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UDC 636.082/35 DOI 10.56339/2305-9397-2023-2-10-17 MRNTI 68.39.29
Karymsakov T.N., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, main author, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4398- 8840
«Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Animal Husbandry and Feed Production» LLP, Almaty, 51 Zhandosova str., 050035, Kazakhstan, [email protected]
Torekhanov A.A., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3237-3683
«Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Animal Husbandry and Feed Production» LLP, Almaty, 51 Zhandosova str., 050035, Kazakhstan, [email protected]
Zhumanov K.Zh., Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8400-4073
«Amiran Agro» LLP, Almaty, Medeu district, 86/47 Bogenbai Batyr str., [email protected] Sailaubek P.J., Graduate student, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7852-1402
«Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Animal Husbandry and Feed Production» LLP, Almaty, 51 Zhandosova str., 050035, Kazakhstan, [email protected]
METHOD OF ADJUSTING THE LIVE WEIGHT OF YOUNG DAIRY BREEDS BY AGE PERIODS
ANNOTATION
Dairy cattle breeding is a branch of the agro-industrial complex, representing a complex system of milk production, which includes a number of daily production processes. One of the stages of breeding dairy cattle is the process of monthly weighing of young animals with subsequent entry of the live weight results in their breeding certificates. Usually, the weighing of calves in farms is carried out on certain dates, but since calves are born almost every day, there is little chance that the date of their weighing coincides with their birthday. In this regard, in many cases, the actual live weight of young animals does not always correspond to the age indicated in the breeding certificates. Therefore, the article provides materials that substantiate incorrect records of breeding records, as well as suggests measures to address this issue by applying formulas that allow you to adjust the live weight of calves at certain age periods.
Considering that each farm has an information and analytical system, the process of adjusting the live weight of young animals for age periods does not present difficult tasks. In addition, the adjusted live weight of young animals makes it possible to more accurately and reliably determine their breeding value, and therefore select the best individuals for herd repair.
Key words: dairy cattle breeding, young animals, age, live weight, adjustment
Introduction. One of the main ways to increase the productivity of dairy cattle is the intensive technology of directed rearing of young animals [1]. Unfortunately, this important period of animal organism development is not always given due attention. As a result, according to some estimates, dairy farms do not receive up to 25% of the production from each dairy cow [2, 3].
In addition, the targeted rearing of young animals and their proper preparation for calving are positively correlated with the duration of economic use, sometimes the determining factor of the term of economic use of cows is their age and live weight during fruitful insemination [4, 5]. The main task of proper rearing of heifers in the post-dairy period is to ensure their normal growth and development, which are determined by heredity and the environment [6, 7].
Directed rearing of young animals, preparation of heifers for calving are positively correlated with the duration of their economic use, and the beginning of the optimal period of economic use of cows depends on their age and live weight at the first fruitful insemination [8, 9].
The current situation with the cultivation of heifers for breeding purposes is their monthly weighing, according to the results of which the technology of maintenance and feeding diet are adjusted, which on the one hand is a justified measure [10, 11]. On the other hand, monthly weighing of calves is not entirely acceptable from an economic point of view, since calves at the time of weighing lose up to 50% of their daily weight gain associated with stress [12, 13, 14]. Let's say that 500 heads are weighed on a dairy farm every month. at the time of weighing, each calf has a shortage in weight gain of about 400 gr., in total, we get that for one overweight the farm loses 200 kg of live weight, and if this livestock is weighed every month, then for the year the total loss of live weight will be 2.4 tons. Considering that the price for young animals during breeding is determined by live weight, then on average the farm loses 2.4
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million tenge, or about 6.0 thousand US dollars, taking into account the price of 1000 tenge per 1 kg of live weight.
Therefore, taking into account the fact that the monthly transfer of calves leads to the loss of certain financial resources, it is proposed to carry out the transfer of young animals quarterly, by groups of animals, when their average age will be 6,9,12, and 15 months.
The rationale for the beginning of weighing calves from the age of 6 months is that in dairy cattle breeding, young animals are subject to appraisal valuation after they reach this nominal age. The body of a nine-month-old calf has a state of transition to puberty and its weight during this period can change both positively and negatively, therefore, weight control of calves at this age is an important breeding indicator [15,16].
In many farms, the live weight of calves at 12 months of age is 65-70% of the weight of an adult cow, so some heifers are already subject to insemination during this period. According to economic accounting, sufficient profitability of milk production is achieved if the average age of the animal at the first hotel is no more than 24 months, hence it follows that the control and final weighing of young animals should be carried out at 15 months.
In addition, the very procedure for evaluating young animals to a certain appraisal valuation class depends on the compliance of their live weight to the breed standard at certain age periods. However, it is quite rare that the date of the transfer coincides with the birthday of the animals, so incorrect records are often kept in the journals of the rearing of young animals.
In this regard, the aim of the work is to develop effective methods for accurately determining the live weight of young animals at certain age periods by using special formulas.
Material and research methods. The research work was based on the materials of the journal of the cultivation of young Holstein black-and-white breed contained in the dairy complex of Amiran LLP, located in the Almaty region. Scientific and production experience was carried out using generally accepted methods [17, p. 195]. The organization and norms of feeding calves were complete and corresponded to the needs of dairy animals of the productivity of the corresponding ages [18, p. 242].
Results and their discussion. In accordance with the by-laws of the Law "On Livestock Breeding"
[19], the evaluation of young animals is carried out according to the Instructions for the bonification of dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeds, which specifies the breed standards for live weight, the gradation of which is distributed by month. From the point of view of determining the breeding value of heifers, such a gradation is not entirely convenient due to the fact that calves are weighed at a certain period, and since calves are born almost every day, there is little chance that the date of their weighing coincides with their birthday [20]. In this regard, in many cases, the actual live weight of young animals in the breeding records does not always correspond to the specified age.
Let's assume that the exact age of the heifer at the time of weighing was 10 months and 15 days, it turns out that its live weight can be compared with the breed standard for both 10 and 11-month-old animals. Suppose that the average daily weight gain of a heifer was at the level of 800 g, then the difference in live weight, taking into account 15 days, will be 12 kg.
Thus, if such an animal is compared with the minimum requirements of a bonus of 11 months, then the score is artificially underestimated, if the age indicator of 10 months is taken into account, then it is overestimated.
Within the framework of these designated issues, the age and live weight of young animals were analyzed in Amiran LLP, where 600 dairy cows are kept and 1-3 calves are born daily at the enterprise. 3 heifers born in the month of January in the interval of 10 days were selected for research (Table 1).
Table 1 – Indicators of live weight of heifers at birth and at 6 months of age.
Date of birth Birth weight, kg
Weighing date 10.07.2015 age at weighing,
months.
age at weighing,
days
live weight,
kg
average daily increase, gr
05.01.2015 37 6 186 185 822
15.01.2015 40 6 176 179 772
25.01.2015 41 6 166 161 667
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Analysis of the data obtained showed that since the animals were born in January, at the time of weighing they were kept in a group where the average age of calves was 6 months. Thus, regardless of the date of birth, a certain actual live weight is recorded in the individual cards of each animal, as a weight at 6 months of age.
When studying the live weight of heifers in days, it turned out that the actual age of the first animal was 6 days more than the 6-month indicator (180 days), and the second and third heifers, on the contrary, were 4 and 14 days less. It follows that in the practice of breeding livestock, it makes sense to adjust the live weight of calves for exactly 6 months, or 180 days, according to the formula:
, where:
180 day – adjusted live weight for 180 days;
W – live weight at weighing;
Wb – live weight at birth;
N – the number of days from birth to the weighing date.
Thus, taking into account the above formula, it is possible to adjust the live weight of calves for a certain age, in our case for 180 days (Table 2).
Table 2 – Live weight indicators of heifers, adjusted for 180 days
Date of birth
Live weight at birth,
kg
Weighing date 10.07.2015
Economic calculation Adjusted calculation age at
weighing, months.
live weight,
kg
average daily increase,
gr
age at weighing,
days.
average daily increase, gr
live weight
, kg
05.01.2015 37 6 185 822 186 796 180
15.01.2015 40 6 179 772 176 790 182
25.01.2015 41 6 161 667 166 723 171
Having the actual data of the average daily weight gain from birth to the weighing date, it can be hypothetically assumed that the live weight indicators of heifers in exactly 180 days (6 months) would differ from the household ones by 5 kg for the first heifer and by 3 and 10 kg, respectively, for the second and third.
The initial error in determining the live weight of heifers subsequently affects the rest of the age periods, which ultimately completely distorts the real situation with the indicators of the average live weight of both individual groups of animals and the population as a whole.
In our studies, based on the data of zootechnical accounting, the next re-weighing of calves was carried out on October 19, 2015, i.e. 3 months later. Over the past period, according to economic accounting, control animals have gained weight from 74 to 80 kg (Table 3).
Table 3 – Indicators of live weight of calves according to economic accounting at 6 and 9 months of age
Date of birth
Live weight Age at the time of weighing,
days
Number of days between
weighings
Absolute gain, kg
Average daily increase, g in 6 months
(10.07.15)
9 months.
(19.10.15)
05.01.2015 185 265 287 101 80 792
15.01.2015 179 253 277 101 74 732
25.01.2015 161 240 267 101 79 782
If we consider the indicators of calves at 6 and 9 months, then in absolute terms their live weight for 3 months increased by 80 kg in the first, 74 in the second and 79 in the third heifers and amounted, respectively, to 265, 253 and 240 kg. These indicators were subsequently recorded in the breeding cards of heifers. However, at the time of the next weighing, the age of the first heifer was
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287 days (or 9 months 17 days), the second 277 days (9 months and 7 days) and the third 267 (or 8 months 27 days). As a result, it was stated that some inaccuracies in the age were formed in the breeding records and in the live mass of chicks.
In this regard, in order to avoid errors in breeding records, it is also proposed to adjust the live weight of calves for 270 days, or for 9 months. according to the following formula:
, where:
W270 – live weight, adjusted for 270 days;
Wl – live weight on the date of the last weighing;
Wp – live weight on the date of the previous weighing;
N – number of days between weighings;
М180 – live weight, adjusted for 180 days.
When adjusting the live weight for 270 days, it was found that the absolute increase in the live weight of heifers was on average 9 kg lower than with economic accounting (Table 4).
Table 4 – Adjusted heifers for 270 days live weight index of heifers
Date of birth
On economic accounting By adjusted accounting
live weight age at the time of weighi
ng, days
numbe r of days betwe en weighi
ng
absolute increase
absolute increase
live weight in 180 days.
live weight 270 days.
in 6 months (10.07.15)
9 months.
(19.10.15)
05.01.2015 185 265 287 101 80 71 180 256
15.01.2015 179 253 277 101 74 65 182 245
25.01.2015 161 240 267 101 79 70 171 231
Adjusting the live weight for 270 days shows that if the actual weighing of heifers coincided with their birthday at exactly 9 months, then their live weight would differ from the economic accounting by 9.8 and 9 kg, respectively.
Thus, the difference in live weight of several kilograms of heifers can directly affect the assessment of breeding value in comparison with the herd or population.
In this regard, for a more accurate determination of the live weight of calves by age periods, it is proposed to adjust the live weight for 180, 270, 365 and 450 days.
At the same time, the live weight adjustment of heifers for 365 and 450 days should be carried out according to the following formulas:
, where:
W365 – adjusted live weight for 365 days;
Wl – live weight on the date of the last weighing;
Wp – live weight on the date of the previous weighing;
N – number of days between weighings;
W270 – adjusted live weight for 270 days.
, where:
W450 – adjusted live weight for 450 days;
Wl – live weight on the date of the last weighing;
Wp – live weight on the date of the previous weighing;
N – number of days between weighings;
W365 – adjusted live weight for 365 days
Taking into account the above, it is proposed to change the approaches to determining the live weight of heifers by adjusting for the age that is necessary for their selection and further breeding use.
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Thus, the conducted studies on the correction of the live weight of calves have shown the relevance of applying the above formulas in practice.
Table 5 shows the results of studies obtained during the processing of materials of all young animals of Amiran LLP.
Table 5 – The difference between the actual and adjusted live weight of heifers in different age periods Age Form of accounting for
weighing Middle age X±x Difference
6 months or 180 days household 166 151±3,81
adjusted 180 162± 2,2 11
9 months or 270 days household 257 229±4,56
adjusted 270 234±3,48 5
12 months. or 365 days household 344 355±5,5
adjusted 365 365±4,75 10
15 months. or 450 days household 438 439±6,91
adjusted 450 445±6,2 6
From the materials of the table it can be seen that there is a significant difference between the actual and adjusted live weight of heifers in all age periods. So, if we consider the exact age of the animals when weighing them at 6 months. then it averaged 166 days, which is 12 days less than the full indicator, i.e. 180 days. Therefore, when entering breeding records, in column 6 months. the live weight of calves is artificially lowered by 11 kg.
Thus, the developed formulas for adjusting the live weight of heifers for 180,270,365 and 450 days give grounds to more accurately determine the live weight of heifers in specific age periods.
For weighing at certain age periods, a convenient scheme for the formation of groups has been developed, which allows quarterly reweighing of young animals in such a way that each animal would fall into one of the proposed schemes for adjusting the live weight for a certain age.
For these purposes, the company proposes to form 4 groups of calves with an interval of birth dates of 3 months, with an average age at the time of weighing 180,270,365 and 450 days (Table 6).
Table 6 – Scheme of formation of groups of calves for their weighing Groups per
year Dates of birth
Average age at weighing
180 270 365 450
months of weighing (1st decade)
I 16.11-15.02 VII X I IV
II 16.02-15.05 X I IV VII
III 16.4-15.08 I IV VII X
IV 16.06-15.11 IV VII X I
From the data in the table it can be seen that the correct organization of the formation of groups of young animals allows for the re-weighing of calves 4 times a year, while the average age of the animals will correspond to their inclusion in the processing when adjusting the live weight in certain age periods.
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16 ТҮЙІН
Сүтті бағыттағы ірі қара мал шаруашылығы- агроөнеркәсіп кешеннің күнделікті бірқатар өндірістік процестерді қамтитын, сүт өндірудің күрделі жүйесін білдіретін саласы. Сүтті бағыттағы ірі қара малды өсіру кезеңдеріндегі үрдістердің бірі, малды ай сайын өлшеу, содан кейін тірі салмақтың нәтижелерін олардың асыл тұқымды куәліктеріне толтыру. Әдетте, шаруа қожалықтарындағы бұзаулардың салмақтарын өлшеу, белгілі бір күндерде жүзеге асырылады, бірақ, сиырлар күн сайын дерлік төлдейтіндіктен, бұзауларды өлшеген күні олардың туған күнімен сәйкес келу мүмкіндігі аз. Осыған байланысты, көптеген жағдайларда жас малдардың нақты тірі салмағы, әрдайым асыл тұқымды куәліктерде көрсетілген жасқа сәйкес келе бермейді.
Сондықтан мақалада асыл тұқымды есепке алудың дұрыс емес жазбалары негізделетін материалдар келтіріледі, сондай-ақ белгілі бір жас кезеңдерінде бұзаулардың тірі салмағын түзетуге мүмкіндік беретін формулаларды қолдану арқылы осы мәселені шешу бойынша шаралар ұсынылады. Әр шаруашылықта ақпараттық-аналитикалық жүйе жұмыс істейтінін ескере отырып, жас малдардың тірі салмағын жас кезеңдеріне түзету процесі күрделі жұмыс туғызбайды.
Сонымен қатар, жас малдардың түзетілген тірі салмағы олардың асыл тұқымды құндылығын дәлірек және сенімді түрде анықтауға, яғни табындарды толтыру үшін ең жақсы малдарды таңдауға мүмкіндік береді.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Молочное скотоводство - отрасль агропромышленного комплекса, представляющая сложную систему производства молока, включающая в себя ряд ежедневных производственных процессов. Одним из этапов разведения молочного скота, является процесс ежемесячного взвешивания молодняка с последующим занесением результатов живой массы в их племенные свидетельства. Обычно, перевеска телят в хозяйствах проводится в определенные даты, но поскольку телята рождаются практически каждый день, то остаѐтся мало шансов, что дата их взвешивания совпадает с днѐм их рождения. В этой связи, во многих случаях, фактическая живая масса молодняка не всегда соответствует возрасту, указанных в племенных свидетельствах.
Поэтому в статье приводятся материалы, где обосновываются некорректные записи племенного учета, а так же предлагаются меры по решению данного вопроса путем применения формул, позволяющие корректировать живую массу телят в определѐнные возрастные периоды. Учитывая что в каждом хозяйстве функционирует информационно-аналитическая система, процесс корректировки живой массы молодняка на возрастные периоды не представляет сложных задач.
Кроме того, скорректированная живая масса молодняка позволяет более точно и достоверно определять их племенную ценность, а следовательно отбирать лучших особей для ремонта стада.
