55
Faunal survey of Urabandai Area I.
Tsuyoshi HACHIYA1) Konomu MIZUN02) Katsuichi YOSHIDA31 Yoshiyuki KIMURA Genichi KURIKI
I ntroduction
Urabandai,the supplementary area of JIBP‑CT‑S,has 3 large lakes,Lake Hiba‑
rako,Lake Onogawako,Lake Akimotoko,and many small lakes caused by volcanism in 1888 and various vegetation types. Furthennore;the human impact, caused by the increase of sightseeing population,is not negligible.The authors have been sur‑
veying the fauna by 6 methods since 1968 and wish to discuss here the two follow‑
ing problems :differences of fauna among different vegetation types and the signs of human impact.
The authors express their cordial thanks to Dr.Mutsuo Kato;President of To‑
hoku University,whose kind advice and help were invaluable to them.
2. Methods stations
The survey was done using the following 6 methods standarized by JIBP‑CT‑S group :(Kato et a1.1967) 1。Baited hanging trap,2.Baited pitfall trap,3.Smoking method,4.Sweeping method,5.Berlese's funnel,6.Snapping trap. In addition to the above,the looking method was used for birds.Thus,the four kinds of habitat were studied :soil and litter layer(by 5),forest floor (by 2 and 6),bush layer (by l and 4) and forest canopy (by 3). Surveyes were carried out from Ju1.to early Sept.,for 5 years since 1968.
Outline of the area and stations surveyed are shown in Fig.1.That is,flora in this area are classified into four vegetation types (Hachiya and Mizuno,1971):
1。 Buna'',Fagus crenata forest,symbolized as F in this paper̲This is the primeval forest in this region which had been partially destroyed by volcanism except the distant stands.
2.''Susuki'',Miscanthus stnensts grassland,Salix sernsaf ulia,Alrttts faPomca are grow‑
ing here and there.This is developed in the low;wet land betweenLakeOnogawa‑
ko and Lake Akimotoko,and along River Nagasegawa.This is symbolized as MS̲
There are some houses,inns and camping sites along the bus road passing through this area.
3. Akamatsu ,Ptntts densif lora deciduous broad leaf forest developed in the north
1)4)Faculty of Education,Fukushima University,Fukushima 2) Sakura no Seibo Junior college,Fukushima
3)5)Tohoku Dental University,Koriyama
56 Sci̲Rep.Fukushima Univ.,No.25
Fig.1. Map of the stations surveyed and vegetation types
̲...Border line of vegetation types.
side of Mt.Bandaisan,and including Goshikinuma hiking course.This is symbolized
as P.
4. Susuki‑Itadori'',Miscanthlis sinensi.s and Polygonum Reynoutna volcanic desert consist of the mixed shrub ‑ grassland developed on the Gelande facing north upper P.This is symbolized as MP.
29 stations were set. Method 1 2 and 5 were carried out at each of them method 3,4 and 6 were used at the typical stations in four vegetation types.
Hachiya.Mizuno,Yoshida.Kimura.Kuriki : Faunal survey of Urabandai Area I 57
3. Characteristics of four l・inds of habitat
The following descriptions were summarized chiefly from Hachiya and Mizuno (1971,1972),and Hachiya et at.(1973)̲
1) Soil and litter layer
The total of Acarina and Insecta reaches 80% ‑99% .In F,MS and P,the dom‑
inant is Acarina whereas Insecta is the dominant in MP:the major part of Insecta is Collembola.It is supposed that this was caused by lack of tree layer,poorness of litter layer and unstability of ground surface by erosion of water.Furthem ore, MP is different from the other vegetation types because the mean number of indi‑
viduals is small.
The common groups (except insecta) which were collected in four different veg‑
etations are Chilopoda and Acarina.The latter consists of abundant individuals (Table t) se lf is supposed that Acarina is the Dominant group. In F, Chilopods
Table 1.The number of arthoropod except insecta collected by Berleses funnel.
Or d e :r MP p MS F Tot a l
P s e u d o s o o r p :l o n e s Ac a r ' i n a
Arane a e Tar di gr ad a 部e ma t oda ' 011 go・ha ta ' 11 i p1opoda ' e h i 1 op od a '
0 668 11 0 0 0 1 ' う
0
224 0
l 6 1 1
7 0
7 2 1̲1:19'?
0 0 0 1 1 1
6 1666
・ ll
0 1 0 0 22
' 8 )669
'ｻ2
1
2 1
9
うう Total 68う 2272 1100 1700 575う
and Pseudoscorpiones were collected abundantly.This is caused by the vegetational condition,that is,this area is covered by ''Buna and Mizunara ', and is seldom contaminated by human beings.
Of the insects,collembola is the dominant group in the three vegetation types, MP,P and F (Fig,2). However,in MS,there are no significant differences among the eleven orders of Insecta.
2) Forest Floor
43 samplings (1 sampling consisting of l set of 3 kinds of bait ;banana yeast, fish meat and sugar syrup) of pitfall traps were set and 866 individuals were col‑
looted.836% of them proved to be insects.The dominant species is Diestramm,ena fapontca. (11.2% ),the subdominant is Refuse beetle'',Pterostichus sp. (9.0% ),the third is Nicrophorns qttadriptmcfattts (3.6% ) and the fourth is Carbtts procendu,s.
The values of individuals per sample are similar among F,MS and P,18.5,21.l and 22.3 respectively,however,the value in MP is very small,13.8. It seems that this tendency is observed in the number of species collected in each vegetation type, however,the number of species increases following the increases in the number of samples within the given range.Therefore,the poorness of species does not have a distant meaning。However,the species collected in MP,in which the number of
58
MP
Sci.Rep.Fukushima Univ.,No.25
P MS
l e ,: o I o 。; o l e .;
Fig̲2̲ Percentage composition of insect arranged by Order,Collected by Tu11gren method.
Cb...Coilembola,Th...Thysanura,Ep̲..Ephemerida,Cr ̲..Corrodentia,Tp...
Tysanoptera, He...Hemiptera,Me...Mecoptera,Lp.. Lepidoptera,Cp...Coleoptera Hy...Hymenoptera,Dp. ̲.Diptera̲
samples is smallest,were also collected in the others,except a few species.There‑
fore,it can be said that these species are widely distributed ones and numerous in this area.Next,the significance between the number of individuals and the expect‑
ed values;which were calculated from the proportion of the number of samples, was examined by X2̲test''(Table 2).In general,MS and P have many species distributed abundantly.Indexes of diversities(MARGALEF,R,1968) calculated from the forest floor insects are shown in Table 3 were the value in MP is seen to be the smallest.This may be due to lack of trees and poorness of the litter layer.
Of the small mammals,the survey was done in 8 regions in 4 vegetation types, using 1485 snap traps.Species collected and their relative abundance are shown in Table 4 and Fig̲3.During these surveys,240 small mammals belonging to 8 species
Table 2 Sign通cant abundances with the expected values calculated from the relative number of samples in 4 vegetation types,by Chi‑square test ''. 十show the species is abundant significantly in such vegetation type than the expected val‑
ue.
Vegetat i on
Ni Cr OPhor us 9ua dr i punc t at us Oar a bus pr oc er ul us
Pt er ost i chus s p . Gy r o p ha en a l a e v i or Sy !tu e bu s d u 1c i g:r a du s
Col podes xest us Synuohus mel a nt ho 1)i eSt r ammena J3poni ea
十十十十十 十十 十十
Hachiya.Mizuno.Yoshida.Kimura̲Kuriki : Faunal survey of Urabandai Area I Table 3̲ Comparison of Index of diversity among
four vegetation types.
59
Vegetat i oa
Table 4̲ Number of trap nights and small mammals taken in each region̲ Species are shown as C....Crocidura dsmezumi , D...Dymecodon pilirostri、s, U...Uro,
trichtts talpoides, Az. ̲ .Aschizomys andersoni, M . . .Microtus mon tebe11i As ̲ . Apodemus spec1osu s, Ag .. .Apodemus argen tou s, R ., .Rattus nortlegicus.
' St .27 1s i nc l uded i n pi ne f or es t (MP )
F
p
%
Fig 3 percentage composition of sma11mmamais arranged by species collected by snap trap.The numerals at the bottom of figure show the total number of individuals.
60 Sci.Rep.Fukushima Univ.,No.25
were trapped. Among them,Crocidttra dsmezlirnz, Dymecodon pairostris and Uro‑
trichus talpoides belong to insectivores,and the others belong to rodents. In addi̲
tion to these small mammals,a Sore:x shinto belonging to insectivores, was obtain̲
ed at St.9.This was caught in a baited pitfall trap in 1970.
In general,APodemus speciosits lives in the open forest of a montain zone and A. argertteus is common in the closed forest developing from the montain zone to the alpine zone. After deforestation,the former invades the space and the distri̲
bution of the latter retreats.A.argentetts was caught in 4 vegetations the same as U talPoides. However,it is more abundant than the others in MP, different from U̲talpoides.A.spectonstts was not collected in P and MP,but in MS and F.
Many individuals of Microt14s montebe11i,having the habitat of living in grassland and cultivated land,were found in MS Rattus non,eglcus was caught only around human dwellings in MS (St.17,18).Since,only a few individuals of C.dstneztt‑
mt S̲ shinto and Aschizomys andersom were collected, it seems that they are rare in number and had limited distribution.
At first,the theory that U.talpoides segregates its habitat vertically fromhabi̲
tat of .I).1)ain stns was taught(Tokuda 1953)̲After that,many papers of habitat segregation between two species of shrew ‑ males;U..talpoldes andD piiirostns were published.Consequently,the facts that both of them live from lower elevation to higher elevation and in the same region were realized. It is considered that D Pi加'ostris is more advantageous in competition in a poor̲soiled area than U taipo̲
tdes,so that soil condition is the important factor underlying habitat segregation between the two species (Imaizumi and Imaizumi 1972).
During the survey,cach et them was collected at the same region (St.27,28, 29). Therefore the particular survey was tried on this area,dividing it into two sections A and B.Furthermore both of them were divided into small parts (Fig 4).
Part A is rocky and dry Miscanthtts smensts grassland, and soil condition is poor. Part B;bordering on A,is pine forest.The floor on which there is a fair̲
1y rich litter is damp,and this soil condition is richer than A.Species collected in these parts are shown in Table 5.
D.pilirostris,living in lava or rocky regions on Mt.Fuji and other mountains (Imaizumi and Imaizumi,1970),is usually collected in the Bandai volcanic desert (MP),and a few were collected in the neighbouring pine forest (P),as shown in Table 4 and 5.Utalpoides is common in F and MS,and a few were caught in MP.
3) Bush layer
44 samplings of baited hanging traps (1 sampling consisting of 3 kinds of bait the same as the pitfall trap) and 44 samplings of sweeping by insect net (1 sampling of sweeping is 10 sweeps) were carried out.4 classes,of at least 19 or̲
ders,more than 96 families and 3,301 individuals were co11ected.Insects occupied about 80° of the total and H、vmenoptera is the dominant except F,in which Ce‑
cydomyltdae is dominant.Formtcidae is abundant in P.and MS. Chalcidoidea and Ichnetuvtonoidea are in MP. '
Of the animals collected by the baited hanging traps,Lttcilia caesar and other flies are abundant in F,MS and P,but ants,Crematogaster sordidula and Campo‑
Hachiya.Mizuno.Yoshida̲Kimura̲Kuriki :Faunal survey of Urabandai Area I
not,ts herculeantts are numerous in MP.
̲̲̲‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ a path
01出 tt出出 l出i・ a t,i f t
̲ a c ount er l i ne
( ta ̲t i tude 1000m )
Fig.4. Outline of the parts on St.27,28,29.
Table 5 Number of small mammals taken in each sampling part of St.27,28,29 D,U,Az,M and Ag are shown in table 4̲
61
62 Sci。Rep.Fukushima Univ.,No.25
Thus,the following characteristics of fauna in each vegetation type are point‑
ed out. F : Cecidomyiidae and Lttcilia caesar MS :Formicidae and flies,P :.Fon rii‑
cidae and L caesar, MP :Chalcidotdea and Formicidae.
Next,the complexities of fauna are examined by an index of diversity shown in Table 3. The largest value was worked out in MP where the tree layer is lack‑
ing and the bush layer is more exposed. Therefore,the amount of flowers in large compared with the others. It seems that the above conditions caused crowding of various species.
4) Forest canopy
The smoking method was used in P,MS and F.0nly the outline of fauna will be presented here,because the identification has not been completed.
The number of individuals per l m of white cloth are as follows :F (54.9), P (1,375), MS (9,465). These large differences of values are due to the amount of Co11embola, that is,collembolan were collected rarely in F.0n the other hand, they are much more numerous than other insects in P and MS. Calculating the relative abundance apart from Co11embota it becomes clear that Diptera is dominant everywhere and the second or third are Psocoptera or Hymenoptera.The former is subdominant in the tota1.Number of individuals per l m are as follows :F (39.7), MS (63.7),P (62。8).
The survey of birds was done by observation by the naked eye and . hearing their songs.21 species of birds were found on October 6 and 17 in 1969 ;18 spe‑
oles were in MS,7 species were in F,3 species were in MP,18 species were in P.
Parus atricapi11us, Parus ater Partts maj or and Aegltha1os caudatus constructed the
mixed population and were distributed widely expect MP.The population in P was
the largest. Dendrocopos mater and Sttirntts ctrteracet,s were found only in MS,Pa‑
rus varitts and Regtdus regtdus were found only in P. The species found in all 4 vegetation types was Emberiza ctoides̲ Cettta diphone Garrnhts glandartus Dend ‑ rocopos kizuki,Pictts atookera were found in 3 types of vegetation except MP,Co‑
?,1;us crone and Milvus migrans were found in MS, P and MP, and the other 5 species ; Ch1oris stnlca, Emberiza rttstica,Passer morttantts, Anas 1)1atyrh:ynchos, A‑
nas peoct1orhyncha were found in MS and P.The number of individuals was small in October.
In May,July and August,1970,45 species of birds were found. There were large populations in MS and P;as in autumn 1969. The cosmopolitan species dis‑
tributed in 4 vegetation types were two,i.e.Emberiza a oides,Hypslpetes amattrotis, the population of the latter was larger than the population in autumn 1969. The following 7 species were found in MS,i.e.,Sturnus c,neraceus,Eophona personata,
Tu,rdus cardis, Mottaci11a cinerea, Gauinago hardatftckii, Pernis at)tvortts, Mi btts mt‑
grans. The other 39 species were common in P and MS, and the most part of them was found only in summer,se lf is supposed that not only the summer birds but also staying birds migrate to the 1ow land during autumn and winter.These
species are as follows ; Sturnia sturnma,Emberiza spodocephala Embenza f ttcata, Emberiza sulphurata, Acre・cephaltts arundmacelis,Acrocephalus bistngiceps,Phy1‑
1oscopu,s bolealis, Phy11oscoptts occipitalis, T1urdus stbiriclis,Turdus cardis,Tttrdu,s
Hachiya̲Mizuno.Yoshida̲Kimura.Kuriki Faunal survey of Urabandai Area I 63 chrysolalis, Musa capa lattrostns, Muscica1)a narctssma, Mttscicapa cyartomelana, Motaci11a ctnerea, Motaa11a grandi、s, Lamus bucephalus, Hirnndo rttstlca, Deli‑
chon urbica, Eophona person,ata, Cucultts cartortts, CMlultts satttrattts, Cucttlu,s poliocephaltts, Cucnlus f ugar Streptopelia orierttalis, Pericrocotus rosens. Apns pacifictts, Ganinago hardm ckii, Pernis aplvortts,
Furthermore, Troglodytes troglodytes was found only in F.The habitation of Embe‑
riza ctoides,Aegttha1os caudatus,Pan ts mater, Phy11,oscopns occif)italis, Hypstpetes a‑
maurotls, Milms migrans were confirmed in F. In addition to Embenza cioides,a widely distributed species,Chlris sinica,Denchon urbica,Hypslpetes amau,rotls, and Milvus migrans were found.
5) Comparing the fauna among the diffrent vegetations.
As the characteristics mentioned above were extracted respectively from differ‑
ent methods,it is difficult to grasp the difference of the whole fauna among each of these four types et vegetation. In order to compare the whole fauna among some types of vegetation, it is necessary to use many kinds of methods that have been adapted to various animals having many different life toms, and to collect the various animals. In the case when different methods are used,the collected in‑
dividuals cannot be regarded as having equal weight,because the sample units of each method differ from one another. Se lf is not right to conclude that the most numerous order (or family or species) is the dominant,in each type of vegetation.
Therefore,the authors tried to total the samples taken by the different meth‑
ods that had been used at the same number of stations in each type of vegetation, that is,baited hanging cage trap... 2 stations,pitfall trap ... 2 stations, sweeping method ... 2 stations, smoking method ... 1 station, Berlese's funnel ... 2 stations,in each type of vegetation (Table 6). Thus, the (2B
‑ 2P‑ 2Sw‑ l Sw‑2Be) is treated as a sample unit,and the problem will be solv‑
ed. Then individuals of each order among the four types of vegetations were compared and examined te sco if the significance among them could be recognized or not (Fig.5),and the following facts were pointed out.
Firstly,the difference in the number of orders in the four types et vegetation is small.
Secondly,it is clear that the total number of individuals in MP was signifi‑
cantly more numerous than in the others ; on the other hand,that in F was sig‑
nificantly less numerous (Fig.6).
Thirdly,these two points are summarized in Morishita's index of diversity''.
This was calculated,as is shown in Table 3.It is clear that the values in MP and F are smaller than in the others.
These three points may suggest the complexity or simplicity of the fauna in these types et vegetation.
That is,MP...the highest density but the most simple P...̲̲.mid density and the most complex MS...mid density and somewhat complex F...the lowest density and somewhat simple
Lastly,it is possible to pick out the type of vegetation in which the number
64 Sci.Rep̲Fukushima Univ.,No.25
Table 6. Number of arthropod arranged by order, collected by 5 methods used the same number of times in each vegetation types. Pi .̲.Plecoptera, Or ...Orthoptera Dr...Dem aptera,Pp...Planipennia,Tr.̲.Tricoptera,Ar...Araneae,Ph ...
Phalangida,Dl.̲̲Dip1opoda,eh..̲Chilopoda, Is.̲̲Isopoda, Ac...Acarina, Ps̲..Pseudoscorpionida̲
707269122 ・・0・
1 6 18
656n・2128112
12762.6 897
6 . 0
* Index of diversity
of individuals of each order is more numerous than25% line*significantly from Fig.5̲
That is,Collembola is numerous in MP, Plecoptera is numerous in MS..̲etc.
Table7 shows these relations,.and there are very interesting facts in this table,.as follows ;
(1) Since MP is so̲called volcanic vegetation and there are no trees,non‑fly‑
ing animals (Co11embola, Thysanoptera,Acarina) were abundant.
(2) It seems that Plecoptera,Ephemerida and Tricoptera characterize the fau‑
na in MS,and this is a natural result;because there are many swamps in MS and the larvae of these insects are aquatic.
(3) F is a gloomy,wet type of vegetation,so Phalangida and Chilopoda were numerous.
(4) Diptera is common in MS and F,but the families and superfamily found in both types et vegetation were not the same. That is,MS (Tipu1oidea, Chiro‑
nomidae,Psychodidae,Phoridae and Cordyluridae),F (Tipu1oidea,Cecidomyiidae, Drosophilidae and Empididae) Fig.7.
Distribution of family or superfamily belonging to Coleoptera is shown in Fig。
8. Curculionidae, Staphylinidae and Nitidulidae are numerous in MS,and Carabi‑
dae is numerous in P.
this indicates the uniform distribution in the four types et vegetation
blr r r P e y P P c C POD C T H H C P M
25
r P P P r h T L D E A P 1h s c s D C I A P
100 %
Hachjya Mjzuno.Yoshida.Kimura。Kuriki :Faunal survey of Urabandai Area I. 65
100%
MP
‑ ̲
Ms
‑ P
二 一
F
MS MP
・ P
̲
で MP‑ ̲
‑‑‑ ‑ .
̲‑
二i = ‑
===:====
F
一 ̲ 一一i『一
要
・ j ・ 意ii
========= ‑
‑ ̲ ‑ M S
‑̲
‑ p= F
'= :===‑
F
̲ l ‑ Mi
=
‑ ̲F
Fig̲5. Occurrence probability of arthoropod arranged by order,collected by 5 methods used the same number of times in cach et 4 types of vegetation.4 horizontal closed lines are one set for each order,ordered from the top as follows;MP.P,MS,F̲25%
line indicates the uniform distribution into 4 types of vegetation,Where numbers are signif cantly abundant,symbols are attached to the horizontal lines.
Fig.6. Occurrence probability of the total number of arthoropod collected by 5 methods used the same number of times.
Table 7 Orders in which number of individuals is significantly abundant in tested vegetation types.
Pi e c op to r a c orr odent i a
T:t i e op t o r a Ephe me r i d a
Ili p t e r a Ool eop to ra
66
・lh y cls r T C P C C D P
Em
Sci.Rep̲Fukushima Univ.,No.25
100 %
Fig.7. Occurrence probab通itv of dipteron arranged by family or superfamily,collected by 5 methods used the same number of times in cach et 4 vegetation types.Ti .̲.
Tipu1oidea,Ch̲.̲Chilopoda,Py... Psychodidae, Cc... Cecidomyiidae, C1...
Cordyluridae,Ds..̲Drosoph通idae,Pr ...Phoridae,Em...Empididae,
u a y t ci C C C S S N
10 0 ・/
===ァ
= 『
二 ̲
‑ ̲
MS
̲===:
‑ ̲
=
̲ ‑ MS
Fig。8. Occurrence probability of coleopteron arranged by family or superfamaily,collected 5 methods used the same number of times in cach et 4 vegetation types.Cu..̲Curcu̲
1ionidae,Ca̲..Carabidae,Cy ..̲Chrysomllidae,St ... Staphylinidae, Sc...Scaraba̲
eidae.Ni...Nitidulidae.
Results mentioned above were arranged based on order''or family',because the identification had not been finished. After it has been done, the characteris̲
tics of the fauna in each type of vegetation will be described by species,se lf wit]
be possible to name them by species and to compare them with the fauna in other regions.
Hachjya.Mizuno.Yoshida.Kimura.Kuriki : Faunal survey of Urabandai Area I
Summary
67
1. The results of faunal survey in Urabandai area for the past 5 years are pres‑
ented.
2. 6 methods.,baited pitfall trap,baited hanging trap, sweeping method,smoking method,Berlese's funnel and snapping trap,were used applying to 4 habitats,soil and litter layer,forest floor,bush layer and leaf canopy,in cach et the vegetation types,and their characteristics are described.
References
Hachiya and Mizuno (1971) :Faunal Survey of UrabandatArea,JIBP supplementary area If̲
Ann.Rep.JIBP̲CT‑S for i970.
Hachiya and Mizuno (1972) :Faunal Sur?ey of Urabandai Area,JIBP supplementary area m̲Ann.Rep.JIBP̲CT̲S for i971.
Hachiya et at。(1973) ;Faunal Sttnley of Urabandat Area,JIBP supplementary area IV.Ann.
Rep̲JIBP̲CT̲Sfor 1972.
Imaizum1,Y̲and lmaizumi,T.(1970) :On the Habitat Segregatton of the Mole.Shizen 25 (10).
lmaizumi,Y and Imaizumi,T.(1972) Habitat Segregation betlMen Tωo Species of Japanese Shreu,‑Moles.Jap.J.Zool .,81̲
Kate,M.et al.(1967) :Ann.Rep.JIBP‑CT‑S for i966
Margalef ,R.(1968) :Perspectives In Eco1ogical Theory.Univ.Chicago Press Chicago.
Tokuda,M̲(1953) :Small mammals from Hakkoda (Aomori prefecture)with special refer‑
ence to allopatric shrew̲moles in this district and other districts of Japan.Ecologica1 review 13̲