nblib.library.kz - /elib/library.kz/jurnal/v_2006_1/

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2006. 1

8. Jaeger W., Wendler U., Lieske A., Bohrisch J. Novel modified polymers with permanent cationic groups. Langmuir15, 4026-4032 (1999).

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Macromolecules35, 4143-4149 (2002).

10. Koetz J., Hahn M., Philipp B. Synthese, charakterisierung und symplexbildung von polyampholyten aus ungesattigten di- carbonsaure und allylaminderivaten. 3. Mitt.: Symplexbildung mit polyampholytischen aus maleinaure und allylaminderivaten // Acta Polym.40, 401-404 (1989).

11. Merle Y. Synthetic polyampholytes. 5.Influence of nearest- neighbor interaction on potentiometric curves // J. Phys. Chem.91, 3092-3098 (1987).

12. Schott H. Shifts in the apparent ionization constant of the carboxylic acid groups of gelatine // J. Pharm. Sci.74(12), 1317-1321 (1985).

13. ., ., a .K.

- -1,2-

2- -5- // -

. .6, 1174-1180 (1964).

14.Huheey J.E. Inorganic Chemistry, New York: Harper and Row, 1972.

15.Ehrlich G., Doty P. Macro-ions. III. The solution behavior of a polymeric ampholyte // J. Am. Chem. Soc.76, 3764-3777 (1954).

16. ., ., .,

E.A. O

// ,246(1), 147-149 (1979).

17.Higgs P.G., Joanny J.F. Theory of polyampholyte solutions // J. Chem. Phys.94(2), 1543-1554 (1991).

1033 -

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Summary

Specially tailored amphoteric hydrogel materials that are able to desalinate the underground mineralised and seawater of Aral region were developed in the frame of INTAS-Aral 1033 Project.. It was shown that both linear and crosslinked polyampholytes in aqueous salt solutions exhibitantipolyelectrolyte character, e.g. the viscosity and swelling degree of polyampholytes significantly increases with increasing of salt concentration. These results were interpreted in the light of disrupting of intra- or interionic contacts between the opposite charges. The influence of various salts on the viscosity of linear and swelling degree of crosslinked polyampholytes was studied. The ability of amphoteric macromolecules to swell upon addition of low molecular weight electrolytes and shrink under the action of externally imposed DC electric field was used for desalination. Laboratory equipment was designed to provide water desalination process by amphoteric hydrogels.

, . A 2.02.06 .

. . , . . , . . , . .

Cr – O–C

), – « »

ASTRA.BAS, -

( ) -

1–3 . -

- - 4 .

5 ,

Me – O–C -

-

. -

- Cr – O–C 6 .

,

Cr – O–C 1773–2173

.

(2)

. , -

, :

1 . Cr₂O₃-O-CO Cr₂O₃

2 . Cr₂O₃-CO-Cr Cr₂O₃, Cr

3 . Cr-CO-Cr₇C₃ Cr, Cr₇C₃

4 . Cr₇C₃-CO-Cr₃C₂ Cr₇C₃, Cr₃C₂

5 . Cr₃C₂-CO-C Cr₃C₂, C

6 Cr – CO Cr

.

O/C

, 1,33,

2 – 2,66. ,

Cr. -

Cr–CO, 2 3. 2 –

Cr₂O₃ Cr

, 3 –

Cr Cr₇C₃– .

Cr₂O₃ -

- .

-

, . 1.

Cr₂O₃ - .

,

Cr₂O₃ , . -

,

. -

-

, -

– ,

. -

. .

. 1 1 Cr₂O₃ 3

: = 2,66; /Cr = 0,35:

1) Cr₂O₃ + 3 =

1473–1573

= Cr₂O₃ + 0,22 10^-3 Cr₃C₂ + 2,999 + 0,005 ₂ =

1673–1873 K

= Cr₂O₃ + 0,2 10^-3 Cr₇C₃ + 2,999 + 0,007 ₂ =

1973–2073 K

= 0,997 Cr₂O₃ + 2,99 + 0,008 ₂ + 0,006 Cr .

, -

1 .

-

5 . . 2 -

: = 1,8; r =1,75:

2) Cr₂O₃ + 15 =

1473

= Cr₂O₃ + 0,9 10^-3 Cr₃C₂ + 14,93 + 0,026 ₂ =

1573–1873 K

= 0,998 Cr₂O₃ + 0,65 10^-3 Cr₇C₃ + 14,93 + 0,029 ₂=

1973–2073 K

= 0,986 Cr₂O₃ + 14,9 + 0,063 ₂ + 0,028 Cr .

2 -

. ,

Cr₂O₃, - -

. . 2 . 3, .

- : = 1,43; /Cr = 2,33:

Cr – O–C = 1773–2173

, %

r r

1 44,07 40,68 15,25 2,66 0,346

2 18,20 50,35 31,45 1,6 1,728

3 15,0 50,0 35,0 1,43 2,33

1 61,18 28,24 10,6 2,66 0,17

4 57,15 26,37 16,48 1,60 0,29

5 55,32 25,53 19,15 1,33 0,346

6 52,45 24,21 23,24 1,04 0,443

7 30,0 40,0 30,0 1,33 1,0

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2006. 1

3) Cr₂O₃ + 18,7 + 1,54 =

1473–1573

= 0,64 Cr₂O₃ + 0,24 Cr₃C₂ + 19,7 =

1673–1873 K

= 0,59 Cr₂O₃ + 0,12 Cr₇C₃ + 19,8 + 0,05 ₂=

1973–2073 K

= Cr + 0,46 Cr₂O₃ + 20,1 + 0,07 ₂ + 0,05 Cr . 50%.

, -

Cr₃C₂, - ,

. -

Cr₃C₂ Cr₇C₃

.

Cr₇C₃ -

.

. 3 II, -

- Cr₂O₃ Cr.

r – .

r₂ ₃ . 1 2 -

, - -

, . 1 2

2 : Cr₂O₃ , -

.

. 3, . -

, , - Cr₂O₃,

3 -

. . 3 - Cr₂O₃ Cr,

Cr₂O₃, -

r₂ ₃

r– ,

Cr. -

- – .

r₂ ₃ r₂ ₃

. 1 = 2,66 r = 0,17

. 4 = 1,6 r = 0,29, . . -

: 1 ) Cr₂O₃ + 1,5 =

1573

= 0,65 Cr₂O₃ + 0,23 Cr₃C₂ + 1,04 + 2 10^-2 ₂ =

1673–1873 K

= 0,6 Cr₂O₃ + 0,11 Cr₇C₃ + 1,16 + 0,3 10^-2 ₂ + + 0,2 10^-3 r =

1973–2073 K

= 0,5 Cr₂O₃ + Cr + 1,5 + 0,5 10^-2 ₂ + 0,3 10^-2 Cr ; 4) Cr₂O₃ +2,5 =

1473–1573

= 0,42 Cr₂O₃ + 0,385 Cr₃C₂ +1,72 +0,3^.10^-2 ₂=

1673–1873 K

= 0,35 Cr₂O₃ + 0,185 Cr₇C₃ + 1,94 + 0,4 10^-2 ₂ + 0,3 10^-3 r =

1973–2073 K

= 0,165 Cr₂O₃ + 1,67 r + 2,49 + 0,7 10^-2 ₂ + + 0,2 10^-2 Cr .

3, 1 4

, ,

-

. -

1 4

. , II,

- -

.

-

: 1 – 50%, 4 – 83%

3 .

. 7 r – =

= 1,33 r = 1,0 . 5

r₂ ₃ r– : = 1,33;

r = 0,35:

7) Cr₂O₃ + 5,666 + 3 =

1573

= 0,306 Cr₇O₃ + 0,466 Cr₃C₂ +7,721 =

1673–1873 K

= 0,22 Cr₂O₃ + 0,223 Cr₇C₃ + 7,97 =

1973–2073 K

= 1,97 r + 8,64 + 0,01 ₂ + 0,021 Cr ;

(4)

= 0,31 Cr₂O₃ + 0,46 Cr₃C₂ + 2,07 + 0,4 10 – 2 ₂ =

1673–1873 K

= 0,22 Cr₂O₃ + 0,222 Cr₇C₃ + 2,325 + + 0,6 10^-2 ₂+ 0,4 10^-3 r =

1973–2073 K

= 1,99 Cr + 0,05 10^-3 Cr₇ ₃ + 2,99 + + 0,4 10^-2 ₂ + 0,7 10^-2 Cr .

-

99,5% .

, ,

Cr – CO, -

. -

. 5

,

, ,

, . 5

r

, -

.

, -

1,33, /Cr = 0,35

= 1973–2073 . -

. -

Cr₂O₃ – ,

III – Cr Cr₇C₃

Cr₇C₃ – .6 -

: =1,04; /Cr=0,44:

6) Cr₂O₃ + 3,85 =

1573

= 0,11 Cr₂O₃ + 0,59 Cr₃C₂ + 2,66 + 0,47 10^-2 ₂ =

1673 K

= 0,286 Cr₇C₃ + 2,99 + 0,46 10^-2 ₂. - Cr₇C₃,

9%.

-

, . . 0 9%, -

, -

Cr, Cr₇C₃, . . Cr–CO–Cr₇C₃

.

FeCr 32% -

FeCr. -

,

. = 1,33

. 5 = 1,1 -

. 6. ( . 2).

2.

, %

r Fe

5–1 . 5 43,33 14,44 24,12 18,10 100 6–1 . 6 36,85 19,85 22,70 20,6 100

:

5–1) Cr₂O₃ + 0,1545 Fe₃O₄ + 0,157 Fe + 3,62 C =

1573

= 0,355 Cr₂O₃ + 0,43 Cr₃C₂ + 0,207 Fe₃C + 2,545 CO =

1673

= 0,22 Cr₂O₃ + 0,223 Cr₇C₃ + 0,62 Fe + 2,943 CO + + 0,006 CO₂ =

1973

= 1,98 Cr + 0,002 Cr₇C₃ + 0,62 Fe + 3,6 CO + 0,009 CO₂; 6–1) Cr₂O₃ + 0,251 Fe₃O₄ + 0,25 Fe + 4,84 C =

1573

= 0,19 Cr₂O₃ + 0,54 Cr₃C₂ + 0,334 Fe₃C + 3,42 CO + + 0,006 ₂ =

1673

= 0,003 Cr₂O₃ + 0,285 Cr₇C₃ + 1,003 Fe + 3,98 CO + + 0,008 CO₂ =

1973

= 0,0235 Cr + 0,28 Cr₇C₃ + 1,00 Fe + 3985 CO + + 0,0095 CO₂.

, = 1973

5–1 -

, 6–1 –

, .

- :

(5)

2006. 1

1.

Cr – O–C

, -

. 2.

-

= 1,33, -

.

3. -

-

, -

. ,

, -

-

, –

.

,

- .

1. ., ., ., .

- . .: , 1982. 203 .

2. ., ., . -

-

. .: , 1994. 352 .

3. ., ., ., .

, -

. : ,

1997. 230 .

4. ., . -

. : ,

2002. 256 .

5. ., . , -

. : F , 1990. 100 .

6. ., .

Cr-O–C // , . 2003. 2. . 37-40.

3.02.06 .

. . , . . , . .

- ,

, - - ,

-

[1–4]. -

, -

-

. -

, -

.

, - .

-

(r_a r r_b) 0 z L

.

r ( _r),_r + _r – + r ( _rz) = 0,

r ( _rz),_r + _rz+ r ( _z) = 0 (1)

[5], -

- :

r =(u), = ( _r – _r – _rz _z) / _r , = u/r = (– _r _r + – _z _z) / ,

z= (w) = (– _zr _r – _z + _z) / _z,

rz = (u) + (w),_r = _rz / G_rz. (2)