International Journal of Social Science Research (IJSSR) eISSN: 2710-6276 | Vol. 4 No. 3 [September 2022]
Journal website: http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijssr
COMMUNITY RESILIENCE IN THE KARST AREA SETTLEMENT OF JURANGJERO VILLAGE, BOGOREJO
DISTRICT, BLORA REGENCY
Eppy Yuliani1*, Mila Karmilah2 and Yeni Nurwahyuni3
1 2 3 Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Sultan Agung Islamic University, Semarang, INDONESIA
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Article Information:
Article history:
Received date : 17 August 2022 Revised date : 4 September 2022 Accepted date : 7 September 2022 Published date : 25 September 2022
To cite this document:
Yuliani, E., Karmilah, M, &
Nurwahyuni, Y. (2022).
COMMUNITY RESILIENCE IN THE KARST AREA SETTLEMENT OF JURANGJERO VILLAGE, BOGOREJO DISTRICT, BLORA REGENCY. International Journal of Social Science Research, 4(3), 181- 190.
Abstract: This study took place in the karst area of Jurangjero village, Blora regency. The area is a part of the CAT Watuputih, which is a conservation area that must be protected and managed appropriately. Activities carried out in the area has an impact on the community, both positively and negatively. In addition to economic issues, the community must deal with ones concerning its accessibility, condition and infrastructure facilities.
Nonetheless, the community persistently continues to live in the karst area. Referring to these issues, this study aims to determine the community's preferences for resiliently living in the karst area of Jurangjero village.
The method used was a rationalistic qualitative with descriptive analysis technique, employing interviews with the headman as the key informant and the community as the main informants. The results of analysis suggested that some factors affecting community's preferences for their resilient living in the karst area of Jurangjero village are such as the residence’s proximity to relatives, length of stay, social/family ties that exist due to social bonds, origin, ease of seeking jobs and income, residential selection status, workplace proximity, educational facilities proximity, commercial facilities proximity, availability of transportation modes in terms of motorcycles, availability of worship facilities, good sanitary conditions and availability of electricity.
Keywords: Resilience, community, Karst Area Settlement.
1. Introduction
As the most basic need in life, humans need a place to live. This place serves them for resting, sleeping, and carrying out activities. Furthermore, house is one of the most basic human needs in order to protect themselves from various threats and build an integrated settlement unit (Ardiana, 2017). One of the abiotic environmental elements that can influence settlements is geomorphological/land form factor (Kaho & Giyarsih, 2018)
Hills provide distinctive contours or topography, and some areas are very steep, making it difficult to build houses there.
One of the settlements in the hills is a karst area. Karst area is an area of carbonate rock formation (limestone and dolomite) with karst morphology. This indicates that the karst area is a water catchment area and stores a large amount of water for the nearby communities.
Furthermore, karst, which is limestone, serves many purposes, one of which is to be rich in mining materials. According to ICH, Kompas, 15 December 2015, if karst is not managed properly, it can cause drought, social conflict, and potentially damage natural resources. It can also threaten green land, including the karst protected areas.
The study was conducted in Jurangjero village, which is located at an altitude of 259 meters above sea level. According to the Revised Regional Regulation No. 5 of 2011 concerning Regional Spatial Plan of Blora Regency, Jurangjero village is included in a special area for the distribution of underdeveloped villages with very underdeveloped status. Settlement in Jurangjero village belongs to those in landslide and drought-prone areas. Furthermore, the karst area in Jurangjero village is a part of the mining areas for limestone, quartz sand, gypsum, and ball clay. Another findings in the field was dealing with the difficult access to it due to inadequate/incomplete infrastructures. The settlement of the Jurangjero village community is also close to mining area. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the community's preferences for their resilient living in the karst area of Jurangjero Village.
The study site was located in Jurangjero Village, Bogorejo District, Blora Regency. It is made up of four hamlets.
Figure 1: Delineation of Jurangjero Village, Bogorejo District, Blora Regency
Source: RT/RW Blora Regency, 2021
2. Literature Review
According to Law Number 1 of 2011 concerning Housing and Settlement Areas, settlement is part of a residential environment comprising of more than one housing unit with infrastructures, facilities, public utilities, and supporting activities for other functions in urban or rural areas.
Rapoport (1969) defines settlements as the result of several factors, including primary and secondary factors. The former refers to religion/belief, family structure, work/income sources, and relationships between communities/individuals (Herliatin & Harudu, 2016)
Based on Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number:
1456/K/20/MEM/2000 concerning Guidelines for the Management of Karst Areas, a karst area is an area of carbonate rock (limestone and dolomite) that exhibits karst morphology. Li (2016) stated the characteristics of karst area are dry and barren during dry season besides being easily damaged. The increasing number of settlements in the karst area may have an impact on the level of pollution and environmental damage.
2.1 The Karst Area Settlement
The characteristics of a karst area settlement can be evaluated in terms of: House construction, Facilities, Sanitary condition, and Housing environment (Kaho & Giyarsih, 2018).
Rural communities, according to Roucek and Warren in Nora Susilawati (1995), have the following characteristics:
a. having a relatively homogeneous nature in terms of livelihood, cultural values, attitude, and behavior
b. focusing more on family members' participation in activities in order to meet family's livelihood needs
c. geographical factors, such as the bonding between community members and the native land or village
d. family members' ties are more intimate.
Dealing with the community activities in the settlement, according to Sridadi (1988) in (Asyah, 2014), the involvement or participation of each individual in these activities cannot be separated from factors that can influence it, such as age, occupation, income, education, and length of their stay in specific residential areas.
Sinulingga (2005) defines living preference as a person's desire or tendency to live or not in a particular location. The tendency to choose whether or not to live is influenced by the current state of the settlement, the beauty of the settlement, and the ideal housing conditions (Haris &
Hendrakusumah, 2019).
According to Tharziansyah (2002) in (Tiara Armela, 2015)factors influencing the preference for settlement can be divided into two categories:
a. Housing/settlement environment factors (housing attributes), such as: settlement location, transportation, distance to workplace, infrastructure condition, facilities, environment’s physical structures, building orientation, housing’s physical condition, housing ownership status.
b. Individual factors (household characteristics), such as:
1) Social aspects: religion, language, age, number of family members, and family levels 2) Economic aspects: occupation, income/expenditure
3) Cultural aspects: ethnicity and kinship.
According to Turner (1968) in (Asyah, 2014), people with lower-middle incomes have three priority levels of housing needs, such as: distance, house status, housing type and quality, and house price based on their economy.
2.1 Problem Statement
Settlement in Jurangjero village belongs to those in landslide and drought-prone areas.
Furthermore, the karst area in Jurangjero village is a part of the mining areas for limestone, quartz sand, gypsum, and ball clay. Another findings in the field was dealing with the difficult access to it due to inadequate/incomplete infrastructures.
3. Method
In the study called “Community Preferences for Living Resilience in Karst Area”, Qualitative deductive method with a rationalistic approach was employed. Meanwhile, in order to collect data, descriptive analysis technique was used through in-depth interviews. Table 3.1 shows the variables, indicators, and parameters.
Table 3.1: Research Variables, Indicators and Parameters
Aspects Variables Indicators Parameters
Community’s Characteristics
Socio-Cultural Factors
Religion/belief The religion embraced by the community in Jurangjero Village
Language The language spoken in daily communication
Age Age levels
Number of family members
Number of family members in a house
Family level/structure Family structure and types of activities carried out
Education The latest education levels Relationship between
community/individuals
Neighborhood condition/neighborhood relationship
Length of stay The community’s length of stay Economic Factors Occupation The respondents’ types of occupation
Income Income generated from occupation Settlement’s
characteristics
Physical Factors Environment’s Physical Structures
Topographical conditions of the land
Housing physical conditions
Housing ownership status Housing types and quality Facilities - Education facilities
Environmental factors
- Worship facilities - Commercial facilities - Sports facilities
Sanitary conditions Environment’s sanitary conditions Housing Cleanliness Housing cleanliness conditions Conditions of
settlement location
Residential building orientation
Community’s Preferences for Living
Resilience
Social Resilience Kinship Relatives or family Intimacy Cultural/Political
Resilience
Ethnicity Community’s Origin
Economic Resilience
Income Ease of earning income at the residential location
Occupation/sources Ease of finding jobs at the residential location
Land price Affordable housing with income Physical
Resilience
Ownership status Housing ownership status
Accessibility - Distance from house to educational facilities
- Distance from house to commercial facilities
- Distance from house to workplace - Availability of transportation modes Environmental
Resilience
Availability of facilities
- Availability of educational facilities - Availability of worship facilities - Availability of health facilities - Availability of commercial facilities Infrastructure
Conditions
- Condition of clean water system - Condition of drainage system - Condition of rubbish disposal system - Condition of waste disposal system - Condition of electrics system Source: Researcher’s Analysis Results, 2021
3.1 Material
Research material is the village community of the Jurangjero Village.
3.1.1 Sample
This study uses a puposive sampling tecnique. Interviews were conducted in depth to the informants with sample criteria, incuding :
The Jurangjero Village Goverment is the Head of Jurangjero Village and the Head of Citizen Assosiation/ Neigborhood Assosiation. Village officials were taken to obtain information that could not be obtained from the general public. Jurangjero Village Community. The general public who become informants are natives and immigrants.
3.1.2 Site
Primary data was obtained by conducting a reviewand collecting data directly from the condition in the field. Conduct field observations by observing and obtaining data related to the physical aspects of the environment (the condition of the settlements in Jurangjero Village) and the social, cultural and economic aspects of the community (the conditions of the people of Jurangjero Village) through daily activities/activities carried out by the community.
Researchers Conduct direct and in-depth interviews with the people of Jurangjero Village who have been determined to include people living in the Karst Area of Jurangjero Village and parties deemed necessary to be interviewed for information related to research (Jurangjero Village Head).
Secondary data collection is carried out at the relevant agencies. In this study, secondary data were obtained from BAPPEDA Blora Regency, BPS Bogorejo District, Jurangjero Village Head Office and others.
3.1.3 Procedure
Data processing and Presentation techniques several stages of qualitative analysis used :
a. Data reduction , the data that has been collested in the field will go through a process of selecteing and simplifying the data.
b. Data prensentation stage, used to describe the data. Narrative presentation in this study is used to explain the characteristics of the people of Jurangjero Village in term of socio- cultural and economic aspects, the characteristics of the setllement of Jurangjero Village in in terms of the physical aspect of the environment, and people's preferences in surviving living in the Karst Area.
3.2 Measurment
The measurement of the research was carried out qualitatively, including :
Measurement includes character community’s aspect, settlement’s character aspect; and Community’s Preferences for Living Resilience.
4. Data Analysis
The analysis was carried out in qualitative descriptive manner on the research parameters., including : social culture, economic, settlement (physical and environmental) ; infrastucture.
4.1 Validity and Reliability
In this study, the validity test used is triangulation. Triangulation is a technique of checking the correctness of data by checking or comparing data in the field with sources outside the data.
(Moleong, 2006).
Reliability test is done by auditing the entire research process.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1 Characteristics of the Community Living in the Karst Area of Jurangjero Village 4.1.1 Social Conditions
The entire community embraces Islam. People speak Javanese language, using “ngoko”
(colloquial) and “krama inggil” (polite) in a daily communication. Jurangjero village is particularly dominated by its indigenous people, who have lived there since childhood.
Meanwhile, minority groups are immigrants coming from outside the village or city. The majority of people living in there are over the age of 35. This suggests that the majority of whom are still productive. The number of family units per house ranges from 1-2, and the number of family members ranges from 2-5 per family unit. The structures and activities of each family unit are dominated by spouses working in the field on a daily basis or by husband working, while wife at home taking care of domestic stuffs and livestock, and children going to school and playing. On average, the residents receive a senior high school education. People who have remained living in the settlement up to these days have only completed elementary school. Those who have lived there since childhood or passed down from their parents have dominated the longest stay. They have a good relationship, sense of harmony, mutual cooperation, and great tolerance among them, as reflected by social activities carried out, such as PKK gathering (Family Welfare Program), recitation (selapanan) in Musala (mosque) once a month, community service once a month, holding posyandu program (Integrated Healthcare Center), chit-chatting in stalls (njagong), hanging out at a neighbor's house (nonggo), and many others.
4.1.2 Economic Conditions
People’s education is the main reason behind the occupation choice. Some make a living as farmers, due to the fact that the distance between ricefield, moor and their house is still close, located in the same village. Income from this agriculture is apparently insufficient to meet daily needs. Therefore, in order to support their finance, they also work as porters hauling stones in mining or quarrying stones or quartz, selling vegetables, and raising cattles.
4.2 Characteristics of the Karst Area Settlement of Jurangjero Village
Private ownership dominates the residential ownership status. The majority of the land used to build houses is inherited from parents and passed down through generations to their children and grandchildren. The housing includes permanent and semi-permanent types. The housing condition is greatly affected by their economic condition. The majority of houses are still bekuk lulang-style wooden structures. The building faces the street for easy access to other locations.
Due to sloping land, people must build a foundation before constructing a house to prevent it from collapsing. This also has an impact on the cost of maintenance as well as their income.
The availability of infrastructure facilities in Jurangjero village is insufficient, so additional facilities and improvements to the infrastructure are required.
4.3 Community’s Preferences for Living Resilience in the Karst Area of Jurangjero Village
Table 4.1: Community’s Preferences for Living Resilience in the Karst Area of Jurangjero Village
Parameters Data Processing Results
Kinship
The location where their relatives live is still in the same village, even if it is only one area of domicile, such as in one hamlet or one village block inhabited by one family with the same lineage, making it possible for them to live close together and get along with one another. The community's strong desire to be close to their relatives is inevitable.
Length of Stay People who have lived since early childhood or are hereditary dominate. This seems to affect on persuading the community to stay in the karst area of Jurangjero village because they are already familiar with their surroundings and adaptation.
Community’s Relationship
The presence of intimate relationship among the community leads them to feel happy and have nothing to worry about. It gets even closer as if they were like brothers and sisters, making them less worried when facing difficulties.
Length of Stay The majority of the Jurangjero village residents are natives who have lived there for generations. They have a strong desire to defend their birthplace. Length of stay factor has become the preference since it is based on the community's peace and comfort living in their own village.
Ease of Seeking Jobs and Income
One of the reasons underlying the community's resilience in living in the karst area of Jurangjero village is the ease of seeking jobs and income. It is very easy to get a job and extra daily income since there are many sources of jobs and income in Jurangjero village. Thus, people, particularly husbands, feel relieved and no longer have to be concerned about finding sources of income.
Land Price with Income
People now have their own houses and plots of land. They don’t take the land price as their preference for living in there because, according to them, the land price is currently getting more expensive compared to that in previous years. This increase is caused by some factors, one of which is due to mining activities. Compared to income, the community is quite opposed to the current price, for they must sell their property such as cows, etc, in order to buy a land at this time.
Housing Ownership Status
Housing ownership status is one of the living preferences since they already have rights to the house and land they currently live in, which are privately owned. This leads individuals to prefer houses that are already privately owned to having to look for a place to live in other places.
Residence’s Proximity to workplace
The majority of the community works as farmers, whose rice fields are not too far from their houses. They prefer living close to their workplace in order to save money, time, and energy.
Residence’s Proximity to educational facilities
The residence's proximity to schools is one of the living preferences. This can be seen from the statements of the community members who send their children to the nearest school, which is accessible on foot or by motorcycle.
Residence’s Proximity to
commercial facilities
The residence’s proximity to commercial facilities is one of the living preferences. This can be discovered from the community's statement, claiming that despite market absence, people can still meet their daily needs by relying on stalls, shops, and mobile vegetable vendors, that can only be accessed on foot.
Availability of Transportation Modes
Despite the absence of public transportation, the presence of motorcycles is the most valuable thing for the community to support daily activities. This kind of transportation mode is one of the community preferences for living, as indicated by the fact that more than two motorbikes are found in merely each house.
Availability of Educational Facilities
The availability of schools is not one of the community preferences for resiliently living because parents prefer sending their children to the nearest school. This is closely related to the poor learning quality at Jurangjero Village schools.
Availability of Commercial Facilities
The availability of commercial facilities such as stalls, shops, and vegetable vendors is one of the community preferences for living as there is no market in the location, making people rely their daily needs on the commercial facilities in Jurangjero village.
Availability of Worship Facilities
The availability of mosques and prayer rooms is one of the community preferences for living there because the access to worship facilities, according to the community, is very essential to encourage religious activities.
Availability of Health Facilities
Due to the lack of midwives’ activities in PKD Jurangjero village, the community decides to seek health care in other places.
Availability and condition of Clean Water System
Clean water in Jurangjero village is readily available and sufficient to meet the community's daily needs and it is still dependable. In addition, they are in desperate need of clean and clear water.
Availability and Condition of rubbish disposal system
The community has already been accustomed to the rubbish disposal condition and mechanism used in Jurangjero village. Several respondents also stated that they would accept having a rubbish can and a rubbish cart in each house. Even if there isn't, they believe it's unnecessary.
Availability and Condition of Drainage system
Drainage lies only on the side of the main road, instead of in the middle of settlements.
Thus, they feel neither harm nor worrry due to the absence of it. This is closely due to the settlement's location in the karst area, where rainfall will directly pour down to the caves surrounding the settlement, preventing flood.
Availability and Condition of Waste Disposal System
The proper waste disposal system is not one of the community preferences for resiliently living in the karst area of Jurangjero village. This is because people are accustomed to and at ease with the conditions of waste disposal described above, which has been practiced for decades and has become a habit.
Availability and Condition of Electric system
People claimed that the electricity system is critical to meeting their daily needs today.
Source: Researcher’s Analysis Results, 2021
5. Conclusion
Based on the results of analysis, it can be concluded that the community resiliently living in the karst area is tough despite the barriers that exist in their environment. The main reason for their resilience in living is due to social and economic factors. Another conclusion is that the preferences of Jurangjero village community in selecting to resiliently live in the karst area are:
the residence’s proximity to relatives, length of stay, relationship among community, origin, ease of seeking jobs and income, ownership status, residence’s proximity to workplace, residence’s proximity to educational facilities, ease of residence to commercial facilities, availability of transportation modes, availability of commercial facilities.
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Regulations
Law Number 1 of 2011 concerning Housing and Settlement Areas
Regional Regulation Number 5 of 2011 concerning Regional Spatial Planning of Blora . Regency
Report of Protected Area Inventory of Blora Regency in 2020
