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無限遠方の極限

Nobuyuki TOSE May 30, 2018

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+∞ に発散する数列

Definition

数列{xn}が無限遠方に発散する:

xn→+∞ (n →+∞) とは,任意のR>1に対して番号Nが存在して

R <xn (nN) Example 1xn=n ( n=1,2,3, . . .)とすると

xn→+∞

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定理

定理1

(1)xn→+∞,yn→+∞ (n→+∞)ならば xnyn→+∞ (n→+∞)

(2)xn→+∞,yn→α >0 n→+∞)ならば

xnyn→+∞ (n→+∞) (3)(追し出しの定理)xn→+∞(n→+∞)で

xnyn (nN0) を満たす番号Nが存在するならば

yn→+∞ (n →+∞)

(4)

定理 1 に対するコメント

Example 2定理1の(1)から

n2 →+∞ (n→+∞)

Example 3an=n2nとする.これをan=n2 1−1n

と変形す ると

an=n2 1− 1

n

→+∞

実際n2 →+∞と1−n1 →1>0から定理1の(2) が適用できる.

RemarkThe Part (3) is called PUSH OUT Theorem in Japan. It means OSHIDASHI, a winning trick of the Sumou.

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定理 1 に対するコメント (2)

Example 4a>1ならば

an→+∞ (n→+∞)

実際a=1+θとするとθ >0であり,2項定理から

an= (1+θ)n=1+nθ+n(n−1)

2 ·θ2+· · ·+θn> θn が従う.他方θ·n→+∞であるので,定理1(3) からan→+∞.

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定理 2

定理2

(1)xn→+∞ (n →+∞)ならば 1

xn →0 (n→+∞)

(2)an>0 が任意のn に対して成立して,an→0ならば 1

an →+∞

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無限遠方の極限 (1)

無限遠方の極限(1) g : (A,+∞)→R

(1) g(x)→α∈R (x →+∞)

とは条件

xn∈(A,+∞), xn→+∞ (n→+∞) を満たす数列{xn}が必ず

g(xn)→α (n →+∞) を満たすときである.

(8)

無限遠方の極限 (2)

無限遠方の極限(2)

(2) g(x)→+∞ (x→+∞)

とは条件

xn∈(A,+∞), xn→+∞ (n→+∞) を満たす数列{xn}が必ず

g(xn)→+∞ (n→+∞) を満たすときである.

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同値な定義( Equivallent Definitions

(1)g(x)→α∈Rif and only if for any ε >0, we can find R >0 satisfying

α−ε <g(t)< α+ε (t>R)

(2)g(x)→+∞if and only if for any R >1, we can find R0 >0 satisfying

R<g(t) (R0 <t)

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Examples

Example 5We consider

g(x) = 1

x (x>0)

Then g(x)→0 (x →+∞)

Take a sequence{xn} satisfying

xn>0, xn→+∞

Then it follows from Theorem 2 that g(xn) = 1

xn →0 (n →+∞)

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Theorem 3

Theorem 3

2つの関数

f(x) : (A,+∞)→R, g(x) : (A,+∞)→Rx →+∞のとき

f(x)→α∈R, g(x)→β ∈R を満たすとする.

(1)f(xg(x)→α±β (x→+∞) (2)f(x)g(x)→αβ (x→+∞)

(3)g(x)6=0 (x >A)でβ 6=0とすると f(x)

g(x) → α

β (x →+∞)

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