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“Imagine the scene”
“See the implication”
Reference to shared knowledge Appeal to understanding
Appeal to acknowledge that the speaker is right
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ῌ +/ ῍ … On the certainty side, you know may be used to “introduce what s/he regards as incontestable mutual knowledge” or con- joint knowledge ῌ Holmes +320 : 2 ῍ . Even though Östman ῌ +32+ ῍ found that the use of you know does not necessarily mean that the hearer knows, and even though Biber et al ῌ +333 : +*11 ῍ claim that you know sometimes imparts new informa- tion, it can also be the case that the information introduced by you know is indeed known to the hearer ῌ cf. Jucker and Smith +332 : +3- ῍ . This information may either be knowledge specifically between speaker and hearer ῌ cf. Stubbe and Hol- mes +33/ : 03 ῍ , or general knowledge ῌ cf. Schiffrin +321 : ,1. ῍ .
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Biber, Douglas, Edward Finegan, Stig Johansson, Susan Conrad and Geoffrey Leech I*+ J$,¼Z½RS ῍ῌ
ῌ+333῍Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London : Longman.
Clark, Herbert H. and Edward F. Schaeferῌ+323῍Contributing to discourse.Cognitive Sci- ence+-,,/3ῌ,3..
Frazer, Bruceῌ+322῍Types of English discourse markers.Acta Linguistica Hungarica-2, +3ῌ-2.
Holmes, Janetῌ+320῍ Functions of ’ you know’ in women’s and men’s speech”.Language in Society+/ ῌ+῍,+,,.
Jucker, A. H. and S. W. Smithῌ+332῍And people just you know like ‘wow’ : Discourse mark- ers as negotiating strategies. In A. H. Jucker and Y. Zivῌeds.῍Discourse Markers : De- scriptions and Theory. Amsterdam / Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Com- pany,+1+ῌ,*+.
Lewis, David K.ῌ+303῍Convention : A Philosophical Study. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Har- vard University Press.
Müller, Simoneῌ,**/῍ Discourse Markers in Native and Non-native English Discourse. Am- sterdam/Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Onodera, O. Noriko ῌ,**,῍Japanese Discourse Markers : Synchronic and Diachronic Dis- course AnalysisῌPragmatics and Beyond New Series῍. Amsterdam/Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Ostman, Jan-Olaῌ+32+῍ You Know : A Discourse-Functional Approach. Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Prince, Ellenῌ+32/῍Fancy syntax and ‘shared knowledge’,Journal of Pragmatics3,0/ῌ2+.
Schourup, Lawrence. +32/ῌ+32,῍. Common Discourse Particles in English Conversation.
New York : Garland.
Schiffer, Stephen R.ῌ+31,῍ Meaning. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
Stubbe, Maria and Janet Holmesῌ+33/῍“You know”, “eh” and other “exasperating expres- sions” : An analysis of social and stylistic variation in the use of pragmatic devices in a sample of New Zealand English.Language and Communication+/ ῌ+῍,0-ῌ22.
Traum, David R.ῌ+33.῍A Computational Theory of Grounding in Natural Language Conver- sation. PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester.
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