The Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Psychological Choking, Fear of Failure and Shooting Performance Under Pressure
Abbas Shakibirad 3
, Mohammad Yari2
Sajjad
1 , Amir Hossein Mehrsafar
1. Department of Motor Behavior and Sports Psychology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
2. Corresponding Author, Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Ali Officers' University, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
3. Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Ali Officers' University, Tehran, Iran.
E-mail: [email protected]
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article type:
Research Article
Article history:
Received:
18 September 2022 Received in revised form:
22 February 2023 Accepted:
15 March 2023 Published online:
19 March 2023
Keywords:
Choking under pressure, Fear of failure,
Shooting, Brain stimulation.
Introduction: The mental appraisal and athlete's ability to deal with stressful factors affect the development of negative emotional states and anxiety. Considering the impact of stress and related psychological responses on performance, interventions that reduce stress and may thus increase athletic performance need to be investigated.
This study aimed to determine the effect of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on psychological choking, fear of failure, and shooting performance under pressure in students of Imam Ali Officers’ University.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pre-test and post-test design that includes a control and an experimental group. Forty students of Imam Ali Officers' University participated in this study. In the pre-test and post-test, the fear of failure and psychological choking questionnaires and also shooting performance tests were used. The tDCS was applied for 20 minutes with anintensity of 2 mA over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) region for 10 sessions. Data were analyzed using univariate repeated measures ANOVA test.
Results: The results showed that tDCS over DLPFC could reduce psychological choking under pressure but could not change the fear of failure. The results also showed that tDCS can increase shooting performance under pressure.
Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that tDCS probably increase performance-related indicators in high-pressure military environments. However, more studies are needed to find the underlying mechanisms.
Cite this article: Mehrsafar, A.H., Mohammad Yari, S., & Shakibirad, A. (2022). The Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Psychological Choking, Fear of Failure and Shooting Performance Under Pressure. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning, 14 (4), 83-98.
DOI: 10.22059/JSMDL.2023.348833.1672
© The Author(s). Publisher: University of Tehran Press.
ExtendedAbstract
Introduction
Athletes are regularly expected to do complicated sporting skills in socially evaluative and challenging environments. The subjective evaluation and appraisal of the athlete's ability to cope with the stressors of competition affect the development of negative emotional states (Mellalieu, Hanton, & Fletcher, 2006). One of the markers that disrupt performance is the fear of failure. Fear of failure is a psychological construct reflecting
"apprehension about others' evaluations, distress over negative evaluations by others, and the expectation that others would evaluate one negatively" (Coreia, Rosado, Serpa, & Ferreira, 2017). Choking under pressure describes a situation in which individuals perform worse when put under pressure (Beilock &
Carr, 2005). Researchers have investigated a diverse range of effective, safe, and noninvasive techniques with a lower incidence of side effects to improve athletic performance. One of these techniques is transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). tDCS is a non-invasive, low-cost, and pain-free neural modulation technique that employs low-intensity direct electrical current to incite gross-defined cortical regions (Pelletier & Cicchetti, 2015). This method is capable of alterations in action potential thresholds. It has been implicated that the identity of these modulations is solely dependent on the stimulation polarity. It is now known that anodal stimulation is capable of increased excitability, which is reduced in response to cathodal stimulation (Giordano & et al 2017). The Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) is associated with a broad spectrum of cognitive functions from emotional behavior to regulation of mood and anxiety. One of the essential roles of DLPFC is processing and regulating emotional responses; for example, DLPFC exhibits co-activation with the amygdala during emotion reappraisal (Barbas & Zikopoulos, 2005). This study aimed to investigate the effect of transcranial direct
current stimulation on psychological choking, fear of failure, and shooting performance under pressure.
Methods
This quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pre- test and post-test design that includes a control and an experimental group. 40 students (mean age: 21.37±1.10 years, mean Body Mass Index: 22.96±1.21) were selected and they voluntarily participated in this study. Participants were presented with anodal stimulation over the left DLPFC and cathodal stimulation in the right DLPFC (F3 and F4, respectively, based on 10-20 system EEG Placement) using Nurostim-2 electrical stimulation device (Medina Teb Company, Iran). In the pre-test, psychological tests including fear of failure and choking under pressure questionnaires and also shooting performance tests were conducted for each participant in the presence of evaluators and spectators (other participants). The presence of spectators and evaluators created stressful conditions and made the environment stressful. Data were analyzed using univariate repeated measures ANOVA test.
Results
Table 1 shows the repeated measures ANOVA results for fear of failure, choking under pressure, and shooting performance.
The results showed that anodal tDCS over the DLPFC cortex can improve shooting scores under pressure compared to the sham group. Moreover, the findings of this study showed that tDCS over the left DLPFC can reduce the symptoms of psychological choking under stressful conditions. However, 10 sessions of tDCS over the DLPFC did not reduce the fear of failure under stressful conditions.
Table 1. Results of repeated measures ANOVA for fear of failure, choking under pressure questionnaire and shooting performance
Source Variable F (1-38) sig η2
Time Shooting performance 55.909 **0.001 0.565
Choking under pressure 54.950 **0.001 0.596
Fear of failure 0.055 0.815 0.001
Time ×group Shooting performance 14.363 **0.001 0.274 Choking under pressure 22.201 **0.001 0.369
Fear of failure 0.189 0.666 0.005
Conclusion
The findings of this study support the interpretation that anodal tDCS increases brain rhythm, transmission, and retrieval, which can improve cognitive functions and sensorimotor information that facilitates precision tasks (such as pointing) (Baxter, Edelman, Nesbitt, & He, 2016). Previous studies have highlighted that modulating DLPFC activity has changed attentional bias that is relevant to the cognitive paradigm (Clarke & et al., 2017). It is known that anodal tDCS to DLPFC acutely alters the processing of information. These findings support the hypothesis that emotional regulation is processed in different neural networks and further provide a mechanism to specifically modulate anxiety (Ironside & et al., 2016). Several lines of evidence have suggested that top-down regulation of negative emotions (e.g., anxiety) is correlated with increased left DLPFC activity and decreased right DLPFC (Brunoni & et al., 2013). Since fear of failure, as the ability to desire shame and embarrassment in experiencing failure, is characterized by a tendency to appraise threat and anxiety in situations where failure is possible, tDCS may not be able to reduce the cognitive appraisal factors of threat in high-pressure conditions (Van Schuerbeek & et al., 2019). Although to our knowledge, this study is the first one that has examined the effects of this tDCS on psychological choking, fear of failure, and shooting performance under pressure, to explain the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of these changes, more studies are needed.
Ethical Considerations:
Compliance with ethical guidelines: This study was approved by the Committee of Research Ethics in Sport Sciences Research Institute of Iran (ethic approval number: IR.SSRI.REC.1400.1285)
Funding: This work has been supported by Iran's National Elites Foundation (number: 721).
Authors’ contribution: All authors conceived the study and collected and analyzed the data. All authors wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict of interest: there is no conflict of interest to declare Acknowledgment: authors would like to thank the coaches and students who participated in this study.
ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿ ﺮ ﯽﮑﯾﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ ﻪﻤﺠﻤﺟاﺮﻓ
ﯽﻧاور داﺪﺴﻧا ﺮﺑ يا ،
ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ زاﺪﻧاﺮﯿﺗ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و
نا رد
رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ
ﺮﻔﺻﺮﻬﻣ ﻦﯿﺴﺣﺮﯿﻣا يرﺎﯾﺪﻤﺤﻣ دﺎﺠﺳ ، 1
2
،
دار ﯽﺒﯿﮑﺷ سﺎﺒﻋ
3
1 ،ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور و ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ رﺎﺘﻓر هوﺮﮔ . ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد
ة مﻮﻠﻋ ﺷزرو ﯽ و ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ، :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ :
2 . ،لوﺆﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ ،ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ هوﺮﮔ
ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ة ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،(ع) ﯽﻠﻋ مﺎﻣا يﺮﺴﻓا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﻪﯾﺎﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .
3 . ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ هوﺮﮔ ة
ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،(ع) ﯽﻠﻋ مﺎﻣا يﺮﺴﻓا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﻪﯾﺎﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .
تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ
هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 27 /6 / 1401
:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 3
/ 12 / 1401
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 24 / 12 / 1401
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا : 28 / 12 / 1401
ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ
،رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ داﺪﺴﻧا
،ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ ﺗﯿ زاﺪﻧاﺮ ي
، ﺮﺤﺗ ﯾ ﮏ ﺰﻐﻣ . ﻣز
ﯿ ﻪﻨ : زرا ﯾﺑﺎ ﯽ ﻨﻫذ ﯽ ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ و ﯽﯾ اﺮﺑ رﺎﮑﺷزرو ي
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺎﺑ سﺮﺘﺳا از ا ﺮﺑ ﯾ دﺎﺠ ﻫ تﻻﺎﺣ ﯿ ﻧﺎﺠ ﯽ ﻔﻨﻣ ﯽ ﺛﺄﺗ باﺮﻄﺿا و ﯿﺮ
ﻣ ﯽ دراﺬﮔ . ﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ و سﺮﺘﺳا ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧاور ﯽ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ
، ﺗﻼﺧاﺪﻣ ﯽ ﻪﮐ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ سﺮﺘﺳا ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ و
ﺘﻧ رد ﻪﺠﯿ ﺷزرو دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﯽ
اﺰﻓا ار ﺶﯾ ﻧ ،ﺪﻨﻫد زﺎﯿ زرا ﻪﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯾ .ﺪﻧراد ﻦﯾا زا فﺪﻫ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ
ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ
ﯽﮑﯾﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﻪﻤﺠﻤﺟاﺮﻓ يا ﯽﻧاور داﺪﺴﻧا ﺮﺑ
، ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و
ﺗﯿ زاﺪﻧاﺮ ي نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد رد رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد
.دﻮﺑ (ع) ﯽﻠﻋ مﺎﻣا يﺮﺴﻓا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد :ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور اﯾ
ﻦ ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ ﻧﯿ ﻪﻤ ﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﯽ حﺮﻃ ﺎﺑ ﭘﯿ ﺶ نﻮﻣزآ - ﺲﭘ نﻮﻣزآ ﺎﺑ ﯾ ﮏ و لﺮﺘﻨﮐ هوﺮﮔ ﯾ
ﮏ ﺑﺮﺠﺗ هوﺮﮔ ﯽ مﺎﺠﻧا
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ . 40 ﻦﯾا رد (ع) ﯽﻠﻋ مﺎﻣا يﺮﺴﻓا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ
رد .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﭘﯿ
ﺶ نﻮﻣزآ و ﺲﭘ نﻮﻣزآ ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ زا ، ﮥ
دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ نﻮﻣزآ ﺰﯿﻧ و ﯽﻧاور داﺪﺴﻧا و ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ ﺗﯿ
زاﺪﻧاﺮ ي ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﯽﮑﯾﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﻤﺠﻤﺟاﺮﻓ
ﻪﺑ يا
تﺪﻣ 20 تﺪﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻘﯿﻗد 2
ﻣﯿ ﻠ ﯽ ﺮﭙﻣآ ﯿﺣﺎﻧ رد ﮥ ﺮﺸﻗ ﯽﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﯽﻔﻠﺧ ﺶﯿﭘ
تﺪﻣ ﻪﺒﯿﻧﺎﺸﯿﭘ 10
.ﺪﺷ لﺎﻤﻋا ﻪﺴﻠﺟ هداد
ﺎﻫ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ
ﺎﺑ ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ زا هزاﺪﻧا
ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي رﺮﮑﻣ ﮏﺗ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ هﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ
ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ : ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺮﺤﺗ
ﯾ ﮏ ﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﯾﮑ ﯽ ﻪﻤﺠﻤﺟاﺮﻓ ا ﺮﺸﻗ يور ﺮﺑي ﻔﻠﺧ
ﯽ ﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﯽ ﭘﯿ ﺶ ﭘﯿ ﻧﺎﺸ ﻣﯽ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد
ﺪﻫد ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ار ﯽﻧاور داﺪﺴﻧا رﺎﺸﻓ
، ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .دﻮﺒﻧ ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ ناﺰﯿﻣ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻪﺑ ردﺎﻗ ﺎﻣا ﺮﺤﺗ
ﯾ ﮏ
ﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﯾﮑ ﯽ ﻪﻤﺠﻤﺟاﺮﻓ ا ﻣي ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ .ﺪﻫد ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ار يزاﺪﻧاﺮﯿﺗ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ
ﺘﻧ ﯿ ﻪﺠ ﮔﯿ ﺮ :ي ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﯽﻠﮐ ﻣ ﯽ ناﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﺮﺤﺗ
ﯾ ﮏ ﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﯾﮑ ﯽ ﻪﻤﺠﻤﺟاﺮﻓ ا
ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣاي ﺐﺒﺳ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ ي
رد دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺤﻣ
ﯿ ﻂ ﺎﻫ ي رﺎﺸﻓﺮﭘ ﯽﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﯽﻣ .دﻮﺷ ﻪﭼﺮﮔا ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺑﺮﯾز يﺎﻫرﺎﮐوزﺎﺳ ندﺮﮐ اﺪﯿﭘ ياﺮﺑ ﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ
تﺎ يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ
.ﺖﺳا زﺎﯿﻧ
دﺎﻨﺘﺳا : ﻦﯿﺴﺣﺮﯿﻣا ،ﺮﻔﺻﺮﻬﻣ
؛ دﺎﺠﺳ ،يرﺎﯾﺪﻤﺤﻣ و ؛
سﺎﺒﻋ ،دار ﯽﺒﯿﮑﺷ )
1401 ( . ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ ﯽﮑﯾﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ ﻪﻤﺠﻤﺟاﺮﻓ
يا ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ ،ﯽﻧاور داﺪﺴﻧا ﺮﺑ ﮑﻠﻤﻋ و
دﺮ
رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد نازاﺪﻧاﺮﯿﺗ ﺮﺸﻧ.
ﯾﮥ ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر ،)
4 ( 14 ، 83-98 .
348833.1672 2023.
JSMDL.
/ 10.22059 DOI:
ﺎﻧ :ﺮﺷ .ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد تارﺎﺸﺘﻧا
.نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ©
ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿ ﺮ ﻪﻤﺠﻤﺟاﺮﻓ ﯽﮑﯾﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ ﯽﻧاور داﺪﺴﻧا ﺮﺑ يا
، ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ زاﺪﻧاﺮﯿﺗ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و
نا رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد
87
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ نﺎﻣز زا ﺶﯿﺑ رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد نﺎﯿﻣﺎﻈﻧ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ توﺎﻔﺗ ﯽﻣ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﻨﻫذ ﯽﮔدﺎﻣآ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮕﯾد يﺎﻫ
دﻮﺷ ﺮﮔﺮﺒﻠﯿﭙﺷا) ،1
2013 ( دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ .
ﺐﺒﺳ سﺮﺘﺳاﺮﭘ ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ و رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ
ﯽﻧاور رﺎﺸﻓ و باﺮﻄﺿا نﺪﻣآ دﻮﺟو ﻣ
ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﺮﭽﻠﻓ و نﻮﺘﻧﺎﻫ ،ﻮﺌﻟﻼﻣ) ،2
2006 (.
زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ
ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ لﻼﺘﺧا ﺎﺑ ار دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﮐ ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ
، ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ ﺖﺳا3
نﻮﺴﮑﺟ) ،4
2017 ( ﺪﯾﺪﻬﺗ ﺎﯾ ﺮﻄﺧ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺳﺎﺴﺣا ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ .
دﺎﺠﯾا كرد ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺐﺒﺳ و
يرﺎﺘﻓر تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ رد و ﯽﮑﯾژﻮﻟﻮﯾﺰﯿﻓ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﯽﻣ
دﻮﺷ سﺮﺗ .(ﺪﯾﺪﻬﺗ زا راﺮﻓ ﺎﯾ ﯽﻤﺟﺎﻬﺗ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ دﺎﺠﯾا لﺎﺜﻣ ياﺮﺑ)
قﺎﻔﺗا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ لﺎﺣ رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﺻﺎﺧ كﺮﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ رد ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ نﺎﺴﻧا رد ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﺘﻓا ﺎﯾ ، ﭘﯿ ﺶ ﺑﯿﻨ ﯽ هﺪﻨﯾآ رد ﺪﯾﺪﻬﺗ رﺎﻈﺘﻧا ﺎﯾ ﻪﺑ
ناﻮﻨﻋ يﺮﻄﺧ
دﻮﺷ ﯽﻘﻠﺗ دﻮﺧ ياﺮﺑ )
ﺰﺗﺮﺑور و ﻦﻣدوو ،ﮓﻧاز ،5
2018 (.
و شزرو رد ﺘﺑﺎﻗر دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ
ﯽ ﺑ ﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ سﺮﺗ رﻮﺼﺗ و دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ كرد سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا
ﺖﺳا دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ درﻮﻣ رد ناﺮﮕﯾد ﺎﯾرﻮﮐ)
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و6
، 2017 ( . ﻪﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺳر .ﺖﺳا ﯽﺷﺰﯿﮕﻧا و ﯽﻔﻃﺎﻋ ،ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ياﺰﺟا ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ،ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ
ﺰﺟ ء ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺎﻫروﺎﺑ
ﺐﻗاﻮﻋ درﻮﻣ رد ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ،نﺪﺸﻧ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ درﻮﻣ رد هﺪﻨﻫدرازآ
سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ هﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا و فﺪﻫ ﻪﺑ نﺪﯿﺳﺮﻧ زا ﯽﺷﺎﻧ
ﺰﺟ و ﺖﺳا ﯽﻔﻨﻣ تﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣا ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﺪﻌﺑ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﺖﺴﮑﺷ ء
ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﺐﻗاﻮﻋ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺎﯾ يﺮﯿﮔﻮﻠﺟ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺷﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺖﺴﮑﺷ
.دراد هرﺎﺷا
رد ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻌﻗﻮﻣ
ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ رﺎﺸﻓ نﺎﻣز
ﺎﻫ ي سﺎﺴﺣا ﺮﮕﯾد ﻣ
ﯽ دﻮﺷ و شﻮﺑ ،رﺎﮔﺎﺳ) ﺖﯾﻮﺟ
،7
2010 .(
ﻢﻬﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ رد
ﻠﮑﺗ ﯿ ﻒ ﺗﯿ زاﺪﻧاﺮ ﺖﺳا ي ﻪﮐ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ سﺎﺴﺣ ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ رد ﺐﺒﺳ
و دﻮﺷ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ لﻼﺘﺧا ﺠﺗ
برﺎ ار ﻖﻓﻮﻣﺎﻧ
.ﺪﻫد ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ داﺪﺴﻧا ﻓ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يدﺮﮑﯾور ،8
قﺎـﻔﺗا دﺎﯾز رﺎﺸ ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪـﺘﻓا و ﺐﺒﺳ ـﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﻠﻤﻋ ﮑ دﺮ ﻪﮐ ي دﺮﻓ هدﻮﺑ نآ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺑ ردﺎﻗ
وا زا رﺎﻈﺘﻧا ﻦﯾا و ﺖﺳا ﻣ
ﯽ دور ﻨﮐ اﺮﺟا ار دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ زا ﺢﻄﺳ ﻦﯾا ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻄﺳ) ﺪ
دﺮﻓ ﻪﮐ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ زا ﯽﺤ
ًﻼﺒﻗ ﺴﻠﺟ رد ﺮﻤﺗ تﺎ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ ﯽﻨﯾ
(ﺖﺳا ﻪـﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺖﺳد
، ﭼد ﺖـﻓا رﺎ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﻦﻤﮑﺑ و ﻮﻨﮔﺎﺴﻣ) ،9
2017 ( ﭽﻧآ . ﺳا ﻦﯾا ،دﺮﺑ ﯽـﭘ نآ ﻪـﺑ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﻪ ﺪـﺣ ﻦﺘـﺷاد ﺎـﺑ داﺮﻓا اﺮـﭼ ﻪـﮐ ﺖ
ـﻨﯿﻬﺑ ﮥ ناﺮﮕﯾد يﻻﺎﺑ تارﺎﻈﺘﻧا نﺎﻣز رد و رﺎﺸﻓ ﺶﯾاﺪﯿﭘ ﻊـﻗﻮﻣ رد ،اﺮـﺟا ﻪﺑ
رﻮﻃ ﻏ ﯿ هﺮﻈﺘﻨﻣﺮ ا ي اﺮﺟا ﯾ نﺎﺸ ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ ﺖﺴﮑﺷ ﺎــﺑ ﻣ
ﯽ دﻮﺷ كﻮﻠﯿﺑ)
ﺮﮐ و
10 ، 2005 ( ـﺴﻧا زا يﺮﺘﻬﺑ كرد ياﺮﺑ . ،داﺪ
لﺪﻣ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ اﺪـﯿﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ هدﺮﮐ
ﺪﻧا . سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﺢﯾﺮﺻ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺎﯾ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺘﻣدﻮﺧ لﺪﻣ
ﺮﺘﺴﯿﻣﺎﺑ
11 ) 1984 ( ،
و رﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ﻒﯿﻟﺎـﮑﺗ يور ﺮﺑ رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ داﺪﺴﻧا ﻪـﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ
ﺎﻫ ي قﺎﻔﺗا ﯽـﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﺘﻓا . نآ ياﺮﺟا ﺎﺑ رﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺖﻤﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧارﺎﯿﺷﻮﻫ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ
ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ و ﺐﺒﺳ رﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ زا يرادزﺎﺑ ﻣ
ﯽ دﻮﺷ . سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ لﺪﻣ
ساﻮﺣ ﺗﺮﭘ ﯽ و ﺲﯾﻮﻟ رﺪﻨﯿﻟ
12 ) 1997 رد رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖـﺤﺗ داﺪـﺴﻧا(
ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ قﺎﻔﺗا ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺘﻓا ﻪـﺑ زﺎـﯿﻧ ﻪـﮐ ﻤﺼﺗ
ﯿ ﻢ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي و ﺖﺳا ﻪﺑ ﮔرﺎﮐ ﯿﺮ ي زا تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻈﻓﺎﺣ
ﮥ رد ﻪﮐ يرﺎﮐ ﺠﯿﺘﻧ
ﮥ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ و سﺮﺘﺳا رﺎﺸﻓﺮﭘ
ﺐﯿﺳآ ﻣ ﯽ ﺑﯿ ﺪﻨ . ﯽﻧﺎﻣز ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺘﻣ طﻮﺑﺮﻣﺎﻧ ﻢﺋﻼﻋ يور رﺎﮑـﺷزرو ﻪـﮐ ﻣ
ﯽ دﻮﺷ ، ﻤﻧ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ رد ﺶﻫﺎـﮐ و ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻢﺋﻼﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﻪـﺑﺮﺠﺗ ار دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ـﻣ
ﯽ ﺪـﻨﮐ ﻪـﮐ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ نﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ . گرﺰﺑ
ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ داﺪﺴﻧا رﺎﭼد ﻪﮐ يداﺮﻓا ﻪـﺑ ﮏﻤﮐ هﺪﺷ
ﺪﻧا ﻢــﺋﻼﻋ يور زا ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ،
ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻪـﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣﺎـﻧ ﻢﺋﻼﻋ ﺖﻤﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺖﺳا
ﻮﯾ)
13 ، 2015 ( ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ . ﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار
ﯽﯾ ﻦﯾا ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ
ﺎﻫ و ﺪﻨﮐ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ار
ﺪﻫد ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ار ﯽﻣﺎﻈﻧ يﺎﻫوﺮﯿﻧ ﯽﻧاور داﺪﺴﻧا لﺎﻤﺘﺣا
، ﺎﺸﮕﻫار دﻮﺑ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ .
1. Spielberger
2. Mellalieu, Hanton & Fletcher
3. Fear of failure
4. Jackson
5. Zhang, Woodman & Roberts
6. Coreia
7. Sagar, Busch & Jowett
8. Choking under pressure
9. Mesagno & Beckmann
10. Beilock & Carr
11. Baumeister
12. Lewis & Linder
13. Yu
88 ﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر
نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ،مرﺎﻬﭼ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرود ﯽﺘﮐﺮ 1401
ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ رد
ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ از سﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ
ﺴﺑ ﯿ رﺎ ي زا ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻧاور
، ﻓ ﯿﺰ ﯾ ژﻮﻟﻮ ﯾﮑ ﯽ ،دﻮﺷ ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ لﻼﺘﺧا ﺎﺑ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و ﻦﯾازا
ور
ندﺮﮐ اﺪﯿﭘ هار
ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ ﺪﻨﮐ يﺮﯿﮔﻮﻠﺟ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻦﯾا زا ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﻪﮐ
، ﻦﯿﻤﻫ رد .ﺖﺳا يروﺮﺿ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز
زا ﯽﮑﯾ شور ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ ﯽﺸﺨﺒﻧاﻮﺗ يﺎﻘﺗرا و
دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ رد ﻪﮐ ﺞﯾار لﺎﺳ
ﺎﻫ ي ﺰﻐﻣ ﯽﮑﯾﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ،ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد يدﺎﯾز ناراﺪﻓﺮﻃ ﺮﯿﺧا زا
ﻪﻤﺠﻤﺟ يور
1 ) ( tDCS
ﺖﺳا
ﯽﻧورﻮﺑ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و2
2012 (.
ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﮏﯿﻨﮑﺗ ﻦﯾا ﻏﯿ
ﻤﺟﺎﻬﺗﺮ ﯽ و ﺖﺳا ﺐﻠﻏا ناﺰﯿﻣ ﻞﯾﺪﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﺮﺤﺗ
ﯾ ﮏ ﺬﭘ ﯾﺮ ي هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺰﻐﻣ ﺮﺸﻗ ﻣ
ﯽ دﻮﺷ .
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ هﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﯽﻠﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا
ﺮﺤﺗ ﯾ ﮏ يدﻮﻧآ ﻣ3
ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺮﺤﺗ ﯾ ﮏ ﺬﭘ ﯾﺮ ي و ﺪﻫد ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ار ﺐﺒﺳ
،دﻮﺷ ﻦﺸﯾﺰﯾرﻻﻮﭙﯾد ﺐﯾﺮﺿ دﺎﺠﯾا
ﻟﺎﺣرد ﯽ ﻪﮐ يﺪﺗﺎﮐ ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ار نآ4
ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻫد ﺖﺣاﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﺸﻏ ﻞﯿﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ نﺪﺷ ﻦﯿﺷﺰﯾرﻻﻮﭘﺮﭙﯾﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ و لﻮﻠﺳ
ﺎﻫ ي ﺰﻐﻣ ﺮﺸﻗ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ
و ﺮﯿﺘﻠﭘ) ﯽﺘﯿﺴﯿﺳ ،5
2015 ( . ﺎﺗ ﻪﻤﺠﻤﺟ يور زا ﺰﻐﻣ ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﯽﮑﯾﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ نﻮﻧﺎﮐ هزاﺪﻧا
ا ي ﺎﻣا ،ﺖﺳا دوﺪﺤﻣ ﺛﺄﺗ
ﯿ تاﺮ نآ يدﺮﮐرﺎﮐ ﻘﺘﺴﻣ
ﯿ
ًﺎﻤ
رد ﯿﺣﺎﻧ ﮥ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺎﻫدوﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﺮﯾز ﻪﺑ دوﺪﺤﻣ ﻣ
ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﻮﻧادرﻮﯿﺟ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و6
2017 .(
زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا عﻮﻤﺠﻣ رد ﻞﮑﺗوﺮﭘ
ﺎﻫ ي نﺎﺸﻧ tDCS
هداد ﺖﺳا
شور ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ تاﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ
دراﺪـﻧ ﯽﺻﺎﺧ ﯽﺒﻧﺎﺟ ءﻮﺳ .
ﻖﺒﻃ شراﺰﮔ ﺎﻫ ي هداد هﺪـﺷ ،هدﺮـﮑﻧ ﺎـﻣﺮﮔ ﺪـﯿﻟﻮﺗ tDCS
ﺐﺒﺳ ﺐﯿـﺳآ نورﻮﻧ ﺎـﻫ مدا ،
ﯽﻧﻮﺧ ﺪﺳ رد ﯽـﺗاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ و يﺰـﻐﻣ -
يﺰـﻐﻣ ﻤﻧ ﯽ دﻮـﺷ و تاﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ تﺎﺴﻠﺟ ﯽـﻃ ﻢـﻫ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨـﺷ ءﻮـﺳ ﻪﺑ
ﺎﺟ ي ﯽﻤﻧ ﮔ ﺬ درا ) ﻋﺎﻤﺳا ﯿ ﻞ هداز نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ،
2016 .(
ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ ﻣtDCS
ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ رد ار يرﺎﺘﻓر دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ
ﮥ زا ﯽﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ هزﻮﺣ
ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻞﺋﻮﻠﻓ) ،7
2014 ( لدﺎﻌﺗ ، ﺎﯾرﻮﻣ يد)
8
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 2019
( ﺶﻨﮐاو نﺎﻣز ، ﻦﻤﺘﻠﻓ)
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و9
2020 ( ﺐﺴﮐ ، ﺪﺸﺨﺑ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ترﺪﻗ و ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺧ كرد و ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﮓﻧاو)
و10
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 2021
.(
هوﻼﻋ رﻮﺼﺗ ،ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ ﻣ
ﯽ دﻮﺷ سﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ زا رﺎﺘﺨﻣدﻮﺧ ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ ﯽﮑﯾژﻮﻟﻮﯾﺰﯿﻓ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ شور ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ
ﻪﮐ) ﺪﻨﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﺒﯿﺘﺸﭘ ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ رد دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻪﺑ هﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺷزرو ﺮﺠﻨﻣ (دﻮﺷ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺮﻔﺻﺮﻬﻣ) 2020
( .
) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺮﻔﺻﺮﻬﻣ لﺎﺜﻣ ياﺮﺑ 2020
ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ ﻪﺴﻠﺟ ﮏﯾ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ ( لادﻮﻧآtDCS
ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺎﻔﻟآ و لوﺰﯿﺗرﻮﮐ ،باﺮﻄﺿا ﺶﻫﺎﮐ
ﮏﯾ رد ﻪﺒﺨﻧ ناراﺪﻧﺎﻤﮐ رد ﯽﻗاﺰﺑ زﻼﯿﻣآ ﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ
ﮥ او دﻮﺷ ﯽﻌﻗ . نﻮﺴﻠﻧ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و11
2017 ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ( ﺛﺄﺗ
ﯿﺮ ﯽﮑﯾﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﻪﻤﺠﻤﺟاﺮﻓ
ا ي يور ﺮﺑ
ﻞﻤﻋ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ
يور ﺮﺑ 20 ﺖﮐﺮﺷ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ) 16 و دﺮﻣ 4 ﺶﺗرا ﯽﯾاﻮﻫ يوﺮﯿﻧ زا (نز آ
ﺎﮑﯾﺮﻣ ﺪﻨﺘﺧادﺮﭘ و نﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻧداد ﻪﮐ
tDCS
لادﻮﻧآ
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ يﺮﯿﮕﻤﺸﭼ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا شزادﺮﭘ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ
ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ار ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺸﺨﺑ هوﺮﮔ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ ﻞﻤﻋ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .
tDCS
ﯽﮕﺘﺧﺎﺳ دوﺪﺣ رد 1/
0 دﻮﺑ ﻪﯿﻧﺎﺛ ﺮﺑ ﺖﯿﺑ
، ﻟﺎﺣرد ﯽ ﻪﮐ هوﺮﮔ
tDCS
ﻪﺑ ﮏﯾدﺰﻧ لادﻮﻧآ 3/
1 ﻦﯿﻤﻫ رد .دﻮﺑ ﻪﯿﻧﺎﺛ ﺮﺑ ﺖﯿﺑ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز
، هﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ
ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ ﺖﺳا ﻪﯿﺣﺎﻧ رد tDCS
ﯽﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﯽﻔﻠﺧ ﺮﺸﻗ ﺶﯿﭘ
ﯽﻧﺎﺸﯿﭘ
12 )
DLPFC
( دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ار نازاﺪﻧاﺮﯿﺗ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،ﭗﭼ ﺖﻤﺳ ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻫد
،يزردﻮﮔ) تﺮﺼﻧ
دﺎﺑآ ي ،يﺪﻤﺣا و 2019
.(
ﺑاﺮﺗ ﯽ و ﺎﻀﺗﺮﻣ ﯽﯾ اﺮﺳداد ) 2022 ( نﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻧداد 10 ﻪﺴﻠﺟ ﺮﺤﺗ ﯾ ﮏ ﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﯾﮑ ﯽ ﻪﻤﺠﻤﺟاﺮﻓ ا
ي ﺰﻐﻣ رد
ﺣﺎﻧ ﯿﮥ وCZ 3 ژﺎﺘﻟو ﺎﺑ T 1 ﻣ ﯿﻠ ﯽ ﺮﭙﻣآ ﻪﺑ تﺪﻣ 20 ﻗد ﯿ ﻪﻘ ﺮﺑ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ و درﻮﮐر ﺗ ﯿ نازاﺪﻧاﺮ ﻪﭽﻧﺎﭙﺗ ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ ﺘﺒﺜﻣ ﯽ دراد . ﻪﺑ ﮔزﺎﺗ ﯽ
، ﻣا ﯿﻨ ﯽ و ﻆﻋاو
1. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
2. Brunoni
3. Anodal
4. Cathodal
5. Pelletier & Cicchetti
6. Giordano
7. Flöel
8. de Moura
9. Feltman
10. Wang
11. Nelson
12. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
89 نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ،مرﺎﻬﭼ ةررﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ، ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر
1401
ﻮﺳﻮﻣ ي ) 2021 ( رد ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ا ي ﻠﺤﺗاﺮﻓ ﯿ ﻞ ﺎﺑ 26 ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زاﺪﻧا ة ﺮﺛا گرﺰﺑ ﺮﺗ 8/
0 ار اﺮﺑ ي ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ ﺮﺤﺗ ﯾ ﮏـ ﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﯾ ـﮑ ﯽ ﻪـﻤﺠﻤﺟاﺮﻓ ا
ي ﺮـﺑ
ﻬﺑ ﯿ ﻪﻨ زﺎـﺳ ي .ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ نارﺎﮑـﺷزرو دﺮـﮑﻠﻤﻋ
ﺮﺸﻗ
DLPFC
ﺎﺑ ﮥﻨﻣاد زا ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ زا ﯽﻌﯿﺳو ﺖﺳا هاﺮﻤﻫ باﺮﻄﺿا و ﻖﻠﺧ ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ ﺎﺗ ﯽﻔﻃﺎﻋ رﺎﺘﻓر
ﺲﻟﻮﭘﻮﮑﯾز ،سﺎﺑرﺎﺑ) ،1
2007 ( زا ﯽﮑﯾ ،ﺖﻘﯿﻘﺣ رد . ﺶﻘﻧ
ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺳﺎﺳا
DLPFC
ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ و شزادﺮﭘ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ
ﺎﻫ ي .ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧﺎﺠﯿﻫ ﺑ
ياﺮ لﺎﺜﻣ
DLPFC
ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا مﺎﮕﻨﻫ
يرﺎﮑﻤﻫ لاﺪﮕﯿﻣآ ﺎﺑ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ،سﺮﺗ كاردا و تﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣا دﺪﺠﻣ ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ سوﺮﺘﺳ) - وﺪﻟ و ﻦﯾﺎﮐ ،نﻮﯾﺎﺑ ﺲﮐ
،2
2006 .(
ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺮﺑtDCS DLPFC
رد ﺎﻣزآ ﯾ ﺶ ﺎﻫ ي رد ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﮥﻨﻣاد
ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ زا ﯽﻌﯿﺳو ﯽﻨﯿﻟﺎﺑﺮﯿﻏ و ﯽﻨﯿﻟﺎﺑ
ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ ﺮﭽﻧﻮﻔﻟ)
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و3
2017 ( ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .
ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ زا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﻣا
ﯿ هﺪﻨﻨﮐراوﺪ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ
ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ لﺎﺜﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﻣtDCS
ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ رد هﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺪﻨﭼ رد
ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﺎﻫ ي ﺪﺸﺨﺑ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ار دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻮﺋاژ)
2015 ( . ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ سﺮﺘﺳا
از ﯽﯾ مﺎﺠﻧا
ﻣ ﯽ ﺮﯿﮔ د ﻦﺘﺧاﺪﻧا هار ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ
ﺎﻫ ي ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧراد ار سﺮﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﯽﮑﯾژﻮﻟﻮﯾﺰﯿﻓ و ﯽﻧاور ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ دﺮﺒﻫار ﺎﻫ ي ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ا ي ار
ﺖﺤﺗ ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ .ﺪﻫد راﺮﻗ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ
ﺖﯿﻌﺿو رد ﺪﻧراد زﺎﯿﻧ و ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﻣﺪﺧ رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد هﺪﻨﯾآ رد ﺪﯾﺎﺑ يﺮﺴﻓا نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻞﻤﻋ و ﺪﻧﺮﯿﮕﺑ ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ سﺮﺘﺳاﺮﭘ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد و ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ زا ﯽﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ
، ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ هوﺮﮔ ﻦﯾا رد دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا تﻼﺧاﺪﻣ ﺎﺗ ﺖﺳا زﺎﯿﻧ
.دﺮﯿﮔ راﺮﻗ و ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ زا ﯽﻧاور داﺪﺴﻧا ،ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ ،ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﻫﯿ ﭻ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﯽ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻦﯾا رد
مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﻣﺎﻈﻧ يﺎﻫوﺮﯿﻧ رد ﻧ
ﺘﻓﺮﮕ ﻪ ﺖﺳا
، ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ يورtDCS
DLPFC
ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﮥ .دﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
ﻦﯾا زا فﺪﻫ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ
ﯽﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﻠﺧاﺪﻣ
ﮥ ﯽﮑﯾﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ ﻪﻤﺠﻤﺟاﺮﻓ
يا دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ و ،ﯽﻧاور داﺪﺴﻧا ﺮﺑ ﺗﯿ
زاﺪﻧاﺮ ي رد
.دﻮﺑ (ع) ﯽﻠﻋ مﺎﻣا يﺮﺴﻓا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد رد رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ شور ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
حﺮﻃ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ و ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ
شور ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻧﯿ ﻪﻤ ﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﯽ ﺎﺑ ﯾ ﮏ ﺑﺮﺠﺗ هوﺮﮔ ﯽ
) (tDCS
و ﯾ ﮏ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ هوﺮﮔ )
(sham
حﺮﻃ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ ﭘﯿ
ﺶ نﻮﻣزآ - ﺲﭘ نﻮﻣزآ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﮔ .
ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﮥ (ع) ﯽﻠﻋ مﺎﻣا يﺮﺴﻓا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يرﺎﻣآ ﺮﺑ
سﺎﺳا ﺖﺒﺛ مﺎﻧ ﺼﺤﺗ مﺮﺗ رد ﯿﻠ
ﯽ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ . ﻣ ﻪﺑ دورو يﺎﻫرﺎﯿﻌ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ
دﻮﺒﻧ
رﺎﺠﻨﻫﺎﻧ ي ﺎﻫ ي تﻻﻼﺘﺧا ﻦﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ،ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ناور
ﮑﺷﺰﭘ ﯽ ﯽﺒﺼﻋ و .دﻮﺑ ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ و
40 نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد زا ﺮﻔﻧ ﻦﺳ)
10
± /1 37 / 21 ،لﺎﺳ
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ دﻮﺗ ة ﯽﻧﺪﺑ 21 /1
± 96 / 22
kg/m2
( ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ سﺮﺘﺳد رد ﻪﺑ
ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﮥ د و ﺪﻧﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻞﯿﻤﮑﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃوا
ﮥﮔﺮﺑ ﺎﺿر ﯾ ﺖ ﻣﺎﻧ ﮥ
ار دﻮﺧ ﯽﮔدﺎﻣآ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رﺎﮐ رد يرﺎﮑﻤﻫ ياﺮﺑ
داﺮﻓا .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ مﻼﻋا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ
ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ﮔ
هوﺮ ﺎﻫ ي ﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﮥ )tDCS
20
(ﺮﻔﻧ و )sham
20 (ﺮﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺳو ﯿﻠ ﮥ مﺮﻧ راﺰﻓا رد ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﯾا .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ﺺﯿﺼﺨﺗ ﺘﯿﻤﮐ
ﮥ قﻼﺧا ﻪﺑ ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رﺎﻤﺷ
ة
IR.SSRI.REC.1400.1285
.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺐﯾﻮﺼﺗ
1. Barbas & Zikopoulos
2. Sotres-Bayon, Cain & LeDoux
3. Lefaucheur
90 ﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر
نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ،مرﺎﻬﭼ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرود ﯽﺘﮐﺮ 1401
راﺰﺑا ﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻣﺎﻨ ﮥ ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ :1
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﯾا ﻂﺳﻮﺗ
يوﺮﻧﺎﮐ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و2
) 2002 ( سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﯾﺮﻈﻧ
ﮥ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ سورازﻻ ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﯽﺷﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
عﻮﻤﺠﻣ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺎﺑ
ﺮﮕﯾد شور ﺎﻫ ي ﺪﻌﺑﺪﻨﭼ ي دراد ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﻮﻠﯾو ،يوﺮﻧﺎﮐ)
و ﺮﻟﺰﺘﻣ ،3
2002 ( ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ .
ﻦﯾا ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ
ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ
ﺎﺑ 25 لاﺆﺳ ﻪﮐ دراد ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺞﻨﭘ ترﺎﺒﻋ
ﺪﻧا زا : ﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﮥ مﺮﺷ ﺖﻟﺎﺠﺧ و تﺰﻋ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ،
ﻦﺘﺷاد ،ﺲﻔﻧ ﺪﻨﯾآ
ة نداد ﺖﺳد زا ،مﻮﻠﻌﻣﺎﻧ ﻗﻼﻋ
ﮥ ﻢﻬﻣ داﺮﻓا و
تﺮﮑﯿﻟ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﯾا .ﻢﻬﻣ داﺮﻓا نﺪﺷ ﺖﺣارﺎﻧ هﺮﻤﻧ
راﺬﮔ ي
ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ زا ﻪﮐ 2
ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺎﺗ 2 تاﺮﻤﻧ عﻮﻤﺠﻣ .دراد راﺮﻗ رﺎﺘﺳﻮﯿﭘ ﻒﯿﻃ ﮏﯾ رد هدﺮﺧ
ﻘﻣ ﯿ سﺎ ﺎﻫ ﺮﻤﻧ ة ﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ ﯽﻠﮐ ﺴ
ار ﺖ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺠﻨﺳ .
ﻦﯾا ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ و ﯽﯾاور ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ
رد ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﮥ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا ﺄﺗ
ﯿﯾ ﺪ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﯽﻟﺪﺒﻋ)
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ،
2013 .(
ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﮥ رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ داﺪﺴﻧا
4: ﻦﯾا ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﮥ 30 ﻟاﺆﺳ ﯽ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﻧﺎﮐﺎﺗ و ﺎﯿﮑﺳ ،ﺎﻣﺎﯾاﺮﻣ
5 ) 2010 ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ( و ه
ياراد ﺖﻔﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻞﻣﺎﻋ
ﺪﺑ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ سﺎﺴﺣا ،ﯽﺒﺼﻋ ﺖﯿﺼﺨﺷ ،ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﺺﻘﻧ ،ﯽﮑﯾژﻮﻟﻮﯾﺰﯿﻓ ﯽﮕﺘﺨﯿﮕﻧاﺮﺑ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ،ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ،ﯽﻔﻨﻣ تﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣا/رﺎﮑﻓا ﺶﯿﭘ
ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃﺮﯿﻏ سﺎﺴﺣا و ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ زا ﺖﻟﺎﺣ
ﺎﻫ ي ار ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺠﻨﺳ ﻞﮐ ﻊﻤﺟ . هدﺮﺧ
ﻘﻣ ﯿ سﺎ ﺎﻫ ﺮﻤﻧ ة ار رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ داﺪﺴﻧا ﯽﻠﮐ ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﺠﻨﺳ . هﺮﻤﻧ راﺬﮔ ي
زا ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﯾا 1
)
ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﺎﺗ (ﻢﻔﻟﺎﺨﻣ 5
)
ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ (ﻢﻘﻓاﻮﻣ ﻨﻣاد
ﮥ ار ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﯾا ﯽﯾاور ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﯾا نﺎﮔﺪﻧزﺎﺳ .ﺖﺳا تﺮﮑﯿﻟ
ﻪﺑ ﺳو ﯿﻠ ﮥ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﯾا ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ شراﺰﮔ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐا ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ
ﺳو ﯿﻠ ﮥ يﻻﺎﺑ خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ يﺎﻔﻟآ شور 7/
0 ﺮﻫ رد
هدﺮﺧ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ
يزاﺪﻧاﺮﯿﺗ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ نﻮﻣزآ
مﺎﺠﻧا ﺮﯿﺗ ناﺪﯿﻣ رد نﻮﻣزآ ﻦﯾا: ﺖﻓﺮﮔ
ﻞﺒﯿﺳ . ﺗﯿ زاﺪﻧاﺮ ي زﺎﯿﺘﻣا ﺮﻔﺻ زا دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا ﺗ ﺎ
10 ياﺮﺑ زﺎﯿﺘﻣا هﺮﻤﻧ
راﺬﮔ ي
.ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺶﯿﭘ
ﺮﻫ نﻮﻣزآ عوﺮﺷ زا ﺖﮐﺮﺷ
هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﺎﻫ ي فﺪﻫ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي و ﻖﻠﻗ ﻫ .دﺮﮐ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ ار يﺮﯿﮔ ﺮ
ﺖﮐﺮﺷ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ 10 ﺎﺑ ار ﺮﯿﺗ ﺤﻠﺳا ﮥ
مﺎﻤﺗا ﺪﻌﺑ تاﺮﻤﻧ عﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻪﮐ دﺮﮐ ﮏﯿﻠﺷ دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا ﺖﻠﮐ ﻠﺷ
ﯿ ﮏ ﺎﻫ تاﺮﻤﻧ ﻦﯾا ﺖﺒﺛ و نﻮﻣزآ ﺬﺧا .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺑ
ﻪ ﺪﻬﻋ ة ناﺮﺴﻓا زا ﻦﺗ ﻪﺳ
ﺎﺑ ﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﮥ ود رد ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ ﺮﯿﺗ ناﺪﯿﻣ ﻠﺣﺮﻣ
ﮥ ﭘﯿ ﺶ نﻮﻣزآ و ﺲﭘ نﻮﻣزآ رد تاﺮﻤﻧ ﻦﯾا ﮥﮔﺮﺑ
ﺖﺒﺛ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ و
.ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ دﺮﻓ زﺎﯿﺘﻣا
ﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﮥ ﻪﻤﺠﻤﺟاﺮﻓ ﯽﮑﯾﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ :يا
ﯿﺣﺎﻧ رد ﻪﻤﺠﻤﺟ يور زا ﺰﻐﻣ يدﻮﻧآ ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ ﮥ
DLPFC
رد يﺪﺗﺎﮐ ﯽﮑﯾﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ و ،ﭗﭼ
ﯿﺣﺎﻧ ﮥ
DLPFC
ﻪﺑ) ﺖﺳار ﯿﺣﺎﻧ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﮥ
3
وF 4
،F
ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ ﺖﺷﺎﮕﻧ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ 10
- 20 ﻪﺑ ( ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا ﺖﯾو يد) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و6
2018 .(
ﺎﻧﺎﺳر و ﯽﻨﺑﺮﮐ ،ﺎﻫدوﺮﺘﮑﻟا دﻮﺑ
ﺪﻧ ﻄﻘﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻤﯿﺷ ﺶﻨﮐاو زا يﺮﯿﮔﻮﻠﺟ ياﺮﺑ و ﮥ
نورد ،ﺖﺳﻮﭘ و دوﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ سﺎﻤﺗ ﺞﻨﻔﺳا
ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻋﻮﻨﺼﻣ
ﻪﺘﺸﻏآ نﻮﻣزآ ﻦﯾا رد ﺎﻫدوﺮﺘﮑﻟا دﺎﻌﺑا .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ هداد راﺮﻗ ﻦﯿﻟﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ 5
× 5 ﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ لﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﮑﯾﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد .ﺖﺳا ﺮﺘﻣ ﺎﻨﯾﺪﻣ
) ﺐﻃ ﻢﯿﺘﺳاورﻮﻧ -
2(
تﺪﺷ ﺎﺑ ،ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ عﻮﻧ زا ﯽﮑﯾﺮﺘﮑﻟا نﺎﯾﺮﺟ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺮﮐذ نﺎﯾﺎﺷ .دﻮﺑ 2
ﻣﯿ ﻠ ﯽ ﺮﭙﻣآ لﺎﻤﻋا تﺪﻣ و 20
سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ ﻪﻘﯿﻗد
ﺎﺘﻧ ﯾ ﺞ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﯽﺘﻣﻼﺳ ﺮﺑ ﻦﯿﺸﯿﭘ
ﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ رد .دراﺪﻧ ءﻮﺳ ﺮﺛا زا ﺲﭘ هﺎﮕﺘﺳدsham
30 شﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﯽﮕﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ياﺮﺑ ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ ﻪﯿﻧﺎﺛ
ياﺮﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺧﺎﺳ شور ﻦﯾا .ﺪﺷ تاﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗtDCS
ﺪﻌﺗ ﯾ ﻞ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ة ﯽﺒﺼﻋ يدﺎﯾز تﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣا ﻪﺑ ﻪﯿﺒﺷ ﯽﺗﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣا ﺎﻣا ،دراﺪﻧ اﯾ
هﺪﺷدﺎﺠ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ
tDCS
دﺎﺠﯾا ﯽﻌﻗاو ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻦﯿﻫﻮﮐ و ﻞﻣﻮﻫ ،ﺎﮑﯾﺪﻧﺎﮔ) ،7
2006 (.
تﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ 10
مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺴﻠﺟ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ
و ﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﮥ تﺎﺴﻠﺟ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز 72
دﻮﺑ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ
1.fear of failure questionnaire
2.Conroy
3.Conroy, Willow & Metzler
4.choking under pressure questionnaire
5.Murayama, Sekiya & Tanaka
6.De Witte
7.Gandiga, Hummel & Cohen
91 ﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر
نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ،مرﺎﻬﭼ ةررﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ، ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺘﮐ 1401
) ﺎﭼور ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و1
2020 ( ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ . ﺖﮐﺮﺷ
نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺎﯾ ﮏﯿﻧژﻮﮔرا فﺮﺼﻣ زا كﺮﺤﻣ
ﺎﻫ ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و (ﻦﯿﺌﻓﺎﮐ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ)
رد ﺪﯾﺪﺷ 48 ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺶﯿﭘ ﺮﻫ زا ﺴﻠﺟ ﮥ ،ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ بﺎﻨﺘﺟا .
ﻪﺑ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ رد ار دﻮﺧ لﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﯽﯾاﺬﻏ ﻢﯾژر يﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟا ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ هداد عﻼﻃا
.ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻆﻔﺣ هرود لﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ
هوﻼﻋ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺪﯾﺎﺒﻧ ﻫﯿ ﭻ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ فﺮﺼﻣ ﯽﯾوراد ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺖﺤﺗ ار ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﻪﮐ ﺛﺄﺗ
ﯿﺮ ﺪﻫد راﺮﻗ ﺮﺒﻓ)
و2
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 2012
.(
ﺪﻧور اﺮﺟا ي ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ
ﮏﯾ رد اﺪﺘﺑا ﺴﻠﺟ
ﮥ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺗﺎﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ
نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ داﺮﻓا و ﺪﺷ هداد ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ تﺎﺴﻠﺟ حﺮﺷ ﻪﮔﺮﺑ
ﺎﻫ ي رد .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﻞﯿﻤﮑﺗ ار طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﭘﯿ
ﺶ نﻮﻣزآ اﺪﺘﺑا
ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ناور ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﯽﻧاور داﺪﺴﻧا و ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ و
نﻮﻣزآ ﻪﻣادا رد ﺗﯿ
زاﺪﻧاﺮ ي ﺮﯾﺎﺳ) نﺎﯿﭼﺎﺷﺎﻤﺗ و نﺎﺑﺎﯾزرا رﻮﻀﺣ ﺎﺑ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ
نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ (
مﺎﺠﻧا ﺮﻔﻧ ﺮﻫ ياﺮﺑ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ
ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ نﺎﺑﺎﯾزرا و نﺎﯿﭼﺎﺷﺎﻤﺗ رﻮﻀﺣ . سﺮﺘﺳا
از و رﺎﺸﻓﺮﭘ ار دﺎﺠﯾا دﺮﮐ كﻮﻠﯿﺑ و ﺮﺳﻮﻣ ،ﻦﻫاﺰﯿﺗﺎﺳ) ،3
2016 ( هوﺮﮔ .
ﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﮥ وtDCS
ردsham
10 مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺴﻠﺟ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ
ﻪﺴﻠﺟ ﺮﻫ ﻪﮐ 20
و ﺖﺷاد ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ ﻪﻘﯿﻗد هدﺎﻣآ
زﺎﺳ ي ﺰﯿﻧ ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ 5
لﻮﻃ ﻪﻘﯿﻗد ﺸﮐ
ﯿﺪ
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺎﭼور) 2020
( . ﺲﭘ ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ مﺎﻤﺗا زا هوﺮﮔ
ﺎﻫ ي ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺲﭘ نﻮﻣزآ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ار ﭘﯿ ﺶ نﻮﻣزآ اﺮﺟا ﻧدﺮﮐ ﺪ ﺎﺗ هداد ﺎﻫ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺳد
.ﺪﯾﺎﯿﺑ
شور رﺎﻣآ ي
ﻦﯾا رد ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ زا شور ﺎﻫ ي ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ
ﺎﻫ ي ياﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا (رﺎﯿﻌﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧا و ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ) ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ و ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺶﯾاﺮﮔ
ندﻮﺑ لﺎﻣﺮﻧ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ هداد
ﺎﻫ ﯽﻨﮕﻤﻫ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﮏﻠﯾووﺮﯿﭘﺎﺷ نﻮﻣزآ زا راو
ﯾ ﺲﻧﺎ ﺎﻫ ياﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ﻦﯾﻮﻟ نﻮﻣزآ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ
ﮥ
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ زا ﭘﯿ ﺶ نﻮﻣزآ و ﺲﭘ نﻮﻣزآ رد هوﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ي ﺎﺑ ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ يرﺎﻣآ شور زا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ هزاﺪﻧا
ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ياﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا رﺮﮑﻣ ﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ
ﮥ
ﯽﺟوز هوﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﯽﺒﯿﻘﻌﺗ نﻮﻣزآ زا ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﻧوﺮﻔﻨﺑ وLSD
ﻢﻬﻟوا و لﺪﯿﻓ ،ﮏﯿﻨﮐﺎﺑﺎﺗ) ،4
2007 ( ﺢﻄﺳ . ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ راد ي 05 /0 .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد
مﺮﻧ راﺰﻓا ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ هداد ﺎﻫ ﺨﺴﻧ ﮥ 18 مﺮﻧ راﺰﻓا .دﻮﺑSPSS
ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
لوﺪﺟ رد 1
ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد هوﺮﮔ ﮏﯿﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ار ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﭘﯿ
ﺶ نﻮﻣزآ و ﺲﭘ نﻮﻣزآ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻫد .
لوﺪﺟ 1 . ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ ي يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ ناور
ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و
هوﺮﮔ/ﺺﺧﺎﺷ هوﺮﮔ
)tDCS 20
= (n هوﺮﮔ
)sham 20
= (n
ﭘﯿ ﺶ نﻮﻣزآ ﺲﭘ
نﻮﻣزآ ﭘﯿ
ﺶ نﻮﻣزآ ﺲﭘ
نﻮﻣزآ
يزاﺪﻧاﺮﯿﺗ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ 23
/
±6 73 72
/
±6 65 / 78 01
/
±5 20 / 71 74
/
±5 02 / 73
رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ داﺪﺴﻧا 84
/
±7 400 / 94 10
/
±9 25 / 86 81
/
±8 75 / 93 38
/
±9 90 / 91
ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ 24
/
±0 52 /0 - 22
/
±0 50 /0 - 43
/
±0 37 /0 - 38
/
±0 42 /0 -
1. Rocha
2. Faber
3. Sattizahn, Moser & Beilock
4. Tabachnick, Fidell & Ullman
92 ﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر
نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ،مرﺎﻬﭼ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرود ﯽﺘﮐﺮ 1401
نﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ لوﺪﺟ رد ﻪﮐ 1
هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ هوﺮﮔ رد رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ داﺪﺴﻧا و يزاﺪﻧاﺮﯿﺗ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ رد زا tDCS
ﭘﯿ ﺶ نﻮﻣزآ ﻪﺑ
ﺲﭘ نﻮﻣزآ ﻦﯾا ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ رد ﺎﻣا .ﺪﻧراد ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ تاﺮﻤﻧ توﺎﻔﺗ
ﺎﻫ هوﺮﮔ رد .ﺖﺴﯿﻧ دﺎﯾز ﺰﯿﻧsham
توﺎﻔﺗ ﺎﻫ ﮏﭼﻮﮐ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ا
.ﺪﻧ
دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ رد ﺲﮐﺎﺑ ما نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺗﯿ
زاﺪﻧاﺮ ي ) 869 / 0
= ،P
239 / 0
= ،F
761 / 0
=
Box's M
) ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ ،(
090 /0
= ،P
07 /1
= ،F
521 /1
=
Box's M
) رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ داﺪﺴﻧا و ( 473
/0
= ،P
837 /0
= ،F
664 / 2
=
Box's M
ﯽﻨﮕﻤﻫ ضﺮﻓ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ( ﺮﺗﺎﻣ
ﯾ ﺲ ﺎﻫ ي ﺲﻧﺎﯾراوﻮﮐ
نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻠﭼﻮﻣ نﻮﻣزآ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺖﺳا راﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ داد
ضﺮﻓ ﮐ داﺪﺴﻧا ،يزاﺪﻧاﺮﯿﺗ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﺖﯾوﺮ راﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ و رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ
) ﺖﺳا 05
˂ /0 .(P
ﻪﻣادا رد هداد ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ هزاﺪﻧا
ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي لوﺪﺟ رد ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﻦﯾا ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ رﺮﮑﻣ 2
شراﺰﮔ
.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
لوﺪﺟ 2 ﺎﺑ ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ . هزاﺪﻧا
ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ رد رﺮﮑﻣ
ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ
F(1-38)
2 sig η
نﺎﻣز يزاﺪﻧاﺮﯿﺗ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ
909 / 55 001 / 0 565
/ 0
رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ داﺪﺴﻧا 950
/ 54 001 / 0 596
/ 0
ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ 055
/ 0 815 / 0 001
/ 0
نﺎﻣز
× هوﺮﮔ يزاﺪﻧاﺮﯿﺗ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ
363 / 14 001 / 0 274
/ 0
رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ داﺪﺴﻧا 201
/ 22 001 / 0 369
/ 0
ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ 189
/ 0 666 / 0 005
/ 0
نﺎﻤﻫ رﻮﻃ لوﺪﺟ رد ﻪﮐ 2
توﺎﻔﺗ نﺎﻣز ﻊﺒﻨﻣ رد ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ ﻨﻌﻣ
ﺎ راد ي دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ رد ﺗﯿ
زاﺪﻧاﺮ ي ) 565 / 0 =
η2
، 001 /0
= ،P
90 / 55
= ﺖﺷاد دﻮﺟو رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ داﺪﺴﻧا و (F
) 596 /0 =
η2
، 001 / 0
= ،P
95 / 54
= ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﻣا .(F
ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ راد ) دﻮﺒﻧ 001 /0 =
η2
، 815 /0
= ،P
055 /0
= .( F
رد دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺰﯿﻧ هوﺮﮔ رد نﺎﻣز ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﺗﯿ
زاﺪﻧاﺮ ي ) 274 /0
=
η2
، 001 / 0
= ،P
36 / 14
= (F ) رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ داﺪﺴﻧا و 369
/0 =
η2
، 001 /0
= ،P
20 / 22
= (F
ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ راد مﺪﻋ ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا سﺮﺗ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﻣا ؛دﻮﺑ ﻨﻌﻣ
ﺎ راد ي ) داد نﺎﺸﻧ ار 005
/ 0
=
η2
، 666 /0
= ،P
189 /0
= .(F
ﻞﮑﺷ 1 رد ﯽﺒﯿﻘﻌﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ . ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ