Department of Wood, Paper and Coating Technology, School of

RESEARCH 1995 (CFFPR~95), 3-4TH OCTOBER 1995

IMPORTANCE OF

^T~OOD

EXTRACTIVES ON WOOD PROPERTIES AND FOR TREE BREEDING

Maruli H Simatupang

Department

of Wood, Paper

and Coating

Technology, School of

Industrial Technology,

Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Enih Rosamah

Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry,

Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East-Kalimantan, Indonesia Koichi Yamamoto

Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Forestry Division, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 Japan

ABSTRACT

Teak is indigenous in India, Myanmar, and Thailand,· but is currently cultivated in many parts of the worlds. Teakwood is one of the oldest conunercial wood speCies. Around 4,000 years BC the wood was already shipped from India to Babylonia and Yemen, where i t was used for construction and ship building.

The wood is of medium density, has a very good dimensional stability, prevent iron nails from rusting, is rather

resistant against chemicals, and has a high natural durability against wood destroying fungi and termites. It can, however, induces allergic reactions_ The non polar extractives are responsible for the good as well as the less desirable properties.

The termicide properties are due to anthraquinones. The concentration of the active compounds may be up to two

percent. Caoutchouc is the most abundant occurring compound in teakwood. Its concentration may be up to five percent. The compound is responsible for the water repellant properties of the wood. The compounds responsible for the fungal resistance are, however, still not known. Probably the synergistic effect of active and nonactive wood extractives is .the cause of the durability against wood destroying fungi. A new antioxidant was recently isolated from the acetone extract of teakwood. It was postulated that this compound protect caoutchouc against oxydation and rusting of iron nails.

Teak specimens from various localities and countries show very great variations of total extractive contents as well as

concentrations of single compounds. This is also true for drill cores of increment borer from teak plantations made of seed or clones. The examinations of the methanol and

chloroform extracts of five clones from Thailand shows two kinds of pattern. Two clones show a desireable

positive

correlation between methanol extract content and tree

diameter, wheres two others have a negative correlation. A positive correlation between chloroform and tree diameter was only shown by one clone.

Keywords: teak, wood

extractives,

natural durability,

water

repellancy, abrasion, contact

allergy,

clones.

INTRODUCTION

Teak, Tectona grandis L.f. , is indigenous in India, Burma, and Thailand. The natural distribution of teak is limited to areas with pronounced monsoons. During the dry season the tree has no leaves. The thick bark protects the tree against bush fires. Due to this fire resistance properties the tree has some advantages compared to other less resistant species, and promote its distribution. Teak is being cultivated firstly on Java, New-Guinea and recently in Africa, (e.g. Senegal; Ghana 35,000 ha; Nigeria; Ivory Coast 35,000 ha; Benin 6000 ha;

Dahomey; Sudan; Kenya) with a total area

of about 140,000 ha (SCHMINCKE 1992);

Central America,

e.g.

Cuba, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad; South-America, e.g. Brazil (BEYSE

1991); Malaysia, and many other countries. It is a rather slow growing species, but due to the high price of the logs or the wood products, teak is increasingly being used for

afforestation.

Teak and Lebanon ceder, are considered to be the oldest

commercial wood species. Already around four thousand year

Be

teak from India was shipped to Babylonia and Yemen. The wood was used for building temples, palaces, expensive houses and ships (HERMANN 1952). The utilization of teakwood has not changed much since this prehistorical time. Currently the solid wood is used for construction, for ship building, furniture, carpenter's level, and many other applications which require wood with good dimensional stability. Teak veneer is being used as overlay of particleboards or other kinds of panels to be used for high quality furniture. The wood has a good natural durability against termites and wood

destroying fungi, including soft rot.

Teakwood may, however, caused allergic reactions. Laborers who work and handle this wood are especially affected.

The good and less desirable properties of this well known wood species are due to the chemical extractives. In the following a brief review is presented of the wood extractives and their influences on the properties of the wood. The results of wood extractives determinations of clones grown on an experimental plot in Thailand will be reported.

TEAKWOOD

EXTRACTIVES

The results of a successive extraction with solvents of increasing polarity is presented in Table 1. According to

current knowledge the advantageous as well as the disadvantage properties of teakwood are due to non-polar extractives. These active compounds are soluble in petroleum ether and ether. In this review the compounds isolated from teak are presented in

Figure 1.

They

are

fatty

acids, terpenoids and

po1yprene

compounds, naphthalene derivatives and anthraquinone derivatives.

The glyceride of the ubiquitous myristic acid, palmitic acid,

and stearic acid are the main fatty acid derivatives. Five unidentified fatty acids, occurring in traces, are detected by gas chromatography (SIMATUPANG 1963; SANDERMANN and SIMATUPANG

1966).

Compounds of the second mentioned groups are: squalene

(SANDERMANN and SIMATUPANG 1966); betulinic acid in wood and root (AHLUWALIA and SESHADRI 1957, DAYAL and SESHADRI 1979);

~-sitosterol (DAYAL and SESHADRI 1979); a triterpenoid (bark) (SANDERMANN and SIMATUPANG 1966); caoutchouc (SANDERMANN and DIETRICHS 1959); tectograndinol (RIMPLER and CHRISTIANSEN

1 9 77) .

In the third group, naphthalene derivatives, the following compounds were identified: dimethyl-naphthochroman

(SANDERMANN

and SIMATUPANG 1967); compound B3 wi th the formula ClsH1602 (SANDERMANN and SIMATUPANG 1966); deoxylapachol (SANDERMANN and SIMATUPANG 1963); lapacho1 (SANDERMANN and DIETRICHS

1957); alfa-dehydrolapachon (SANDERMANN and SIMATUPANG 1966);

J3-lapachone (KRISNHA et al. 1977); four napthaquinones A., As, A61 and A7 (SANDERMANN and SIMATUPANG 1965); tectol and

tecomaquinone I (formerly designated dehydrotectal (PAVANARAM and ROW 1957, SANDERMANN and DIETRICHS 1959, SANDERMANN and SIMATUPANG 1963, 1964,

KHANNA

et al. 1987). Compound B3 is

?robably identical with the antioxidant isolated from teak

The anthraquinones occurring in teak are shown in Figure 1.

They are: tectoquinone (2-methylanthraquinone) (KAFUKU and SEBE 1932); 1-hydroxy-2-methy1anthraquinone (ROW 1960);

2-

hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone (PAVANARAM and ROW 1957); 2- hydroxymethyl-anthraquinone, anthraquinone-2-a1dehyde,

anthraquinone-2-carbonic acid (RUDMAN 1960); munjistin (1,3- Dihydroxy-2-carbonic acid-anthraquinone (JOSHI et al. 19977);

obtusifolin (2,8-dihydroxy-l-methoxy-3-methylanthraquinone and pachybasin (1-hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone

(DAYAL

and

SESHADRI 1979); 1,4-dihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone

(SANDERMANN and SIMATUPANG 1965); damnacanthal (3-hydroxy-2- carbanol-3-methoxy-anthraquinone; 2,5-dihydroxy-1-methoxy-3- methylanthraquinone (tissue culture) (DHRURA et a1. 1972);

tectoleafquinone (structure not yet established) (CHARI et a1.

1969); three not yet identified quinones A91 A_{lo ,} and red compound (SANDERMANN and SIMATUPANG 1966); five leafquinones detected by paper chromatography (SANDERMANN and SIMATUPANG 1966); 9,10-dimethoxy-2-methyl anthra-1,4-quinone (SINGH et al. 1989)

Caoutchouc is the compound with the highest concentration in teakwood. It's concentration may be as high as five percent.

The second highest are the anthraquinone derivatives,

comprising mainly of tectoquinone. Certain teak specimens may contain up to two percent of this compound. Of the

napthaquinones, 1apachol is more often found than

deoxylapachol. Their concentrations are in the range of about 0-.1%. Tectol as well as tectol and tecomaquinone (formerly designated as dehydrotectol) occur also in this range of

concentration. All other compounds detected in teakwood are found in very small amounts. However, their occurrence give hints about the biogenetic pathways in synthesizing these

extractives. The occurrence of anthraquinones together with naphthaquinone derivatives is

^very

interesting.

INFLUENCE OF EXTRACTIVES ON WOOD PROPERTIES

NATURAL DURABILITY

The anthraquinone derivatives in teakwood are the active principles against termites (WOLCOTT 1947, 1955, SANDERMANN and DIETRICHS 1957). According to RUDMANN and GAY (1961) these compounds are repellent. Anthraquinones as well as anthrone derivatives which are substituted at the ~-position of the carbonyl group with

a

methyl,

a

carbanol, an aldehyde or

a

carboxyl group

are active

against

termites

(SANDERMANN

and

SIMATUPANG 1966). The activity disappear if i t is substituted by a hydroxyl group_ Accordingly all anthraquinonesisolated so far from teakwood are termicides. The effect of the newly isolated 1,4-anthraquinone is not known.

Of the naphthaquinone derivatives, only deoxylapachol shows a strong toxicity against termites. Lapachol, a substituted deoxylapachol is only weak toxic. However, the naphthochroman derivative is strongly termicide. No data are yet available on the activity of the other naphthaquinones and the newly

isolated 1,4-anthraquinone. Tectol and tecomaquinone (formerly designated as dehydrotectol by SANDERMANN and DIETRICHS (1957) have no detrimental effect on termites.

The fungitoxic compounds

in

teak are, however, not yet identified. Of the known compounds only ~-methylhydroxy­

anthra-1,8-quinone and deoxylapachol are shown to have fungitoxic properties. The toxicity of the first mentioned compound is, however, low. According to present knowledge not only one single compound or fraction is responsible for the natural durability against wood destroying fungi. Probably the synergetic effect of the nonactive and active principles, especially in combination with the hydrophobic properties of caoutchouc, cause these advantageous properties.

ANTIRUSTING PROPERTIES

Iron nails in teakwood do not rust. The mechanism of this antirusting property is still not known. Probably the antioxidant detected in teakwood may contribute to this effect.

HYDROPHOBIC AND ABRASION RESISTANCE PROPERTIES

The hydrophobicity of teakwood is known since long time. Due to the water repellency this wood is used extensively as deck planks in ships. SCHWAB (1992) showed that oven dry teakwood absorb moisture very slowly compared to beech and spruce

(Figure 2). After 28 d of exposure to a RH of 65% and 20°C the

moisture content was only 40% of the equilibr.ium moisture content. YOSIMOTO and SIMATUPANG (1995) extracted thin sections of teak heartwood with acetone only or acetone and chloroform successively. The untreated as well as the treated specimens were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

(XPS)I scanning electron microscQ,~Y (SEM) and contact angle measurement (CAM) with water. Untreated specimens have a XPS

spectrum rich in Cl (-CHx) compounds. Carbon atoms in woody materials have been classified into four categories according to their bindung energy into Cl: -CHx; C2: hydroxyl or ether;

C3: carbonyl or acetal, and C4: . carboxyl or ester. The acetone extracted specimens showed a lower content of C2 components, indicating the removal of polar extractives. Successive

extraction with acetone and chloroform reduced the amount of Cl , also apolar components. The extracted compounds could be mainly caoutschouc. This latter extractive is not acetone soluble , but chloroform soluble. The extractio~ of apolar compounds reduce also the contact angle drastically. After successive treatment with acetone and chloroform the thin sections are practically devoid of extractive materials.

However, the observations indicated that some couotchouc may be still available in the parencyma cell walls as shown by SEM.

According to CHAPLIN and ARMSTRONG (1951) teakwood shows a high abrasion resistance. A good correlation between denSity and abrasion resistance is established, as shown in Figure 3, with the exception of teak and jarrah. Teak is more resistantl

and jarrah is less resistant, relatively to their respective densities. The inhibiting principle in teak is probably

caoutchouc which acts as grease and prevent excessive

abrasion. Jarrah contains silica, and th~s may cause excessive abrasion. According to NARAYANAMURT et al (1960, 1962),

SANDERMANN et al (1963) the low shrinkage and the high

resistant properties against chemicals of teakwood may be also due to the caoutchouc content.

CONTACT ALLERGENIC PROPERTIES

The contact allergenic properties of teakwood is a phenomenon already known for a long time (HAUSEN 1981). Persons who

handle this wood are mostly affected. According to ALTONA (1924) a teak variety which causes skin itching on Java is designated as jati sempurna. Lapachol (SANDERMANN and

DIETRICHS 1957) and deoxylapachol (SANDERMANN and SIMATUPANG 1966) are responsible for the contact allergenic properties of teakwood. Deoxylapachol, however ^I shows 100 to 200 times

stronger activity than 1apachol (SANDERMANN and SIMATUPANG 1966, HAUSEN 1981). Persons who are allergiC against other woods containing benzo- and naphthaquinone derivatives show

the same reaction with teakwood. There is a cross reaction between the various quinoid compounds (SCHULZ et a1. 1979).

INHIBITING PROPERTIES OF LACQUERS

The hardening of lacquers containing polyester are inhibited

by teak wood extractives. According to SANDERMANN and

SIMATUPANG (1966) pure tectol, tecomaquinone I, deoxylapachol and some naphthaquinone derivatives inhibit the drying. Black stripes of teak containing tecomaquinone I inhibit hardening of polyester lacquer. Of the anthraquinones tested only

compounds which have two hydroxy). group .in one ring are active. Tectoquinone does not have such groups and is

therefore not an inhibitory compound. The hexane extracts of many tropical wood species inhibit the hardening of lacquers based on polyester (YATAGAI and TAKAHASHI 1980). This is in agreement with findings of SANDERMANN and SIMATUPANG (1966), since the above mentioned active compounds of teak are soluble in hexane.

DISCOLORATION OF WOOD

Freshly planed teakwood does not have an attractive color. The nice gold brown color developed under the influence of a short time exposure to sun light. According to RUDMAN (1960) this is caused by oxidation of the -CH₂0H group of the anthraquinone derivatives to a

-cao

group. This color is, however, not stable. The further discoloration into grey follows the same pattern as other wood surfaces of other species.

Various pattern of teakwood discoloration has been observed.

The green black color, especially along the vessels, is caused by tecomaquinone I. Wood veneer with green black stripes are at one time sought. Such teak is designated as Jati Doreng on Java. White stripes in teakwood are due to calcium phosphate.

An uneven distribution of wood extractives can give spots with different color nuances, undesirable in high quality veneer.

"Einlauf^lf is designated as the phenomenon, if black stripes along the vessels, however, not due to tecomaquinone I, occur.

The undesirable discoloration start mostly from a cross cut.

According to wood technicians in Cepu, Central-Java, this phenomenon occurs if logs, shortly after cutting, are stored in a wet or moist milieu. The nature of these black stripes is unknown. "Einlauf" means enema, or some medication applied

into the stomach. It is complained that currently many logs from Myanmar show IIEinlauf^{fl •}

RESISTANCE OF TEAK TREES AGAINST INSECTS AND FUNGI

Teak trees are occasionally befallen by termites. On Java the teakwood termites (Neotermes tectonae) form cavities and make their nest between bark and wood of young trees. According to KALSHOVEN (cited according to BEEKMAN 1947) up to 80% of the trees may be infected. Duometes ceramica may made bore ducts, also in heartwood. Xyleborus destruens is_another borer which may befall whole plantations. It was reported that this borer cause heavy losses in teak plantation in Thailand~

Root rot was reported to causing heavy losses in Tanzania, Benin and Sudan (DUEHOLM 1970). It is not known whether there is a correlation between susceptibility against root rot and

wood extractives.

DISTRIBUTION OF EXTRACTIVES

Figure 4 shows the distribution of tectoquinone, caoutchouc, lapachol, deoxylapachol and tectql in some teakwood specimens from various countries and localities. Great variations of the total extractive contents as well as the~ndividual components are detected. The caoutchouc content varies from 0.2 (Jati Gembol) to 5% (Jati Sungu), and the tectoquinone content from 0.5 (Cepu) to 2% (2000 year old specimen). Even after 2 000 years these specimen still contains high amounts of

tectoquinone and some caoutchouc. Apparently the wood contains compounds which protect caoutchouc from oxydation. In Figure 5 the distribution of tectoquinone and deoxylapachol

in drill cores of increment borer from a teak provenance collection

on Java is shown (SIMATUPANG 1964). The trees were cultivated from teak seeds collected in various countries and localities.

In an attempt to correlate wood extractive content and diameter development (also grow) drill cores of increment borer of an experimental plantation at the Thai-Danish Improvement Center, Ngao, Province Lampang, Thailand, were examined. The plantation was 10 years .oLd at the time the specimens were collected. The schematic of the plantation is presented in Figure 6. Five clones were examined. These clones were obtained by budding of two years old trees with materials from a ten year old plantation in 1959. The plus trees were chosen according to external properties as tree height and trunk form. Each clone consist of 15-20 trees. In October 1968 drill cores of increment borer were collected from 5-8 trees per clone. At 1.30 m height two increment drill cores from each tree were made. The first one was in the direction of the greatest diameter and the other in the direction of the

smallest one. At 3.0 m height an increment drill core was also made on 1-2 trees per clone. The designation juvenile and

mature deals with the change from the vegetative to the generative phase. In the latter mentioned phase the tree starts to blossom and influence the crown form.

The increment drill cores were divided up according to the following method. The first three increment rings adjacent to the pith were taken together as one specimen, whereas the rest of the increment rings forms the second sample. In this way only two samples were collected form each increment drill core or four samples from each tree. Preliminary examinations shows that this method give sufficient accurate results. The wood was grounded and subsequently extracted with methanol and

chloroform with the use of small Twisselmann extractors. After evaporation of the solvents the residual extractives were

weighed. In this examination no chromatographic separation of the wood extractives were accomplished. The purpose of the examination was to examine the variations of the methanol and chloroform extracts as a function of the diameter. Figure 7 shows these correlation in form of graphs.

By means of statistical analysis the cause of the variation of the extractive content as a function of the environment and genetic factors are examined. The results show that extractive content is influenced by both the genetic as well as the

environment. Two of the clones show a positive effect between tree diameter and methanol extra.c,t content whereas in two

others the effect is negative. Drily one clone shows a positive correlation between chloroform extract co~tent and diameter.

The results give an indication that the natural durability, which is a function of the extractive content, may be improved by the right selection of plus trees to be used as mother

trees for future teak plantations. However, such an undertaking is not so simple as i t looks, because the extractive content is not only dependent of the genetic

factors but also of the environment. Theoretically a suitable clone should be selected

for each

environment.

REFERENCES

AHLUWALIA, V. K. and T. R. SESHADRI. Special chemical components of commercial woods and related plant

materials, Part IV - Tectona grandis (Teak). Journal of Science

&

Industrial Research Volume 16B(1957):323.

BEYSE, R. Teak laat sich auch in Brasilien nachhaltig nutzen.

Holz-Zentralblatt 117(1991), Nr 50:785-786.

CHAPL IN , C. J., and F. H. ARMSTRONG, ci t'ed by F. KOLLMANN, Technologie des Holzes and der Holzwerkstoffe, Bd.

I.

Springer Verlag, Berlin, Goettingen, Heidelberg, 1951 p.933.

CHARI, V.

M., S.

NEELAKANTAN

&

^T.

R.

SESHADRI. Constitution of Teak1eafquinone -

A

synthetic Study. Indian J. Chern.

Volume 7, January 1969.

DAYAL,

R.

and T.

R.

SESHADRI. Chemical Investigations of

Tectona grandis (roots). Journal Indian Chemical Society Volume LVI, September 1979: 940-941.

DHRUVA, B. R., A.

V.

RAMA RAO, R.

SRINIVASAN

&

VENKATARAMAN.

Structure of a Quinone from Teak Tissue Culture. Indian Journal of Chemistry Volume 10, July 1972:683-685.

DUEHOLM, S. Untersuchungen uber die Variation im Extraktgehalt von Teakholz an genetisch unterschiedlichen

Plantagenpflanzen. Univ. Hamburg 1970.

HAUSEN, B. M. Woods Injurious to Human Health. A Manual. Walter de Gruyter. Berlin, 1981

HERMANN, P. 7 vorbei und 8 verweht. Hoffman

&

Campe

Verlag.p:31 and 75 cited

by: SANDERMANN W.

and

M. H.

SIMATUPANG. Zur Chemie des Teaks, eines ungewohnlichen Holzes. Chemiker-Ztg. Chern. Apparatur 85 Nr. 2(1961):38- 43.

JOSHI, K. C., P. SINGH, R. T. PARDASANI. Chemical components of the roots of Tectona grandis and Gmelina arborea.

Planta medica Volume 32(1977):71-75.

KAFUKU, K. and W. SEBE. On Tectoquinone, the volatile

principle of the T.eak wood Bull ch~m Soc Japan Volume 7(1932):114-117 ..

KHANNA, R. N., P. K. SHARMA, R. H. THOMSON. A revised

structure for dehydrotectol and tecomaquinone I. J. Chern.

Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1987:1821-1987.

NARAYANAMURTI, D., and J. SINGH. Caoutchouc in in Teak.

Composite Wood 7(1960):39-40.

NARAYANAMURTI, D, R. C. GUPTA, and G. M'. VERMA.

Influence of extractives on the setting of adhesives.

Holzforschung und Holzverwertung 14(1962):85-88 PAVANARAM,

s.

K. and L. R. ROW. Chemical examination of

Tectona grandis Linn.: Part I - Isolation of 3-Hydroxy-2- methylanthraquinone. Journal Scient.

&

Industrial

Research Volume 16B(1957):409-411.

RIMPLER, H. and I. CHRISTIANSEN. Tectograndino1, a new diterpene from Tectona grandis L. file Zeitschrift Naturforschung 32c(1977):724-730.

ROW, R. L. cited according to NEELAKANTAN, S. and T. R.

SESHADRI. Biogenesis of naturally occurring

anthraquinones derivatives. Journ. Scient.

&

Industrial Research Volume 19A(1960):71-79.

RUDMAN, P. Anthraquinones of Teak (Tectona grandis L. F.).

Chem and Ind 1960:1356-1357.

SANDERMANN,

w.

and M. H. SIMATUPANG. Zur Struktur des Tectols and Dehydrotectols in Teak (Tectona grandis L.).

Tetrahedron Letters Nr 19(1963):1269-1272.

SANDERMANN, W. and M. H. SIMATUPANG. Neue Chinone aus Teak (Tectona grandis L.). Naturwiss. Volume 52(1965):262-263.

SANDERMANN,

w.

and M. H. SIMATUPANG. tlber Inhaltsstoffe aus Teak (Tectona grandis L.), II - Konstitution and Synthese des Tectols and Dehydrotecto1s. Chemische Berichte Volume 97(1964):588-597.

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w.

and M. H. SIMATUPANG. Ein toxisches Chinon aus

Teakholz. Angew. Chemie 74(1962):782-783.

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L.

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L.

fill.

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H. Rann Holz aus Forstp1antagen Tropenholz

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effects on durability, paint curing time and pulp sheet resin spotting. Wood science 12(1980):176-182

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K. and M_ H.

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in

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TABLE 1

SUCCESSIVE EXTRACTION OF TEAKWOOD

=================================~========

SOLVENT % YIELD (OD WOOD)

~================================~========

PETROLEUM ETHER DIETHYL ETHER

ACETONE/WATER (9:1) ETHANOL/WATER (8:2)

5.9 1.2 3.8

2.3 TOTAL EXTRACT 13.2

===========================================

HO

[DOH

Betulinic acid Squate ne

~

1/

o

Dimetylnaphthochromd,n Deoxy [apacho[

Tee t ograndinot

~

o ^{II OH} o

Lapachol

oCX~/

o

1I

01

o

c<,-Dehydroiapachon

Caoutchouc

/'ID a;r:o

a

fi -Lapachon

o OH

CX::V

^R

o qH 0 0 OH

~H~(H3~(H3

VyV ~'OH ~ CJC:Q

a ^{I 0 II 0 III} a OH

/I C H3

IV a

R = CH

3 Tectoquinone R = (HO Anthr.-aldehyde.

o OH 0 O(H3

~(H20H

^{w x l l I}

~

^OH

UJA

" O l i II ^# (H 3

R= [H20H Anthr.-carbanol

*

^{OCH3~ I II ~ (H 3}

R"COOH Anthr:-carbonic acid a OH 0

fl-Sitosterot

"

o . ^.6-

Tectol Tecomaquinone I

\

OH 0 OCH3 0 OH

6CC(

,:? I

.

I ~ ^OH

oXx·

I !.~ ^COOH

~ # 0"-

II (H 3 ^II OH

o 0

Obi"usifoffn Munjistin

Oamnacanfhat 2,5- Dihydrll<y-1-methoxy-

0("130

9,10- Dimethoxy -2 -met hyl- I = 1- Hydr o~· 2- methylanthra

-j

II :: 3-Hydrox y-2-methylanthra-

. 9,10-c;uinone

III" 1,4-Dlhydroxy-2-methylonthra- IV= 1-Hydroxy-3-m<'thylanthra-

3-methylan thra-9,10- quinone

FIGURE 1

anthra-l,4 -Quinone

Teak antioxidant [Compound 8 3)

1-.

Z t.U

I -:z:

a LJ u.J 0:: :::>

f--~ :L a

10~~--~~--~~--~~

0/0 g

6

4

"CI

..L---+--.b--~-__j ::J 4-

'0,

L / - - \ - - \ - - 1 C

..9 Rate af moisture uptoke_ of spruce (Fit beech (BUL utile (MAUL teak (TEK), Ln various directlon's

- J

0

'"0 d 1-

TEK

!

2 4 6 cf 0 2

TI

M E

FIGURE 2. (SCHWAB 1992)

ABRASION RESISTANCE VERSUS DENSI TY

8 {rom

1 ]

~

ill 1 ~ Vl d

2 C1J 1.

c....

w

~t

Vl Vl OJ, c ..x::

w 8 6

"

2 0

I

I

\ ~Tasmafl.OQk I

J

'01. Experiment o 2.Exper i menr

\

. ,

\

/

. Canad. birchAust.jarrah

I

^~

.

~ad.ma~e

• Beech t - -

_"- Oak

. - t - -

U_ . ^~

Burma teak

'~l·j

j

?

QW 0.50 0.60 0.10 0,80 q90

Density ad [g/cm 3]

FIGURE 3. (KOLLMANN 1951) 4

FI

6 d

d :i: c:

OJ Dl c::::

"-'0

CONCENT RATION OF VARIOUS COMPOUNDS IN SOME TEAK SPECIMENS

India Kafahan<;li I-lalabar I /vlalabar II Saugar Colaba Nllgiris Dharwar

Indonesia

o

^{unknown I;'~lracl}

CJ !",cloquino"n~.,.

:,~ • It + -

1)/ t/·> ~

GiH ^{+ D;'~}

~;H -It

J);WI ^-/~

-It

~ caoulchouc • lapachol

~ desoxylapachol + teclol

8~ddhist. tl'mpl~ i:i:'WHI 1

IndIa 2000years oldll-'-=:;.,...· -'-. - . - - - , -II I I I I I 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 It. 15 16 17 16 19 OlD

FIGURE 4. (SANDERMANN and SIMATUPANG 1961).

.c. o

LJ d

.s

0.

~ x o

4 - 0 C 0 4- d

- I -'- c

QJ

c u L.J 0

DISTRIBUTIBUTJON OF QUINONES IN DRILL CORES

0,5

0

'10 a =J eak. white-

b:Teak. brown c: Teak. grey

laos d : Teak. hart

00 _{6. If-}

Center

FIGURE 5. Drill cores of an increament borer of a teak plantation

on Java cultivated from seeds from

four

countries.

w w 0:::

I -

CLONE. NUMBER

1 2 3 4- SM

50

04 ⁸⁰ So

.70 60

60 oS

8 06

0 04

0

5 02 ⁰

10 ⁷⁰

90 80 90

01 03 02

0 04

11 1'10

9⁰ _,80

0 0 0

12 13 12

01 ⁰³ 02

140

1 1 ⁰¹10

0 0 0

P LOT 1

TEAK CLONE COLLECTION SJ

M= Mature J = J uvenite

0

6

,0 to Plot 2 '5 --_ ... -^{-~ -~-}-...

44m 0

4

0

2

0

1

FIGURE 6. Schematic of teak clone collection at Thai-Danish Improvement center, Ngao, Province Lampang, Thailand.

O / o r - - - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~

10

I-u

<{

0:::

t -_x 5

W ---l 0 :z . :::c «

t -w L

15 20 25 ^em

DIAMETE R

I-u

« c;;

c:t: Q l -

X 5 _CLONE

w

:z 4 5J

0: 0

u-0 0::

0 ---l

:c

LJ

15 20 25 em

DIAMETER

CORRELATION BETWEEN WOOD EXTRACTIVE AND TREE DIAMETER

FIGURE 7. Correlation between wood extractives and tree diameter of the teak clones from Thailand (FIGURE 6).