Analyzing Business Bay as a New Compact City Model in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Chuloh Jung1*, Nahla Al Qassimi1
1 Department of Architecture, College of Architecture, Art and Design, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates
*Corresponding Author: [email protected] Accepted: 15 December 2021 | Published: 31 December 2021
DOI:https://doi.org/10.55057/ajrbm.2021.3.4.5
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Abstract: The sustainability has been accepted as an important concept of development in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. However, the necessity and justification for sustainable development are being discussed, the specific methodology is still at an abstract stage. The objective of this paper was to explore the concept of a compact city as a city with a net density of about 500 people/ha and to which planning elements in terms of environmental sustainability were applied. As a methodology, Business Bay’s characteristics as a compact city and the urban form are analyzed via literature review and status surveys. The result had shown that in terms of land use, Business Bay was applied with the planning elements of a compact city and was a pedestrian-oriented city. A pedestrian-centered living environment was created, and the most common approach to the center was by walking. despite the small number of green spaces and open spaces in Business Bay, the surrounding natural environment including Dubai Water Canal is preserved through compact development. It was statistically proven that the development was made without the concept of sustainable development, the compactness of density was achieved, but the environmental and ecological considerations in the city were insignificant. As the scope of this study was limited to the physical aspect, the focus of this paper is to examine the possibility of a high-density city as a sustainable urban model. There is a limit in not dealing with the verification of social sustainability, economic sustainability, and cultural sustainability of Business Bay.
Keywords: Business Bay, Compact City, Sustainability, Planning Element, United Arab Emirates
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1. Introduction
Entering the 21st century, the sustainability aspect has been accepted as an important concept of development (Feleki et al, 2018; Mehan & Soflaei, 2017; Gil & Duarte, 2013). This is not simply a concept that is limited to the logic of development but is a very broad concept encompassing the realm of philosophy that reflects future values (Mo & Wang, 2014; Miller
& Buys, 2012). Therefore, although the necessity and justification for sustainable development are being discussed, the specific methodological aspect is still at an abstract stage (Dias et al, 2014). While various studies are being conducted to achieve sustainable development, compact cities are being discussed a lot as a form of sustainable city (Ameen et al, 2015; Meijer et al, 2011). For efficient urban development in terms of transportation energy, the total urban area should be limited as small as possible. Comparing the diffusion type urban structure and the compact urban structure in terms of energy efficiency, the diffusion type city creates a high
energy consumption structure by forcing individual transportation methods on residents by making it difficult to supply public transportation compared to the compact city structure (Mersal, 2016; Macdonald, 2016). Although compact cities can be positioned as an alternative to sustainable urban development in terms of energy efficiency and resource saving, the following two questions arise. First, existing studies tend to classify the centralized type and the distributed type based on density, and to name the centralized type as a compact city (Shi et al, 2016; Rice, 2010). It is questionable whether the term “compact city” in current use can be defined only by its density (Jenks, 2013). Second, if a compact city can be an alternative to a sustainable city model in terms of energy efficiency and resource saving, it raises the question of whether it can satisfy the housing needs of the current generation that must reflect various quality of life (Bibri et al, 2020; Boussauw et al, 2012).
To this end, this study defines the concept of a compact city as a theoretical study through literature research and examines the planning elements of a compact city and then it is reviewed whether there are elements applied to Business Bay, UAE (Figure 1) (United Arab Emirates) of these compact city planning elements. Through a study on the living patterns and residential consciousness of Business Bay residents, which have been developed at a fairly high density, this study aims to draw implications for sustainable urban development in the future by examining the problems and the potential for a sustainable city.
Figure 1: Business Bay, Dubai in UAE
2. Literature Review
2.1. The Concept of Compact City
The compact city is a concept discussed a lot in Europe, which is developed with low density (Figure 2). In order to solve the urban problems caused by the increase of urban population, it is not to damage the nature by increasing the urbanization area by developing the suburbs of the city, but rather to develop more densely within the existing city (Tian et al, 2014; Rérat, 2012). Through this, the expected sustainable urban environmental effect protects the undeveloped ecological environment by efficiently using the limited land resources (Tappert et al, 2018). Due to the concentration of development, the size of the city may be reduced, making it possible to walk or use bicycles in a car-oriented city (Westerink et al, 2013). It is also possible to save energy consumption due to integration (Mouratidis, 2019). As above, the concept of an early compact city was mentioned in terms of regenerating an established city (Raman, 2010). However, in recent years, it has established itself as an urban design concept of a city model that can acquire the sustainability of a new city beyond the established city (Kotharkar & Bahadure, 2020).
Figure 2: The Concept Diagram of Compact City
Dempsey & Jenks (2010) has developed the concept of a compact city, which is typically made only within the existing urban area of a compact city, into a concept as a sustainable city model (Dempsey & Jenks, 2010). He suggested that urban development be prioritized rather than centralized planning within the existing city area as a principle, but the merits of the decentralized and centralized city model should be appropriately combined (Dempsey, 2010).
In line with this concept, De Roo & Miller (2019) mentioned the advantages of high-density development in compact cities (De Roo & Miller, 2019), and Russo & Cirella (2018) encouraged high-density intensive development to solve urban problems (Russo & Cirella, 2018). Geschke et al (2018) also advocated intensive land use, center-oriented activities, and high-density development (Geschke et al, 2018). There is no clear concept of a compact city so far, but in general, high-density development centered on public transportation, mixed land use, and concentration of functions and activities are considered as common characteristics of a compact city claimed by several scholars (Stevenson et al, 2016; Buccolieri et al, 2015;
Gaigné et al, 2012; Stone et al, 2010).
On the other hand, in terms of the density of compact cities, Ahfeldt & Pietrostefani (2017) propose a net density of 500 people/ha as a population density that can accommodate a large number of people within walking distance without feeling overcrowded (Ahfeldt &
Pietrostefani, 2017). Mouratidis (2019) proposes a net density of 500 people/ha as an appropriate density to achieve a compact city in terms of traffic energy saving (Mouratidis, 2019). Looking at the results of these studies, it is judged that the density of a compact city would be reasonable even with a pure density of 500 people/ha as a standard (Tian et al, 2012).
As a sustainable city, a compact city may be possible, but a compact city does not necessarily become a sustainable city (Van Stigt et al, 2013; Dempsey & Jenks, 2010). This is because a sustainable city needs to be reviewed not only from the environmental aspect, but also from the socio-cultural aspect, economic self-sufficiency aspect, and environmental aspect (Phdungsilp, 2011). Whether a compact city can satisfy even economic, socio-cultural self- sufficiency is an area that requires further multifaceted research (Bibri, 2018). However, the planning elements for achieving sustainability in the environmental aspect are in line with the plan that the compact city is aiming for (Kutty et al, 2020; Aminzadeh & Khansefid, 2010).
Based on this, in this paper, the compact city is defined in two aspects. In terms of density, a city is planned based on with a pure density of 500 people/ha (Lee et al, 2015). However, density itself has no meaning unless it is related to urban form (Daneshpour & Shakibamanesh, 2011). Therefore, a compact city is based on a land use plan that can minimize the travel distance in terms of urban form. A traffic plan with a pedestrian-friendly road network centered on public transport and sufficient green space and open space should be secured (Mahriyar &
Rho, 2014). It must be a city in which urban planning elements with environmental sustainability, such as an environment and energy plan with a resource and energy saving environment, are realized. In other words, a compact city is defined as a city with a density of about 500/ha of net density and environmental sustainability in terms of urban form.
2.2. The Planning Elements of Compact City
In terms of environmental sustainability, the sustainable development principles for the existing urban and suburban new town development proposed by Rérat (2012) are as follows (Rérat, 2012). 1) the commuting distance or travel for daily convenience should be as short as possible, 2) encourage the use of public transport in the mobile era, 3) establish a balanced transportation sharing plan that can minimize fossil fuels, 4) it should be able to self-sufficient daily needs, and 5) intensive development based on public transportation.
Bibri et al (2020) went further than presenting the principles of sustainable urban planning and presented a specific development model (Bibri et al, 2020). Its characteristics are as follows.
1) high-density development (100 acres (40 hectares) / population 3,000 ~ 5,000) located close to the public transport system and existing infrastructure, 2) buildings and uses that are flexible to prevent full-scale demolition redevelopment, 3) use of complex land in various fields such as district, block, and street construction, 4) location of convenience facilities within walking distance, 5) high-level urban design and construction to prevent crime and have a sense of place, 6) energy-efficient, dry environment with informatization function, 7) pedestrians and bicycles are prioritized over cars, and 8) by supplying various types of housing at various prices, ultimately creating a social mix of residents (Luederitz et al,2013; Ahmadi & Toghyani, 2011).
Summarizing these, a sustainable city form is a city that is connected with the entire city with public transportation as transit and has high-density downtown areas, surrounded by medium/low-density development areas around them. As for transportation, walks and bicycles are used within the urban village, and transit is used when connected to the city, and
automobiles are used only supplementary (AlQahtany et al, 2013). Garde (2020), a new concept of urban planning in the United States and Canada, proposed a transit-centered model (Garde, 2020). In order to understand this model, we will look at the parts related to land use and transportation among the design principles of neighborhood districts as follows. 1) neighborhood districts should be designed as high-density, pedestrian-first, mixed-use, 2) activities of daily living must be possible within walking distance (especially for the elderly and children), 3) streets should be designed so that walking is preferred over cars, 4) provide housing of various types and prices in the district so that people of various ages and classes can form social relationships, 5) develop buildings and land around the station with an appropriate density (high density) so that more trains can be used than cars, 6) benefits and public activities should be focused, and 7) open spaces such as green areas and parks should be expanded and links between regions should be established (Morelli et al, 2014; Boussauw et al, 2012).
MacLeod (2013) defined environmental sustainability as follows for sustainable settlement development (MacLeod, 2013). 1) the use of natural energy such as solar heat and wind power, and energy and resource conservation with energy-saving building design as planning factors, 2) use of waste heat (cogeneration), building and exterior space planning using waste materials, use of rainwater, and recycling of waste water systems as planning elements as elements of environmental pollution minimization and waste resource utilization, 3) expansion and systematization of natural resources with the expansion and connection of green space as a planning element, such as the preservation of existing green spaces, the installation of a green belt, and the installation of regional parks, 4) full improvement and redevelopment of the existing residential area, and the regeneration and promotion of existing towns with the filling development of unused and devastated areas as planning factors, 5) high-density and mixed- use development with planning factors such as the appropriate number of floors and development density, housing type/scale, mix of shapes, mixed land use, and mixed-use buildings 6) establishment of a green transportation system with planning elements such as establishing a public transport linkage system such as subway, light rail, and bus, installing bus stops within walking distance, planning a pedestrian/bicycle-oriented street network, and reducing the width of roadways. In other environmental and energy sectors, environmental and ecological factors such as the creation of a hydrophilic environment and the planting of ecological street trees can be considered (rahim Rahnama et al, 2013).
Summarizing the above, the planning elements necessary for a sustainable city form in terms of environmental sustainability can be summarized as follows. First, in terms of land use, make the total area of the city as small as possible and develop it on a scale that can be moved on foot or by bicycle (Smith et al, 2020). The central commercial area is centered around the subway station, and the pedestrian street is intensively developed and arranged at high density.
It is desirable to have a plan that minimizes the travel distance as much as possible through complex land use (Anderson et al, 2017). Second, in the transportation field, train stations that can be linked with other regions are centered, and shuttle buses are connected with train stations and main line transportation. The systematic installation of bus stops within walking distance should be supported. By creating a road environment that prioritizes pedestrians and bicycles, and establishing a public transport oriented transportation system, personal vehicles can only be used for supplementary purposes (Hongjuan & Xianqiang, 2014). Third, in the field of environment and energy, green spaces and open spaces should be expanded, and these spaces should have connectivity and accessibility. In order to create an environment-friendly environment in the pedestrian space, a water-friendly environment and ecological street planting materials were actively utilized (Table 1).
Table 1: Planning Elements for Compact City
Category Keywords Planning Elements
Sustainability Land Use Appropriate density -Total area of a city that can be moved on foot or by bicycle
-Pure density: about 500 people/ha
Minimized travel distance - Arrangement of central commercial area around the station
-High-density arrangement around and in the center of the station, low-density arrangement in the outskirts
-Composite land use Transportation Public transportation system -Regional train connection
-Installed a bus stop within walking distance -Linkage between train, tram and shuttle bus Pedestrian friendly road - Reduction of roadway width and concave-convex
pavement
- Pedestrian roads connection Bicycle road -Independent bicycle route network
-Linked to bicycle road Environment/
Energy
Green space & Open space -Securing and connecting green space and open space -Creation of a friendly environment
-Ecological street tree planting Saving resources and energy -Use of waste heat:
combined heat for district heating/cooling -Arrangement of recycling collection facilities
3. Methodology
The background to analyze Business Bay, Dubai in UAE (United Arab Emirates) as a compact city is the planned area and population density. As can be seen in Table 2, the planned area is 4.2 km2, which is a scale that can be transported by foot or bicycle, and it was planned with a much higher density than other new towns with a population density. In terms of size and density, it has the external requirements of a compact city, but the question of how such high- density development is being accepted by the residents became an starting point to analyze Business Bay.
Table 2: Comparison of Area, Population & Density of New Cities
City Area (km2) Population Population Density
(1000/km2)
Business Bay 4.36 191,000 43.80
Mirdif 9.21 37,000 4.01
Dubai Marina 4.91 55,052 11.20
The analysis of Business Bay (Figure 3) is divided into two main topics. First, in order to examine whether Business Bay has the characteristics of a compact city, the urban form is analyzed through literature and current status surveys.
Figure 3: Business Bay Master Plan
At this time, the framework of the analysis was judged based on the application of the compact city planning elements examined in the field of land use, transportation, environment, and energy examined in the theoretical review. Second, a survey was conducted to investigate the lifestyle and consciousness of the residents of Business Bay. Satisfaction with planning factors in land use, transportation environment, and energy fields and whether residents' living patterns are actually walking-centered were examined. In addition, by examining residents' awareness of creating a pedestrian-oriented urban environment, the transition to a sustainable compact city was examined in terms of resident needs.
4. Analysis
4.1. Land Use
In terms of the appropriate density, the area of the Business Bay is 4.36 km2, which is wide enough for the entire city to be bundled with a pedestrian zone, but it is judged that it is a suitable size for a compact city as it is judged that it is reasonable to use a bicycle to move. In terms of density, compared to the standard of population density of a compact city of 500 people/ha, the net density of Business Bay is 483 people/ha, which is close to the standard of a compact city. Looking at the minimization of movement distance, it can be seen that the land use layout pattern is very similar to the planning elements of a compact city. In order to arrange the central commercial area around Business Bay station and to accommodate more households in the area within walking distance from the center, studios and 1 bedroom units are concentrated in high density and 2-3 bedroom units are arranged in the outskirts. The aspect of complex land use was excluded from the evaluation due to the lack of objective data for judgment.
4.2. Transportation
In terms of connection with the public transportation system, Business Bay is located in the center of Dubai and has a well-equipped interregional public transportation system with Business Bay Station as the center, Deira, Dubai Marina, and Jebel Ali. In addition, buses were operated to each residential complex centered on Business Bay Station, and a bus stop was
installed within walking distance of each residential complex. In terms of pedestrian-friendly roads, a pedestrian-only space is formed centered on Executive Tower Park (Figure 4) and linked to Business Bay Station.
Figure 4: Executive Tower Park in Business Bay
Figure 5: Dubai Water Canal in Business Bay
It has a car-oriented road system similar to that of existing cities, except that a pedestrian overpass was created as a public space such as Dubai Mall and partially connected to the pedestrian circulation. In terms of bicycle roads, the road system of Business Bay is a road network structure centered on automobiles as mentioned above, but it is the only independent bicycle road in Dubai. In addition, the Dubai Water Canal (Figure 5) exists and plays a role as a key point of water transportation, and the pedestrian road is very well connected with the Dubai Water Canal.
4.3. Environments
In terms of securing green space and open space, Business Bay has a high population density, so parks and green areas should be given more consideration, but because Al Safa Park is adjacent, the parks and green areas are actually set low. However, due to the compact development, the green areas around Dubai Water Canal are preserved in the form of a pocket park (Figure 6), so it can be evaluated that it has an excellent environment in terms of natural environment. However, consideration in terms of environment and ecology such as planting of ecological street trees in the city is insufficient.
Figure 6: Marasi Park in Dubai Water Canal, Business Bay
4.4. Analysis of Residents' Lifestyle and Perception
The total number of questionnaires was 240, and random interviews were conducted with people meeting at Business Bay station area (Table 3). Due to the nature of the interview survey, 220 copies were valid, and the survey period was about 15 days from September 10 to September 24, 2020. As for the gender of the questionnaire respondents, 163 copies were female, 74.2%, and 57 copies, 25.5%, male. Age is 8.6% in their 20s, 59.3% in their 30s, 26.2%
in their 40s, 1.8% in their 50s, 3.2% in their 60s, and 0 in their 70s. 9%. The number of years of residence in Business Bay is less than 1 year, 2.7%, between 1 year and 5 years 53%, between 6 years and 10 years 44.7%, and over 10 years 4.5%. As for the type of residence, 64.3% owned, Rent 33%, Misc. 2.7%. As for the occupation, only 117 people out of 220 have a job, so statistics related to work are percentages based on the total number of copies of 117 copies.
Table 3: Survey for Residents' Lifestyle and Perception
Category Keywords Survey Questions Satisfaction
Average
Land Use Appropriate density Residential density 3.79
Minimized travel distance Satisfaction with access to the center 2.88 Time required to access the center 3.57 Time required to access the train station (on foot) 3.27 Central access means of transportation 2.56
Transportation Public transportation system work location 3.33
commuter transportation 3.42
Satisfaction with the public transportation system 3.11 Pedestrian friendly road Satisfaction with walking environment 3.44
Satisfaction with pedestrian-only spaces in central areas
3.27
Bicycle road Bike road satisfaction 2.89
Environment/
Energy
Green space & Open space Satisfaction with the natural environment 3.78 Satisfaction with open spaces (parks, playgrounds) 3.46 Saving resources and energy Satisfaction with heating method of energy saving 3.61 Satisfaction in terms of household waste recycling 3.32
5. Conclusion and Discussion
In this study, the concept of a compact city was defined as a city with a net density of about 500 people/ha and to which planning elements in terms of environmental sustainability were applied. Based on this, the planning elements in terms of environmental sustainability were examined by dividing them into land use, transportation, environment and energy. Using these planning elements as a framework for analysis, Business Bay was analyzed, and a current status survey and survey were conducted to examine the lifestyle and consciousness of the residents.
The study results are summarized as follows.
First, in terms of land use, it was found that Business Bay was applied with the planning elements of a compact city and was actually a pedestrian-oriented city. However, the satisfaction level was low because it felt a bit complicated in terms of the density of residence, but the satisfaction with access to the center was high, which had a positive effect on the overall satisfaction with residence in Business Bay.
Second, for daily needs, a pedestrian-centered living environment was created, and in reality, the most common approach to the center was by walking. Although it is a pedestrian-oriented city, the road network is centered on cars, so the satisfaction with the pedestrian environment is low. In addition, despite the size of the city that can be moved by bicycle, it has a car-oriented road network and there is no independent bicycle route network.
Third, despite the small number of green spaces and open spaces compared to other new cities, the surrounding natural environment is preserved through compact development, and the satisfaction with the natural environment is very high. This shows that the satisfaction with the natural environment is high while living in a compact city developed with high density, which has the highest influence on the improvement of satisfaction with the entire settlement of Business Bay. This means that the compact city has the potential to become a sustainable city model in terms of satisfying the housing needs of the current generation along with the research results that a compact city can be a useful city model from a resource-saving point of view.
Fourth, since the development was made without the concept of sustainable development, the compactness of density was achieved, but the environmental and ecological considerations in the city were insignificant. Therefore, it is judged that satisfaction with pedestrian-only spaces in the central commercial area is lower than satisfaction with green spaces or accessibility to the center.
There was dissatisfaction felt overcrowding in terms of density, but it could be seen that the higher correlation with settlement satisfaction was satisfied with the natural environment. It was possible to examine the change of consciousness that considers pedestrian environment to be more important than car transportation. Therefore, it is the concept of a compact city that improves pedestrian accessibility by developing high-density centers around the center and
preserving the natural environment to the outskirts. It was possible to see the potential of becoming a model of a sustainable city that can satisfy both the resource-saving perspective for future generations and the housing needs of the present generation. As the scope of this study was limited to the physical aspect, the focus of this paper is to examine the possibility of a high-density city as a sustainable urban model in terms of resource-saving and the housing needs of the current generation. Therefore, there is a limit in not dealing with the verification of social sustainability, economic sustainability, and cultural sustainability of compact cities.
In order for a compact city to be presented as a sustainable city model, future research in this field should also be continued.
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