The Concept and Transition of Irregular Workers 1

RM 02-15. Irregular W orkers and the Vocational Education and Training -Centered on the Laborer in the Manufacturing Industry-. Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education & Training.

RM 02-15. Irregular W orkers and the Vocational Education and Training -Centered on the Laborer in the Manufacturing Industry-. Author: Hong-geun Chang (Associate Research Fellow). Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education & Training.

Contents Ⅰ. Introduction. 1. Ⅱ. The Concept and Transition of Irregular Workers 1. The Concept of Irregular Workers 2. Scale and Transition of Irregular Workers. 5 5 8. Ⅲ. Characteristics of Irregular Workers and their Vocational Education and Training 10 1. Characteristics of Irregular Workers 10 2. Vocational training of irregular workers 18 Ⅳ. Status of Vocational Education and Training of Irregular Workers 21 1. Vocational Education and Training Systems for Irregular workers 21 2. Current State and Demand for Vocational Education and Training of Irregular Workers 23 Ⅴ. Issues of Discussion 45 1. The Need for Capacity Building of Irregular Workers 45 2. Obstacles to the Vocational Education and Training for 48 Irregular Workers Ⅵ. Conclusion: summary and suggestions. - i -. 49.

Tables Table Ⅲ-1. Distribution of irregular workers by the sex, age and education level. 12. Table Ⅲ-2. Distribution of irregular workers by industry. 14. Table Ⅲ-3. Distribution of irregular workers by occupation. 15. Table Ⅲ-4. The probability of employment status shift when re-employed : male adult Table. Ⅳ-1.. Distribution. and. quota. 17 sampling. of. businesses. employing manufacturing irregular workers. 24. Table Ⅳ-2. Characteristics of subj ect enterprise. 26. Table Ⅳ-3. Characteristics of subj ect workers. 27. Table Ⅳ-4. The present condition of educations and training of incumbent workers executed by enterprises.. 28. Table Ⅳ-5. Education and training method of incumbent workers in enterprises.. 30. Table Ⅳ-6. Training method experienced by irregular workers. 31. Table Ⅳ-7. The perception of the outcome of incumbent workers training(enterprises). 32. Table Ⅳ-8. The satisfaction rate of outcome of training(workers) 33 Table Ⅳ-9. The reasons for not receiving the training. 34. Table Ⅳ-10. The understanding of a need to have training for irregular workers(businesses). 35. Table Ⅳ-11. The understanding of a need for a various fields of training (workers). 36. Table Ⅳ-12. Aspiration for the vocational development training 37 Table Ⅳ-13. Types of training wished by workers - ii -. 38.

Table Ⅳ-14. Desire to have training for the acquisition of a certificate of qualifications. 38. Table Ⅳ-15. Content of the training wished by workers. 39. Table Ⅳ-16. Preference of training methods. 41. Table Ⅳ-17. Preference in bearing the expenses of the training (business). 41. Table Ⅳ-18. The preference of training hours. 42. Table Ⅳ-19. Preference in receiving supplementary wage and training allowance. 43. Table Ⅳ-20. A condition for participating in the training. 44. Figures. Figure 1. The transition of irregular workers. - iii -. 9.

Ⅰ . Introduction. A s th e K or ean lab or m ark et b ecam e m or e flex ib le , pr oblem s of ir r eg u lar w ork er s em er g ed a s a ser iou s s ocial is su e in K or ea . A s a r e su lt , v ariou s r e s ear ch e s h av e b een con du ct ed on th e pr oblem s of ir r eg u lar. w or k er s . T h r ou g h. th e. r e s ear ch e s ,. s om e. fa ct s. w er e. con fir m ed a s follow . F ir st , sim ilar t o situ ation in a dv an ced n ation s , th e n u m b er of irr eg u lar w or k er s in K or ea is on th e ris e sin ce t h e 1990s . S econ d , irr eg u lar w ork er s r eceiv e m u ch le s s w ag e s com par ed t o r eg u lar w ork er s an d ev en if a h u m an r e sou r ce s v ariab le is con tr olled , th e. w ag e. differ en tial. still. ex ist s. in. ea ch. form. of. em ploy m en t . T hir d , t h e m aj or ity of ir r eg u lar w ork er s ar e in a pr ecar iou s em ploy m en t sit u ation , den ied of v ariou s s ocial in su r an ce b en efit s an d ar e un d er th e poor w or kin g con dition . F ou rth , m or e an d m or e irr eg ular j ob s ar e callin g for fem ale w or k er s an d t h e n u m b er of fem ale ir r eg u lar w ork er s is in cr ea sin g sh ar ply (K w on H y e - j a , P ar k Su n - y ou n g , 1999 ; Kim D ool- s oon , 1998 ; K im Y oo - su n , 1999 , 2001; Kim T a e - h eu n g , 1999 ; S on g H o - g eu n , 2000 ; A h n Ju - y eop , 2001; L ee J oo - h ee , J an g Ji- y eon , 2000 ; J o S oon - k y u n g , 2000 ; E ur ost at , 1999 ). M ost of p eople a g r eed t o th e ab ov e tr en d , h ow ev er , h a d t w o con tr ary opin ion s r eg ar din g t h e cau s e an d th e s olu tion of in cr ea sin g irr eg u lar w or k er s . T h e lab or w orld an d s om e in th e a cadem ic w orld ar g u ed th at th e cau s e of th e in cr ea sed irr eg u lar w ork er s lie s in a str at eg y th at pu r su e s flex ib le lab or m ar k et an d a n ation al n eo - lib er al lab or m ark et policy . T h ey also u n der st ood th at th e in cr ea s ed irr eg u lar w or k er s ar e th e ou t com e of s om e s ort of div ide an d ru le str at eg y of th e lab or . U n der th eir ar g u m en t s , th ey s aid th at low w a g e an d dis crim in at or y t r eat m en t of th e ir r eg u lar w or k er s cou ld n ev er b e ju stified . In th is lig h t , th ey pr ov ided th e follow in g s a s th e s olu tion of th is tr en d :‘ab olition of ir r ation al dis crim in at or y tr eatm en t b et w een - 1 -.

r eg u lar. an d irr eg u lar. w or k er s’ an d. ' em ploy m en t. of ir r eg u lar. w or k er s , w h o w ork in th e r eg ular w or k er s’p osition s , a s r eg u lar w or k er s ' (Kim S u n - su , 2000 ; P ark Y ou n g - s am , 2001; P ark T a e - ju , 2001; Y oon Jin - h o, 2001). On th e oth er h an d , oth er s ar g u ed th at t h e in cr ea s e of irr eg u lar w or k er s is an in ev it ab le tr en d fr om g lob alization , fier ce com p etition , an d flex ib le lab or m ark et (F eld st a dt an d J ew s on ed s ., 1999 ). E sp ecially in K or ea , it is con sid er ed th at ex ce s siv e pr ot ection an d in cr ea s ed w a g es. of r eg u lar. w ork er s alon g. w ith t h e activ ation. of lab or. m ov em en t com pelled m an y em ploy er s t o b e m or e pr u den t in s elect in g r eg u lar w ork er s . T hu s , th is tr en d is s aid t o h av e en cour a g ed irr eg ular w or k er s t o in cr ea s e. A g ain st th is b a ck dr op , th ey in sist ed th at ex ce s siv e w ag e s of r eg u lar w ork er s b e con t r olled an d pr ot ect ion of r eg u lar w ork er s ar e t o b e ea s ed in or der t o in cr ea s e w ag e s an d en h an ce w or kin g con dition of irr eg u lar w or k er s (K or ea M an ag em en t A s s ociat ion , 2000 ; P ar k K i- su n g , 2001). H ow ev er , ex istin g stu die s on ir r eg u lar w ork er s ar e la ck of v iew p oin t s on dy n am ic st at e of ir r eg u lar w ork er s . On e of th e m ost im por t an t is su es r elat ed t o ir r eg u lar w or k er s is th e pr ob lem of a dh er en ce t o ir r eg u lar em ploy m en t . T his pr ov es w ell th at ir r eg u lar j ob s failed t o deliv er a fun ction of b r idg in g th e irr eg u lar j ob s an d th e r eg ular j ob s (N am J a e - ry an g , Kim T a e - ki, 2000 ; K eu m J ae - h o, 2000 ; L ee By u n g - h ee, 200 1) 1) .. 1) Keum Jae- ho(2000) analy zed a tran sition process of irregular w orker s fro of an irregular job to the tran sfer to a regular job an d denomin ated th e 'irregular job maintenance rate ' . T he analy sis w a s made by u sing the K pan el study carried out by the Korea Labor In stitute. According to his an y ear s irregular job maintenance rate w as 77.1%, and the fiv e year s rate provin g that the most of irregular w orker s hav e remained in irregular Byung - hee(2001) stu died the effect s of irregular job experience on employment of a per son who once lost his job . He found out that a per son had irregular job experien ce w as less likely to be hired as a regular w orke likely to be employed as an irregular w orker again . His fin ding s w ere ba connection pan el studies which w as made by ex aminin g the same per son. - 2 -.

If irr eg u lar j ob s pr ov ide an oppor tu n ity for an irr eg u lar w or k er t o b ecom e a r eg u lar w ork er , m u ch pr oblem s of th e ir r eg u lar em ploy m en t can b e s olv ed . T h is , in tu r n , r ais e s th e n eed t o fin d s om e p os sible s olu tion of th e pr oblem b y fa cilit atin g ir r eg u lar w or k er s’ a ctiv e tr an sfer t o r eg u lar j ob s . In g en er al, w a g es an d em ploy m en t st at u s of a w ork er ar e clos ely lin k ed t o on e’s h u m an capit al. T h u s , on e of w ay s t o s olv e th e pr oblem of ir r eg u lar w or k er s is t o dev elop th eir h u m an r es ou r ce an d pr ov ide th em w ith a v ocation al edu cat ion an d tr ain in g . T h e r ecog n it ion of a n eed t o dev elop h u m an r es ou r ce s an d pr ov ide th e v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g r ais es an oth er n eed t o en g ag e in a stu dy of pr e sen t con dition an d pr oblem s of irr eg u lar w or k er s ' v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g . T h e pap er w ill fir st , deal w it h th e pr e sen t con dition , aw ar en e s s an d th e dem an d of th e v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g of ir r eg u lar w or k er s in K or ea ; s econ d , dis cu s s a n eed for th e v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g of ir r eg u lar w ork er s ; th ir d , fin d w ay s t o activ at e th e v ocation al edu cation. an d tr ain in g. of irr eg u lar w or k er s . R elat ed. docu m en t s an d d at a fr om h om e an d abr oad , sur v ey s on th e a ct u al con dition. of th e v ocation al edu cat ion. an d tr ain in g. of irr eg u lar. w or k er s , an d in - depth in t er v iew s w er e u sed a s r e sear ch m eth od s . Is su e s t h at th is p ap er is in t en ded t o fin d ou t ar e a s follow s . F ir st , w h at is th e defin it ion of ir r eg u lar w ork er s in K or ea an d h ow is a tr an sition situ ation of irr eg u lar w or k er s ? S econ d , w h at kin d s of leg islation ar e th er e th at ar e r elat ed t o t h e v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g of irr eg u lar w ork er s an d w h at k in d s of aw ar en e s s an d attitu de d o ir r eg u lar w ork er s an d th eir em ploy er s h av e on th e v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g ? T hir d , w h at ar e im p edim en t s an d pr ob lem s of t h e v ocation al edu cation. an d tr ain in g. of irr eg u lar. w or k er s ? F ou rth , is th e v ocation al edu cat ion an d tr ain in g of irr eg u lar w or k er n eces s ary ?. If s o, w h at can b e th e objectiv e an d a ct iv ation. from the report on Econ omically Activ e Population that w a s carried out fro 1998 to December 1999.. - 3 -.

m ea su r e s for t h e v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g . A n d w h at k in d s of effect s can w e ex p ect fr om it ? F orm ation of th e p ap er is a s follow s . T h e fir st ch apt er w ill r ais e qu e stion s ab out ir r eg u lar w ork er s . T h e s econ d ch apt er w ill d eal w ith th e defin ition an d tr an sition of ir r eg u lar w or k er s . T h e th ir d ch apt er w ill ex am in e ch ar a ct er istic s of irr eg u lar w ork er s an d th eir v ocat ion al edu cation an d t r ain in g . In th e four th ch apt er , th e a ctu al v ocation al edu cation. an d t r ain in g. con dition. of ir r eg u lar. w ork er s. w ill b e. ex am in ed . In t his ch apt er , leg islat ion r elat ed t o t h e v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g of ir r eg u lar w ork er s w ill b e ex am in ed . T h e pr e s en t situ at ion an d dem an d of th e v ocation al edu cat ion an d tr ain in g of irr eg ular w or k er s w ill b e an aly zed a s w ell b a sed on a su r v ey con du ct ed t o w or k er s an d em ploy er s . In th e fifth ch apt er , th e p ap er w ill dis cu s s th e n ece s sit y an d t h e ob st a cles of th e v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g of ir r eg u lar w ork er s . L a stly , in t h e ch apt er six , th e p ap er w ill su m m arize th e con t en t an d pr ov ide m ea su r es t o a ctiv at e th e tr ain in g .. - 4 -.

Ⅱ . The Concept and Transition of Irregular W orkers 1. The Concept of Irregular W orkers. T h e d efin ition an d cla s sification m eth od s of ir r eg u lar w ork er s differ b y cou n tr y (N ation al A llian ce for F air E m ploy m en t , 2000 ; K w on H a e - ja ,. P ark. S un - y ou n g ,. 1999 ;. Kim. T a e - h eu n g. 1999 ;. Ch o. S oon - ky un g , 2000 ; OE CD , 1999 ; Ju n g Jin - h o, 2000 ). Irr eg u lar w or k s in Eu r opean cou n tr ie s ar e m ostly com p osed of t em p or ary w ork s an d p ar t - tim e w or k s . T h e Eu r opean lab or st atistic b ur eau defin e s th e t em por ary w or k a s an em ploy m en t for m of w h ich em ploy m en t r elation sh ip is t erm in at ed w h en con tr a ct t erm ex pir es , du e w ork is fin ish ed , or th e r eg u lar w ork er in th e posit ion r etu r n s t o w ork . Disp at ch ed w or k er s , s ea s on al w ork er s an d sh ort - t erm w or k er s ar e als o in clu ded in th e cat eg or ie s of th e t em p or ary w or k er s (E u r ost at , 1999 ). Defin ition of th e part - tim e w ork v ar ie s b y cou n try r eflect in g differ en t m ark et situ ation an d lab or - m an a g em en t r elation s in each cou n try . S om e cou n tr ie s su ch a s Ir elan d an d P ortu g al h av e n o sp ecific leg al pr ov ision s r eg ar din g. p ar t - t im e w ork er s , w h er ea s. cou n tr ie s lik e. K or ea , Germ an y an d th e N et h er lan d s defin e par t - tim e w or k er s a s w or k er s w h o w or k sh or t er w ork in g h ou r th an fu ll- tim e w or k er s in an e st ablish m en t con cern ed . In F r an ce , th e part - tim e w ork er s ar e stipu lat ed a s follow s : A w ork er w h o w ork s le s s th an fou r fifth s of th e w ork in g h ou r s th at ar e pr ov ided by la w or a collectiv e ag r eem en t . T h e OE CD cla s sifies t h e p art - tim e w ork er s a s w a g ew ork er s w h os e w or kin g h ou r is le s s th an av er ag e 30 h our s a w eek an d it r elea s es an in t ern ation al com par ativ e st at istic s ev er y y ear .. - 5 -.

In t h e ca s e of th e U n it ed St at e s , con tin g en t w ork er s , p art - tim e w or k er s , t em p or ary h elp ag en cy w or k er s , in dep en den t con tr a ct or s an d on - call w ork er s ar e u su ally com pr eh en ded a s t h e irr eg u lar w or k er s a s a w h ole , h ow ev er , th e con tin g en t w or k er s an d par t - tim e w or k er s can b e s ort ed ou t a s th e m ost im p ort an t cat eg ories of th e ir r eg u lar w or k er s . T h e U .S . Bu r eau of Lab or S t at istic s (BLS ) stipu lat es t h e con tin g en t w ork a s an em ploy m en t th at doe s n ot h av e a lon g t er m con tr a ct of em ploy m en t n eith er by a t acit con s en t n or by a clear st at em en t . Ev en th ou g h th e per cen t a g e m ay b e differ b y v ar iou s e st im at ion m eth od s , th e pr op ort ion of con t in g en t w ork er s am on g all s alar ied w or k er s in th e U .S . w a s e stim at ed t o b e 1.9 - 4.3% a s of F eb ru ary 1999 (Ju n g Jin - h o, 2000 ). J ap an , sim ilar t o K or ea , defin e s aty pical w ork er s a s g en er al w or k er s w h o ar e n ot r eg ular w or k er s . U n der th e defin ition , follow in g w ork er s ar e also com pr eh en d ed a s aty pical w ork er s : p ar t - tim er s , sh ort - tim e w or k er s , w ork er s em ploy ed w ith a fix ed - t erm em ploy m en t a g r eem en t su ch a s t em p or ar y w ork er s or d aily w ork er s , w ork er s w h o sig n ed t h e em ploy m en t ag r eem en t w ith em ploy er s oth er th an in th e cu rr en t w or kin g. e st ab lish m en t. su ch. as. dispat ch ed. w or k er s. an d. t elecom m u t er s . Cu rr en tly th er e is n o clear con cept of ir r eg u lar w or k er s in K or ea . Ev en th e t erm r efer rin g t o w ork er s oth er th an r eg u lar w or k er s is div ided in t o t w o : irr eg u lar w or k er s an d aty pical w ork er s .2) F ur th erm or e, cla s sification of em ploy m en t differ s b y g ov ern m en t en titie s su ch a s t h e K or ea N ation al St atistical Office an d t h e M in istr y of Lab or . 2) Ch oi Kyung - su who proposed to u se the term ' atypical w orker ' argued t ' atypical w orker ' is more appropriate in that it has more neutral connotati term ' irregular w orker ' . He as serted that the latter implies judgement of say s irregular employment is n ot desirable so that the regular employmen pur sued. He also said th e term 'irregular w orker ' is inappropriate becau se the fact that the perfect w orking con dition is not gu aranteed for the w orke. - 6 -.

T h er e ar e als o m an y st atist ical defin ition s of th e s am e w or k cat eg ory m akin g com p ar is on of dat a m or e difficu lt .3 ) T h er e ar e t w o defin ition an d cla s sification m eth od s of t h e irr eg u lar w or k s . On e is a tr adition al appr oa ch an d th e ot h er is a n ew att em pt . T h e tr adition al appr oach defin e s ir r eg u lar w or k er s a s t em p or ary w or k er s an d d aily w or k er s ex clu din g p erm an en t w or k er s am on g econ om ically. a ct iv e. popu lation . V ar iou s. an aly s es. r eg ar din g. th e. tr an sition of irr eg u lar em ploy m en t ar e b a s ed on th is appr oach . R ecen tly , h ow ev er , s om e r aised s ev er al qu estion s r eg ar din g th e g en er al cla s sification m eth od ar g u in g th at th er e is a n eed t o u n der st an d th e s cale an d th e tr an sition of ir r eg u lar w ork er s m or e a ccu r at ely b a s ed on a th or ou g h defin ition of th e w ork er s (Ry u Ki- ch u l, 2001; P ark. K i- su n g , 200 1; B a e. Jin - h an , 200 1; Ch oi. Ky un g - s oo, 2001). B a s ed on t h eir ar g u m en t , w or k er s can b e s ort ed ou t a s follow : ① con tin g en t w ork er s an d n on - con tin g en t w or k er s a ccor din g t o th eir w or k in g du r ab ility , ② at y pical w or k er s an d t y pical w or k er s a ccor din g t o th e w or k offerin g m eth od ,. ③ p art - tim e. w or k er s an d fu ll- tim e w or k er s accor din g t o th eir w or kin g h our s . Un d er th is cla s sification of w ork er s , ir r eg u lar w ork er s cov er an y on e w h o falls u n der th is cat eg ory of con tin g en t w or k er s , aty pical w or k er s an d part - tim e w ork er s (P ar k K i- su n g 200 1, Ch oi K y u n g - s oo, 2001). If t h e defin ition of irr eg ular w or k er s in clu de s v ar iou s cat eg or ie s of w or k er s w h o ar e n ot r eg u lar w or k er s , t h en sh or t - t er m con tr a ct w or k er s w h os e con t r a ct t erm is les s t h an a y ear , daily w or k er s , p ar t - tim e w ork er s , h ou r ly p aid w or k er s , disp at ch ed w or k er s an d in t ern s ar e als o in clu ded in th e d efin ition (N ation al A llian ce for F air Em ploy m en t , 2000 ; K w on H ae - j a , P ar k. Su n - y ou n g , 1999 ; Kim. T a e - h on g , 1999 ; J un g J in - h o, 2000 ; Ch o S oon - ky u n g , 2000 ). 3) T he detail discu ssion and th e definition of employment form s includin w orker s, temporary w orker s an d daily w orker s offered by the Korea Statistical Office and the Ministry of Labor can be foun d in Jung Jin - ho(20. - 7 -.

T h is pap er w ill follow th e tr adition al appr oa ch ev en th ou g h th e appr oa ch is pr ov ed t o h av e som e lim it s .4 ) T h is decision g av e con sider ation t o th e fact th at th e g oal of th is pap er is n ot in t en ded t o cov er th e con cept an d th e s cale of ir r eg u lar w ork er s w h ile dis cu s sion of irr eg u lar w ork er s in K or ea ar e b ein g m a de ov er it s con cept an d s cale .. 2. Scale and Transition of Irregular W orkers. W h ile dispu t e s ov er th e con cept an d scale of ir r eg u lar w ork er s ar e g oin g on , th e r ep or t on th e E con om ically A ctiv e P opu lat ion pr e sen t ed b y th e K or ea St atistical Office is th e on ly m at erial th at en able s u s t o tr ack dow n th e lon g t erm tr an sition of irr eg u lar w ork er a s for n ow . Gen er ally , per m an en t em ploy m en t can b e cat eg orized a s r eg u lar em ploy m en t. an d. t em p or ar y. or. d aily. em ploy m en t. as. irr eg u lar. em ploy m en t b y th e r ep ort on th e E con om ically A ctiv e P opu lation . W h en w e ex am in e th e tr an sition of w ag ew or k er s in each p osition sin ce 1990, w e can fin d ou t th at th e ab s olu t e an d r elativ e pr op ort ion of r eg u lar w ork er s h av e r edu ced an d ir r eg u lar w or k er s su ch a s t em por ary w or k er s an d daily w ork er s h av e clear ly in cr ea s ed a s a w h ole . T h e tr en d h a d b een a cceler at ed in th e lab or m ark et esp ecially du rin g t h e fin an cial cr isis , w h ich w a s st art ed in th e lat e 1997.. 4) T h e viewpoint of th e author is ba sed on th e decision that there is no study approach that will sub stitute the tradition al approach and the approa no ob stacles to the content and goal of this paper .. - 8 -.

Note : The component ratio is the percentage of number of total wageworkers. Figure 1. The transition of irregular workers. T h e tr an sition of irr eg u lar w or k er s h a s sh ow ed th e up w ar d t r en d on th e w h ole sin ce 1990 . In ca s e of t em p or ary w or k er s , th ey in cr ea s ed b y 1.34 m illion du rin g 10 y ear s fr om 3.17 m illion in 1990 t o 4.51 m illion in 2000. T h is is 42% in cr ea s e fr om 1990 . T h e com p on en t r at io of ir r eg u lar w or k er s r ecor ded ar ou n d 20 % fr om. 1990 t o 1996 ;. h ow ev er , it st eadily in cr ea s ed fr om 1997 t o 2000 t o m ar k 34.3 % n ow . Daily w or k er s als o in cr ea s ed by 538,000 or 29.2% fr om 1.84 m illion in 1990 t o 2.38 m illion in 2000 . T h e com pon en t r atio of daily w or k er s sh ow ed st ea dy decr ea s e r ecor din g 16.8% in 1990 an d decr ea s ed dow n t o 13.8% in 1996 b u t it sh ow ed th e u pw ar d tr en d sin ce 1997 an d su rp a s s ed 18% in 1999 an d 2000.. - 9 -.

Ⅲ . Characteristics of Irregular W orkers and their V ocational Education and Training. 1. Characteristics of Irregular W orkers. T h is Ch apt er w ill ex am in e th e ch ar act erist ics of ov er all irr eg u lar w or k er s an d irr eg ular lab or er s in th e m an ufactu r in g in du str y b a s ed on th e r ep ort on th e E con om ically A ctiv e P opu lat ion con du ct ed on A pril 2001. T h e an aly sis w a s m a de w ith t h e or ig in al m at erials w ith ou t an y w eig ht att a ch ed t o it . T h u s , th e an aly sis h a s a little differ en ce fr om th e official st atistic s pr ov ided by th e K or ea St atistical Office . H ow ev er , th is m eth od m ay. b e r ath er m or e h elpfu l in. u n der st an din g v ar iou s ch ar a ct er istic s of irr eg u lar w ork er s .. A . Personal Characteristics of Irregular W orkers. T ab le Ⅲ- 1 sh ow s a distribu tion of irr eg u lar w or k er s w ith r eg ar d t o th e s ex , a g e , an d edu cation lev el b a s ed on th e r ep ort on th e E con om ically. A ctiv e. P opu lation . T h e. t ab le. als o. com par es. th e. distr ib ut ion of irr eg ular w ork er s am on g ov er all w a g ew ork er s an d m an ufactu r in g b u sin es s w ork er s . P r op or tion of ir r eg u lar w ork er s am on g ov er all w ag ew or k er s w a s 58 .2% w h er ea s th e pr op ortion m an ufactu r in g bu sin e s s w ork er s w a s 50.9% . T h is sh ow ed th at r elativ ely h ig h er per cen t a g e of w ork er s in m an u fa ctu rin g bu sin e s s w a s en g ag ed in t h e r eg u lar em ploy m en t . On t h e oth er h an d , th e distr ib ut ion of r eg u lar an d ir r eg u lar w or k er s by th e s ex , a g e an d edu cation lev el sh ow ed sig n ifican t differ en ce s in b oth g r oup s .. - 10 -.

A s for th e pr opor tion w ith r eg ar d t o th e sex , th e r atio of irr eg u lar w or k er s th at w er e fem ale w ag ew or k er s w a s 73 .4% sh ow in g sim ilar r atio of 72.8 % am on g fem ale m an u fa ct ur in g b u sin es s w or k er s . In ca s e of m ale w or k er s , th e pr op ortion of ir r eg u lar w or k er s am on g th e m an ufactu r in g b u sin es s e s w a s le s s th an t h at am on g ov er all m ale w a g ew ork er s by 10 % p oin t s . A s for th e pr opor tion b y a g e , th e r atio of irr eg u lar w ork er s am on g th e m an u fa ctu rin g b u sin e s s w or k er s sh ow ed a low er fig u r e th an th at am on g t ot al w ag ew or k er s in ev er y a g e distr ib ut ion b u t b oth sh ow ed sim ilar p att er n s . T h e n ot ew or th y fa ct w a s th at in th e a g e g r ou p 10 20 , t h e pr opor tion of ir r eg u lar w ork er s am on g m an u fa ctu r in g w or k er s w a s m u ch le s s t h an th at am on g ov er all w ag ew or k er s b y 16% p oin t s . A m on g th e cor e ag e g r ou p b et w een 20 an d 40 in m an u fa ctu r in g b u sin e s s , p er cen t ag e of r eg u lar w ork er s w a s m u ch h ig h er th an th at of ir r eg u lar w or k er s . In ca s e of th e pr op ortion of irr eg u lar w or k er s w ith r eg ar d t o th e edu cation. lev el, th e. pr op ortion. am on g. m an u factu rin g. b u sin e s s. w or k er s w er e les s th an th at am on g ov er all w ag ew or k er s in ev ery edu cation. lev el. A m on g. u n iv er sity. g r adu at e s. an d. ab ov e ,. th e. pr op ortion of irr eg u lar w or k er s in t w o g r ou p s sh ow ed litt le differ en ce b ut am on g colleg e g r a du at es an d u n der , th e pr op or tion am on g m an ufactu r in g b u sin e s s w or k er s w er e far le s s th an th at am on g w a g ew ork er s. in. th e. sam e. edu cation. appr ox im at ely 12- 14% p oin t s ).. - 11 -. lev el(T h e. differ en ce. is.

Table Ⅲ-1 Distribution of irregular workers by the sex, age and education level (Unit: %) total wageworkers classification. total. irregular degree of regular (temporary+ daily) significance. regular. irregular (temp orary+ daily). 49.1. 50.9. degree of significance. 41.8. 58.2. female. 26.6. 73.4. χ = 2566.2. 27.2. 72.8. χ = 899.6. male. 54.9. 45.1. p < . 001. 65.2. 34.8. p < . 001. 10-10. 13.0. 87.0. 29.3. 70.7. 20-29. 43.5. 56.5. 58.3. 41.7. 30-39. 50.3. 49.7. χ2 = 1283.9. 50.2. 49.8. χ2 = 245.1. 40-49. 45.2. 54.8. p < . 001. 53.0. 47.0. p < . 001. 50-59. 37.5. 62.5. 43.1. 56.9. 60-. 17.3. 82.7. 17.4. 82.6. 18.7. 81.3. 32.7. 67.3. 41.8. 58.2. 55.7. 44.3. 50.5. 49.5. 62.9. 37.1. 63.1. 36.9. 67.7. 32.3. sex. age. edu .. manufacturing business workers. Jr . high graduates & under High sch .. graduates level collage graduates Univ. graduates & above. 2. χ2 = 3156.9. 2. χ2 = 396.4 p < . 001. p < . 001. Data : the Korea Statistical Office, original data of report on the Economically Active Population on April 200 1.. - 12 -.

B. The Characteristics of Irregular W orkers in the Labor M arket. T ab le Ⅲ- 2 sh ow s a distribu tion of irr eg u lar w or k er s w ith r eg ar d t o in du str y an d com p ar e s th e distr ibu tion in b oth ov er all w ag ew or k er s an d m an u fa ctu r in g b u sin es s lab or er s . T h e pr op ortion of irr eg u lar w or k er s w a s r elativ ely low in in du str ie s su ch a s tr an sp or t at ion an d com m un ication s , adm in istr ation an d w elfar e a s w ell a s m an u fa ctu rin g . T h e pr op or tion s w er e r elat iv ely h ig h in in du strie s su ch a s ag r icultu r e , fish erie s , m in in g , w h ole s ale/ r et ail con st ru ction .. T he. pr op ort ion. of. food , lodg in g irr eg u lar. in du str ie s w or k er s. an d. am on g. m an ufactu r in g b u sin e s s lab or er s w a s 50 . 9% w h ich w a s 4 .9 % p oin t s h ig h er th an th at am on g w ag ew or k er s in m an u fa ctu r in g bu sin e s s (45 .0 % ) b u t low er th an th e pr op or tion am on g w a g ew ork er s in t ot al in du str ies (58 .2% ) b y 7 .3 % p oin t s .. - 13 -.

Table Ⅲ-2. D istribution of irregular workers by industry (Unit : %) m anufactu rin g bu siness. total w agew orkers classification. irregu lar regu lar (temp orary +d aily). farmin g. w orkers irregu lar. degree regu lar. of significance. (temp orary+ d aily). fishin g. 10.4. 89.6. -. -. minin g m anufactu rin g con stru ction wh olesale. 55.0 22.5. 45.0 77.5. 49.1 -. 50.9 -. retail. 18.7. 81.3. -. -. lod gin g tran sp ortation commu nications service administration welfare etc total. χ2 = 4175.9 p < . 001. 71.4. 28.6. -. -. 50.3. 49.7. -. -. 57.4. 42.6. -. -. 31.5. 68.5. -. -. 41.8. 58.2. 49.1. 50.9. Data : The Korea Statistical Office, original data of report on the Economically Active Population on April 200 1.. T ab le Ⅲ- 3 pr ov ide s y ou a distr ib ut ion of ir r eg u lar w ork er s b y occu p at ion . T h e distr ib ut ion differ en ce s in b oth g r ou p s of ov er all w a g ew ork er s an d m an ufactu r in g b u sin e s s w or k er s h old sig n ifican t m ean in g . F ir st , w h en w e look at th e pr op ortion of ir r eg u lar w or k er s b y occu pation in ov er all w ag ew or k er s , t h e pr op ortion in a g ricu ltu r e , for estr y an d fish ery m ar k ed 91.9 % , in s erv ice b u sin e s s 85 .9% , s ale s b u sin e s s 85.6 % , lab or ser v ice 85.5 % sh ow in g h ig h p er cen t a g e s . On th e oth er h an d , h ig h r an k in g - officer an d people en g a g ed in a specialized ar ea m ark ed 19.0 % , p eople in op er ation an d a s s em b lin g b u sin e s s. 33 .4 % ,. office. w or k er s. 34.0 % ,. t ech n ician s. s em i - pr ofe s sion als 35.2% sh ow in g r elat iv ely low per cen t a g es . - 14 -. an d.

In th e ca s e of th e pr op ortion in m an u fa ctu r in g b u sin es s w or k er s , sim ple lab or w or k er s m ar k ed 80.6 % , cr aft w ork er s 6 1.6% in dicatin g h ig h pr opor tion of ir r eg u lar w or k er s . H ow ev er , in th e ca s e of t ech n ician s ,. s em i - pr ofe s sion als ,. oper at or s. an d. a s s em b ler s ,. th e. pr op ortion of r eg u lar w ork er s w a s ov er w h elm in g ly hig h .. Table Ⅲ-3. D istribution of irregular workers by occup ation (Unit : %) total w agew orkers irregular. classification regu lar. m anu facturin g bu siness w orkers. degree. (tem p orary. of. +d aily). significance. regu lar. irregu lar. degree. (temp orary. of. +d aily). significance. high official tech nician. 81.0. sem i-p ro-. 64.8. 35.2. 90.6. 9.4. 66.0. 34.0. -. -. 14.1. 85.9. -. -. fession al office w orker service w orker sales w orker agricu lture forestry craft w orker assembler simple. 19.0. -. -. χ2 = 1429.5. χ = 8731.5 2. 14.4. 85.6. -. -. 8.1. 91.9. -. -. 32.3. 67.7. 38.4. 61.6. 66.6. 33.4. 70.2. 29.8. 14.5. 85.5. 19.4. 80.6. p < . 001. p < . 001. laborer Data : the Korea Statistical Office, original data of report on the Economically Active Population on April 200 1.. C. Labor turnover of irregular w orkers - 15 -.

A ccor din g t o th e ex istin g r es ear ch es con du ct ed on t h e lab or tu r n ov er of irr eg u lar w or k er s , it is k n ow n th at it is v ery h ar d for irr eg u lar w or k er s t o m ov e t o r eg u lar job s . K eu m J a e - h o (2000 ) an d Lee By u n g - h ee (2001) con du ct ed ex em plary r es ear ch on th e lab or tu rn ov er of ir r eg u lar w or k er s . K eu m J ae - h o m a de an an aly sis on ir r eg u lar w or k er s '. com m en cem en t. of th e ir r eg u lar. em ploy m en t. an d th e. tr an sition pr oce s s u sin g th e dat a on lab or p an el stu dy con du ct ed by th e K or ea L ab or In st itu t e du rin g 1998 - 2000. H e in tr odu ced th e con cept of th e ' ir r eg u lar j ob m ain t en an ce r at e ' t o an aly ze th e pr ob ab ility of m ain t ain in g ir r eg u lar em ploy m en t for a cer t ain per iod of tim e aft er com m en cem en t of th e em ploy m en t . A ccor din g t o h is an aly sis , th e t w o - y ear ir r eg u lar j ob m ain t en an ce r at e w a s 77.1% ; th e fiv e - y ear irr eg u lar j ob m ain t en an ce r at e w a s 68 .0 % in dicat in g th at th e m ost of irr eg u lar w or k er s st ay a s ir r eg u lar w ork er s aft er fiv e y ear s of th eir com m en cem en t of th e w or k . A s for th e ch ar act erist ics of ir r eg u lar w or k er s , it tu rn ed ou t th at th ey ar e h ig h ly m or e lik ely t o st ay a s irr eg u lar w ork er s . S om e v ariou s r ea s on s : if t h ey ar e older , le s s edu cat ed , h av e b een h ir ed for a lon g - t er m b efor e th e com m en cem en t of an irr eg ular j ob , en g a g ed in a skilled , a s s em b le b u sin es s or in a sim ple lab or job . If an aly zed b y th e y ear of em ploy m en t , ir r eg u lar job em ploy m en t r at e h a d st ea dily dr opp ed fr om 1970 t o 1993 , b u t h a s b een in cr ea sin g sin ce 1994 in dicatin g. th at. th er e. ar e. n ot. m an y. ch an ces. for. ir r eg u lar. w or k er s (K eu m J a e - h o, 2000 ). Lee By u n g - h ee (2001), on th e oth er h an d , m a de an an aly sis of th e effect of irr eg u lar j ob ex per ien ce for a p er s on , w h o lost his or h er em ploy m en t on ce , on g ettin g a n ew j ob aft er w ar d s . T h e an aly sis w a s m a de b a s ed on a con n ection p an el dat a w h ich w a s or g an ized w it h th e s am e per son u s ed in th e d at a fr om th e r epor t on t h e E con om ically A ctiv e P opulation con du ct ed fr om J an u ar y 1998 t o Decem b er 1999.. - 16 -.

T h e r e su lt of t h e an aly sis m ad e on m ale adult w ork er s can b e s een in th e T able Ⅲ- 4. In th e ca se of w ork er s w h o h av e w or k ed a s t em por ar y or daily w or k er s in t h eir earlier w or k place , it tu rn ed ou t th at th e m ost of th em w er e r eh ir ed a s t em por ary or daily w ork er s a g ain . T h e r atio of for m er t em p or ary w or k er s t o ob t ain em ploy m en t a s r eg u lar w ork er s w a s m er ely 4.3% an d 56 .5% of form er t em p or ary w ork er s w er e r eh ir ed a s t em por ary w ork er s an d 24.8% of th em a s d aily w or k er s . T h is sh ow s th at 81.3 % of t h em w er e r eh ir ed a s ir r eg u lar w or k er s . T h e r at io of for m er daily w or k er s t o ob t ain em ploy m en t a s ir r eg u lar w or k er s w a s ev en h ig h er of 92.3% . A ccor din g t o h is an aly sis , a form er ir r eg u lar w or k er w h o h a d lost h is or h er em ploy m en t on ce an d ob t ain ed a n ew j ob aft er w ar d s is m or e lik ely t o b e r eh ir ed a s an ir r eg u lar w ork er , b u t is le s s lik ely t o b e h ir ed a s a r eg u lar w or k er .. Table Ⅲ -4. The p robability of emp loy ment status shif t when re-emp loy ed : male adult (Unit : person, %) after b ef ore. p erm an ent. p erm an ent. 150 (32.8). 117 (25.5). 83 (18.1). 22 (4.8). 81 (17.7). 5 (1.1). 458 (100.0). temp orary. 17 (4.3). 223 (56.5). 98 (24.8). 13 (3.3). 41 (10.4). 3 (0.8). 395 (100.0). d aily. 15 (1.3). 63 (5.3). 1036 (87.0). 16 (1.3). 51 ( 4.3). 10 (0.8). 1191 (100.0). total. 182 (100.0). 403 (100.0). 1217 (100.0). 51 (100.0). 173 (100.0). tem p orary. daily. in dep endent unp aid em pl oy er bu sin essm an fam ily. total. 18 2044 (100.0) (100.0). Note : percentage was written across in the parentheses Data : the Korea Statistical Office, [1998.1～ 1999.12 report on the Economically. - 17 -.

Active Population] total connection panel Source : reorganized from Lee Byung-hee (200 1:119). 2. Vocational training of irregular w orkers. T h e par ticipation r at e of ir r eg u lar w or k er s in th e v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g is low ev en in th e m ost a dv an ced cou n tr ie s . M ost of ir r eg u lar w or k er s ar e low s alaried w or k er s an d t h ey feel b u r den ed t o p ar ticip at e in v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g at th eir ow n ex pen s e w h ich lead s t o a low r at e of tu rn ov er t o r eg u lar job s . M or eov er , ir r eg u lar w ork er s ar e m or e lik ely t o h av e low edu cation al lev el an d b e en g ag ed in a sm all- s cale bu sin e s s th an r eg u lar w or k er s ar e . A s a r e su lt , ir r eg u lar w or k er s h av e str u ctu r ally lim it ed oppor tu n itie s t o p ar ticip at e in an in t er n al v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g of th eir ow n ex pen s es (OE CD , 1999 ). M it ch ell(1998 ) ur g ed u p on th e n eed for n ation s an d en tr epr en eu r s t o b uild a str at eg ic p artn er sh ip in th e v ocation al tr ain in g s o a s t o adapt t o t h e g lob alization , t ech n ical adv an cem en t a s w ell a s ev er - ch an g in g econ om y an d w ork in g en v ir on m en t , an d pr es en t ed con cr et e m ea su r es for it . T h e pr op ortion of irr eg u lar w or k er s is in cr ea sin g in K or ea ; h ow ev er , in com e an d w elfar e of ir r eg u lar w ork er s ar e far la g g ed b eh in d com par ed t o th os e of r eg u lar fu ll- tim e w ork er s . Ir r eg u lar w ork er s ar e depr iv ed of sy st em at ic t r ain in g oppor tu n ity a s w ell. A s a r e su lt , a pr op er su pp ort of lifetim e v ocation al edu cat ion an d tr ain in g an d en su r in g th eir leg al rig ht s ar e ur g en tly n eeded (J un g Jin - h o. 2000 ; Ry u Ky - ch u l, 2001). A g ain st t his b a ck dr op , th e K or ean g ov er n m en t h a s th e m ean s t o pr ot ect v ariou s at y pical w or k er s , a s w ell a s t o ex p an d su ppor t an d dev elopm en t. of. at y pical. w or k er s . T h ey. - 18 -. h av e. m a de. clear. it s.

com m itm en t t o fir st , str en g th en cy b er tr ain in g ; secon d , dev elop pr op er tr ain in g pr og r am th at is suit ab le t o t em p or ary an d d aily w or k er s ; th ir d , s olidify su pp ort for em ploy er s an d w ork er s w h en h av in g tr ain in g se s sion s for aty pical w ork er s (T h e M in istr y of Lab or , 2000 ). H ow ev er , it is k n ow n th at it h a s n ot b een st ar t ed y et n or h a s litt le effect ov er th e pr ob lem . Lee By u n g - h ee an d K im M i- r an (2000 ) m a de an an aly sis on th e v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g part icipation r at e w ith r eg ar d t o w or k er s ' st atu s . T h eir an aly sis r ev ealed sig n ifican t differ en ce s in each st atu s of w ork er s part icipatin g in th e v ocation al tr ain in g . T h e tr ain in g p articip ation r at e of p erm an en t w or k er s w a s 4.5% w h er ea s th e p ar ticip ation r at e of t em por ary an d daily w ork er s a ccou n t ed for on ly. 2.4% . Ry u. Ki- ch u l(2001) als o m a de an. an aly sis. on. th e. ex perien ce of p ar ticip atin g in th e em ploy er su ppor t ed tr ain in g . T h e an aly sis sh ow ed th at p ar ticip at ion r at e of ir r eg u lar w or k er s w a s sig n ifican tly. low er t h an th at of r eg u lar w or k er s . T h e au th or s. su g g est ed th e follow in g in or d er t o a ctiv at e em ploy er supp ort ed v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g . F ir st , t o can v a s s irr eg ular w ork er s for em ploy m en t in su r an ce . S econ d , t o ex p an d su ppor t on tu it ion fee . T h ir d , t o a dju st u p w ar d t h e lim it of fin an cial su ppor t for t h e t r ain in g . F our th , t o pr ov ide su ppor t for v ocation al dev elopm en t tr ain in g op er at ed by lab or or g an ization su ch a s lab or u n ion s . La stly , t o a dopt su pp ort in g m ea su r e s t o t r ain disp at ch ed w ork er s . T h e m an a g em en t. cir cle s. ar e pr ov idin g. pr ot ection. m ea su r e s. of. ir r eg u lar w or k er s of th eir ow n w h ile th ey t ook is su es w it h t h e lab or ' s ar g u m en t ab ou t th e pr ot ection of irr eg u lar w ork er s an d called for th e cor r ection of ex ce s siv e em ploy m en t pr ot ection on r eg u lar w or k er s . In par ticular , th ey ar e em ph a sizin g t h e im por t an ce of t h e v ocation al tr ain in g an d th e cr eat ion of j ob ex p er ien ce for th e irr eg u lar w or k er s. th r ou g h. pr og r am s (K or ea. ex p an sion M an a g em en t. an d. sp ecialization. A s s ociation ,. S eu n g - k il, 2000 ). - 19 -. Oct ob er ,. of. tr ain in g. 2000 ;. Lee.

T h e lab or cir cles an d s om e r e s ear ch er s p aid att en tion t o th e p oor w or k con dition s of irr eg ular w ork er s com par ed t o th at of r eg u lar w or k er s . T h ey als o em ph a sized t h e tr en d of in du st ry t o in cr ea s e ir r eg u lar w or k er s in th eir op er ation s . T h ey ar g u ed th at leg al an d in stitu tion al pr ot ection m ea sur e s for ir r eg u lar w ork er s ar e u r g en tly n eeded . F ur th erm or e, th ey str e s s ed th e follow in g n ece s sit ies t o facilit at e th e dev elopm en t of v ocat ion al ab ility of ir r eg u lar w or k er s . F ir st , th e n eed t o dev elop pu blic v ocation al t r ain in g pr og r am s an d th e n eed t o ex pan d opp or tu n itie s t o p ar ticip at e in th e v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g . S econ dly , an d t o ex p an d su pp ort for th e v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g in th e pr iv at e s ect or . T h ir d , th e n eed t o pr ov ide t ax b en efit s. for. th e. in v estm en t. of. th e. v ocation al. edu cat ion. an d. tr ain in g (F eder ation of K or ean T r ad e Un ion s , 2000.6 ; Kim Y oo - su n , 1999 ; Yim J on g - ry u l·L ee W on - h ee·L ee S an g - h ee, 1996 ). T h e w om en ' s cir cles als o p aid att en tion t o th e t r en d of in cr ea sin g fem ale irr eg ular w or k er s an d dem an d ed th e leg al an d in stitu tion al pr ot ection for fem ale irr eg ular w or k er s . T h ey also pr es s ed for th e r ectification w or k er s. on. of. dis crim in at or y. w a g e,. a ction s. em ploy m en t. a g ain st. st ab ility. an d. fem ale. irr eg u lar. oth er. w ork in g. con dition (Ch o S oon - ky u n g , 2000 ; Kim D ool- s oon , 1998 ).. - 20 -.

Ⅳ . Status of V ocational Education and Training of Irregular W orkers. 1. Vocational Education and Training Systems for Irregular w orkers. T h e cu rr en t v ocation al edu cation an d t r ain in g sy st em w h ich r elat e t o ir r eg u lar w ork er s in K or ea ar e lar g ely div ided in t o t hr ee : in cu m b en t em ploy ee tr ain in g su pp or t , th e u n em ploy ed t r ain in g an d su ppor t for con dition al con st ru ction w ork er s . T o r eflect , fir st , on tr ain in g su ppor t for in cum b en t em ploy ee s , all w or k er s affiliat ed t o em ploy m en t in su r an ce u n der th e cu rr en t sy st em ar e su pp ort ed w ith tr ain in g ex pen s es r eg ar dle s s of r eg u lar an d ir r eg u lar st atu s . In th e ca s e of tr ain in g t ak en w ith in th e per iod of p aid h olid ay s , 1/ 2 t o 1/ 3 of th e w or k er ' s s alar y is su ppor t ed t o th e b u sin e s s , an d tr ain in g ex p en s es ar e g iv en als o for com m is sion ed tr ain in g an d t r ain in g con du ct ed dir ectly w ith in an d by th e b u sin es s . In t h e ca s e th at r esig n ation is pr eor d ain ed n on - v olu n t arily , or in th e ca s e of in for m at ion tr ain in g , cou r se ex pen s es ar e supp ort ed w it hin a lim it of 1 m illion w on . In addition , th e su pp ort for b u sin e s s e s t h at pr ov ide. tr ain in g. an d. edu cation. to. ou t side. w ork er s. in clu din g. disp at ch ed w or k er s h a s b een lar g ely in cr ea sed fr om 120～180% t o 22 0～280% . A s for u n em ploy ed tr ain in g , in th e ca s e t h at irr eg u lar w ork er s cov er ed b y em ploy m en t ar e laid off , th ey can b e pr ov ided w it h r e - em ploy m en t. tr ain in g. u n der. equ iv alen t. con dition s. to. th e. u n em ploy ed m akin g effor t s for em ploy m en t . A m on g t r ain ees of r e - em ploy m en t tr ain in g for th e u n em ploy ed , 54.3 % ar e w om en , an d - 21 -.

30 .6 % ar e t h e w ork er s tr an sferr ed fr om sm all an d m ediu m size b u sin e s s es. w it h u n der 50 em ploy ee s ; t his is. ev iden ce t o th e. con trib u tion an d effect s of r e - em ploy m en t tr ain in g . On t h e oth er h an d , u n em ploy ed w or k er s u n affiliat ed t o em ploy m en t in su r an ce ar e pr ov ided. w it h. un em ploy m en t. cou n t er. plan. tr ain in g. in clu din g. em ploy m en t t r ain in g (h ig h sch ool g r a du at e s ), em ploy m en t pr om otion tr ain in g (dis a dv an t ag ed cla s s es , fem ale s ), pr ospectiv e em ploy m en t tr ain in g. (u n iv er sity. lev el. g r adu at e s ),. s elf - su ppor t. tr ain in g. (dis a dv an t a g ed cla s s e s ). La stly , tr ain in g for con dition al con stru ction w ork er s is als o pr ov ided . In th e ca se th at th e bu sin e s se s or b u sin e s s g r ou p s ar e ex ecu tin g tr ain in g for con dition al con stru ction w or k er s , ex p en s e s for tr ain in g is su pp ort ed , w h ile sp ecial v ocation al tr ain in g is pr ov ided for con dition al con st ru ction w ork er s at pu b lic tr ain in g fa cilities du rin g t h e w in t er p er iod . H ow ev er , con siderin g th e tr eatie s an d g u idelin e s stipu lat ed b y su ch in t ern ation al b odie s su ch a s th e ILO an d law s an d r eg u lat ion s of a dv an ced cou n tr ies , th e leg al an d sy st em atical in st itu tion s pr om otin g th e pr ot ect ion an d dev elopm en t of irr eg u lar w ork er s of K or ea ar e qu it e. in con sider ab le .. T he. ILO ,. R ecom m en dat ion ' (r ecom m en dation. th r ou g h #182 ),. ' Sh ort - tim e. in. th e. 8 1st. L ab or g en er al. a s s em b ly h eld in Ju n e of 1994 , r ecom m en ded th at all appr opriat e m ea su r e s sh ou ld b e t ak en in or der t o ov er com e all pr ob ab le ob st acle s w h en sh ort - tim e w or k er s ar e t o u tilize oppor tu n itie s for t r ain in g , v ocation al dev elopm en t an d v ocation al tr an sition (Oh M oon - w an , 1997 ). W ith in. th e. E ur op ean. U n ion , t h e. ‘Gen er al T r eaty. for. T er m in ab le L ab or ’ w a s con clu ded aft er con su lt ation b et w een lab or an d m an a g em en t in 1999 , w h ich con s equ en tly pr epar ed an in stit ut ion for th e pr ot ection of lab or con dition s an d pr ev en t ion of m isu s e of lab or. con tr act s. of t er m in able con tr a ct. w or k er s . Ger m an y is a. r epr e s en t ativ e cou n try w h er e th e lab or u n ion s ar e v ig or ou sly in v olv ed in th e v ocation al edu cat ion an d tr ain in g of w ork er s . Ger m an y ' s lab or - 22 -.

u n ion s par ticipat e in v ar iou s s cale s , fr om th e en t er pr is e lev el t o n ation al lev el, an d ab s orb an d r epr e s en t th e dem an d s an d in t er est s in v ocation al t r ain in g b y w ork er s (Lee H o - ch an g , L ee S an g - h o, 1997 ; H on g Su n - ee , 1999 ). R ecen tly in a dv an ced cou n trie s , a s th e flex ib ility of th e lab or m ark et has. b een. deep en in g. an d. as. en t er pr is e s. h av e. b een. le s s en in g. in v estm en t s in h u m an r e s our ces , th er e h av e b een m ov em en t s t o su pp ort v olu n t ary v ocation al dev elopm en t b y w or k er s , in an effort t o er a dicat e th e dilem m a of lim itin g v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g . T h is m ov em en t can b e lar g ely sor t ed in t o th r ee cat eg or ie s : th e A m erican ty pe In div idu al T r ain in g A ccou n t s , th e J ap an e s e E du cation an d T r ain in g Su ppor t Sy st em , an d fin ally , Eu r ope ' s E du cat ion al Leav e . A s su ch g en er al v ocat ion al dev elopm en t sy st em s h av e b een in tr odu ced ,. ir r eg u lar. w or k er s. h av e. b een. pr ov ided. w ith. an. u n pr eceden t ed n um b er of opp ortu n ities for v ocation al dev elopm en t .. 2. Current State and Demand for Vocational Education and Training of Irregular W orkers A . Survey Outline. T h is su rv ey w a s con du ct ed u n der t h e objectiv e of u n der st an din g th e st at e. of. em ploy m en t. m an ufactu r in g. an d. ut ilization. an d th e cu rr en t. of. con dition. irr eg u lar. w ork er s. in. an d dem an d of th eir. v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g . T h e su bj ect s of th e sur v ey w er e m an ufactu r in g ir r eg u lar w ork er s an d h u m an r e s ou r ces / dev elopm en t dir ect or s of b u sin es s e s . T h e r e s ear ch st aff w a s dispat ch ed t o w or kin g place s an d con du ct ed in t er v iew s w it h r elat ed su bj ect s w ith str u ct ur ed qu e stion n air e s .. - 23 -.

T h e 2000 Em ploy m en t. In su r an ce DB. w a s u s ed a s. s am plin g. fr am ew or k st u dy dat a for s electin g su bject b u sin es s e s . M an u fa ctu rin g b u sin e s s es w it h a lar g er n u m b er of r eg u lar w or k er s th an perm an en t w or k er s. w er e. defin ed. ‘Irr eg ular. as. W ork er s. Em ploy in g. M an ufactu r er s’ in t h e E m ploy m en t In su r an ce A ffiliation DB an d w er e sch em atized an d distr ib ut ed a ccor din g t o r eg ion al an d bu sin e s s size s . R eg ion al distribu tion. follow ed th e popu lation. distrib u tion ,. w h er ea s th e bu sin e s s size distr ib u tion ' s r atio differ ed fr om th e p opu lation (R efer t o T ab le Ⅳ- 1). T h is desig n ation w a s u n der th e con sider ation th at th e n u m b er of sm all - s cale bu sin e s se s w ou ld g r eatly ou tn u m b er th e b u sin es s of lar g e - s cale b u sin es s e s in th e ca s e th at th e p opu lat ion per cen t a g e w a s en tir ely applied . In itially r eg ion s w er e. div ided. M id - r eg ion , m etr op olit an. in t o. 4. differ en t. Y ou n g n am , an d. an d. distr ict s ,. H on am. n on - m etr opolit an. an d. con sist in g a g ain. district s .. of. div ided. By. S eou l, in t o. cla s sify in g. m etr op olit an an d n on - m etr op olit an district s , r eg ion s a ccou n t able t o r eflect t h e size of r eg ion an d attr ib ut es w er e con v en ien tly sam pled . Un d er th e p ar ticu lar con dit ion s of th e em ploy m en t in sur an ce DB , r eg ion al div ision of bu sin e s se s w a s s et a ccor din g t o th e r eg ion al lab or office in ju r is diction .. Table Ⅳ-1. D istribution and quota samp ling of businesses emp loy ing manuf acturing irregular workers (Unit : %) N umb er of Workers. Percentage. Qu ota Sampl ing. 1～29. 70. 45. 30～99. 22. 30. 100～299. 6. 15. 300 an d over. 2. 10. Su bject s. s elect ed. a s r epr es en t ativ es - 24 -. of m an u factu rin g. ir r eg u lar.

w or k er s w er e ch os en th r ou g h r an dom s am plin g u n der coop er ation w ith h u m an r e s ou r ce s dir ect or s . T h e n u m b er of subj ect w ork er s w er e als o differ en tiat ed a ccor din g t o t h e su bj ect bu sin e s s ' size : t w o w or k er s for b u sin e s s e s em ploy in g u n der 30 p erm an en t w ork er s , th r ee w ith 30～99 p er m an en t w ork er s , fou r em ploy in g 100～299 an d six em ploy in g 300 an d m or e an d in a ddition , a dju stm en t s w er e su bject t o each part icu lar sit u ation . T h e t ar g et n u m b er of sam ple s w a s 300 b u sin e s s es , an d 800 w ork er s ; s am ple s am on g th e collect ed th at w er e con sequ en tly in clu ded in th e an aly sis aft er in sp ection of ev iden ce cam e dow n t o 216 bu sin e s s es an d 676 w ork er s . T h is su rv ey w a s con du ct ed on a n at ion al s cale st art in g in M ay 2001 t o th e 14t h of Ju n e of th e s am e y ear . Ch ar a ct er s an d pr op er tie s of surv ey ed bu sin es ses an d w ork er s ar e giv en in T able Ⅳ- 2 an d T able Ⅳ - 3.. - 25 -.

Table Ⅳ-2. Characteristics of subj ect enterp rise (Unit : case, %) classification scale of enterprise. area. no. of cases. %. under 30 persons. 87. 40.3. 30～99 persons. 71. 32.9. 100～299 persons. 37. 17.1. over 300 persons. 21. 9.7. 86. 39.8. Busan/Kyongnam. 53. 24.5. Daegu/Kyongbuk. 28. 13.0. Daej eon/Chungcheong. 26. 12.0. 23. 10.6. daily commodities. 67. 31.0. basic materials. 41. 19.0. processing assembling. 103. 47.7. IT. 3. 1.4. others. 2. 0.9. 2 16. 100.0. Seoul/Incheon/ Kyonggi. Kwangj u/Jeonnam/ Jeonbuk type of industry. total. - 26 -.

Table Ⅳ-3. Characteristics of subj ect workers (Unit : person, %). sex. age. classification. no. of cases. %. male. 359. 53.1. female. 317. 46.9. 20-29. 264. 39.1. 30-39. 2 11. 31.2. over 40. 196. 29.0. 5. 0.7. under Jr. High graduate. 138. 20.4. High Sch, graduate. 405. 59.9. over college graduate. 130. 19.2. 3. 0.4. full-time temporary. 315. 46.6. part-time temporary. 71. 10.5. full-time day. 146. 2 1.6. part-time day. 58. 8.6. full-time dispatched. 63. 9.3. part-time dispatched. 23. 3.4. under 1 month. 65. 9.8. under 1～2 month. 75. 11.3. under 2～6 months. 151. 22.8. under 6～ 12 months. 134. 20.3. under 12～36 months. 184. 27.8. over 36 months. 52. 7.9. 676. 100.0. no response education level. no response form of employment. continuance in office. total. - 27 -.

B. The A ctual Condition of Vocational Training of Irregular W orkers. T he. r esu lt. of. the. stu dy. sh ow ed. th at. ir r eg u lar. w ork er s. in. m an ufactu r in g bu sin e s s in K or ea ar e m ostly depriv ed of th e edu cation an d t r ain in g opp or tu n itie s . A m on g 216 en t er pr is e s , 59 en t er pris e s or 44 .0 % h ad th e v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g for r eg ular w or k er s . 49 en t erprise s or 22.7 % h ad th e v ocat ion al edu cation an d tr ain in g for fu ll- tim e irr eg u lar w ork er s . 11 en t er pris e s or 5.1% h a d th e v ocation al edu cation. an d tr ain in g for p ar t - tim e irr eg u lar w or k er s an d 10. en t er pris e s or 4.6% h a d th e v ocation al edu cation an d t r ain in g for disp at ch ed w ork er s .. Table Ⅳ-4. The p resent condition of educations and training of incumbent workers executed by enterp rises. (Unit : place, %, hour/year, N=2 16) classification number enterprises. (place) ratio(%) basic training hours professional per annum skill. regular. full-time. part-time. worker. irregular. irregular. 95. 49. 11. 10. 44.0 32.2. 22.7 2 1.0. 5.1 16.6. 4.6 11.2. 51.8. 24.3. 20.0. 17.0. dispatched. A s for th e tr ain in g h ou r s , b a sic tr ain in g w er e g iv en t o r eg u lar w or k er s for av er ag e 32.2 h our s p er an n u m an d av er a g e 15 - 20 h ou r s. - 28 -.

p er an n u m t o fu ll- tim e or p ar t - t im e ir r eg u lar w ork er s . P art icu lar ly , th er e w a s b ig differ en ce in pr ofes sion al sk ill tr ain in g h our s . W h ile t h e tr ain in g t o r eg ular w or k er s w er e m a de for av er ag e 5 1.8 h ou r s an n u ally , th e tr ain in g t o ir r eg u lar w or k er s w er e m a de on ly av er a g e 20 h ou r s an n u ally . Sim ilar r e su lt s w er e dr aw n fr om th e t e st subj ect s . A m on g ir r eg u lar w or k er s in m an u factu rin g bu sin e s s , 22.8% r e spon d ed th at th ey h ad tr ain in g at th eir cu rr en t w ork pla ce . H ow ev er , w h en a sk ed t o th os e w h o h a d tr ain in g ab out th e con t en t of th e tr ain in g , th ey s aid 66.7% of th e con t en t of th e tr ain in g w er e ab ou t edu cat ion on s afety , 16.7 % edu cation on job ability en h an cem en t , 6.3% edu cation on in form ation , 8.3% edu cation on h um an r elation s an d ser v ice an d 2.1% on oth er th in g s . T h e edu cation. on. s afety. t o w or k er s in. m an u fa ctu r in g. b u sin e s s , w h ich is m an dat or y u n der th e cu rr en t law , is h ar d t o b e com pr eh en ded a s v ocation al dev elopm en t tr ain in g , in a str ict sen s e . T h u s , w h en edu cation on s afety is ex clu ded , tr ain in g ex p erien ce of ir r eg u lar. w or k er s in m an u fa ctu rin g. bu sin e s s on th e v ocation al. edu cation an d t r ain in g sh rin k s dow n t o 7 - 8% . H ow ev er , th is fig u r e is still h ig h com p ar ed t o th e ex istin g r es ear ch r e su lt s . T h e r e su lt of a su r v ey con du ct ed of en t erpr is es r ev ealed th at th er e ar e big differ en ces in th e tr ain in g m eth od s in ea ch em ploy m en t for m . W h ile th e 30.5 % of t h e tr ain in g m ad e t o r eg ular w or k er s w er e on - th e - j ob tr ain in g (OJ T ), 29.5% w er e b r ou g h t - in tr ain in g b y ou t sid e pub lic v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g in st itu tion an d 16.8% w er e b r ou g h t - in tr ain in g b y ou t side pr iv at e v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g in stitu tion . T h e OJT m ad e for fu ll- tim e ir r eg u lar w or k er s a ccou n t ed for 67.3% an d par t - tim e ir r eg u lar w or k er s for 8 1.8% pr ov in g th at OJT t ook th e m ost part of tr ain in g for par t - tim e ir r eg u lar w or k er s . W e can s ee th at pr opor tion of t h e b r ou g h t - in tr ain in g by th e ou t side tr ain in g in stitu tion s w er e h ig h in ca s e of r eg u lar w ork er s an d OJ T. m eth od is w idely u s ed for ir r eg u lar. w or k er s . - 29 -.

- 30 -.

Table Ⅳ-5. Education and training method of incumbent workers in enterp rises. (Unit : %) full-time. part-time. irregular. irregular. (N=49). (N= 11). 30.5. 67.3. 81.8. 4.2. 2.0. -. 29.5. 10.2. 9.1. 16.8. 6.1. 9.1. training by mail. 5.3. -. -. others. 12.8. -. -. 1.1. 14.3. -. 100.0. 100.0. 100.0. classification. OJT training by affiliated training institution training by public vocational education training institution training by private vocational education training institution. do not know/ no response total. regular (N=95). T h e r e su lt s of a su rv ey con du ct ed t o irr eg ular w or k er s r ev ealed sim ilar r e su lt s . T h e p er cen t ag e of OJ T w a s ov er w h elm in g ly h ig h t o 75 .0 % follow ed b y t r ain in g b y t h e pu blic v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g in stitu tion 13.5% , tr ain in g b y th e affiliat ed tr ain in g in stitu tion 6.1% , tr ain in g b y th e pr iv at e v ocation al edu cat ion an d tr ain in g in stitu tion 4.7% an d t r ain in g t hr ou g h th e In t er n et 0.7 % . T h er e w er e litt le st atistical differ en ce s fou n d r eg ar din g t h e tr ain in g m eth od s in t erm s of em ploy m en t form s , ag e an d edu cat ion al lev el.. - 31 -.

Table Ⅳ-6. Training method exp erienced by irregular workers (Unit : %, N=148) classification. rate of response. OJT. 75.0. training by. 6.1. affiliated training institution training by public vocational education. 13.5. training institution training by private vocational education. 4.7. training institution training by the Internet. 0.7. total. 100.0. A s for a satisfaction r at e of en t er pr is es on th e ou t com e of th e tr ain in g , it tu rn ed ou t t h at th e s atisfa ction r at e of r eg u lar w or k er s w a s h ig h er th an th at of irr eg u lar w ork er s . T h e r at e w a s r elativ ely h ig h. in. ' en h an cem en t. of. ab ilit y. t o per form. on e ' s. du ty '. an d. ' cu ltiv ation of kn ow ledg e an d t ech n iqu e r elat ed t o on e ' s du ty ' b u t it sh ow ed a low s atisfa ct ion r at e in ' a cqu isition of a cert ificat e of qu alification s ' .. - 32 -.

Table Ⅳ- 7. The p ercep tion of the outcome of incumbent workers training (enterp rises). classification enhancement of ability to. full-time. part-time. irregular. irregular. (N=49). (N= 11). 4 1.8. 2 1.3. 18.2. 0.0. 40.3. 19.6. -14.3. 6.3. -1.8. -20.5. -2 1.4. -33.3. regular (N=95). dispatched (N= 10). perform one's duty cultivation of knowledge and technique related to one's duty acquisition of a certificate of qualifications Note : The following meanings were attached to the calculated number: 'Very Satisfied' 100, 'Satisfied' 50, 'Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied' 0, 'Dissatisfied' -50, 'Very Dissatisfied' -100. W or k er s w h o h av e ex p erien ce r eceiv in g tr ain in g s e s sion s w er e a sk ed w h eth er t h ey w er e s atisfied w ith it . 49.4% of th em said th ey ar e s at isfied w h er ea s on ly 7.8% r e spon d ed t h at th ey ar e dis s atisfied . T h e T ab le Ⅳ- 8 sh ow s th e r esu lt of r e spon s e fr om th e w ork er s . T h e t ab le als o r epr e s en t s n u m b er s th at em br a ce s att a ch ed m ean in g s of ' v er y dis s atisfied '. - 100 , t o. ' v er y. satisfied '. +100 . T h er e. w er e. little. sig n ifican t differ en ce s in th e r e sult r elat ed t o em ploy m en t form s or edu cation lev el b u t sh ow ed r elativ ely low s atisfa ction r at e fr om w or k er s in th eir t w en ties .. - 33 -.

Table Ⅳ-8. The satisf action rate of outcome of training (workers). degree of. rate(%). satisfaction. 20's. 4 1.7. 10.16. 30's. 53.6. 30.90. f=4.199. 40's and over. 54.3. 31.42. p=0.0 17. 49.4. 22.82. classification. age. degree. satisfaction. total. of significance. Note : The calculating method of the satisfaction rate is identical to the Table Ⅳ -7. The degree of significance is about the degree of. satisfaction.. W h en a sk ed t o w ork er s w h o did n ot r eceiv e th e tr ain in g ab ou t th e r ea s on for t h eir ab s en ce , 59.3% of th em r e spon d ed t h at th ey did n ot r eceiv e t h e tr ain in g b ecau s e th ey w er e n ot pr ov ided w ith th e t r ain in g . 34 .8 % s aid b ecau se th ey did n ot feel it w a s n ece s s ary . Ju dg in g fr om th e r esu lt , it is con sider ed th at ir r eg u lar w ork er s ar e lik ely t o r esp on d p ositiv ely t o th e tr ain in g if th ey ar e g iv en t h e ch an ce t o p articip at e an d w h en a pr oper t r ain in g su pp ort sy st em is pr epar ed for th em .. - 34 -.

Table Ⅳ-9. The reasons f or not receiving the training (Unit : %) concern training classification. not provided. no. w age. necessity. cut. over. training. intrusion. cost. total(N). of priv ate burden. degree of significance. hours total. age. 59.3. 34.8. 1.0. 4.5. 0.4. 20's. 67.8. 25.6. 0.5. 5.5. 0.5. 30's. 55.0. 39.1. 2.0. 4.0. -. 52.2. 42.7. 0.6. 3.8. 0.6. 40's & over. 100.0 (509) 100.0 (199) 100.0 (151) 100.0. χ2 = 16.430 p=0.037. (157). T h e differ en ce in em ploy m en t for m an d edu cation lev el h a d n o st atistical m ean in g s b ut differ en ce in a g e sh ow ed s om e sig n ifican t differ en ce s . Con siderin g th e fa ct th at ' b ecau s e t r ain in g w er e n ot pr ov ided ' r eceiv ed h ig h r e spon s e fr om y ou n g er w or k er s , it clearly in dicat e s th e p os sib ility of th eir activ e p ar ticip ation w h en g iv en th e pr op er tr ain in g pr og r am s .. C. The Perception and the Attitude on V ocational Training of Irregular W orkers. It is r ev ealed t h at b u sin e s s e s th at h ir e ir r eg u lar w ork er s , d o n ot feel it is n eces s ary t o tr ain th em . W h en a sk ed w h eth er th ey th in k th e tr ain in g for ir r eg u lar w or k er s ar e n ece s sar y , 33.3% r e sp on ded th at th ey feel th e n eed t o tr ain fu ll- t im e ir r eg u lar w ork er s b u t on ly 9 .7% an d 10.2% r e sp on ded posit iv ely for par t - tim e irr eg ular w ork er an d. - 35 -.

disp at ch ed w ork er s r esp ectiv ely . T h is in dicat es th e cu r r en t situ ation th at th e m ost of bu sin e s s es h av e p a s siv e attitu de ab ou t th e v ocat ion al tr ain in g of irr eg u lar w ork er s .. Table Ⅳ-10. The understanding of a need to have training f or irregular workers(businesses) (Unit : %, N=216) subject response. full-time irregular. part-time irregular. dispatched. necessary. 33.3. 9.7. 10.2. not necessary. 66.7. 90.3. 89.8. Differ en t fr om t h e su rv ey con du ct ed t o b u sin es s e s , w or k er s w er e sh ow n t o feel th e n eces sity of v ar iou s field s of t r ain in g . A m on g m an y field s of tr ain in g , w or k er s felt th e m ost n eed in th e t r ain in g of h u m an r elation s (82.9% ). Oth er th at h ig h ly n eeded tr ain in g w er e ' tr ain in g for en h an cem en t of b a sic ab ilit y t o p erform on e ' s du ty ' (79.6% ), ' tr ain in g for ob t ain in g pr ofe s sion al skills ' (75.0% ) an d 't r ain in g for com m on s en s e an d g en er al edu cation ' (70 .5 % ). It r ev ealed th at th e n eed for tr ain in g w a s felt t h e m ost b y h ig h edu cation lev el w ork er s ab ov e colleg e g r a du at e s . T h e distin ctiv e differ en ce s w er e sh ow n by edu cat ion al lev el p articu larly in cat eg or ie s su ch a s v ocation al edu cation an d t r ain in g on ob t ain in g pr ofe s sion al skills an d IT kn ow led g e. H ig h ly edu cat ed w ork er s ov er colleg e g r a du at e s app ear ed t o ex pr es s t h e n eed for th e tr ain in g on en h an cin g pr ofe s sion al sk ills an d IT. k n ow ledg e . T h is ex am ple sh ow th at. ir r eg u lar w ork er s in m an ufactu r in g bu sin e s s w h o r eceiv ed h ig h edu cation h av e str on g w ill for a s elf - dev elopm en t . T h is , in tu r n , clear ly sh ow ed t h e n eed t o dev elop tr ain in g su pp or t m ea su r es an d pr og r am s th at w ill s atisfy th eir d esir e.. - 36 -.

Table Ⅳ-11. The understanding of a need f or a various f ields of training (workers) (Unit : %) classification under Jr. High graduates (N= 137) High Sch. edu- graduates cation (N=404) level over college graduates (N= 128) total (N=669). basic skills. common prohum an sense creativit IT fessional relation general y Knowledge s education skills. 80.3. 66.4. 63.5. 53.3. 49.7. 75.2. 79.2. 70.6. 75.2. 68.9. 69.3. 85.4. 79.7. 75.0. 86.7. 75.0. 75.7. 83.6. 79.6. 70.5. 75.0. 66.9. 66.5. 82.9. Note : The figure is the percentage of combining responses of 'very needed' and 'needs'.. A su rv ey on th e a spir ation for t h e v ocation al edu cation an d t r ain in g w a s con du ct ed . T h e r e su lt of th e su rv ey. w a s th at 53.4% of. r e sp on den t s said th ey don ' t w an t t o r eceiv e tr ain in g w hile on ly 35.2% r e sp on ded th ey w ish t o r eceiv e on e . T h is sh ow ed th at g en er al a spir at ion for th e tr ain in g is n ot th at str on g (r efer t o th e T able Ⅳ- 12). Dist in ct iv e differ en ce s ar e fou n d in th e an s w er s w ith r eg ar d t o em ploy m en t form , a g e an d edu cation lev el. De sir e of w or k er s disp at ch ed for th e t r ain in g w a s r elativ ely str on g am on g m an y for m s of em ploy m en t w h er ea s th at of p ar t - t im e an d fu ll- tim e ir r eg u lar w or k er s w er e w eak . It is k n ow n th at w ork er s a g e in th eir t w en ties sh ow ed th e str on g e st d esir e for th e tr ain in g an d w or k er s in th eir for tie s sh ow ed th e w eak est . Re s ear ch su pp ort ed th at if th e w or k er s. - 37 -.

w er e h ig h er edu cat ed , th en w ork er s h a d a str on g er de sir e for th e tr ain in g .. Table Ⅳ-12. A sp iration f or the vocational develop ment training (Unit : %, score) desire ratio. classification. desire. total. 35.2. (score) 45.13. 45.13. (%) total full-time employment form age. degree of. 32.4. 42.92. temporary full-time day part-time dispatched 20's 30's 40's & over under Jr.. 39.2 29.7 46.5 44.8 35.5 2 1.4. 47.16 4 1.59 54.06 52.50 46.04 34.50. High. 18.1. 32.02. 37.7. 47.46. education. graduates High Sch.. level. graduates college. degree of significance. 45.13. f=3.143 p=0.025. 45.06. f= 16.816 p=0.000. 45.03. f= 13.600 p=0.000. graduates &. 44.2. 51.06. over Note : Figures in the degree of desire section are the mean value measured with following meanings attached: ' very much like to receive training' 100, 'wish to receive training' 75, 'do not wish to receive training' 25, 'do not want to receive training at all' 0.. A s th e an s w er t o th e qu e stion w h at kin d s of tr ain in g do th ey w ish t o r eceiv e , tr ain in g for t h e en h an cem en t of cu rr en t ab ility t o perform th eir du ty m ark ed t h e m ost b y 54 .9% follow ed b y tr ain in g for tr an sfer rin g. to. oth er. occu pation. by. 27 .9% . T h e. differ en ce. in. r e sp on se s w ith r eg ar d t o em ploy m en t for m , a g e, edu cation lev el. - 38 -.

r ev ealed litt le sig n ifican ce .. Table Ⅳ-13. Typ es of training wished by workers (Unit : %) classification. respond rate. tr ain in g for th e en h an cem en t of cu r r e ab ilit y t o per form on e ' s du ty training for transferring to other work. 54.9 17.2. places or to regular j obs training for transferring to other. 27.9. occupation total. 100.0. T h r ee qu art er s of w ork er s w ish ed t o h av e th e t r ain in g for th e a cquisition of a certificat e of qu alification s r ev ealin g th eir str on g w ill t o ob t ain a cer tificat e of qu alification s . Ex clu din g differ en ce s in ag e , differ en ce s in em ploy m en t for m an d edu cation lev el sh ow ed little sig n ifican ce in th is ou t com e . T h e y ou n g er th e w or k er s w er e th e m or e th ey w an t ed t o h av e t r ain in g for th e acqu isition of a cert ificat e of qu alification s .. Table Ⅳ-14. D esire to have training f or the acquisition of a certif icate of qualif ications (Unit : %) classification. yes. no. total(N). total. 74.4. 25.6. 100.0 (234). 20's. 78.4. 2 1.6. 100.0 (116). 30's. 77.3. 22.7. 100.0 (75). 40's & over. 58.5. 4 1.5. 100.0 (4 1). age. - 39 -. degree of significance. χ2 =6.780 p=0.034.

A tr ain in g se s sion th at w ork er s w h o w ish t o r eceiv e tr ain in g w an t ed th e m ost. w a s th e. ' edu cation. on in for m ation ' (44.6% ). A n d t h e. a spir at ion s for th e edu cation w er e str on g ev en am on g ir r eg u lar w or k er s in m an u fa ctu r in g b u sin es s . Oth er tr ain in g th at t h e w ork er s w an t ed w er e 't r ain in g for th e en h an cem en t of ab ility t o p erfor m on e ' s du ty ' (22.1% ), ' tr ain in g for t h e a cqu isition of a cer tificat e of qu alification s ' (10.8 % ). an d. ' tr ain in g. for. ob t ain in g. pr ofe s sion al. t ech n iqu es ' (9.9% ).. Table Ⅳ-15. Content of the training wished by workers (Unit : %) classification. 20 's. 30's. 40 's & over. total. education for aquisition of a certificate of qualifications. 13.6. 9.6. 5.7. 10.9. education on imformatization. 49.5. 46.6. 25.7. 44.5. training for the enhancement of ability to perform one's duty. 16.5. 24.7. 31.4. 21.8. training for professional technique. 11.7. 6.8. 11.4. 10.0. education on safety. 1.9. 6.8. 17.1. 6.2. general education. 5.8. 4.1. 2.9. 4.7. others. 1.0. 1.4. 5.7. 1.9. 100.0. 100.0. 100.0. 100.0. (103). (73). (35). (2 11). total (N). degree of significance : x2 =22.981, p=0.028. T h e an s w er s fr om w or k er s in t h eir t w en ties an d for tie s m a de a clear con tr a st b u t w ork er s in th eir th ir tie s t ook a m iddle p osition b et w een. - 40 -.

th e t w o a g e g r ou p s . S ection s w h er e distin ctiv e differ en ce s w ith r eg ar d t o a g e g r ou p w er e sh ow n ar e ' tr ain in g for acqu isit ion of a cer tificat e of qu alification ' an d ' edu cation on in for m ation ' . W ork er s ' w ish for th e ' edu cation on in form ation ' w a s par ticular ly str on g for w or k er s in th eir t w en tie s an d th ir tie s , b u t w eak for w or k er s in th eir for tie s . A s for th e w or k er s ' w ish for t h e 'tr ain in g of a cqu isition of a cer tificat e of qu alification s ' , w or k er s in t h eir t w en ties sh ow ed th e str on g e st in t er e st b y 13.6 % follow ed b y w or k er s in t h eir th irties b y 9.6% an d w ork er s in th eir for tie s b y 5.7 % . A s a r e su lt of con du ctin g a su r v ey on b u sin e s s e s , w h ich r e sp on ded th at th ey feel th e n eed t o tr ain ir r eg u lar w or k er s in m an u fa ct ur in g b u sin e s s . T h e m ost fav or ed tr ain in g m eth od tu r n ed ou t t o b e th e OJT b y 63 .2% . F ollow ed b y tr ain in g by th e pr iv at e v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g in stitu tion by 14.7 % , tr ain in g by th e pu b lic v ocation al edu cation an d tr ain in g in stitu tion by 11.6% , tr ain in g by th e affiliat ed in stitu tion by 8.4% an d t r ain in g th r ou g h th e In t er n et by 2.1% . It is r ev ealed th at b u sin es s e s pr eferr ed th e OJT. or tr ain in g b y th e. affiliat ed in stitu tion t o th e b r ou g h t - in tr ain in g in stit ut ion s . W or k er s , w h o w ish ed t o r eceiv e t r ain in g , pr eferr ed th e t r ain in g by pub lic v ocation al edu cation an d t r ain in g in stit ut ion th e m ost b y 32.3% follow ed b y tr ain in g by affiliat e in stit ut ion b y 23.5 % an d th e OJT b y 20 .4 % . H ow ev er , it is n ot able th at pr efer en ce for tr ain in g b y m ail or th r ou g h th e In t ern et w a s ov er 10% .. - 41 -.

Table Ⅳ-16. Pref erence of training methods (Unit : %) classification. resp on d from. resp on d from. bu sin ess 63.2. w ork ers 20.4. 14.7. 12.6. 11.6. 32.3. 8.4 2.1 100.0 (95). 23.5 7.0 3.9 0.4 100.0 (230). OJT tr ain in g b y priv at e v ocat ion al edu cat ion tr ain in g in stit ut ion trainin g by pu blic vocation al edu cation training in stitu tion training by affiliated in stitution trainin g throu gh the Internet trainin g by the m ail others total (N). A s for th e b earin g th e ex pen s es for th e tr ain in g , b u sin e s s es pr efer r ed ' g ov ern m en t ' s supp ort in clu din g em ploy m en t in su r an ce ' b y 33.7% . Bu sin e s s es. w h ich pr eferr ed. a ccou n t ed. for. g ov er n m en t ' s. 31.6 % , su pp ort '. ' com p an y. ' com p an y ' 8.4 %. an d. + g ov er n m en t ' s 22.1% ,. supp ort '. ' com p an y +w ork er s +. ' com p an y +w ork er s '. or. ' g ov ern m en t ' s su pp ort +w or k er s ' 2.1% .. Table Ⅳ-17. Pref erence in bearing the exp enses of the training (business) (Unit : %, N=95) classification. rate of response. company. 22.1. government support. 33.7. (employment insurance) company+government support. 31.6. company+workers. 2.1. government support+workers. 2.1. company+workers+government support. 8.4. total. 100.0. - 42 -.

T h e t r ain in g h ou r s pr eferr ed b y bu sin e s s es ar e div ided in t o t w o : b u sin e s s h our s an d aft er b u sin e s s h our s . H ow ev er , it r ev ealed th at th e pr efer en ce s w er e pu t a little m or e w eig h t on bu sin e s s h ou r s . W h ile s om e ar g u ed t h at it is b ett er t o h av e t r ain in g dur in g t h e b u sin e s s h ou r s con siderin g tr ain ee s an d th eir per form an ces , ot h er s ar g u ed th at t o h av e tr ain in g dur in g oth er tim e s th an b u sin es s h our s is b et t er s o a s n ot t o distu rb th e bu sin e s s a s m u ch a s pos sib le . T h e r e su lt sh ow s th at alm ost th e s am e w eig h t is pu t on th e b oth ar g u m en t s .. Table Ⅳ-18. The p ref erence of training hours (Unit : %, place, person) response from. response from. business hours. businesses 48.4. workers 70.3. other time than business hours. 50.5. 29.1. do not know/no response. 1.1. 0.6. total (N). 100.0 (95). 100.0(676). classification. Differ en t fr om th e su rv ey con du ct ed t o b u sin es s e s on th e tr ain in g h ou r s , m ost w ork er s pr eferr ed t h e b u sin es s h ou r s t o r eceiv e tr ain in g . 70 .7 % of th e r esp on den t s an s w er ed th at th ey pr efer t o h av e tr ain in g du rin g bu sin e s s h our s w h er ea s on ly 29 .3% said th ey pr efer oth er tim e th an b u sin e s s h ou r s . T h e con tr a dict ory r e sp on d s fr om w ork er s an d b u sin e s s es com e fr om t h e differ en t p er spectiv es th ey h av e on tr ain in g . It is k n ow n th at th e y ou n g er th e w or k er s ar e t h e m or e th ey pr eferr ed t o h av e tr ain in g du rin g b u sin es s h our s . M ost of irr eg u lar w ork er s ar e p aid b y th e h ou r , th u s , w h eth er w or k er s can h av e su pplem en t ar y w ag e s for h av in g tr ain in g g r eatly. - 43 -.