Investigation of Efficient Organic Solar Cells through Optimized Morphology Control and

Objective and Introduction of the Study

Objective and Structure of the Dissertation

Introduction

Organic Solar Cells
Ternary Organic Solar Cells

The idea of converting sunlight into a usable form of energy is the basic concept of the solar cell. Therefore, based on the function of the third component, ternary solar cells can be broadly categorized into three types: two donor/one acceptor (D1/D2/A), donor/additive/non-volatile acceptor (D/NA/A), and one donor/two acceptors (D/A2/A1).

The Physics of Organic Solar Cells

Binary Organic Solar Cells
Ternary Organic Solar Cells

For the cascade charge transfer mechanism, the location of the third component in the ternary active layer is very important, as the additional component functions as a charge transport cascade. In general, for the ternary OSCs with a parallel coupling model, the JSC value is almost equal to the sum of the two single D1:A and D2:A cells.

Importance of Morphology in Solar Cell Performance

An essential criterion for the occurrence of FRET in a ternary mixture is the overlap between the emission spectra of one component and the absorption spectra of the other component. And based on the average composition of the two donor/acceptor materials, the same frontier orbital (HOMO and LUMO) energies are thus formed.

Ferroelectricity and its Application in Organic Solar Cells

Coercive field is the minimum amount of electric field that must be applied to a ferroelectric material to cause the polarization to return to zero. The greater the strength of dipoles, the greater the ability of a material to generate internal electric field that is beneficial for charge separation in OSCs.16.

Zhang, F.; Dielli, Q.; Wang, J.; Li, L.; Zhang, J.; Tang, W.; Deng, Z., Efficient small molecular ternary solar cells by synergistically optimized photon harvesting and phase separation. J.; Sharma, P.; Poddar, S.; Ducharme, S.; Gruverman, A.; Yang, Y.; Huang, J., Efficiency enhancement in organic solar cells with ferroelectric polymers.

Materials, Fabrication, and Characterization Methods

Materials

Substrate
PEDOT: PSS
Macromolecular Additives
Photo-active Material

Device Fabrication

Cleaning of Substrate
Spin Coating
Preparation of Active Layer Solution
Evaporation of Cathode

Characterization Methods

Characterization of Devices
Characterization of Thin Films

References

To prepare the active layer solution, 14 mg of donor (PTB7-Th or DR3TSBDT) and 21 mg of PC71BM (ratio 1:1.5) were dissolved in 1 ml of chlorobenzene. To prepare the active layer solution in a nitrogen-filled glovebox, PTB7-Th:PC71BM (1:1.5 w/w) was dissolved in o-xylene with a total active layer concentration of 35 mg ml-1 and stirred at 60° C overnight.

Morphology Control using Macromolecular Additives

Introduction
Results and Discussion

Device Characteristics
Optical Properties and Film Morphologies

Conclusion
Reference
Supporting Figures

Morphological analysis of the best processed OSCs with or without additives by HR-TEM (scale bar is 0.2 µm). Morphological analysis of the best processed OSCs with or without additives from AFM phase images (11 m).

Ternary Solar Cells - an Approach to Achieve Unprecedented

Complementary Absorption & Suitable Energy Level Alignments for Enhanced

Introduction

Structure and Optical Properties
Photovoltaic Performance
Carrier Transport and Recombination Dynamics
Film Morphology and Microstructure

Conclusion
Reference
Supporting Figures

Zhang, J.; Zhou, L.; Tang, W., Improved efficiency of bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells by doping low-bandgap small molecules. Li, W.; Bo, Z., Performance enhancement of polymer solar cells by using two polymer donors with complementary absorption spectra. J.; Ameri, T., Designing ternary mixed bulk heterojunction solar cells with reduced carrier recombination and a fill factor of 77%.

R.; McCulloch, I., High-efficiency, air-stable P3HT-based polymer solar cells with a novel non-fullerene acceptor.

Study of Compatibility of Third Component through Side Chain Engineering to

Introduction

Structure and Optical Properties
Charge Carrier Transport and Recombination Dynamics

Conclusion
Reference
Supporting Figures and Tables

The results of comprehensive electrical and morphological characterization showed good molecular compatibility between the two donors, regardless of the terminal side chains, resulting in similar PCE values in the ternary systems. Figures 4.2.1a, b show the chemical structures of SMD derivatives with different terminal side chains (methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), butyl (Bu), hexyl (Hx) and octyl (Oc)) (see their characteristics in section 2.1. 2a of Chapter 2),8 and the device structure showing an alloy-like structure5e where the two donor components are intimately mixed in the active layer. We observed that the tuning of the terminal side chains did not cause any significant changes in the optical and electrochemical properties, nor in the absorption spectra of the ternary blend system (see Section 4.4.5, Figures 4.2.6b,c). a) Chemical structures of SMD derivatives with different terminal side chains used in this study.

We observed almost no variation in the diameters of the semicircles obtained from the impedance spectra.

Study of Material–Solvent Interaction Leading to the Evolution of

Introduction

Although many researchers have recently devoted great efforts to develop OSCs processed by more environmentally friendly solvents, very limited success has been achieved.4 Furthermore, the body of knowledge regarding the active material-solvent interactions within OSCs is still scarce,3d . active components are high enough, the interactions between solvents and materials should be quantified, allowing rational selection of environmentally friendly processing solvents and subsequently achieving the best morphology and OSC performance using non-halogenated solvents. Recently, we demonstrated high-performance ternary OSCs comprising two benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b']dithiophene-based donors (PTB7-Th polymer and DR3TSBDT small molecule) and a [6,6]-phenyl- C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) acceptor, using chlorobenzene (CB) and 1,8-diiodoctane (DIO), a commonly used solvent ̶ additive par.1d Our continued great interest in the environmentally friendly processing of OSCs and successful example on ternary OSCs based on PTB7-Th:DR3TSBDT:PC71BM led us to investigate highly efficient ternary OSCs fabricated without the use of halogenated solvents and additives.

In this contribution, as the first step of the journey towards achieving our goal of halogen-free OSC processing, we not only analyze the solubility properties of the three active components in various solvents, but also characterize the interactions between the potential non-halogenated solvents and each active.

Results and Discussion

Active Material–Solvent Interactions
Optical Properties
Carrier Transport and Recombination Dynamics

Representative current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of the best ternary OSCs are shown in Figure 5.3a and the relevant device parameters are summarized in Table 5.1 (see Section 5.5, Tables 5.4-5.5 for other data of tested under different conditions). This behavior is similar to that observed in the above absorption spectra of the ternary films of the mixture with different solvents. Next, we analyzed the slope of VOC versus ln(I), reflecting the nature of monomolecular recombination15 (Figure 5.3d).

Note that the cubic crystals were also already sent in the TEM image of the MES-treated film, which is consistent with the SEM image above.

Conclusion

P.; Huang, F.; Yip, H.-L.; Cao, Y., Morphology Evolution in Nonhalogenated Solvent-Processed High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells. Schulz, A.; Bahro, D.; Schabel, W.; Scharfer, P.; Colsmann, A., High efficiency polymer solar cells cast from non-halogenated xylene/anisaldehyde solutions. G.; Colsmann, A.; Scharfer, P.; Lemmer, U.; Dosch, H.; Michels, J.; Barrena, E.; Schabel, W., Investigation of non-halogenated solvent mixtures for high capacity fabrication of polymer-fullerene solar cells.

L.; Meredith, P.; Pivrikas, A., Balanced carrier mobilities: not a necessary condition for high efficiency thin organic solar cells as determined by MIS-CELIV.

Supporting Texts and Figures

The photovoltaic parameters of ternary OSCs with different NMP ratios in TOL, OXY and MES. The photovoltaic parameters of binary PTB7-Th:PC71BM and DR3TSBDT:PC71BM based devices in TOL, OXY and MES. Summary of hole-only and electron-only ternary mixture (25 wt%) active layer mobilities and the calculated Jcal from the EQE curve in TOL, OXY and MES. a), (b), (c) and (d) are the view of cubic bimolecular crystal observed in MES at different resolution scale.

Lattice parameters in out-of-plane and in-plane direction for ternary system treated in TOL, OXY and MES.

Incorporation of Ferroelectric Additives Enhances Built-in Electric

Introduction

In the case of the latter approach, despite the improved PCE due to the local built-in electric field within the unpoled PVDF-TrFE mixed active layer, the positively poled OSC showed no additional improvement and even adversely deteriorated the negative poles. the performance of the device. Currently, OSCs have shown a promising PCE of more than 12% by fully optimizing the given binary/ternary system.10 In this study, to advance our understanding of the ferroelectric photovoltaic mechanism, we systematically investigate the effects of a family of PVDF-based ferroelectric systems. polymers (PVDF, poly(vinylidene fluoride)-graft-poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PVDF-g-PBA), PVDF-TrFE and poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene)-graft-poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PVDF-TrFE-g -PBA)) as an additive for the photovoltaic properties of an archetype of high-performance poly(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b ;4,5-b' ]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-)-2-carboxylate-2-6-diyl)) (PTB7-Th ):[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) system. Note that the solubility of the ferroelectric polymers in NMP is satisfactory, but poor in OXY.

Thereby, OXY/NMP pairs drive the recrystallization of the ferroelectric additives into the active layer matrix, which not only provides built-in electric fields, but also greatly improves the PCE up to 11.02%.

Results and Discussion

Energy Orbitals and Electrostatic Potential
Hysteresis Measurement
Study of Charge Transport and Recombination Behavior
Study of Microstructures and Surface Morphologies of the Active Layer

Fluorescence microscopy images of the ferroelectric additive-processed active layer films by OXY/NMP showed direct evidence of partially formed crystalline pieces of the ferroelectric additives via recrystallization within the active layer matrix (the insets of Figure 6.3 and Figure 6.11 of the section 6.5). The extracted values of the residual polarization (Pr) and coercive field (Ec) of the ferroelectric additive-processed films are summarized and compared in Figure 6.3f,g, where the Ec is related to the size of ferroelectric domains while Pr is associated with the number of dipoles closed in the ferroelectric crystals. In addition, from AFM images (the insets of Figure 6.5 and Figure 6.21 in section 6.5), the surface of the cast film was relatively rougher with a large root mean square surface roughness (RMS) of 8.04 nm, while the blend films with only NMP and ferroelectric additives showed a smooth surface and uniform morphology with a small RMS of nm.

Figure 6.6 (and Figure 6.22 in Section 6.5) show the GIXD images and line profiles of the blended films.

Conclusion

The HR-TEM images of the blend films (Figure 6.5) with only NMP and ferroelectric additives show a homogeneous morphology with finely phase-separated domains compared to as-cast blend film with the extra large dark areas, corresponding to PC71BM-rich domains. The packing orientation and crystallinity of the donor and acceptor in the optimized binary mixture after incorporation of different additives are studied via GIXD measurement. Furthermore, the locations of the diffraction peaks are nearly identical in all cases, providing additional evidence that the improved OSC performance with ferroelectric additives is due to the ferroelectric dipoles rather than the molecular packing and orientation change.

Mom, W.; Zhang, J.; Chen, S.; Wang, X., Crystalline phase formation of poly(vinylidene fluoride) from Tetrahydrofuran/N,N-dimethylformamide mixed solutions. R.; Han, K.; Li, Q.; Zhang, G.; Reainthippayasakul, W.; Wang, Q., High energy density and breakdown strength of β and γ phases in poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-bromotrifluoroethylene) copolymers. Macromolecules d) Guan, F.; Yang, L.; Wang, J.; Guan, B.; Han, K.; Wang, Q.; Zhu, L., Confined ferroelectric properties in poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene) graft-polystyrene graft copolymers for electrical energy storage applications.

f) Li, Z.; Wang, Y.; Cheng, Z.-Y., Electromechanical properties of poly(vinylidene-fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene) copolymer. a) Chen, X.; Han, X.; Shen, Q.-D., PVDF-based ferroelectric polymers in modern flexible electronics.

Supporting Texts and Figures

Summary of device parameters for binaries with different wt% of P1 as an additive under AM. Summary of device parameters for binaries with different wt% of P2 as an additive under AM. Summary of device parameters for binaries with different wt% of P3 as an additive under AM.

Summary of device parameters of binaries with different mass % P4 as additive under AM.

Acknowledgements