The output of research and development (R&D) surveys since 1992 allows for a detailed trend analysis of Malaysian research and development performance in three major sectors, namely the Government Research Institutes (GRIs), the private sector and the Institutes of Higher Learning (IHL' is). In total, the private sector contribution of women in the R&D workforce is 35% of the country's total female R&D workforce.
The Research Skills Base
During 6MP, the achieved growth rate exceeds the almost achieved target set growth. The following table summarizes the average annual growth rate by industry achieved between 6MP and.
Industry Performance and Ownership in R&D r is
This was largely attributed to the government's policy over the past decade to improve the economic situation of Malaysian entrepreneurs by encouraging joint venture projects between Malaysians and foreigners. Within the industrial subsector, the remainder of Table 3.2 shows that foreign-owned industries tend to concentrate on manufacturing, with a high emphasis on electronic equipment and components.
Industry R & D Expenditure by Type
In 1996, the private sector spent 48% of R&D on capital expenditure (land, buildings and machinery), and 52% on current expenditure (labor and operating costs). This indicated the emphasis and priorities that the private sector places on R&D facilities.
R & D Expenditure by Company Size
Capital expenditure on R&D has doubled from previous years or an increase of 93% (see table 3.3). The amount spent on capital expenditures shows the commitment of the private sector in increasing the development of science and technology by committing the funds for a more long-term framework ie.
Patent
The ASEAN countries' data on patent applications by residents and non-residents as illustrated in Table 3.6B shows that Malaysia's dependency ratio is the highest among the four countries. This indicates increasing interest of the Japanese to be involved in the S&T development in this region, especially Malaysia. The number of patents granted to residents is very low compared to that of non-residents.
Malaysia has produced a significant number of publications on S&T that are recognized internationally. Malaysia's publications on S&T are. ranked in 50 top leading countries publication output in the world. share of publication output in the world. As for the average annual growth rate of the share of the world's publication output, Malaysia's average annual growth rate for publication output is 4%, 5%.
Asian countries had quite remarkable growth relative to their European and North American counterparts in the annual average growth rate of the share of world publication; with South Korea in first place, Turkey in third place and Taiwan in fourth place.
Trade in Technology
Payments for Royalties, Contracts and Professional Fees
Receipts for Royalties, Contracts and Professional Fees
Import and Export of Technology-based products
- Export of Highly R&D Intensive Products
- Imports of Highly R&D Intensive Products
- Balance of Trade of Highly Intensive Products
- Imports of Medium-High R&D Intensive Products
- Exports of Medium-High R&D Intensive Products
- Balance of Trade in Medium-High R&D Intensive Products
The overall decrease is also due to the fact that in 1996 two new product categories were added to the list of very R&D-intensive products, i.e. within the category of very R&D-intensive products, office and computer machinery registered an increasing trend in trade surplus since 1992. Radio, television and communication equipment (including electronic components) also show the same positive upward trend from 1992 to 1995, as shown in Table 3.11 b (1978 prices) and 3.11a (current prices).
Imports of medium R&D intensive products in all product categories increased by 15% between 1994 and 1996. Total exports of medium R&D intensive products also registered an increase of 18% between 1994 and 1996, as illustrated in Table 3.11b. As with imports, all product categories that fall under medium-intensity products also registered an increase in export levels.
Medium and high R&D intensity products, which include professional equipment, chemicals and electrical machinery, have always suffered deficits in their trade balance.
International Comparison of Exports and Imports of High-tech Products Table 3.14 shows total exports (in million ECU) of high-tech products data of
Therefore, Malaysia's market readiness and acceptance of high-tech products are similar to Korea's (as shown by exports and imports), indicating Malaysia's degree of advancement in science and technology. The balance of trade in high-tech products is favorable to Malaysia as Malaysia has recorded a surplus since 1992 to 1996 (see Table 3.15). Among ASEAN - 4 nations, Malaysia is the only country to record surplus in trade balance, whose high-tech products; although profits fell from 1994 to 1995.
Even developed countries like the US are starting to experience trade deficits in high-tech products. The adequate supply of human resources is one of the critical factors in the development of S&T in Malaysia. Recognizing the rising demand for skilled and skilled manpower in science and technology related fields in the coming years, the government has realized the shortcomings of 6MP in terms of responding to the country's skilled and skilled manpower requirements and has formulated several strategies to meet the required needs. mass that would be implemented throughout 7MP.
These efforts are expected to improve quality and increase quantity to meet the nation's manpower needs, especially in the field of S&T.
Tertiary Education – Commitment Towards R&D
Masters Degree Enrolments
The number of SSH students has always been slightly higher than that of NSE during that period. A similar growth pattern has also been observed in both SSH and NSE during the same period. The decline in NSE enrollments was mainly caused by the decline in natural sciences enrollments, which fell by 15% from 470 to 398 students.
Bachelors Degree Enrolment
The increase was mainly due to a higher intake in almost all fields except agricultural sciences. In the same period, there is a similar upward growth in enrollments for the first level of study at the SDH in related fields. In the last six years, there has been a trend of decreasing the total percentage of students enrolled in the NŠV course compared to students enrolled in the SSH course.
The field of NSE studies has been dominated over the years by Engineering Sciences and Applied S&T, with a contribution of 13% to 17%. In the field of SSH, courses related to the social sciences received the largest number of students during the entire period, with a rate of approximately 40% per year.
Graduations of Degree Level Students
Graduations at Doctoral, Masters and Degree Level Students
Completion Rate For Graduates
Enrolments and Graduations of Private Institutes of Higher Learning In addition to public institutes of higher learning, private colleges are also playing
Even then, private IHLs only offer PhD-level social science courses and MSc-level natural and social science courses. Therefore, compared to public IHLs, private IHLs still need to acquire more capacity to accommodate students at higher graduate levels, i.e. at the same time, the government must ensure the quality of private IHLs so that it does not affect the standard of personnel produced by these institutions.
Regarding the share between SSH and NSE, this shows the opposite trend to that of public IHL, where the fields of natural sciences and engineering attract more students compared to social sciences and humanities. In the school year 1996/1997, both natural sciences and engineering recorded a similar percentage share, each accounting for approximately 28% of the total enrollment. The low percentage of uptake of private MHPs in medical sciences may be due to the lack of expertise and capacity to train professionals at the degree level.
However, it is not known whether medical students who have completed certificate and diploma courses at private international humanitarian studies would pursue undergraduate studies in a similar field at public international humanitarian studies or recognized international humanitarian studies abroad.
Public Service Professional and Technical Staff in Science and Technology
Participation of Malaysians Vs Foreigners
With this in mind, the government is encouraging more transfer of skills and technology, especially from foreign entities to local people. The table shows that although there are foreigners engaged in the public sector as R&D personnel, the percentage is very insignificant. This shows that in public service science and technology research and development, Malaysians are heavily involved and there is no dependence on foreigners in this field.
Despite the very insignificant involvement of foreigners in the public service V&T-related classification, the trend is decreasing at the same time. This obviously applies to all service categories from 1993 to 1996, when the involvement of foreigners in S&T of Public Service has decreased drastically (see Table 4.5).
Division Between Professionals/Technicians and Support Level Groups
Male Vs Female Participation in Public Service Personnel in S&T Related Classification
S&T Professionals in Public Employment
The public attitude and awareness of Science and Technology is essential in the formulation of national policies and also plays an important role in indicating a nation's scientific and competitive level. Recognizing the importance of the level of awareness, Malaysia, through MASTIC, has launched a quantitative measure to measure and evaluate the public's understanding of Science and Technology. However, in 1996 the two studies were combined and only one national survey on public awareness of S & T in Malaysia was conducted.
Due to a different questionnaire structure in the two studies, the comparison between the two years (1994 and 1996) may sometimes be inconclusive, but conclusions can be drawn about the findings. In this section, the main findings of both studies will be analyzed and comparisons will be made wherever possible.
Public Awareness and Knowledge of S & T and General Issues
Of the three categories of respondents surveyed, young people see themselves as more knowledgeable than adults and children in all S&T matters. Regarding the level of S&T knowledge among rural and urban people, it is interesting to note that their level of knowledge and interest in the required issues are almost equal.
Perceived Interest in S&T and General Issues
However, the public seems to have great interests in issues such as new education policy, new discoveries in science, economics and business. This indicates the higher and increasing emphasis that the government places on education and the public is much more aware of their children's education. This is evidenced by the higher demand for higher education, which resulted in the growth of private colleges in the country.
General Attitudes Toward S&T
Understanding of Scientific Environmental Terms and Concepts
International Comparison
In general, Malaysians do not fare too badly in understanding scientific concepts against other countries. For example, understanding a laser is more complex than what the average person can understand. For scientific concepts to be understood by the general public, the concepts must be simple and easily related to their lifestyle or way of life.
R & D Surveys
S & T in Industry
Human Resources for Science and Technology
Public Awareness
Bibliometric Analysis
Technology Transfer Analysis
