Research in International Academia:
Quality Research for Quality Publications
Assel Kambatyrova and Duishon Shamatov
April 22, 2016
Importance of research in academia
Research
Teaching
Service
The audience will discuss three questions
What is research?
Why to conduct research?
How to conduct research?
What is Research?
Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our
understanding of a topic or issue.
Three steps:
The researcher poses a question.
The researcher collects data to answer the question.
The researcher presents an answer to the question.
Why to conduct research?
Reason 1: Research adds to our knowledge.
Reason 2: Research helps improve practice.
Reason 3: Research helps inform policy debates.
Reason 4: others?
How to conduct research:
The Process of Research
Identify the Research Problem
Review the Literature Report
and
Evaluate Research
Specify a Research Purpose Collect Data
Analyze and Interpret
Data
Identify the Research Problem
Select the topic
Specify and justify a problem
Suggest a need to study the problem for
audiences
Review the Literature
Locate resources (books, journals, electronic resources)
Choose resources to include in the review
Summarize the literature in a written report
Specify a Research Purpose
Identify the purpose statement
The major intent of the study
The participants in the study
The site of the study
Narrow the purpose statement to
research questions
Collect Data
Determine the data collection methods
Select the individuals to study
Obtain permissions
Design data collection instruments and outline data collection procedures
Gather data
Analyze and Interpret Data
Take the data apart to look at individual responses
Represent the data in tables, figures, and pictures
Explain conclusions from the data that address
the research questions
NO’s in research
Pre-conceived idea
Biases may influence and shape one’s study
Fabrication of data
Research Paradigms
Qualitative vs. Quantitative
starts with a general research question or problem,
selects a purposive sample
a relatively small sample
Interviews and observation
explicitly stated hypotheses, purposes, or questions
ideally uses a random sample
uses larger sample of participants (upto 1,500)
instruments (e.g. survey) that can be scored objectively
RESEARCH PROCESS Research Problem
Research Questions Questions Literature Review
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Research Designs
Quantitative Designs -Experimental
-Correlational -Survey
Combined Designs -Mixed methods
Qualitative Designs -Grounded theory -Ethnography -Narrative Sampling
Instruments/Pr
otocols N Data Analysis Interpretation
Discussion, Conclusions, Limitations, Future Research
RESEARCH QUESTONS
Formulate a research questions
express clearly a research question which will subsequently form the basis for design
RQs guide decisions about methodology in deciding
what to collect data on and
how to collect those data
Good research questions
They should be
• clear, in the sense of being intelligible
• researchable
• Connection(s) with established theory and research (literature)
• linked to each other.
• Able to make an original contribution – however small to the topic
• Neither too broad nor too narrow
Practice with research questions
In pairs, develop your research questions
Try to use these words for formulating your RQs:
NU library resources
Students
Learning
Data Collection Data Collection
Interview
Survey
Observation
Focus group discussions
Experiments
Others
What is interview?
Purposeful conversation (between two or
more people) directed by one person to get information from another (Bogdan &
Biklen, 1998)
Types of interviews
1. Structured (standardized) interview
2. Semi-structured interview
3. Unstructured interview
Common problems in interview question formulation
Affectively worded questions
The double-barreled questions
E.g., How many times have you smoked marijuana, or have you only tried cocaine?
Complex questions
Long and complex questions puzzle the listener
Poor sequencing
Begin with mild non-thretaning to complex and sensitive questions
Three approaches to interview recording
Use of tape recorder
The tapes may be replayed many times
Sound quality
Some feel uncomfortable
Transcription is difficult and time consuming
Taking notes verbatim
Doing several things at a time
interviewee becomes curious
Difficult to write fast
Write up after the interivew
Less anxiety
Memory is not perfect
Ethics in research
o “Nothing is more indicting to a professional than to be charged with unethical practices”
(Bogdan and Bicklen, 1992, p. 49).
o Eisner (p.213) writes, “If the matter was quite so simple, the need for books, chapters in
books, and scholarly articles on ethical issues
in social research would be unnecessary”.
Principles of Ethical Practice
According to Burman and Kleinsasser (2004) human beings enjoy rights to
self-determination or autonomy (independent decisions, no coercion; choose or decline to participate or may quit with no penalty)
informed consent
Privacy
Confidentiality
anonymity
nonmaleficence (no harm) and beneficence (positive benefits)
justice
Origins of ethics in bio-medics
Nazi Research (Experiments)
Expose to freezing temperatures
Life viruses, poisons and malaria
Untested drugs and experimental operations
Led to 1949 the Nuremberg Code – principles of research on humans with voluntarily consent
The Tuskegee Project
Longitudinal study of over 40 years by US Public Health Service
Research on black men for the consequences of untreated syphilis without consent
Began in 1932 when no cure existed, but the study continued after penicillin was found. 28 to 100 men died from syphilis
Free burial service
Declared “ethically unjustified” and after 23 years it ended, Clinton apologized.
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