PRIMARY EVALUATION OF FILTER CAKE BREAKER IN BIODEGRADABLE SYNTHETIC-

Filter breakers are the tools to remove filter cakes from wellbore walls prior to completion and production. During drilling, layers of filter cakes are formed that cannot be penetrated easily; these layers prevent drilling fluids from invading the formation or a flow of formation fluid into the well; swelling protection. Chemical breakers are difficult to optimize, and finding a reliable way to remove filter cakes from the well in a uniform manner has been a particular challenge for researchers.

Also, the study formulated a biodegradable synthetic base drill in liquid (BSBMDIF) to create filter cakes using a replica of actual reservoir conditions. The filter cakes created at BSBMDIF were subjected to detection, soaking and injection tests, with the same amount of concentration measured in weights, the different filter breakers exhibited a level of efficiency. The organic acid, EDTA after treating the filter cakes for 42 hours gave an efficiency of 80.98%, while the nanoparticles, especially silica dioxide came close to reducing the weight of the filter cake by 69.13%.

INTRODUCTION

B ACKGROUND
P ROBLEM S TATEMENT
T HESIS O BJECTIVES
S IGNIFICANT OF S TUDY
T HESIS O RGANIZATION

It is estimated that very limited literature articles have demonstrated the efficacy of filter cake breaker in removing the biodegradable synthetic-based mud-in-liquid filter cake and the mechanism of filter cake breaker has been vividly explained. Therefore, the reported successful applications of filter cake crushers were readily available for water-based drilling fluid compared to synthetic-based drilling fluid. Therefore, this study had a significant contribution in validating the production of various commercial filter cake crushers for removing synthetic-based drilling fluid filter cakes.

The thesis challenge faced is how to create an efficient way to formulate an optimized concentration of filter cake breakers using nanoparticles such as silica, titanium dioxide and graphene. The main purpose of the thesis is to determine the optimal concentration of filter cake breakers, such as SiO2, TiO2, graphene and EDTA, for removing biodegradable synthetic filter cakes from sludge under temperature and pressure conditions. The thesis deals with different ways of optimizing filter cake removal in the laboratory using the same concentration of chemical components measured by weights (grams).

Figure 1. Thin layer filter cake formed on walls of wellbore [48]

LITERATURE REVIEW

D RILL - IN -F LUIDS
C OMPATIBILITY OF F LUIDS
N ANOPARTICLES : S ILICA - PARTICLES
N ANOPARTICLES : G RAPHENE - PARTICLES
C HEMICAL F ILTER C AKE B REAKER : A CID OR O XIDIZER B ASED
C HEMICAL F ILTER C AKE B REAKER : E NZYME -B ASED
C HEMICAL F ILTER C AKE B REAKER : C HELATING B ASED
I NTERNAL AND E XTERNAL F ILTER C AKE R EMOVAL
E FFECTS OF C ONCENTRATION OF F ILTER C AKE B REAKER
T YPICAL M ECHANISMS OF F ILTER C AKE B REAKERS
T HEORY OF R ETURN P ERMEABILITY
C OMPILATION OF A UTHORED B REAKER R EMOVAL E FFICIENCY

This is considered when the synthetic based mud drill in liquid filter cake is acidic in nature due to its chemical treatment. Filter cake removal from this synthetic mud drill in fluids is also made easier during completion periods. The filter cake breaker was formulated with a chelating base in calcium chloride brine which at the end of the research showed good compatibility with completion fluid.

This poses an environmental health hazard to the people who handle the acid filter cake breaker on the surface as well as the formation. Due to the rapid response of the traditional acid to treatment, results of an incomplete filter cake removal were observed at a designated location. For this reason, there was a reduction in hydrocarbon permeability through the filter cakes to the wellbore due to the incomplete filter cake.

Filter cakes, under the influence of the enzyme-based filter cake breaker, were able to remove the thin layered cake from the wellbore via catalytic means. This chelate-based fluid has been proven to effectively dissolve the bridging agent in the filter cake, i.e. calcium carbonate, ensuring successful removal of the filter cake. The dissolution of calcium carbonate using a chelating agent-based filter cake breaker was dependent on the pH of the solution.

A combination of any of the following elements such as formed brines, live mineral acids, hydrochloric acids, organic acids, and chelating agents have been common chemicals used to remove petroleum-based drilling muds in liquid filter cake. In contrast, a combination of chelating agents such as GLDA and HEDTA was an excellent recipe for water-based mud drill removal in a liquid filter cake [17]. A chelation-based filter cake breaker has been successfully used to eliminate drilling of a reversible tank in a liquid.

The soak test was performed using a chelating agent based filter cake breaker with a pH ranging from 5 to 12. For this reason, the internal filter cake had reduced the permeability profile and, however, disturbed the balance of the formation or core sample. These experiments were considered necessary to assess the effect of the filter cake breakers in reservoir rocks.

Figure 2. Problems associated with barite sag;

METHODOLOGY

M ATERIALS
E QUIPMENT F OR E XPERIMENTS
P ROCEDURE

Drill-In-Fluid Design
Rheological Test
Filter cake breaker formulation
Filter Cake Build Up Test
Breakthrough Test
Soaking Test
Injectivity Test
Filter Cake Removal Test
Return Permeability Test

This has been used in the laboratory as the main component of the weighing material for the preparation of drilling fluid, barite particles have been measured as 75𝜇𝑚 [29]. A pH control additive was caustic soda, the concentration of which was 1.43% in the drilling fluid formulation. The main component of the filter press is the heating jacket, a holding cell and an inlet and outlet valve which helps in gas injection and filtration saving respectively.

The way to determine the basic rheological properties of the formulated drilling fluid is an OFITE 900 viscometer. A viscosity mixer made from Hamilton was used to mix all the components of the mud formulation [44]. Surfactant in the crusher formulations was seen to convert the emulsified synthetic filter cake to a more water-wet system which aided the easy flow of fluid to the surface of the rock [3].

An elevated pressure of 500psi was maintained while the bottom valve of the HTHP filter press was opened to determine the rate of fluid loss over time. While considering the HTHP filter press for the test, each of the 8 filter cakes formed was placed in the carrier cell and 100ml of breaker solution was poured into it. A direct effective interaction of the crusher solutions [32] with the filter cakes is what the soaking test tried to achieve.

Each of the 4 breaker solutions (EDTA, SiO2, TiO2 and Graphene particles) under constant temperature observed a 24-hour and 42-hour soaking periods. Injectivity testing was performed to determine the effectiveness of the filter cake breaker solution in removing the filter cake after long hours of soaking. Each of the 8 filter cakes was now placed in the carrier cell and 200ml of MG3 base oil was poured into the cell.

The concept of the removal test is based on the calculation of the weight of these ceramic plates, which have been subjected to several tests.

RESULTS

D RILL -I N -F LUID D ESIGN
F ILTER C AKE B REAKERS
F ILTER C AKE R EMOVAL T EST
R ETURN P ERMEABILITY
B REAKER E VALUATION

The rate of flow of liquid from the outlet of the filter cake press was recorded and defined as liquid loss. Considering the rheological properties of the biodegradable synthetic based mud drill-in fluids, an eight-filter cake was constructed to undergo contact reactions with the fracturing solutions prepared. The time for the passage to be created for the crushers to pass through the filter cakes was observed, timed, weighed and recorded.

At g/5 min, SiO2 was seen to be the fastest to break through because the uniform dispersion of silica was forced to loosen the weighting materials present in the filter cake. In addition, breaker solutions were placed under the eye to observe the solubility of the breaker solutions to the filter cake. A considerable amount of the filter cake was placed in a plastic container and breaker solution was added.

The initial weight of the filter cake accumulation on the ceramic plate was taken into account and the weight of the soaked or treated filter cakes after a period of 24 and 42 hours was recorded. EDTA after 24 hours and 42 hours dissolved all the weighting and bridging materials in the filter cakes. At a pressure of 20 psi, the ceramic disc and 200 mL of synthetic base oil were observed to flow as shown in Figure 33 by opening the external valve of the HTHP filter press.

All eight treated filter cakes on ceramic discs were placed in the carrier cell with 200 mL of MG3 base oil and the same pressure of 20 psi was applied. The relevance of the curve determines an effective breaker under the filter cake experiments performed. The curve is a demonstration of the efficiency of filter cake removal versus the tendency of the treated filter cakes to gain or regain permeability.

36 indicates that the greater the return permeability of the treated filter cakes, the greater the removal efficiency.

Figure 23. The capacity of DIF's to carry or suspend cuttings during drilling

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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