HUBUNGAN ANTARA GEJALA BULI SIBER DENGAN TINGKAH LAKU MEMBUNUH HATI DENGAN REMAJA DI SEMENANJUNG. Selain itu, perkembangan teknologi dan penglibatan media sosial telah menyumbang kepada peningkatan gejala buli siber. Gejala buli siber semakin berleluasa dan baru-baru ini telah menyebabkan kes bunuh diri yang tragis, dengan kajian terdahulu melaporkan hubungan yang signifikan antara tingkah laku buli siber dan gejala bunuh diri.
Penyelidikan tentang hubungan antara buli siber dan tingkah laku bunuh diri dalam kalangan remaja adalah terhad, dan ini menjadi fokus kajian ini. Objektif: Untuk menentukan hubungan antara tingkah laku membunuh diri dengan gejala buli siber dalam kalangan remaja di Semenanjung Malaysia. Untuk menilai simptom bunuh diri (pembolehubah bersandar), tingkah laku buli siber (pembolehubah tidak bersandar) dan faktor lain yang mengelirukan tingkah laku bunuh diri (pembolehubah bebas) dalam kalangan remaja, Skala Buli Siber Versi Bahasa Melayu, Proforma Kajian dan Soal Selidik Kesihatan Pesakit-9 Versi Bahasa Melayu telah digunakan. .
Regresi logistik mudah dan berganda digunakan untuk menentukan perkaitan antara gejala buli siber dan tingkah laku bunuh diri menggunakan SPSS versi 26. Regresi logistik berbilang mendedahkan bahawa mereka yang menjadi mangsa buli siber adalah 2.35 kali lebih berkemungkinan untuk melakukan gejala bunuh diri berbanding mereka yang tidak. (AOR: 2.35.95% CI p <0.001), selepas melaraskan untuk pengacau lain. Pelaku buli siber dan kekerapan menjadi mangsa buli siber bukanlah faktor yang signifikan (masing-masing p=0.984, p=0.264).
Kesimpulan: Bilangan membimbangkan kes remaja di Semenanjung Malaysia yang terlibat dalam gejala buli siber dan perkaitannya yang ketara dengan gejala bunuh diri menunjukkan keperluan besar untuk mengukuhkan program semasa untuk memerangi isu tersebut.
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
Problem statement & Study rationale
Cyberbullying habits are becoming more widespread and have recently triggered tragic suicides (Chern, 2020), including making cruel or offensive remarks, harmful teasing, telling lies with complete disregard for the recipient's dignity or circumstances that have led to the many unfortunate incidents , (B20155 ; Simon, 2017). According to the latest statistics reported by the World Health Organization (2021), more than 700,000 people died due to suicide per year, and suicide was the fourth leading cause of death among young people. The number of suicidal behaviors among young people was increasing in trend across the globe and also in Malaysia (Institute for Public Health (IPH), 2018; World Health Organisation, 2021).
Recent statistics in Malaysia have shown that 25% of teenagers in Malaysia have been victims of moderate to severe online bullying, while up to 54% have expressed a tendency to be cyberbullies (Yuen et al., 2018). ). Such statistics show that cyberbullying and suicidal behavior has become a significant threat to the well-being of teenagers in Malaysia, and appropriate measures are needed to avoid further harm from online violence. Currently, we are living in a new normal era where most of the activities like learning, teaching, tutorial, exam, transaction, work, school activities are done through the internet to reduce the transmission of the disease Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19).
This may increase the risk of cyberbullying among adolescents as they may spend more time online (Bottino et al., 2015), which may increase the risk of suicidal behavior. Several studies in other countries have shown the impact of cyberbullying on mental health, such as depression (Bottino et al., 2015; Hamm et al., 2015; Olenik-Shemesh et al., 2012; Reed et al., 2016), which then they become precursors. to suicidal behavior for both aggressors and victims (Hinduja & Patchin, 2010). Although the field of cyberbullying research is still green, many studies on cyberbullying have been conducted in the US and Europe (Kowalski & . Limber, 2007; Tsitsika et al., 2015).
However, these studies did not highlight the link between cyberbullying and suicidal behavior among adolescents, where more debate is had about the roles and effects of cyberbullying on other mental illnesses such as anxiety disorder and depression. In addition, most studies created unique questions and assessed the frequency of cyberbullying in different ways depending on the researchers' goals. Estimates of the prevalence of cyberbullying and its effects on mental health can be affected by differences in definitions and, consequently, in measurement methods.
In Malaysia, to our knowledge, there was only one study that examined the relationship between cyberbullying and suicidal behavior among Malaysians, which was conducted among eight cyberbullied victims using a semi-structured questionnaire technique by Simon, (2017). This proved that there had been limited research on cyberbullying and suicidal behavior among youth, especially in Malaysia and during the COVID-19 pandemic, confirming our reasons for conducting this study. Much is still unknown in Asian countries, including Malaysia, about the forms and consequences of cyberbullying (Balakrishnan, 2015), including its mental health effects, especially suicidal behavior.
Research Questions
- General Objective
- Specific Objectives
To determine the prevalence of cyberbullying and suicidal behavior and their association among adolescents in Peninsular Malaysia.
Research Hypothesis
The literature used in this study provides information on global and local findings on cyberbullying and suicidal behavior among adolescents and other factors associated with suicidal behavior.
Cyberbullying
- Definition of Cyberbullying
- Prevalence of cyberbullying among adolescents
The definition of cyberbullying derived by Coric & Kastelan (2020) was used in this study as it included all the main forms and mediums used in cyberbullying where some studies did not include social media as one of the mediums used in cyberbullying in which social media is one. of the common medium used in cyberbullying (UNICEF, 2019). There are various platforms ranging from credit-based messaging to social media that can be used for cyberbullying (Peter K. Smith et al., 2008). The prevalence of cyberbullying varies by many factors including age, methodologies used to assess cyberbullying behavior, target group, sample size, duration of reported incidence, and different definitions of cyberbullying used by researchers.
Lee & Shin (2017) reported that more than one-third of youth in South Korea were involved in cyberbullying in the past three months, with victims having the highest incidence. They reach a conclusion where humiliation through the use of large online social gatherings such as forums or blogs proved to be the most popular form of cyberbullying, and electronic mails were the least. Due to the shutdown of the COVID-19 pandemic, the new norm where most activities are done online, including online education, had caused an increase in Internet use and social networking, and therefore these may increase the number of reported cases of cyberbullying among young people over the whole world (R. Armitage, 2021).
This is shown where in the USA 32.6% of adolescents reported that cyberbullying increased during the pandemic (Lessard & Puhl, 2021) and in Murcia, Spain, they reported that 49.3% of adolescent victims of cyberbullying involved was and 23.3% was cyberbullying -Calatayud & Prendes Espinosa, 2021). Thai et al., 2022) reported that 36.5% of adolescents in Vietnam were involved in cyberbullying victimization during the COVID-19 pandemic where nearly 40% of their adolescents spent more than four hours a day surfing the Internet. surf. The research also found that parents in Malaysia were poorly aware of the incidence of cyberbullying among their children, only 38 percent of parents were concerned about the matter, while a little over a quarter talked about the risks of online communication with their children (Microsoft, 2012) ). These studies have repeatedly shown that cyberbullying victims seem to become victims of cyberbullying themselves or vice versa. 2020) conducted a cross-sectional study among young 882 adolescents who were between thirteen and fourteen years old in Penang, Malaysia.
To our knowledge, there is no study published on cyberbullying among adolescents in Malaysia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Yes answer' to the question of 'I humiliated other students by sending messages and spreading images via social media platform'. Yes' answer to the question of 'I humiliated other students by sending messages and distributing images via mobile phones or other devices that had internet access'.
To identify respondents as a victim or perpetrator of cyberbullying, cyberbullying was operationally defined as a score of 2 or more on any of the items as either cybervictimization or Perpetrators of cyberbullying were assessed with the question "I have lied or made fun of other teens using the Internet (email, instant messaging, cell phone text messages, or websites)." Bullying that occurs via the Internet or mobile phone is called cyberbullying (Lindfors et al., 2012).
Cyberbullying perpetrator defined as any person who scored equal or higher than 2 (Yes, once or twice a month) on any of the items of cyberaggression and scored equal or lower than 1 (Yes, once or twice) on all items of . CBS had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.94) and significant positive correlations with related constructs of anxiety, depression and loneliness (Stewart et al., 2014).
