Ap, 1992:666) .(
تاﺮﺛا ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ كاردا ﻢﻬﻓ و كرد ًاﺮﻴﺧا ،ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﻴﻤﻫ رد نآ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ و
ﻪـﺟﻮﺗدرﻮﻣ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﻳاﺮﻓ زا ﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔراﺮﻗ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ زا يرﺎﻴﺴﺑ )
،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﺪﺣﻮﻣ 1399
: 2 .(
يذ كرد
ﻢﻬﻣ زا يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ رﺎﺛآ زا نﺎﻌﻔﻧ
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﺎـﻫ
نآ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ زا ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻳآ ) ،يرﺪـﺑ و يﺰـﻴﻧور نﺎﻳﺮﺒﻛا 1394
: 48 .(
هوﺮـﮔ ،داﺮـﻓا ﻪـﻛاﺮﭼ ،ﺎـﻫ
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ رد ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ رﺎﺸﻗا و ﺎﻫ
هﻮﻴﺷ ﻪﺑ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻪـﺑ و ﺪـﻧراد ﺶـﻘﻧ ﻲـﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
ترﻮـﺻ
ﻲﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ نآ ﻖﻧور مﺪﻋ ﺎﻳ و ﻖﻧور ﺮﺑ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﺎﻳ و ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﻳﺎـﺳﺎﻨﺷ راﺪﻳﺎﭘ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳد يﺎﺘﺳار رد ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧراﺬﮔ
نآ ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ و
ﺖﺳا يروﺮﺿ ﺎﻫ .
ﻦﻳازا ا ياﺮﺑ ور و ﻲـﺳرﺮﺑ ؛ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ار ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺲﻧﺎﺷ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻜﻨﻳ
شﺮﮕﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ
يذ ﻖﺋﻼﻋ و ﺎﻫ
بﺎـﻨﺘﺟا و يروﺮـﺿ ﻲـﻣاﺰﻟا نﺎـﻌﻔﻧ
ﻪـﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ياﺮـﺑ ﺮﻳﺬـﭘﺎﻧ رد راﺪـﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪـﻣ و يﺰـﻳر
ﺖﺳا يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ
Byrd & Gustke, 2004: 98) .(
ندﻮﺑ اراد ﺎﺑ نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ نﺎﺘﺳا 335
يﺎﻳرد ﻞﺣﺎﺳ زا ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ ﻪﺑ ،نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ
ﺶﻴـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﺘـﺳا ناﻮﻨﻋ رد ار ﻲﻠﺣﺎـﺳ ﻂـﺧ ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ
زا يرﺎﺷﺮﺳ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺖﺳا هداد صﺎﺼﺘﺧا دﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ناﺮﻳا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﻞﺣاﻮﺳ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﺖﻴ
دراد ﻲﻠﺣﺎﺳ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ .
ﺎـﺑ ﻞﻴﻟد ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺳا وﺮﺑور ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ لﺎﺒﻗا .
ﺖـﺳا هﺪـﺷﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ ﺮﺴـﻠﺑﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﺣﺎـﺳ ﺮﻬﺷ يور ﺮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﻳا رد .
ﺮﻬـﺷ
ﻢﺸﭼ ﻞﻴﻟد ﻪﺑ ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ
ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ و ﺎﺒﻳز زاﺪﻧا
ﺐﻄﻗ زا ﻲﻜﻳ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ عﻮﻨﺼﻣ و ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ رﻮﺸـﻛ لﺎﻤـﺷ رد يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎـﻫ
ﺖﺳا . عاﻮﻧا دﻮﺟو ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ
ﺎﻫ و ﻲﻳاﺬﻏ تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ و رازﺎﺑ و يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ي ...
ار ناﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﭼ ﺮﻫ بﺬﺟ نﺎﻜﻣا هراﻮﻤﻫ
ﺖﺳا هدﺮﻛ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ .
هوﺮﮔ ﻪﻜﻨﻳادﻮﺟوﺎﺑ
د ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﻔﻨﻳذ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺘـﺷاد ﺶـﻘﻧ ﺮﻬـﺷ ﻦـﻳا يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ر
نﻮﻨﻛﺎـﺗ ﺎـﻣا ﺪـﻧا
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪـﺑ ماﺪﻛﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ و يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ و ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ ،ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻠﻤﺟزا نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ كاردا ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻨﻴﻣز رد يا
ﻲﻣ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ زا دﻮﺧ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ لﺎﺒﻧد
مﺎﺠﻧا ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺸﻧ .
يذ ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺮﻣا ﻦﻳا مواﺪﺗ ﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ
ﻪﻛ ي
ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ و ﻒﻳﺎﻇو ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ دﻮﺧ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ لﺎﺒﻧد ﻪﺑ ماﺪﻛﺮﻫ
ﻪﺑ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ راﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺘﻧ و ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺸﻧ ار دﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﺘﺳرد
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺎﻔﻳا ار دﻮﺧ ﺶﻘﻧ .
هﺎﮔﺪـﻳد ﻪـﻤﻫ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ و ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد و ﻪﻨﻴﻣز ﻦﻳا رد ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ نﺎـﻌﻔﻨﻳذ و ناﺮﮕﺸـﻨﻛ يﺎـﻫ
ﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﻳا رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ
ﺪـﻧﺮﻴﮕﺑ راﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗدرﻮﻣ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺎ .
يراﺪـﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﻴﻌـﺿو ندﺮـﻛ ﺺﺨﺸـﻣ ﻦﻤـﺿ ﺎـﺗ
هﺎﮔﺪﻳد ﺰﻴﻧ ناﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ
يﮋﺗاﺮﺘـﺳا و ﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار ناﻮﺘﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻧراد نﺎﻴﺑ ار دﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ
داد ﻪـﺋارا رﻮـﺧرد و ﺐـﺳﺎﻨﻣ يﺎـﻫ .
نﺎﻳﺎﺷ و يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ رﺎﺛآ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﻳآﺮﻓ رد ﺖﺳا ﺮﻛذ ﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﺔ
ﺎﻛ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ نﺎﻨﻛﺎﺳ هﺎﮔﺪﻳد ﻪﺑ فﺮﺻ يﺎﻔﺘﻛا نآ ﻪﻛاﺮﭼ ،ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻲﻓ
ﺪﻨﻳاﺮﻓ رد ﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﺔ
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ ار يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻴﻧ داﺮﻓا ﻦﻳا ﺎﻬﻨﺗ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ
يذ ﻪـﻜﻠﺑ ﺪﻨﻫد
ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ نﻮـﭼ يﺮـﮕﻳد نﺎـﻌﻔﻧ
نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟ ﻒﺳﻮﻳ /
ﻪﺑ ﻲﺣﺎﺳ يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ يﺮﮕﺷﺮﮔ زا نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ كاردا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ
...
75
) ﻂﻴﺤﻣ (
ﻲـﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ و ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا حﺮﻄﻣ ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ و نﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓآرﺎﻛ ،
ﺪـﻨﻳآ ) ،يرﺪـﺑ و يﺰـﻴﻧور نﺎـﻳﺮﺒﻛا
1394 : 48 ( ﻲﻣ ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
وﺮﮔ مﺎﻤﺗ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ه
يذ يﺎﻫ رد ﻊﻔﻧ ﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺔ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ هداد ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ .
عﻮـﺿﻮﻣ ﺖـﻴﻤﻫا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
توﺎـﻔﺗ ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﻴﻤﻫ رد و ﺪﻫد راﺮﻗ ﺶﺠﻨﺳدرﻮﻣ ار ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ كاردا ﺎﺗ دراد شﻼﺗ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ار يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ زا نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ كاردا .
ﺪـﺗ ﺮـﻳز حﺮـﺷ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﻟاﺆـﺳ فﺪﻫ ﻦﻳا يﺎﺘﺳار رد ﻦﻳو
ﺖـﺳا هﺪـﺷ .
كاردا
؟ﺖﺳا ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﺣﺎﺳ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺶﻘﻧ زا يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ
مﺎﺠﻧا ﻲﺗﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ نﻮﻨﻛﺎﺗ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ زا نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ كاردا ﻪﻨﻴﻣز رد
ﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻣادا رد ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ و ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
نآ ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ ﺎـﺑ ﺎـﻫ
هرﺎﺷا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
.
نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﻲﻠﻀﻓ )
1400 (
ﻪﺑ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد
يذ كاردا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ
ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ زا نﺎﻌﻔﻧ
ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ
يدرﻮﻣ : ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻣ
ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ناﺮﻬﺗ نﺎﺘﺳا ﻲﻳﺎﺘﺳور يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ .
،ﻲـﻠﺤﻣ عﺎﻤﺘﺟا كرد ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
دراد دﻮﺟو توﺎﻔﺗ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻣ ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ و ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ ،ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ .
نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﻲﻫﺎﻘﻧﺎﺧ ﻲﻤﺗﺎﺣ )
1399 ( رد رد يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﻖـﻧور ﺮـﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ تﺎﻛاردا ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
ﻞﻴﺑدرا قرد ﻪﻠﻴﺑ يﺎﺘﺳور :
شور بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ رد ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
صﻮﺼﺧ رد ﻢﻬﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ود ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا هﺪﻴﺳر ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ﻮﻴﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ
شور
دراد دﻮﺟو يدرﻮﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ رد ﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ رﻮﻀﺣ ﻖﻧور يﺎﻫ :
ﻣاﺪﻗا و ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ يﺮﺗﺮﺑ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ لوا ﺖﻴﻨﻫذ ﺖﻴﻨﻫذ و يﺪﺒﻟﺎﻛ تﺎ
ﺖﺳا ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا تﺎﻣاﺪﻗا ﺖﻴﻤﻫا ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ مود .
نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﺪﺣﻮﻣ )
1399 (
ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ نﺎﺠﻴﻫﻻ ﺮﻬﺷ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ تاﺮﺛا يراﺪﻳﺎﭘ زا نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ كاردا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﺪﻧا
.
يدﺎﺼـﺘﻗا ظﺎـﺤﻟ ﻪـﺑ نﺎـﺠﻴﻫﻻ ﺮﻬﺷ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﻴﻌﺿو ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ )
24 / 3 ( ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ،
) 16 / 3 ( ﺖﺴﻳز ، ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ) 07 / 3 ( يﺪﺒﻟﺎﻛ ﺪﺑ رد و بﻮﺧ ﺖﻴﻌﺿو ﻪﺑ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺘﻣ و ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺪﺣ زا ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ و )
80 / 2 ( ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺪـﺣ زا ﺮـﺗ
دراد راﺮﻗ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣﺎﻧ ﺖﻴﻌﺿو ﻪﺑ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺘﻣ و ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ .
ﺮﻬـﺷ رد يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ تاﺮﺛا يراﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ كاردا ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﻈﻧزا
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ،نﺎﺠﻴﻫﻻ
زﺎﻴﺘﻣا ﺎﺑ ناراﺬﮔ 6
/ 3 ﺎـﺑ ﺐـﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪـﺑ ناﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ و ناﺮﻳﺪـﻣ ،ﻲـﻠﺤﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﻛﺎﺳ ،ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ زا ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ كاردا اراد
تازﺎﻴﺘﻣا 88 / 2 ، 87 / 2 و 83 / 2
ﺪﻧراد راﺮﻗ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺘﻣ بﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﺢﻄﺳ رد .
ﻚـﻳ ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻪـﻓﺮﻃ
ﮔ تاﺮـﺛا يراﺪـﻳﺎﭘ ﻪـﺑ ﺖﺒﺴـﻧ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ كاردا ﻦﻴﺑ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ،يدﺎﺼـﺘﻗا ﺮـﻈﻧزا يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮ
ﺖﺴﻳز و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا
دراد دﻮﺟو ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ .
تاﺮـﺛا يراﺪـﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ كاردا ﻦﻴﺑ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد
دراﺪﻧ دﻮﺟو يﺪﺒﻟﺎﻛ ﺮﻈﻧزا يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ .
نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و مﺪﻘﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﺿر )
1398 (
ﺖﻳﻮﻟوا ﻪﺑ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد
يذ يﺪﻨﺑ نﻼﻛ ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺪﻬﺸﻣ ﺮﻬﺷ
و ﺪـﻧا
هﺪﻴﺳر ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ
نﺎﺑﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧا )
هﺪﺷ لﺎﻣﺮﻧ نزو ﺎﺑ 191
/ 0 ( نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ، ﺎـﻫدﺎﻤﻧ و ﺎﻫ )
هﺪـﺷ لﺎـﻣﺮﻧ نزو ﺎـﺑ 184
/ 0 ( ،
نﺎﻤﻬﻴﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ )
هﺪﺷ لﺎﻣﺮﻧ نزو ﺎﺑ 179
/ 0 ( ﺎﺒﻗر ، ) هﺪﺷ لﺎﻣﺮﻧ نزو ﺎﺑ 162
/ 0 ( ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ، يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ و ﻻﺎﻛ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ )
ﺎﺑ
هﺪﺷ لﺎﻣﺮﻧ نزو 152
/ 0 ( و ﻦﻴﻘﻘﺤﻣ و نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ
) هﺪﺷ لﺎﻣﺮﻧ نزو ﺎﺑ 130
/ 0 ( ﻢﻬﻣ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ اراد ار ﺖﻴﻤﻫا ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ .
يﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ ) 1395 ( نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ هﺎﮔﺪﻳد زا تﻻوﺮﺳ يﺎﺘﺳور رد يﺰﭙﺷآ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ دﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ﻪﺑ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد )
،ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ و نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ (
ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ .
ﺎﻛ هﺎﮔﺪـﻳد زا ﻢﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻦﻳا ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ،نﺎﻨﻛﺎـﺳ هﺎﮔﺪـﻳد زا ﻢـﻫ و نﺎـﺳﺎﻨﺷر
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ار ﺮﺛا ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ يﺰﭙﺷآ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ -
،ﻲﺘﺧﺎـﺳﺮﻳز دﺎـﻌﺑا ﺮﺑ نآ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ و ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺎﺘﺳور يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا و ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻲﺘﻟود و ﻲﺘﺴﻳز -
ﺖـﺳا هدﻮﺑ ﺰﻴﭼﺎﻧ يدﺎﻬﻧ .
ﺖـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ عﻮـﻤﺠﻣ زا ناﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ يﺪﻨﻤﺘﻳﺎـﺿر ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ﻦﻴـﻨﭽﻤﻫ يﺎـﻫ
يﺎﺘﺳور رد يﺰﭙﺷآ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺪﺻ ﺎﺗ ﺮﻔﺻ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ رد تﻻوﺮﺳ
16 / 67
نﺎﺸﻧ ،ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ
ﻲﺘﺳﺎﻛ هﺪﻨﻫد يﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺼﻘﻣ رد ﻲﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ و ﻲﺘﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳز ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
.
يرﺪﺑ و يﺰﻴﻧور نﺎﻳﺮﺒﻛا )
1394 ( ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ رد
يذ كرد ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ يا
يﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ و رﺎﺛآ زا نﺎﻌﻔﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﻲﺣاﻮـﻧ رد يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ◌ٔ
و ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ تﺎﻧﺎﺳاﻮﻟ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ رد ﻲﻳﺎﺘﺳور يذ
ناﺮﻳﺪـﻣ و نﺎـﻨﻳﺮﻓآرﺎﻛ ،ناﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ،ﻲـﻠﺤﻣ نﺎﻨﻛﺎﺳ ار يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﻲﻠﺤﻣ
ﺪﻧا .
يذ كرد ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳا هداد نﺎﺸـﻧ ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ
رد يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫﺪـﻣﺎﻴﭘ و رﺎـﺛآ زا نﺎـﻌﻔﻧ ﺣﺎﻧ
◌ٔﻪـﻴ
ﺎـﺳ ،ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ و ﻲﻠﺤﻣ نﺎﻨﻛﺎﺳ كرد رد توﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﻛ دراد دﻮﺟو يرﺎﻣآ رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣدرﻮﻣ و ﻲـﻠﺤﻣ نﺎﻨﻛ
ﻲﻣ نﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓآرﺎﻛ و ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ ،ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ و ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ ،نﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓآرﺎﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
.
1مﺎﺑ نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و )
2021 (
هﺎﮔﺪﻳد ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد
شور ﺎـﺑ ﻪﻛ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ راﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ رد نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ يﺎﻫ
Q-sort
مﺎﺠﻧا
هﺪﻴﺳر ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ،ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧا )
نآ ﻲﺘﺣ ﻳﺎﻫ
ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﻛ ﻲ
ﺪـﻧراد ﻲﻬﺑﺎﺸـﻣ يﺎـﻫ (
هﺎﮔﺪـﻳد يﺎـﻫ
توﺎﻔﺗ ﻦﻳا ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧراد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ رد ﻲﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻚﻤﻛ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ اﺮﻳز ﺪﻨﻛ
دﺎﺠﻳا ياﺮﺑ ار ﺎﻫ
هار ﻞﺣ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ عﺎﻤﺟا ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ يﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﻛ
.
ﻲﻠﺒﻴﭼ نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و 2
) 2020 (
ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد
ﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ رد رازﺎـﺑ يﺪﻨﺑ
يﺮﻬـﺷ يﺮ :
كاردا ﺮـﺑ ﻲﺼـﺨﺷ ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ
ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ
هﺪﻴﺳر ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ و ﺪﻧا
دﻮـﺟو يرادﺎـﻨﻌﻣ يرﺎـﻣآ ﻪﻄﺑار ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ و ﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ كاردا ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧا
دراد .
ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻦﻳا
ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫد
ﻲﻣ ار نﺎﺴﻜﻳ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ ﻲﺑﺎـﻳزرا أﺪﺒﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ و هﺰﻴﮕﻧا ،ﻦﺳ ،ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ناﻮﺗ
دﺮﻛ . ﺑﺎﻨﺑ دراد يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ كاردا ﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﺧاد ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻦﻳاﺮ .
مﺎﮕﻴﺑ نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و 3
) 2014 ( راﺪـﻳﺎﭘ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ رد نﺎـﻌﻔﻨﻳذ ﺶـﻘﻧ ﻪـﺑ ﺖﺒﺴـﻧ ناﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ تﺎﻛاردا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد
ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺪﻧا .
ﻲﻣ نﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓآرﺎﻛ و ﻲﻠﺤﻣ نﺎﻨﻛﺎﺳ ،ﺖﻟود ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ . ﻳ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪـﻫد
ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺖﻟود ﻪﻛ ﻲ
ﻠﺤﻣ و ﻲ
هﺪﻤﻋ ﺶﻘﻧ
ا ي
ﺎﺿر ﺐﻠﺟ رد ﻳ
ﺖ
ﻞﻜﺷ رد ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ
ﻫد ﻲ
ﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ي
ﺎﭘ ـﻳ راﺪ
ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺪﻧا . ﺮﺗﺎﺳ ﻲﻟوﺮﺗ ﺰﻴﻟا )
1992 ( ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ رد
يذ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ يا
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ لﺪﻣ ﻚﻳ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ
يذ ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ يﺰﻳر
ار يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ
ﺐﺴﻛ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ
ود ،ناﺪﻨﻣرﺎﻛ ،ﻲﻠﺤﻣ رﺎﻛو
هﺮﻴﺠﻧز ،ﺎﺒﻗر ﺖﻟ
هوﺮـﮔ ،ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ،ﻲﻠﻣ ﻲﻠﻐﺷ يﺎﻫ
ﻪـﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ و نﺎﻨﻛﺎـﺳ ،لﺎـﻌﻓ يﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ناﺰﻳر ﺪﻧاد
.
يذ كرد نﻮﻣاﺮﻴﭘ يدﺎﻳز تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ نﻮﻨﻛﺎﺗ
مﺎﺠﻧا يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ زا نﺎﻌﻔﻧ
كرد ﻪـﺑ ﺮﺘﺸـﻴﺑ ،تﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺮﺜﻛا رد ﺎﻣا ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ و ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺎﻔﺘﻛا ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺎﻳ و ﻲﻠﺤﻣ نﺎﻨﻛﺎﺳ
يا
يذ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ كرد ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ .
ﻦـﻳازا ور
يذ ﺎﺗ ﺖﺳا دﺪﺻرد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا
دزادﺮـﭙﺑ نﺎـﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ و يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا نﻻﺎﻌﻓ ،ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ ،ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻠﻤﺟزا يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ .
يذ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا
يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا نﻻﺎﻌﻓ ،ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ ار يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ )
نﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓآرﺎﻛ (
ﺮﻬـﺷ ناﺮﻳﺪـﻣ و نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ و ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ،
ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ .
يﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ
ﻪﺑ رﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻟوا ﻊﻔﻨﻳذ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ
لﺎﺳ رد درﻮﻔﻨﺘﺳا تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺴﺳﻮﻣ ﻪﻠﻴﺳو 1936
ﺪﺷ حﺮﻄﻣ .
داﺮـﻓا زا ﻲﻫوﺮﮔ ار ﻊﻔﻨﻳذ ﻲﻔﻳﺮﻌﺗ رد
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻫﺪﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ترﻮﺻ
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻳ هﺪﺷ
ﻊﻔﻨﻳذ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺎﻳ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻚﻳ رد ﻲﻛﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ لﺎﺒﻧد ﻪﺑ هﺪﺸﻧ ﻲﻫد
ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
Grimble & Wellard, 1997: 176) .(
يرﻮﺌﺗ زا ﻲﻜﻳ نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ يرﻮﺌﺗ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻛ ،ﺖﺳا ﺎﻫ
يرﻮﺌﺗ زا ﻲﺒﻴﻛﺮﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
ﻪﺘﺷر سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ عﻮﻧ ﺪﻨﭼ
يذ يرﻮـﺌﺗ ياﺮـﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
نﺎـﻌﻔﻧ
ﻪﺑﺎﺸﺗ ﻪﺟو ﻪﻛ دراد دﻮﺟو نآ مﺎﻤﺗ
نآ ﺖﻟﺎﺧد ﺪﻴﺋﺎﺗ ،ﺎﻫ
رد ﺎﻫ
ﻪﻟدﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﻄﺑار ﻚﻳ
يا ) ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ (
ﻪـﻧ ﻪـﻛ ﻲـﻨﻌﻣ ﻦـﻳا ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳا
ﺎـﻬﻨﺗ
يذ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ نآ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺎﻫ
ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺮﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧراﺬﮔ ) ،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و هداﺰﻴﻠﻋ ﻲﺟﺎﺣ 1399
: 93 .(
لﺎﺳ رد
يذ هﺎﮔﺪـﻳد زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ و رﺎﺛآ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ و ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ يﺎﺘﺳار رد ،ﺮﻴﺧا يﺎﻫ ـﻌﻔﻧ
ﻪـﺑ ،نﺎ ﻚـﻳ ﻪـﻟﺰﻨﻣ
شور
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ و تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ نﻮﻧﺎﻛ رد ،ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺖـﺳا ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔراﺮﻗ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪـﻣ و يﺰـﻳر
) ،نارﺎـﻜﻤﻫ و ﻲﻠﻀـﻓ 1400
: 34 .(
ﻦـﻳا رد
شور يﺮﻈﻧ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻞﻜﺷ شور ﻦﻳﺪﻨﭼ ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ مدﺮﻣ شﺮﮕﻧ و ﺶﻨﻛاو و ﺶﻘﻧ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ و كرد ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﻳﺮﻈﻧ ؛ﺖﺳا يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ نﺎﺑﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺶﻨﻛاو كرد ياﺮﺑ
ﺶـﺨﺑ و يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ تﺎﻴﺣ خﺮﭼ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻪﻟدﺎﺒﻣ ﻪ
يﺪـﻨﺑ . رد
1.Boom
2.Chebli 3. Begum
نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟ ﻒﺳﻮﻳ /
ﻪﺑ ﻲﺣﺎﺳ يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ يﺮﮕﺷﺮﮔ زا نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ كاردا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ
...
77
ﺶﺨﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ
ﺶﺨﺑ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ و ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ،يﺪﻨﺑ
هوﺮﮔ ﺎﻳ ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ راﺮﻗ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑدرﻮﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا تﺎﻴﺣ ﻪﺧﺮﭼ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ رد و دﺮﻴﮔ
ﺖﺳا ﻪﺟﻮﺗدرﻮﻣ نﺎﻣز ﻲﻃ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ )
،ﻲﻳﺎﻤﻨﻫر 1387
: 20 .(
ﻪـﻤﻫ ياﺮـﺑ ﻲﻳﺎـﻨﺑﺮﻳز ﻲﺑﻮﭼرﺎـﭼ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ رد
شور ﻲﻣ داﺪﻤﻠﻗ ﺎﻫدﺮﻜﻳور و ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻌﻔﻨﻣ و ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ار يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ نﺎﻨﻛﺎﺳ ،دﻮﺷ
ﺖﺳد ﻲﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا هﺪﻣآ ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ
Brid )
art al, 2010:3
.(
يذ ﻪﻜﻨﻳاﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا رد
دراد دﻮﺟو ﻲﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ تﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻛ ﻪﭼ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ .
يذ ﺰﻴﻧ نﻮﺘﺑ و يدرﺎﻫ هزﻮـﺣ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ
هوﺮﮔ رﺎﻬﭼ ﻪﺑ ار يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ
نﺎـﻤﻬﻴﻣ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،نﺎـﺑﺰﻴﻣ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ؛ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ )
ناﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ (
نﺎﻣزﺎـﺳ ، يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎـﻫ
) ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ و ﺎﻫرﻮﺗاﺮﭘا نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ
( ﻂﻴﺤﻣ و ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺖﺴﻳز
Hardy & Beeton, 2001: 173) .(
ﺖـﺳا ﺪـﻘﺘﻌﻣ نارﺎـﻜﻤﻫ و درﺎـﻴﺑ
ﻪﺑ هوﺮﮔ رﺎﻬﭼ
يذ ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﻲﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ هﺪﻤﻋ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ
ﻓآرﺎﻛ ،ﻦﻴﻨﻛﺎﺳ ،ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ؛ﺪﻨﻳآ نﺎﻤﻫ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ تﺎﻣﺎﻘﻣ ،نﺎﻨﻳﺮ
ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ
Byrd et al, 2009: 694) .(
يذ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻲﻣ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ
نﺎـﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ ،نﺎـﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ و ﻦﻴـﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ
ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ،ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺶﺨﺑ
ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ صﺎﺧ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ و ﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ
نﺎـﮔرا و ﺖﻟود ،ﺎﻫ
،ﻲـﺘﻟود يﺎـﻫ
هوﺮﮔ ﻞﻤﻋ يﺎﻫ
و ﻲﻠﺤﻣ مدﺮﻣ ،اﺮﮔ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﺎﺒﻗر
) ،ﻲﻨﺟوﺮﺑ مﺎﻏﺮﺿ 1390
:(
. ﺖـﻟود ﻪـﻜﻨﻳا ﺮﺑ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﺎﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زا ﺮﮕﻳد ﻲﻜﻳرد
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ
ﻦـﻤﺠﻧا ،ﺪﻧراد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ رد ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺺﻴﺼﺨﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻤﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﺘﻟود يﺎﻫ
ﺶـﺨﺑ ،ﺎـﻫ
يﺎـﻫ
ﺐﺴﻛ
ﻨﻣ تﺎﻣﺎﻘﻣ و نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛﺪﻳدزﺎﺑ و نﻮﻴﺴﻧاﻮﻨﻛ ﺮﺘﻓد ،ﻲﻧﺎﮔرزﺎﺑ قﺎﺗا ﺮﻴﻈﻧ ار يرﺎﻛو ﻪﻘﻄ
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ يا
ﻢﻴـﻘﻣ يﺎـﻫ
) هوﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ يﺎﻫ (
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ، ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺎﻫ )
ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ لﺎﺜﻣ : ﺖﺌﻴﻫ
نﺎﺘﺳرﺎﻤﻴﺑ و ﻪﺳرﺪﻣ هﺮﻳﺪﻣ
ﺎـﻫ ( هوﺮـﮔ و ، هﮋـﻳو ﻪـﻗﻼﻋ يﺎـﻫ
ﻪﺑ هﺪﺷ هدﺮﻤﺷﺮﺑ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻦﻳا نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺪﻧا
Bramwell & Sharman, 1999: 198) .(
ﺰﻨﮔ و لﺎﻤﺟ )
1995 ( هوﺮـﮔ ود
ار نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ زا ﻲﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﻲﻣ اراد ار ﺪﻧور رد ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﺖﻴﻓﺮﻇ و ﻖﺣ ﻪﻛ عوﺮﺸﻣ نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ ؛ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻪـﻛ ﻂﺒﺗﺮـﻣ نﺎـﻌﻔﻨﻳذ ؛ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ
ﻲﻣ راﺮﻗ نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ و ترﺎﻬﻣ ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺎﻣا ﺪﻧراد ار تاﺮﺛا ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﺖﻟﺎﺧد ﻖﺣ و ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ار )
،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﻦﻳزﺮﻓ 1400
: 102 .(
رد
ﻪـﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ رد لﻮﻤﻌﻣ يراﺰﺑا ،نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ يور ﺮﻫ
يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ يﺰـﻳر
ﺶﺨﺑ نﺎﻴﻣ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﻳآﺮﻓ رد ﺮﻴﮔرد ﻲﺳﺎﺳا يﺎﻫ
ﻲـﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ رﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ يﺰﻳر دﻮـﺷ
Franco & )
Estevao, 2009: 605
.(
يذ ﺰﻴﻧ يرﺪﺑ و يﺰﻴﻧور نﺎﻳﺮﺒﻛا ﺮﮔ ،ﻲﻠﺤﻣ نﺎﻨﻛﺎﺳ هوﺮﮔ رﺎﻬﭼ رد ار يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ
،ناﺮﮕـﺷد
ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ و نﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓآرﺎﻛ )
ﻲﻠﺤﻣ تﺎﻣﺎﻘﻣ و ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ (
ﻪﺘﺳد هدﻮﻤﻧ يﺪﻨﺑ
ﻞﻜﺷ رد ﺪﻧراد ﻪﻛ ﻲﻠﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻂﺑاور ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧا
يﺮﻴﮔ
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﻲﻣ ﺎﻔﻳا ﺶﻘﻧ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
يذ رﺎﻬﭼ ﺮﻫ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ رﺎﺛآ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ رد ﺪﻳﺎﺑ
ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ هداد ﺖـﻟﺎﺧد ﻊـﻔﻧ
) ،يرﺪﺑ و يﺰﻴﻧور نﺎﻳﺮﺒﻛا 1394
: 52 .(
يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا رد نﺎﻌﻔﻧيذ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ .1 ﻞﻜﺷ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ) : ،يرﺪﺑ و يﺰﻴﻧور نﺎﻳﺮﺒﻛا 1394
: 51 (
هوﺮﮔ يذ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ،ﻊﻔﻧ
ﻪـﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺪـﻨﻳاﺮﻓ رد ﻲﺳﺎﺳا يﺎﻫ
ﻲـﻣ بﻮﺴـﺤﻣ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ يﺰـﻳر ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ
) ،ﻲﻧاﻮـﺿر 1387
: 170 .(
ﻢﻬﻣ
يذ ﻪﻤﻫ كﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻪﺟو ﻦﻳﺮﺗ شزرا نﺎﻌﻔﻧ
نآ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓآ
و ﺶـﻘﻧ ،ﺖـﺳﺎﻫ
يذ ﺖـﻴﻤﻫا
ﻪـﺑ نﺎـﻌﻔﻧ
هوﺮـﮔ ،داﺮـﻓا ناﻮـﻨﻋ و ﺎـﻫ
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻲﻌﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ )
مﺎﻬﺳ ( ار ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺎﻳ و هژوﺮﭘ ،نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻚﻳ فاﺪﻫا و تﺎﻣاﺪﻗا ﺮﺑ يراﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻞﻴﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ و ﺪﻧراد
ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ،ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ ياﺮﺑ ،ﺪﻧراد ﺖﺳا ﻦﺷور نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ و ناراﺬﮔ
) ،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و مﺪﻘﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﺿر 1398
: 130 .(
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور
وﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ هﺮﻣز رد شور ﺮﻈﻧزا و هدﻮﺑ يدﺮﺑرﺎﻛ فﺪﻫ ﺮﻈﻧزا ﺶﻫ -
دراد راﺮﻗ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗ .
ﻲـﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ نﺎﺘﺳا رد ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﺣﺎﺳ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﺑ
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺘﺳد رد ،ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣدرﻮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﻣ راﺮﻗ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘدرﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ
دﺮـﻴﮔ . يروآدﺮـﮔ
يدﺎﻨﺳا تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ عﻮﻧ زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا رد تﺎﻋﻼﻃا )
ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﭘ برﺎﺠﺗ ،ﺎﻫزادﺮ
لﺪﻣ و ﻖﻓﻮﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ دﺮﺑرﺎﻛﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ
( ﺎـﺑ و ﻲﻧاﺪﻴﻣ و
ﺖﺳا ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ راﺰﺑا .
يذ ﻪﻴﻠﻛ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ يرﺎﻣآ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا نﻻﺎﻌﻓ و ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ ،ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻠﻤﺟزا نﺎﻌﻔﻧ
) نﺎـﻨﻳﺮﻓآرﺎﻛ (
و
ﺎـﻨﻳﺮﻓآرﺎﻛ و ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬـﺷ ،ناﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻨﻴﻣز رد ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ و نﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ سﺎـﺳا ﺮـﺑ ن
ناﺮﻛﻮﻛ لﻮﻣﺮﻓ 383
ﺮﻔﻧ ) ﻪﺑ
ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﺪﺷ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ ﻦﻴﺑ يوﺎﺴﻣ ترﻮﺻ
هوﺮﮔ ﺮﻫ ﻦﻴﺑ رد ﻪﻛ ترﻮﺻ 128
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸـﺳﺮﭘ
ﺪﺷ ﻊﻳزﻮﺗ ( ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا سﺮﺘﺳد رد هﻮﻴﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ و نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ ﻦﻴﺑ رد و 20
ﺖـﺳا ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔراﺮﻗ ﺮﻈﻧدرﻮـﻣ ،ﻲﻳﺎـﺗ .
يﺎﻫرﺎﻴﻌﻣ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا
ﻦﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﻂﻠﺴﺗ
،يﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ
،ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ و ﻲﻳﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﺖﻛرﺎﺸـﻣ رد
ﺶﻫوﮋـﭘ و
ﻲـﺳﺮﺘﺳد نآ
ﺖـﺳﺎﻫ .
ﺖﺳا ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا يروآدﺮﮔ راﺰﺑا .
هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا يرﻮﺻ ﻲﻳاور زا ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻲﻳاور ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ياﺮﺑ
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸـﺳﺮﭘ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ،هﺪﺷ
ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ نآ رد ﻪـﻛ يا
ﻖـﻳﺮﻃ زا ﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ يﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ
ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺳاﻮﺧ ﻞﻧﺎﭘ يﺎﻀﻋا زا و ﺪﺷ ﻲﺣاﺮﻃ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ
ﺮـﺑ تﻻاﺆـﺳ ندﻮـﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺗ سﺎـﺳا
ﻒﻴﻃ تﺮﻜﻴﻟ ) 1 -
ًﻼﻣﺎﻛ ﻢﻔﻟﺎﺨﻣ 2 - ﻢﻔﻟﺎﺨﻣ 3 - يﺮﻈﻧ مراﺪﻧ 4 - ﻢﻘﻓاﻮﻣ 5 -
ًﻼﻣﺎﻛ ﻢﻘﻓاﻮﻣ ( يأر ﺪﻨﻫد . ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ مﺮﻧ راﺰـﻓا
درﻮﻣSPSS
ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔراﺮﻗ ﺖﺳا
ﻪﻛ ﺮﺑ ﻦﻳا سﺎﺳا زا ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ تﻻاﺆﺳ ﻪﻤﻫ 3
هداد صﺎﺼﺘﺧا دﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺪـﻧا
. ﻲﻳﺎـﻳﺎﭘ
ﭘ ﺐﻳﺮـﺿ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻛ خﺎـﺒﻧوﺮﻛ يﺎﻔﻟآ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﻛ يﺎﻔﻟآ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮ 763
/ 0 ﻪـﺑ ﺖـﺳد
ﺖـﺳا هﺪـﻣآ .
نﺎﺸﻧ
ﺖﺳا ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ دﻮﺟو و ﻞﻣﺎﻛ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ هﺪﻨﻫد .
ﻪﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧرد
ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ
هداد ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗو
مﺮﻧ زا ﺎﻫ راﺰﻓا
SPSS
ﻮﺑ لﺎﻣﺮﻧ ﺖﺴﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻒﻧﺮﻴﻤﺳا فوﺮﮔﻮﻤﻠﻛ نﻮﻣزآ و هداد ند
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻚﺗ ﻲﺗ نﻮﻣزآ و ﺎﻫ
ﻪـﻳﺰﺠﺗ ياﺮـﺑ يا
هداد ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗو
يﺎـﻫ
يذ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ هﺮﻬﺑ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ .
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻪﻣادا رد لوﺪﺟ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ
1 ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدروآ .
لوﺪﺟ 1 . ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻪﻳﻮﮔ
ﻊﺒﻨﻣ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ياﺮﺑ ﺖﺒﻏر و هﺰﻴﮕﻧا دﻮﺟو ﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺶﺨﺑ رد يراﺬﮔ
يﺮ
- ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ ﻲﻠﻌﻓ ﺪﻣآرد رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺶﻘﻧ
- ﺖﺻﺮﻓ دﺎﺠﻳا رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺶﻘﻧ لﺎﻐﺘﺷا عﻮﻨﺗ و ﺎﻫ
- ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ يﺎﻴﺣا و ﻖﻧور رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻲﻣﻮﺑ ﻲﺘﺳد
دﻮﺒﻬﺑ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻞﻤﺣ ﺖﻴﻌﺿو
ﻞﻘﻧو
يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا
ﻲﻳاﺬﻏ داﻮﻣ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺶﻘﻧ
،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﺪﻤﺣارﻮﭘ
1395
،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و نﺎﻳﺮﻃﺎﺷ 1396
ﻚﻴﻧ و ﻲﻨﺟوﺮﺑ مﺎﻏﺮﺿ ،ﻦﻴﺑ
1390
،يﻮﻘﺗ و ﺢﺻﺎﻧ 1398
ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ و ﻲﻟﺎﻫا ﻦﻴﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺶﻘﻧ
بادآ و ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻆﻔﺣ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ مﻮﺳرو
يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ زا مدﺮﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﺢﻄﺳ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا رد
ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺷآ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺎﻫ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد نﺎﻧز ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ رﻮﻀﺣ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺶﻘﻧ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا -
ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺶﻘﻧ
نﺪﺷ ،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﺪﻤﺣارﻮﭘ
1395
ﻚﻴﻧ و ﻲﻨﺟوﺮﺑ مﺎﻏﺮﺿ ،ﻦﻴﺑ
1390
،يﻮﻘﺗ و ﺢﺻﺎﻧ 1398
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺷآ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻞﺣاﻮﺳ رد يرﻮﻧﺎﺟ و ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣﺖﺴﻳز
ﻞﺣاﻮﺳ رد ﻲﮔﺰﻴﻛﺎﭘ و ﺖﻓﺎﻈﻧ يور ﺮﺑ ﻮﺳ تاﺮﺛا ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا
،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و نﺎﻳﺮﻃﺎﺷ
1396
نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟ ﻒﺳﻮﻳ /
ﻪﺑ ﻲﺣﺎﺳ يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ يﺮﮕﺷﺮﮔ زا نﺎﻌﻔﻨﻳذ كاردا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ
...
79
ﻪﻟﺎﺑز ﻊﻓد ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ
ﻲﺘﺷاﺪﻬﺑ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺶﻘﻧ -
ﻲﻧﺎﻣرد
ﻲﮔدﻮﻟآ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻞﺣاﻮﺳ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ يﺎﻫ
) بآ و كﺎﺧ و (...
ﻨﺟوﺮﺑ مﺎﻏﺮﺿ
ﻚﻴﻧ و ﻲ ،ﻦﻴﺑ 1390
،يﻮﻘﺗ و ﺢﺻﺎﻧ 1398
نﺎﮔرا ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ يﺎﻫ
يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا رد هﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ
عﻼـﻃا ﻪﺸــﻘﻧ ﻪــﺋارا و ناﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﻲﻧﺎــﺳر
نﺎــﮔرا ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ ﻪــﻘﻄﻨﻣ يﺎــﻤﻨﻫار و ﺎـﻫ يﺎــﻫ
ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ طﺎﺒﺗرا رد هﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ
ﻲﻳاﺮﻳﺬـﭘ و ﻲﺘﻣﺎـﻗا تﺎـﻧﺎﻜﻣا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ )
ﻞـﺘﻫ
،ﺎـﻫ و ﺎﻫاﺮﺴـﻧﺎﻤﻬﻣ (...
نﺎـﮔرا ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ
يﺎـﻫ
ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ هﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ
نﺎﮔرا ﺶﻘﻧ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﻪـﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا رد هﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ
ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ياﺮـﺑ يﺰـﻳر
نﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻣﺮﮔﺮﺳ و ﻲﺤﻳﺮﻔﺗ يﺎﻫ
نﺎﮔرا ﺶﻘﻧ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ رد هﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﻢﻟﺎـﺳ حﺮﻃ ياﺮﺑ يﺰﻳر
هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا و ﺎـﻳرد يزﺎـﺳ
ﻞﺣاﻮﺳ زا ﻪﻨﻴﻬﺑ و بﻮﻠﻄﻣ
ﺟو يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻊﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ دﻮ
ﻲﺘﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ - ﻬﻧ يدﺎ
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺖﻬﺟ يرادا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ
،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﺪﻤﺣارﻮﭘ
1395
،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و دﺎﺸﻟد 1396
ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳز ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﻫ
) هدﺎﺟ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﺎﻫ (...
ﻲﻳاﺮﻳﺬﭘ و ﻲﺘﻣﺎﻗا تﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ )
ﻞﺘﻫ نﺎﻤﻬﻣ ،ﺎﻫ ﮓﻨﻴﭙﻤﻛ ،ﺎﻫﺮﻳﺬﭘ و ﺎﻫ
(..
زﺎﺳﺎﺒﻳز يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ مﺎﮕﻤﻫ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ي
يﺮﺑرﺎﻛ نﺪﺷ ظﺎﺤﻟ حﺮﻃ رد ﻲﺘﺴﻳرﻮﺗ و ﻲﺤﻳﺮﻔﺗ يﺎﻫ
يﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ
يﺪﺒﻟﺎﻛ - ﻲﺘﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳز
ﻲﻠﺣﺎﺳ و ﻲﻳﺎﻳرد ﻲﺤﻳﺮﻔﺗ ﻦﻛﺎﻣا نﺪﺷ ظﺎﺤﻟ
،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و نﺎﻳﺮﻃﺎﺷ
1396
،يﻮﻘﺗ و ﺢﺻﺎﻧ 1398
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣدرﻮﻣ هدوﺪﺤﻣ
ﻪﺘﺷر و رﺰﺧ يﺎﻳرد ﻦﻴﺑ رﻮﺸﻛ لﺎﻤﺷ رد ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ و نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ نﺎﺘﺳا ﻲﻠﺣﺎﺳ يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ زا ﻲﻜﻳ ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ
ﻛ هﻮ
دراد راﺮﻗ زﺮﺒﻟا .
ﻪﻨﻬﭘ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ 1350
ﻲﺑﻮﻨﺟ ﻪﻧاﺮﻛ رد و دوﺮﻠﺑﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺧدور ﺐﺼﻣ رد رﺎﺘﻜﻫ
نارﺪـﻧزﺎﻣ يﺎﻳرد رد و
52 رد و ﻪـﺟ
36 ﻪﻘﻴﻗد ﺎﺗ 52 و ﻪﺟرد 50 ﻪﻘﻴﻗد ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ لﻮﻃ و
36 و ﻪﺟرد 34 ﻪﻘﻴﻗد ﺎﺗ 36 و ﻪﺟرد 44 ﻪﻘﻴﻗد ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ ضﺮﻋ راﺮـﻗ
دراد .
ﻎﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﺘﺣﺎﺴﻣ ياراد ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﻳا
ﺮﺑ 1919 يرﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ و رﺎﺘﻜﻫ 1395
لدﺎﻌﻣ ﻲﺘﻴﻌﻤﺟ 59966
ﻲﻣ ﺮﻔﻧ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﺮﻬﺷ
د ﻪﺑ لﺎﻤﺷ زا ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ نﺎﺘـﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻪـﺑ بﺮـﻏ زا و رﺎـﺒﻳﻮﺟ نﺎﺘـﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻪـﺑ قﺮـﺷ زا ،ﻞـﺑﺎﺑ نﺎﺘـﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻪـﺑ بﻮﻨﺟ زا ،رﺰﺧ يﺎﻳر
نوﺪﻳﺮﻓ
ﻲﻣ دوﺪﺤﻣ رﺎﻨﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
.
بآ و ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ زا يرادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ
ﻲـﻨﻏ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ زا يرادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ياﻮﻫو
ﻞﻜﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺎﻳرد ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﻳا رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و يﺮﻴﮔ .
ﻤﺟزا ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ ﻪﻠ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﻳا رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ
غﺎﺑ ،ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﻣ ﻞﭘ ،دوﺮﻠﺑﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺧدور ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ
ﻲﻫﺎـﻣ رازﺎﺑ ،هدﺎﻴﭘ ﺮﺑﺎﻋ ﻲﻠﺑﺎﻛ ﻞﭘ ،ﻲﻨﺷ ﻪﻤﺴﺠﻣ هراﻮﻨﺸﺟ ،ﺶﺣو
،نﺎـﺷوﺮﻓ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻠﺤﻣ ﻪﻨﻬﻛ يﺎﺘﺳور
ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ زا ﺮﮕﻳد يرﺎﻴﺴﺑ و ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ ﺲﺟﺮﻧ ﻪﺳرﺪﻣ و دور
ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻟﺎـﺳ ﻪﻛ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ عﻮﻨﺼﻣ و ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ
ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ
ﻲﻣ بﺬﺟ دﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ار يدﺎﻳز
ﻲﻣ ،ﺪﻨﻛ
دﺮﻛ هرﺎﺷا ناﻮﺗ .
هرﺎﻤﺷ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ ﺲﺟﺮﻧ ﻪﺳرﺪﻣ 9369
هﺎﻣدادﺮﻣ رد 1382
و
هرﺎﻤﺷ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﻣ ﻞﭘ 2067
ﻦﻤﻬﺑ رد لﺎﺳ هﺎﻣ 1386 ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺛ ناﺮﻳا رﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﻠﻣ رﺎﺛآ ناﻮﻨﻋ هﺪﺷ
ﺪﻧا .
