Soil Organic Ma-er Its Characteris4cs and Roles in Agricultural Environments

(1)

Soil Organic Ma-er

Its Characteris4cs and Roles in Agricultural Environments

Kiyoshi Tsutsuki

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary

Medicine

(2)

Wise-‐being in the forest told ….

(3)

Homo ab Humo

•  Human was born from a rich soil containing large amount of

•  Human – Humus – Humidity

There is a profound connec4on between human, humus, and humidity.

•   Sleeping mind of human “Terra as the

mother”

(4)

Do you feel soil dirty?

　 Take a clod of soil into your hand,

watch and smell it.

(5)

We will be relieved by such soils:

•  Black soil

•  SoQ soil

•  Good smelling soil

•  Soil in which small worms are living

Such soils contain a suitable

amount of organic ma-er.

(6)

Soil breeds life.

Evidence for this fact is

Soil Organic Ma-er.

(7)

C O

₂

, 75 Year Sm oothed,

270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 M ean A ir A ge

CO

2

( ppm )

Change in ambient CO

₂

（ Ice-‐core data of antarc5cs ）

What will occur

further?

(8)

A tm ospheric C O

₂

concentration

300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380

1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998

H aw aii S outh pole S am oa

A laska

Increase in atmospheric CO 2 concentration

(9)

Stocks of carbon on the surface of earth�

Stock pools� Stored amount�

　　 10¹² kg�

Earth�

�Plant biomass� 550�

�Soil humus� 1500�

Atmosphere� 1850 (CO₂ 260 ppm)� 560�

1890 (CO₂ 290 ppm)� 630�

2000 (CO₂ 390 ppm)� 820�

Ocean� 38000�

�Carbonate salts� 20x10⁶�

�Dissolved organic matter� 600�

�Solid suspension and sediments� 3000�

Earth crust（fossil fuel）� 4000�

Total amount� 44800�

Hunt(1972), Paul and Clark(1989), Eswaran et al.(1993)�

CO₂ concentration was calculated from ice-core data � in Law Dome Antarctics.�

(10)

地球上の炭素の分布

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

植物

バイ

オマス

土壌大気 Gt ( 1 012 k g)

農耕開始前現在

Distribu4on of carbon on the earth

Organic ma-er in soil and

vegetaion decreased remarkably due to civiliza4on.

No. 1

Soil Air Plant

Biomass

(11)

Humic substance is

•   The most abundant organic ma-er on the earth surface. 　 As carbon amount 　　　　　 1500 　 Gt (10 9 t, 10 12 kg)

•   3 4mes more abundant than plant biomass

•  2 4mes more abundant than CO 2

2100 Gt of humus carbon in pre-historic age.

(12)

Biomass produc4on and respira4on/

combus4on on the earth （ 10 9 t/year)

Biomass production CO

₂

formation

Plant 500 34.5

Animal 0.5 4.1

Human 0.1 0.7

Microbes 1.0 112

Wild fire 6.9

Volcano 0.15

Factory 15

Total 502 173.5

(13)

Factors Increase rare of CO

₂

carbon

Gt (10

⁹

t)/year Fossil fuel

combustion 7

Land use

change 2.2

Emission of CO 2 due to human activity

(14)

Land-use change Forest clearing Slush and burn

Grassland to upland field

(15)

Large amount of gas is emi-ed from soil surface

CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, H 2 O

(16)

World energy consump4on (2003)

Source Consumption (petroleum equivalent 10

⁸

tons)

Petroleum ３６．４

８５．５ Natural

gas ２３．３

Coal ２５．８

Atomic ６．０

１２．０

Hydraulic ６．０

CO

₂

emission

heat

emission

(17)

Energy consump4on per capita

•  World 　 1.7 ton 　 annually

(petroleum equivalent)

•  Japan 　　　 4.1 ton 　 annually

•  USA 　　 8.0 ton 　 annually

•  Human ac4vity causes the increase in atmospheric CO 2 concentra4on.

•  Plant and soil absorb CO 2 .

(18)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0 50 100 150 200 250

土壌炭素貯蔵量×10

¹²

kg 土壌への炭素供給量×1 0

12

kg /年

ツンドラ砂漠草原

森林（亜寒帯）

森林（温帯）

森林（乾燥熱帯）

森林（湿潤熱帯）

農耕地

Humid tropics

Temperate zone

Boreal zone

Frigid zone Desert

Supply and storage of carbon in soil

Carbon storage

Carbon supply to soil

1012 kg/year

(19)

Li=er supply and SOM accumula5on

Li-er supply (L)

Soil organic ma-er accumula4on (Xss)

Tropical, subtropical rain forest

Large sized arthropods, earthworms

Savanna, termites

Grassland, steppe

Arthropods, earthworms

Deciduous broad-‐leaved forest Arthropods, earthworms

Conifer forest

Small arthropodsTundra, forest and wetland Enchytraeina, lava of ﬂies Desert, dry steppe

Tundra

(20)

Primary forest in Baybay, Leyte

(21)

Primary forest soil proﬁle in Baybay, Leyte

(22)

Factors affecting SOM accumulation ：　 temperature and moisture content of soil

Aerobic upland soil Anaerobic flooded soil

Organic matter production by plant

Organic matter decomposition in aerobic soil Organic matter decomposition in anaerobic soil

Amount of or ganic matter

(23)

Soil and LocationMicrobial C Microbial N C Inputs

Nitrogen Flux through

Microbial Biomass

Microbial Turnover

kg/ha kg/ha Mg/ha/yrkg/ha/yr Timeyr Temperate

England 570 95 1.2 34 2.5

Canada 1600 300 1.6 53 6.8

Tropical

Brazil 460 84 13 350 0.24

Amounts and Turnover Rates of C and N in the Microbial Biomass for Cultivated Soils for Three Locations

(24)

(25)

Red pine forest

(Yaotsu, Gifu prefecture)

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Brown forest soil B B type （ Yaotsu, Gifu ）

(27)

Li-er layer of forest soil （ O, A 0 layer ）

(28)

Peat soil in Bibai

(29)

図 7.1　高位泥炭土断面の例　（北海道美唄泥炭地）

深さ(cm) 0

210

270

390

泥炭層

高位泥炭層

中間泥炭層

低位泥炭層

粘土層

構成植物

ミズゴケ、ホロムイスゲ、

ツルコケモモ

ヌマガヤ、ヨシ、

ヤチヤナギ

ヨシ、ヤチハンノキ

High moor peat soil proﬁle in Bibai

High moor peat

Intermediate moor peat Low moor peat

Sphagnum, sedges, cranberry

Purple grass, reed, wetland willow

Reed, alnus

Clay layer

(30)

Peat soil with dressed

soil （ Nanporo town ）

(31)

Asel forest near Hildesheim, Germany

(32)

Black soil in Asel forest, Germany

(33)

Wheat ﬁeld in Soellingen/Germany

(34)

Black soil in Soellingen upland ﬁeld

(35)

Soil organic matter stabilization on

different size of soil particles

Particle size Carbon

C%

14

C age

Organic matter

bound to clay

lasts long in soil

(36)

Stabiliza4on and abundance of organic ma-er cons4tuents in soil

Cons4tuents 　　 Abbrevia4

on

Mean Residence

Time S (kg) A₀(kg)

Fresh organic matter (yearly imput) 1000

Decomposable Plant Material DPM 1 10 10

Refractory Plant Material RPM 3.9 470 120

Biomass BIO 25.9 280 10.8

Physically stabilized organic ma-er POM 94.8 11.3×10³ 119 Chemically stabilized organic ma-er COM 2565 12.2×10³ 4.76 Whole Soil Organic Ma-er 　 SOM 1334 24.3×10³ 265

Jenkinson and Rayner, Soil Scinece 123, 6, 1977

S (kg) : Expected accumula4on of organic ma-er aQer 10000 years when 1000kg ha^-‐1 of fresh organic ma-er is incorporated every year.

A₀ (kg) : Yearly gain of soil organic ma-er　(kg ha^-‐1) , Calculated from S and meanage. A₀ = S/Average Age

(37)

Accumula4on of organic ma-er in soi l

S = (1/log e 2) A 0 H

= 1.44 A 0 H

S: Accumulated amount of organic matter after infinite years

A 0 : Added amount of organic matter in one year H: Half life of organic matter

1.44H: Mean residence time

Soil Organic Ma-er Its Characteris4cs and Roles in Agricultural Environments