Development of a hybrid vertical take-off and landing unmanned aerial vehicle for maritime application

(1)

Development of a hybrid vertical take-off and landing unmanned aerial vehicle for maritime application

Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2233, 020020 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0001359 Published Online: 05 May 2020

Su Ann Low, Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi, Swee King Phang, and Shian Lee

(2)

'HYHORSPHQWRID+\EULG9HUWLFDO7DNHRIIDQG/DQGLQJ 8QPDQQHG$HULDO9HKLFOHIRU0DULWLPH$SSOLFDWLRQ

6X$QQ/RZ

$EGXONDUHHP6K0DKGL$O2EDLGL

^D

6ZHH.LQJ3KDQJ

DQG 6KLDQ/HH

Taylor’s University, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia

2FourFang Sdn. Bhd., Prime Lab 2 Futurise Centre, Block 3710, Persiaran Apec, Cyber 8, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia

a)Corresponding author: [email protected]

$EVWUDFW $Q XQPDQQHG DHULDO YHKLFOH 8$9 WKDW LV DEOH WR WDNHRII DQG ODQG RQ D PHGLXP VL]HG VKLS KDYH JUHDWHU HQGXUDQFH DQG UDQJH DV FRPSDUHG WR WKH SUHYLRXV LWHUDWLRQDQGWKH DELOLW\WR DFKLHYH DOO WKUHHIOLJKW PRGHV±YHUWLFDO WUDQVLWLRQDQGKRUL]RQWDOIOLJKWPRGHVLVWREHGHVLJQHGEXLOWDQGWHVWHG,QWKLVSDSHUDFRPSUHKHQVLYHUHYLHZLVJLYHQRQ YDULRXV972/SODQIRUPFRQILJXUDWLRQDQGDWLOWURWRUFRQILJXUDWLRQLVVHOHFWHGIRU0LQHUYDIRULWVKLJKVWDELOLW\DQG LQFUHDVHGHIILFLHQF\7KLVSDSHUFRYHUVWKHVHOHFWLRQDQDO\VLVRIGLIIHUHQWYHUWLFDOWDNHRIIDQGODQGLQJ972/DLUIUDPHDV ZHOO DV PHFKDQLFDO DQG HOHFWURQLF KDUGZDUH GHVLJQ ZLWK WKH LQWHQWLRQ RI LQFUHDVLQJ IOLJKW HIILFLHQF\ IRU VXUYHLOODQFH SXUSRVHVRQZLGHVHDDUHD7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWV0LQHUYDDQRYHODHULDOSODWIRUPZLWK972/FDSDELOLWLHV1XPHULFDO DQG DQDO\WLFDO DQDO\VLV UHVXOWV DUH GLVFXVVHG 7KH SUHYLRXV LWHUDWLRQ 0LQHUYD ZDV EXLOW DQG WHVWHG DV D 4XDG3ODQH FRQILJXUDWLRQDQGDQLQFUHDVHGHIILFLHQF\RIWRLVDFKLHYHGLQWKLVSDSHU

,1752'8&7,21

7KHPRWLYDWLRQRIWKLVGHYHORSPHQWFDPHIURPWKHGHVLUHWRVROYHWKHSUREOHPRIFURVVERUGHUDWWDFNVWKDWKDYH EHHQRQJRLQJLQ6DEDKVLQFHXQWLOQRZ7KRXJKZLWKHQKDQFHGERUGHUVHFXULW\VXFKDVHQKDQFHGSDWUROVE\

PDULQHSROLFHDQGWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRI(DVWHUQ6DEDK6HFXULW\&RPPDQG(66&20LQLQHIIRUWWRFRXQWHU IXUWKHU)LOLSLQRPLOLWDQWLQILOWUDWLRQV>@±>@FURVVERUGHUDWWDFNVDUHVWLOORQJRLQJ,WLVWKRXJKWWREHLPSRVVLEOHWR PLWLJDWHWKLVLVVXHGXHWRWKHJHRJUDSKLFDOORFDWLRQRI6DEDKZLWKLWVYDVWNPFRDVWOLQHDQGSUR[LPLW\WRWKH LPSRYHULVKHG6XOXDUFKLSHODJRVZDUPLQJZLWKWHUURULVWJURXSV>@>@

:LWK ODUJH VFDOH IL[HG ZLQJ XQPDQQHG DHULDO YHKLFOHV 8$9V OLNH *OREDO +DZN >@ >@ DQG 3UHGDWRU >@

GHPRQVWUDWLQJKXJHVXFFHVVLQDFWLRQWKURXJKRXWWKHUHFHQW\HDUVWKH\KDYHVKRZFDVHGWKHDGYDQWDJHVRI8$9VLQ FULWLFDOFLUFXPVWDQFHV+RZHYHUWKHVH8$9VDUHXQDEOHWRFRQGXFWREVHUYDWLRQVLQFRQILQHGVFHQDULRVUHVXOWLQJLQ WKH QHHG RI JURXQGEDVHG WURRSV$Q LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU IRU 8$9V WR EH GHSOR\HG LQ VXFK VLWXDWLRQV LV WKH QHHG RI LQIUDVWUXFWXUHVXSSRUWVXFKDVDWDNHRIIDQGODQGLQJUXQZD\V$FRQYHQWLRQDOIL[HGZLQJ8$9ZRXOGUHTXLUHWKHVH LQIUDVWUXFWXUHVRUVRPHIRUPRIODXQFKDQGUHFRYHU\V\VWHPVDWWKHYHU\OHDVW([DPSOHVRIODXQFKLQJDQGUHFRYHU\

HTXLSPHQWDUHFDWDSXOWVDQGKRRNVDVZHOODVVXIILFLHQWVSDFHWRDFTXLUHDLUVSHHGDQGDOWLWXGH+HQFHODUJHVSDFHDQG H[WHUQDOLQIUDVWUXFWXUHVDUHDPXVWWRGHSOR\WKHVH8$9V

0DULWLPHDSSOLFDWLRQFRQWULEXWHVWRDGGHGFKDOOHQJHVIRU8$9GHVLJQDQGRSHUDWLRQVGXHWRVHDVWDWHFRQGLWLRQV 7KHLPPHQVHPDULWLPHVSDFHZLWKRXWSK\VLFDORUIXQFWLRQDOERXQGDULHVLPSO\WKHQHFHVVLW\RIJUHDWHU8$9HQGXUDQFH DQGUDQJHDQGFXVWRPPDGHPDULWLPHYHVVHOVZLWKVXIILFLHQWVSDFHIRUH[WHUQDOLQIUDVWUXFWXUHV

:KLOH URWRUFUDIW LV VPDOO DQG DJLOH D URWRUFUDIW KDV DQ DYHUDJH HQGXUDQFH RI PLQXWHV GXH WR WKH ODFN RI DHURG\QDPLFVWUXFWXUH>@+HQFHDK\EULGYHUWLFDOWDNHRIIDQGODQGLQJ972/8$9WKDWFRPELQHV972/FDSDELOLW\

RIDURWRUFUDIWZLWKWKHHQGXUDQFHFDSDELOLW\RIDIL[HGZLQJLVGHHPHGWREHRSWLPDOIRUPDULWLPHDSSOLFDWLRQZLOOEH GHYHORSHGLQWKLVSURMHFW7KLVLVEHFDXVHWKHVHDELOLWLHVQRWRQO\DOORZWKH8$9WRKDYHLQFUHDVHGHQGXUDQFHDQG UDQJHZKLFKLVUHTXLUHGIRUVXUYHLOODQFHSXUSRVHVRQZLGHVHDDUHDLWDOVRDOORZVWKH8$9WRWDNHRIIDQGODQGRQWKH

(3)

PDQHXYHUDELOLW\$ VFKHPDWLF GLDJUDPRI FRQYHQWLRQDO WDNHRII DQG ODQGLQJ &72/ DJDLQVW972/ IOLJKWSDWK LV VKRZQLQ)LJXUH

),*85(&72/YHUVXV972/ILJKWSDWK

0DQ\SODWIRUPFRQILJXUDWLRQVKDYHHPHUJHGDQGDUHUHVHDUFKHGRQ WKURXJKRXWWKHGHFDGHV7\SLFDOO\K\EULG 972/FRQILJXUDWLRQFDQEHFDWHJRUL]HGLQWRWZRW\SHVFRQYHUWLSODQHVDQGWDLOVLWWHUV)LJXUHVKRZVH[DPSOHVRID WLOWURWRU FRQYHUWLSODQH DQG D WDLOVLWWHU 'HSHQGLQJ RQ WKH WUDQVLWLRQLQJ PHFKDQLVP DQG WKH FRQILJXUDWLRQ RI WKH DLUIUDPHHDFKPD\EHIXUWKHUFODVVLILHGLQWRDIHZVXEW\SHV$QH[WHQVLYHUHYLHZRIWKHVHFRQILJXUDWLRQVLVLQFOXGHG LQWKLVSDSHUWRVHOHFWWKHPRVWVXLWDEOHSODWIRUPFRQILJXUDWLRQIRUVXUYHLOODQFHSXUSRVHVDERYHVHDDUHD

D E

),*85(D7LOWURWRUFRQYHUWLSODQH>@E7DLOVLWWHU>@

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±0LQHUYDDVPDQXIDFWXUHGE\)RXU)DQJ6GQ%KG

$SURWRW\SHRIWKHRSWLPDOGHVLJQVKDOOWKHQEHVHOHFWHGGHVLJQHGEXLOWDQGYHULILHGDWWKHHQGRIWKLVSDSHU

**5(9,(:$1'6(/(&7,212)972/3/$7)250&21),*85$7,216**

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

$WLOWURWRUFRQILJXUDWLRQLVHTXLSSHGZLWKURWRUVWKDWFDQEHWLOWHGE\DVHUYRPRWRUHLWKHUWRSURYLGHYHUWLFDOOLIW IRUFHLHWDNHRIIKRYHUDQGODQGLQJRUIRUZDUGIOLJKWWKUXVW>@>@7KHWLOWZLQJLGHDLVPXFKOLNHWKHWLOWURWRU ZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQ WKDWWKHHQWLUHZLQJWLOWVLQVWHDGRIWKHURWRUVDORQH>@±>@(YHQWKRXJKERWKWLOWZLQJDQGWLOW URWRUFRQILJXUDWLRQVUHTXLUHFRPSOH[PHFKDQLFDOVWUXFWXUHVWLOWZLQJLVPRUHVHQVLWLYHWRZLQGJXVWWKDQWLOWURWRUDQG UHTXLUHVVHUYRPRWRUVZLWKPXFKKLJKHUWRUTXHWRWLOWWKHHQWLUHZLQJ7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHWLOWZLQJFRQILJXUDWLRQLV XQVXLWDEOHIRUPDULWLPHSXUSRVHVGXHWRWKHKDUVKZLQGVHDFRQGLWLRQ7KHZLQJWLOWLQJUHTXLUHPHQWDOVRFDXVHVLWWR EHPXFKPRUHPHFKDQLFDOO\FRPSOH[FDXVLQJLWWREHPRUHSURQHWRIDLOXUHOHWDORQHPRUHH[SHQVLYH

(4)

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

7$%/(&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWLOWURWRUDQGWDLOVLWWHU

7LOWURWRU 7DLOVLWWHU

0HFKDQLFDO

FRPSOH[LW\ +LJK PHFKDQLFDO FRPSOH[LW\ ± GHFUHDVHV UHOLDELOLW\RIDHULDOV\VWHP

'RHVQRWLQYROYHWLOWLQJPHFKDQLVPDQGOHVV DFWXDWRUV PHFKDQLFDOO\ VLPSOHU DQG OLJKWHU WKDQFRQYHUWLSODQHV±OHVVSURQHWRIDLOXUHV :HLJKW 5HTXLUHV DFWXDWRUV UHVXOWLQJ LQ H[WUD ZHLJKW

/HVVHIILFLHQWGXULQJIRUZDUGIOLJKWDVQXPEHU RIURWRUVRIPRUHWKDQWZRLVUHTXLUHGIRUVWDEOH YHUWLFDO IOLJKW EXW IL[HGURWRUV DUH UHGXQGDQW GXULQJIRUZDUGIOLJKWDQGLQGXFHVGHDGZHLJKW

'RHVQRWUHTXLUHDFWXDWRUVKHQFHOHVVZHLJKW DQGDOOURWRUVDUHXWLOL]HGIRUWKUXVWJHQHUDWLRQ RIIRUZDUGIOLJKW

$HURG\QDPLF

SHUIRUPDQFH 8QXVHGURWRUVGXULQJIRUZDUGIOLJKWLQFUHDVHV GUDJXQOHVVPRUHDFWXDWRUVDUHDGGHGWRWLOWWKH H[FHVVURWRUVZKLFKUHGXFHVGUDJEXWLQFUHDVHV ZHLJKWDQGPHFKDQLFDOFRPSOH[LW\

6WUHDPOLQHGVKDSHIDYRXUVGUDJUHGXFWLRQ

&RQWUROODELOLW\

DQGVWDELOLW\

*RRGFRQWUROODELOLW\DQGVWDELOLW\ 5HTXLUHV FRPSOLFDWHG FRQWURO PHFKDQLVPV DQG KLJK SRZHU WR PDLQWDLQ VWDELOLW\

,QDFFXUDF\LQDWWLWXGHFRQWURO 6XVFHSWLELOLW\ WR

FURVV ZLQG DQG ZLQGJXVW

/HVVDIIHFWHGE\FURVVZLQGDQGZLQGJXVW +LJKO\YXOQHUDEOHWRFURVVZLQGDQGZLQGJXVW GXULQJ YHUWLFDO IOLJKW GXH WR YHUWLFDO RULHQWDWLRQDQGELJJHUVXUIDFHDUHDRIDLUFUDIW (DVH WR ODQG RQ

PRYLQJGHFN

(DV\WRODQGRQPRYLQJGHFNGXHWRLWVVWDELOLW\ 'LIILFXOWWRODQGRQPRYLQJGHFNV

$VSHUSDSHU¶VREMHFWLYHDK\EULG972/8$9RIJUHDWHUHIILFLHQF\IRUPDULWLPHSXUSRVHLVWREHGHYHORSHG +HQFH WLOWURWRU LV VHOHFWHG DV WKH PRVW VXLWDEOH FRQILJXUDWLRQ IRU WKLV SURMHFW 7KRXJK ZLWK D PRGHUDWH SRZHU HIILFLHQF\DVFRPSDUHGWRWDLOVLWWHUDQGTXDGFRSWHUFRQILJXUDWLRQVDWLOWURWRUH[FHOVLQPDULWLPHFRQGLWLRQVE\KDYLQJ JUHDWUHVLVWDQFHWRFURVVZLQGDQGDPRGHUDWHFRQWUROODELOLW\DQGVWDELOLW\DQGFDSDELOLW\WRODQGRQPRYLQJGHFN VHFRQGWRTXDGFRSWHUEXWWRSRIWDLOVLWWHUFRQILJXUDWLRQ

+$5':$5($5&+,7(&785(

7KHDLUIUDPHZDVGHVLJQHGDFFRUGLQJWRIOLJKWUHTXLUHPHQWVDVVKRZQLQ7DEOH7KHVHUHTXLUHPHQWVZHUHVHW DFFRUGLQJWRWKHDYHUDJHIOLJKWFRQGLWLRQVRIDIL[HGZLQJ8$9ZLWKVXUYHLOODQFHSXUSRVHVDVZHOODV0LQHUYDWKH ILUVWLWHUDWLRQRIWKLV8$97KHIOLJKWVSHFLILFDWLRQVRIWKHILUVWLWHUDWLRQZHUHDOVRLQFOXGHGLQ7DEOH

7$%/()OLJKWUHTXLUHPHQWV

3DUDPHWHU 9DOXH

0LQHUYD4XDGSODQH 0LQHUYD7LOWURWRU

0D[LPXPWDNHRIIZHLJKW072:ܹܱܶ NJ NJ

'HVLUHGVWDOOVSHHGܸݏ PV PV

'HVLUHGFUXLVLQJVSHHGܸ PV PV

'HVLUHPD[LPXPVSHHGܸ_௠௔௫ PV PV

'HVLUHGFUXLVLQJDOWLWXGH႙ P P

(QGXUDQFH PLQ !PLQ

(5)

1XPEHURIURWRUV

$WLOWURWRUFRQILJXUDWLRQFDQEHIXUWKHUFDWHJRUL]HGLQWRDIHZVXEW\SHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHQXPEHURIURWRUVHDFK JLYLQJGLIIHUHQWHIIHFWVRQWKHIOLJKWFRQGLWLRQDQGVWDELOLW\LQGLIIHUHQWPRGHVYHUWLFDOIOLJKWKRUL]RQWDOIOLJKWDQG WUDQVLWLRQ

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

$OWKRXJKZLWKLQFUHDVHGZHLJKWZKHQFRPSDUHGWRDELURWRURUWULURWRULWUHVXOWVLQEHWWHUDHURG\QDPLFSURILOH DVFRPSDUHGWRELURWRUDQGJUHDWHUVWDELOLW\OHVVPHFKDQLFDOFRPSOH[LW\DQGVLPSOHUFRQWUROV\VWHPDVFRPSDUHGWR WULURWRU$VELURWRULVPRXQWHGRQWKHZLQJWLSGXHWRWKHQHHGWRFRXQWHUDFWWKHFRQVWDQWUROOLQJWRUTXHVDSSOLHGE\

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

+HQFHTXDGURWRUGHVLJQZDVFRQFOXGHGDVWKHPRVWVXLWDEOHGHVLJQDVVWDELOLW\LVDFUXFLDOIDFWRUWRWDNHRIIDQG ODQGYHUWLFDOO\DERYHVHDFRQGLWLRQZLWKSRVVLEOHZLQGJXVWDORQJZLWKRWKHUDGYDQWDJHVGLVFXVVHG

$HURG\QDPLFV

7KHDHURG\QDPLFRIWKH8$9ZDVGHVLJQHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHIOLJKWUHTXLUHPHQWVWREHDFKLHYHGWKURXJKDQDO\WLFDO DQGQXPHULFDOPHWKRGV7KHDLUIRLOVHOHFWHGLQWKLVSDSHUZRXOGEHWKHVDPHDVWKHILUVWLWHUDWLRQZKLFKLV0+DV DQDO\VLVZDVPDGHGXULQJWKHUHVHDUFKDQGGHYHORSPHQWRI0LQHUYDDQGSHUIRUPDQFHZDVYHULILHGWKURXJKUHDO IOLJKWWHVWUHVXOW2WKHUDVSHFWVUHODWLQJWRDHURG\QDPLFVVXFKDVZLQJDUHDDVSHFWUDWLRGLVFORDGLQJDQGWDLOGHVLJQ ZHUHLQFOXGHGLQPHFKDQLFDOGHVLJQWRDOORZFKURQRORJLFDOH[SODQDWLRQV

0HFKDQLFDO'HVLJQ

7KHGHVLJQPD[LPXPWDNHRIIZHLJKW072:ZDVHVWLPDWHGWREHNJ7KLVYDOXHLVREWDLQHGWKURXJKD ZHLJKWHVWLPDWLRQRIWRWDOHOHFWURQLFVZHLJKWWRQRQHOHFWURQLFVZHLJKWRI0LQHUYDZKLFKLQWKLVFDVHLVWR

$URXJKHVWLPDWLRQRIWRWDOHOHFWURQLFVZHLJKWRI0LQHUYDLVNJ8VLQJWKHKLVWRULFDOGDWDDVDVWDUWLQJSRLQW WKHHVWLPDWHG072:IRUWKLVSURMHFWLVDURXQGNJ7DNLQJWROHUDQFHWRWKLVZHLJKWHVWLPDWHGWKHDOORZDEOH 8$9ZHLJKWZDVEHWZHHQNJWRNJ

:LQJDUHDGHVLJQZDVGRQHWKURXJKLQYHVWLJDWLQJWKHWKUHHFRQWULEXWLQJIDFWRUVWRREWDLQWKHLGHDOZLQJORDGLQJ DQGSRZHUORDGLQJ,GHDOO\WKHSODQIRUPDUHDRIWKHDLUFUDIWVKRXOGFRLQFLGHZLWKWKHEHVWSUREDEOHSRZHUORDGLQJ 7KHWKUHHVHOHFWHGSHUIRUPDQFHHTXDWLRQVWRJHQHUDWHDPDWFKLQJSORWZHUHPD[LPXPVSHHGܸ_௠௔௫VWDOOVSHHGܸ_ௌ DQGWDNHRIIUXQܵ_்ை7KHVHHTXDWLRQVFDQEHREWDLQHGIURP>@8VLQJWKHDLUFUDIWVSHFLILFDWLRQVDVZHOODVWKH QHFHVVDU\SDUDPHWHUVDQGXWLOL]DWLRQRI0$7/$%VRIWZDUHDVHULHVRIJUDSKVZHUHJHQHUDWHG7KHDFFHSWDEOHUHJLRQ ZDVWKHQLGHQWLILHGDQGWKHGHVLJQSRLQWZDVVHOHFWHG:KLOHWKLVSURMHFWLQYROYHVLPSURYHPHQWRIFXUUHQWGHVLJQ ZLQJORDGLQJZDVVHWDVJHRPHWU\VLPLODULW\EHWZHHQWKHWZRGHVLJQV+HQFHWKHVDPHZLQJORDGLQJRINJPZLOO EHXVHGDQGWKHPLQLPXPSRZHULQWKHDFFHSWDEOHUHJLRQFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRZLQJORDGLQJRINJPZDVVHOHFWHG

)URP)LJXUHWKHPLQLPXPSRZHUFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHPD[LPXPZLQJORDGLQJDWZLQJORDGLQJRILQWKH DFFHSWDEOHUHJLRQLV$IWHUREWDLQLQJWKHGHVLJQSRLQWWKHILQDOZLQJUHIHUHQFHDUHDDQGSRZHUUHTXLUHGIRU IRUZDUGIOLJKWFDQEHFDOFXODWHGXVLQJVLPSOHZLQJORDGLQJDQGSRZHUORDGLQJHTXDWLRQVDVVKRZQLQ(TVDQG

ܵ_௪ൌ ^ௐ^೅ೀ

ቀ^ೈ

ೄቁ

೏

(6)

ܲ ൌ ^ௐ^೅ೀ

ቀ^ೈ

ುቁ

೏

ZKHUHܵ_௪LVWKHZLQJUHIHUHQFHDUHDUHTXLUHGIRUIRUZDUGIOLJKWሺܹȀܵሻ_ௗLVWKHGHVLUHGZLQJORDGLQJREWDLQHGIURP PDWFKLQJSORWJHQHUDWHGܲLVWKHSRZHUUHTXLUHGIRUIRUZDUGIOLJKWDQGሺܹȀܲሻ_ௗLVWKHGHVLUHGSRZHUORDGLQJREWDLQHG IURPPDWFKLQJSORWJHQHUDWHG

D E

),*85(D0DWFKLQJSORWIRUIL[HGZLQJSDUWRIK\EULG8$9E'HVLJQSRLQWH[WUDFWHG

8VLQJ072:RINJGHVLUHGZLQJORDGLQJRIDQGGHVLUHGSRZHUORDGLQJRIWKHZLQJUHIHUHQFHDUHD

ܵ_ௐZDVFDOFXODWHGWREHͲǤ͸^ଶZLWKPD[LPXPSRZHUDWN:DWPD[LPXPVSHHGRIPV

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aRIZLQJ DUHD

0DLQIXQFWLRQRIWKHIXVHODJHZDVWRFRQWDLQDYLRQLFVZKLOHPLQLPL]LQJLWVHIIHFWRQWKHOLIWDQGGUDJSURILOH +HQFHDIXVHODJHWKDWLVVLPLODUWRDQDLUIRLOSURILOHZLWKVXIILFLHQWO\ODUJHVSDFHZDVGHVLJQHGWRUHGXFHGUDJDQG LQFUHDVHOLIWRIWKHIXVHODJH$VLGHYLHZRIWKHIXVHODJHLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHDDQGDIXOO&$'GUDZLQJLVVKRZQLQ )LJXUHE

D E

),*85(D6LGHSURILOHRIIXVHODJHE&RPSOHWH&$'GUDZLQJRIWKH8$9

(7)

7UDQVLWLRQ0HFKDQLVP

7KH WUDQVLWLRQLQJ PHFKDQLVP GHVLJQ ZLOO HVVHQWLDOO\ WLOW WKH IURQW WZR PRWRUV RI WKH 4XDG3ODQH GHVLJQ DQG HOLPLQDWHWKHIRUZDUGSURSXOVLRQPRWRU7KURXJKWKLVPHWKRGWKHSRZHUSODQWRIWKHDLUFUDIWZDVVLPSOLILHGIURPDVHW RIILYHPRWRUVWRIRXUPRWRUV$YLVXDOFRQFHSWRIWKHGHVLJQLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHDDQGEZKLFKDUHVLGHYLHZ

&$'RIWKHWLOWLQJPHFKDQLVP

D E

),*85(D7LOWLQJVHUYRLQYHUWLFDOIOLJKWPRGHE7LOWLQJVHUYRLQIRUZDUGIOLJKWPRGH

7KH PDLQ PRYLQJ SDUWV IRU WKH WUDQVLWLRQLQJ PHFKDQLVP ZHUH WKH VHUYR PRWRUV ZKLFK PDQLSXODWH WKH IURQW SURSXOVLRQXQLWV$VVXFKWKH\QHHGWRKDYHVXIILFLHQWKROGLQJWRUTXHWRKROGWKHPRWRUVLQSODFHGXULQJDOOVWDJHVRI IOLJKWZKLOHKDYLQJVXIILFLHQWVSHHGWRUHDFKDQJXODUVHWSRLQWVDVGHPDQGHGE\WKHIOLJKWFRQWUROOHU7KHSURSXOVLRQ PRXQWLQJGHVLJQZLOOEHOLNH0LQHUYDLQZKLFKVXSSRUWEHDPVZLOOEHSODFHGRQWKHZLQJORQJLWXGLQDOO\7RFRPSXWH WKHWRUTXHܶUHTXLUHGWRKROGWKHSURSXOVLRQXQLWV(TZDVXVHGZKHUHܹ_{௠௢௧௢௥}UHSUHVHQWVPRWRUDQGSURSHOOHU¶V ZHLJKWDQG݈_௦௔UHSUHVHQWVVHUYRDUPOHQJWK

ܶ ൌ ܹ_{௠௢௧௢௥}݈_௦௔

7KHDOORZDEOHPRWRUZHLJKWOLPLWZDVNJDQGPRVWVHUYRPRWRUVKDYHDW\SLFDODUPOHQJWKRIP+HQFH WKH PLQLPXP WRUTXH UHTXLUHPHQW ZDV 1PZKLFK WUDQVODWHV WR NJήFP LQ VHUYR PRWRU VSHFLILFDWLRQ WHUPV

$SSO\LQJDQDLUFUDIWUHTXLUHGIDFWRURIVDIHW\RIWKHUHTXLUHGVHUYRPRWRUVSHFLILFDWLRQZDVWRKDYHDWOHDVWNJήFP

%DVHGRQDYDLODEOHPDUNHWRSWLRQVWKHVHOHFWHGVHUYRPRWRULV'66(592'6&RUHOHVV6HUYR0RWRUZLWK NJήFPRIWRUTXHRU1P

$YLRQLFV

7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWFRPSRQHQWRID8$9LVWKHIOLJKWFRQWUROOHU)&ZKLFKDFWVDVWKHEUDLQRIWKH8$9WKDW UHFHLYHVFRPPDQGVIURPXVHUDQGGLUHFWWKHPWKURXJKSXOVHZLGWKPRGXODWLRQ3:0VLJQDOVWRUHVSHFWLYHDFWXDWRUV DQGLQWXUQFRQWUROVWKHIOLJKW7KH)&XVHGLQ0LQHUYDLV3L[+DZN6HYHUDOPDLQFRPSRQHQWVWRVXSSRUWWKH8$9 V\VWHPLQFOXGHVDFWXDWRUVSRZHUGLVWULEXWLRQERDUG*36PRGXOHDQGWHOHPHWU\

7KHUH ZHUH WRWDO RI DFWXDWRUV SUHVHQW± IRXU EUXVKOHVV PRWRUV ZLWK LQFK SURSHOOHUV WLOWLQJ VHUYRV IRU WUDQVLWLRQPHFKDQLVPDQGIRXUVHUYRVIRUFRQWUROVXUIDFHVDFWXDWLRQ$OODFWXDWRUVZHUHFRQQHFWHGWR3:0RXWSXW FKDQQHOVRIWKHIOLJKWFRQWUROOHU3:0VLJQDOVDUHVWDQGDUGSURWRFROXVHGWRFRPPDQGUDGLRFRQWUROOHG5&DFWXDWRUV HQDEOLQJVLPSOHVLJQDOVFRQWURO(DFKRIWKHEUXVKOHVVPRWRUVZHUHFRQQHFWHGWRDQHOHFWURQLFVSHHGFRQWUROOHU(6&

ZKLFKFRQWUROVWKHVSHHGRIWKHPRWRUV7KHVH(6&VZHUHWKHQFRQQHFWHGWRDSRZHUGLVWULEXWLRQERDUG3'%WKDWLV FRQQHFWHGWRWKHPDLQSRZHUVXSSO\7KH3'%ZDVXVHGWRGLVWULEXWHHOHFWULFLW\VXSSO\WRVXEVLGLDU\FLUFXLWVZKLFK LQWKLVFDVHDUHWKH(6&V7KH3'%DFWVDVDVDIHW\IXVHWRWKHUHVSHFWLYHVXEVLGLDU\FLUFXLWSURWHFWLQJWKHPIURP GDPDJLQJLQFDVHRIFXUUHQWRYHUORDG

*36PRGXOHZDVQHFHVVDU\WRPHDVXUHJURXQGVSHHGRIWKH8$9DQGWHOHPHWU\LVDORQJUDQJHGUDGLRPRGHP XVHGWRWUDQVPLWUHDOWLPHIOLJKWGDWDEDFNWRJURXQGFRQWUROVWDWLRQHQDEOLQJLQVWDQWPRQLWRULQJRIWKHIOLJKWVWDWXV )OLJKWGDWDWKDWFDQEHPRQLWRUHGZHUHJURXQGVSHHGDOWLWXGHDWWLWXGHEDWWHU\LQIRUPDWLRQIOLJKWPRGHDQGVRRQ 7KHVHDUHLPSRUWDQWIRUGDWDFROOHFWLRQDQGYHULILFDWLRQDIWHUUHDOIOLJKWWHVW5HDOWLPHPRQLWRULQJDQGDGMXVWPHQWDOVR DFWDVDVDIHW\IHDWXUHDVDQ\XQXVXDOIOLJKWVWDWXVFDQEHGHWHFWHGDQGDGMXVWHGLQVWDQWO\

(8)

352727<3,1*

2WKHU WKDQ HOHFWURQLFV DOO FRPSRQHQWV RI 0LQHUYD ZHUH PDQXIDFWXUHG XVLQJ UDSLG SURWRW\SLQJ D[LV &1&

PLOOLQJPDFKLQHDQGODVHUFXWWLQJ)RUH[DPSOHIXVHODJHFDVLQJLV'SULQWHGXVLQJ$%6PDWHULDOGXHWRLWVKHDW UHVLVWDQWDQGOLJKWZHLJKWSURSHUWLHV7KLVPLQLPL]HVWKHZHLJKWDQGNHHSVWKHZHLJKWRIWKHDLUFUDIWXQGHUWKHGHVLJQHG 072:,WDOVRSUHYHQWVWKHIXVHODJHIURPGHIRUPLQJLIWKH8$9ZDVIORZQLQWKHDIWHUQRRQXQGHUWKHVXQDVRSSRVHG WRWKHW\SLFDO'SULQWLQJPDWHULDO±3/$ZLWKORZKHDWUHVLVWDQFH2WKHUSDUWVVXFKDVWXEHFODPSVZHUHPDQXIDFWXUHG XVLQJ&1&PLOOLQJRIDOXPLQLXPIRULWVVWUHQJWKDQGOLJKWZHLJKWDQGSDUWVWKDWUHTXLUHVVSHFLILFVKDSHVVXFKDVZLQJ ULEVXVLQJIRDPERDUGVZHUHFXWXVLQJODVHUFXWWHU

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

),*85(5LEVDQGVSDUV

$Q LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU WR EH FRQVLGHUHG ZKLOH EXLOGLQJ WKH SURWRW\SH LV WKH FHQWHU RI JUDYLW\ DQG QHXWUDO SRLQW SODFHPHQW7RHQVXUHWKHSURWRW\SH¶VVWDELOLW\QHXWUDOSRLQW13DQGFHQWHURIJUDYLW\&*SRVLWLRQVZHUHFDOFXODWHG WRHQVXUHWKDWWKH13LVDIWRI&*(TXDWLRQVFDQEHREWDLQHGIURP>@$OODYLRQLFVDQGFRPSRQHQWVSODFHPHQWZHUH WKHQGRQHWRHQVXUHFHQWHURIJUDYLW\FRLQFLGHVZLWKFDOFXODWLRQUHVXOWVZKLFKLVFPIURPWKHWUDLOLQJHGJHRIZLQJ LQWKLVFDVH7KHILQDOSURWRW\SHDORQJZLWK0LQHUYDZHUHVKRZQLQ)LJXUHDDQGE

D E

),*85(D0LQHUYDE)LQDOSURWRW\SHRI0LQHUYD

(9)

5(68/76$1'',6&866,21

$VSHFW5DWLR

$VSHFWUDWLRLVRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWIDFWRUVLQGLFWDWLQJDHURG\QDPLFHIILFLHQF\RIDQDLUFUDIW,QSUHVHQW VWXG\ PRPHQWXP WKHRU\ ZDV XVHG IRU DQDO\VLV IRU WKH RSWLPXP DVSHFW UDWLR ,W VWDWHV WKH SRZHU UHTXLUHG IRU OLIW GHFUHDVHVZLWKDQLQFUHDVHLQDVSHFWUDWLR+RZHYHUWKHPLQLPXPSRZHUIOLJKWVSHHGVWDWHVWKDWWKHIOLJKWVSHHGRI EHVWHIILFLHQF\WHQGVWRGHFUHDVHZLWKLQFUHDVLQJDVSHFWUDWLR%RWKIRUPXODVFDQEHIRXQGLQ>@

%DVHGRQWKHPLQLPXPSRZHUIOLJKWVSHHGHTXDWLRQDQGWKHVHOHFWHGZLQJORDGLQJRIWKHRSWLPL]HGDVSHFW UDWLRLVFRPSXWHGDVܣ ൌ ͳǤͲ͵Ͷ+RZHYHUWKLVLVQRWSRVVLEOHQRULVLWORJLFDODVWKLVZRXOGUHVXOWLQDVTXDUHZLQJ

+HQFHWKHDQDO\VLVLVDSSURDFKHGZLWKDQRWKHUPHWKRGXVLQJWKHWKUXVWUHTXLUHGDWOHYHOIOLJKWVSHHG(TXDWLRQ FDQEHUHIHUUHGIURP>@$QLWHUDWLYHPHWKRGLVXVHGDQGWKHGDWDLVFRPSXWHGXVLQJ0$7/$%DWGLIIHUHQWDVSHFW UDWLRSDUWRIWKHUHVXOWVLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH

D E F G

),*85(7KUXVWUHTXLUHGDJDLQVWIOLJKWVSHHGIRUZLQJDVSHFWUDWLRRIDEFDQG

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

P

+RZHYHUDIWHUIXUWKHUDQDO\VLVRIFHQWUHRIJUDYLW\DQGQHXWUDOSRLQWLWZDVIRXQGWKDWDQDVSHFWUDWLRRIZRXOG UHVXOWLQWKHFKRUGEHLQJWRROHQJWK\DQGIDOOVULJKWEHORZWKHUHDUSURSHOOHUV7KLVZRXOGUHVXOWLQUHGXFHGHIILFLHQF\

DQGLQVWDELOLW\LQWUDQVLWLRQIOLJKWDVWKHZLQJZRXOGEHGLUHFWO\DIIHFWHGE\WKHGRZQZDVKRIWKHSURSHOOHUV+HQFH WKHDVSHFWUDWLRZDVPRGLILHGWREHZLWKPFKRUGOHQJWKDQGPZLQJVSDQ

0RUHRYHUEDVHGRQKLVWRULFDOGDWDWKHFRQYHQWLRQDOYDOXHRIDVSHFWUDWLRIRUKRPHEXLOWDLUFUDIWOLHVZLWKLQa

>@%DVHGRQWKHLQIRUPDWLRQWKHDVSHFWUDWLRRILVWKHPRVWRSWLPXPDVSHFWUDWLR

'LVF/RDGLQJ

7KHVDPHSURSXOVLRQV\VWHPZRXOGEHXVHGWKURXJKRXWDOOIOLJKWPRGHVDVVDPHPRWRUVDQGSURSHOOHUVXVHGIRU YHUWLFDOIOLJKWZLOOEHWLOWHGIRUIRUZDUGIOLJKW+HQFHWKHSURSXOVLRQV\VWHPQHHGVWREHDEOHWRDFFRPPRGDWHERWK YHUWLFDODQGIRUZDUGIOLJKWDVZHOODVWUDQVLWLRQPRGH,WZDVSURYHQWKDWYHUWLFDOIOLJKWUHTXLUHVKLJKHUWKUXVWWRZHLJKW

(10)

UDWLRDVFRPSDUHGWRIRUZDUGIOLJKW>@7KHUHIRUHWKHPRWRUVHOHFWLRQDQGKHQFHWKHSURSHOOHUVHOHFWLRQZDVGRQH DFFRUGLQJWRYHUWLFDOPRGHZKLFKLVWKHURWRUFUDIWPRGH)RUDW\SLFDOTXDGURWRU8$9DWKUXVWWRZHLJKWUDWLRRI ZRXOGEHUHTXLUHGIRUSURSHUIXQFWLRQDOLW\>@7KHWRWDOWKUXVWQHHGHGZDVGLVWULEXWHGDPRQJIRXUPRWRUV7DNLQJ WKDWLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQDQDLUFUDIWZLWKPD[LPXPZHLJKWRINJZRXOGUHTXLUHDWRWDOWKUXVWRINJ+HQFHHDFK PRWRUPXVWSURYLGHDPLQLPXPRINJWKUXVW7KLVPHWULFDOVRMXVWLILHVWKHVHOHFWLRQRIZLQJDVSHFWUDWLRDVD PLQLPXPWKUXVWRI1LVUHTXLUHGIRUDFKLHYHPHQWRIPVIOLJKWVSHHG7KHVHOHFWLRQRIWRSURYLGH1RIWKUXVW DOORZVWKHDLUFUDIWWREHDEOHWRUHDFKWKDWWDUJHWWRSVSHHGZKLOHDOORZLQJDW\SLFDOYDOXHRIORVVRIHIILFLHQF\WR DHURG\QDPLFGUDJIURPWKHIXVHODJHDQGWDLO

$IWHUWKHPRWRULVVHOHFWHGVXLWDEOHSURSHOOHUZLOOEHVHOHFWHGIURPWKHVSHFLILFDWLRQVKHHWRIWKHPRWRUVHOHFWHG

$JUDSKRISRZHUORDGLQJDJDLQVWGLVNORDGLQJDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHLVJHQHUDWHGLQ0$7/$%XVLQJ(T>@

ቀ^ௐ

௉ቁ

௛ ൌ ܨ݋ܯටቀ^ଶఘ

ௐȀ஺ቁ

ZKHUHܨ݋ܯZKLFKLVILJXUHRIPHULWFRUUHVSRQGVWRܲ_௜Ȁܲܲ_௜LQGLFDWHVLGHDOSRZHUܲLQGLFDWHVUHDOSRZHUߩLQGLFDWHV GHQVLW\DWVSHFLILFDOWLWXGHሺܹȀܲሻ_௛LQGLFDWHVSRZHUORDGLQJGXHWRKRYHUDOWLWXGHDQGሺܹȀܣሻLQGLFDWHVGLVFORDGLQJ

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

),*85(*UDSKRISRZHUORDGLQJDJDLQVWGLVFORDGLQJ

)RU WKLVFDVHWKHODUJHVWDYDLODEOHSURSHOOHU VL]HIRUWKHWKUXVWUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKHDLUFUDIWLVFKRVHQIURPWKH PDUNHW%DVHGRQPDUNHWVXUYH\RIDYDLODEOHSURSHOOHUDQGPRWRUFRPELQDWLRQVWKHODUJHVWSURSHOOHUVL]HIRUWKHWKUXVW UHTXLUHPHQW LV $3& SDLUHG ZLWK (0$; 07 NY PRWRUV RSHUDWLQJ ZLWK D YROWDJH RI 9 ZKLFK FRUUHVSRQGVWRDFHOO/LWKLXP3RO\PHUEDWWHU\7KHWRWDOWKUXVWDYDLODEOHIRUIRUZDUGIOLJKWIRUWKLVPRWRUVHOHFWLRQ LV1ZKLFKLVPRUHWKDQHQRXJKWRDOORZDFKLHYHPHQWRIWKHPD[LPXPIOLJKWVSHHGRIPVZKLOHDOORZLQJ IRUGUDJDQGDHURG\QDPLFLQHIILFLHQF\

$LUFUDIW1XPHULFDO$QDO\VLV

MATLAB

8QOLNHFRQYHQWLRQDODLUFUDIWVZKHUHRQO\ZLQJORDGLQJDQGSRZHUORDGLQJDUHFRQVLGHUHGDWUDQVLWLRQDODLUFUDIW 7$FRPSULVHVDWKUHHD[LVUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZLQJORDGLQJSRZHUORDGLQJDQGURWRUGLVFORDGLQJ$VHWRIFXUYHV ZHUHREWDLQHGDWWKHHQGRIGHVLJQVWDJHWRDOORZWKHVL]LQJRISURSXOVLRQV\VWHPSRZHUORDGLQJZLQJDUHDZLQJ ORDGLQJDQGURWRUGLVFDUHDURWRUGLVFORDGLQJ7KLVVWDJHFRPSULVHVWKUHHPDLQHOHPHQWV

&RQYHQWLRQDOIL[HGZLQJSUHOLPLQDU\GHVLJQVL]LQJRISRZHUORDGLQJDQGZLQJORDGLQJ

(11)

&RPELQDWLRQ RI IL[HG ZLQJ SUHOLPLQDU\ GHVLJQ ZLWK URWRUFUDIW ZKLOH LQWHJUDWLQJ WUDQVLWLRQ SHUIRUPDQFH UHTXLUHPHQWVL]LQJYHULILFDWLRQ

7UDQVLWLRQIOLJKWFRQWULEXWLRQZDVFRPSXWHGXVLQJDYDLODEOHGDWDLQ0$7/$%&RPELQLQJ(TXDWLRQVXVHGWR JHQHUDWHJUDSKVLQ)LJXUHVDQGDWKUHHD[LVUHODWLRQVKLSSORWRIZLQJORDGLQJDQGGLVFORDGLQJDJDLQVWSRZHU ORDGLQJDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHLVREWDLQHGXVLQJ0$7/$%WKHVKDGHGDUHDVKRZVWKHILQDOGHVLJQUHJLRQ

),*85(7KUHHD[LVPDWFKLQJSORW

7KHILQDOGHVLJQUHJLRQLVWKHUHJLRQHQYHORSHGE\DOOWKHFRQWULEXWLQJFXUYHVDQGLVVKDGHGLQ)LJXUH7KLV ILQDOD[LVPDWFKLQJSORWYHULILHGWKDWWKHGHVLJQSRLQWDQGWKHPRWRUVVHOHFWHGDUHZLWKLQWKHUHJLRQRIIL[HGZLQJ URWRUFUDIWDQGWUDQVLWLRQPRGH7KLVLVFUXFLDOWRHQVXUHWKDWWKHZLQJDUHDSRZHUQHHGHGDQGGLVFORDGLQJFKRVHQZHUH DEOHWRDFFRPPRGDWHDOOWKUHHIOLJKWPRGHV

XFLR5

$VRIWZDUHWKDWZDVXWLOL]HGWRREWDLQFRPSXWDWLRQDOIOXLGG\QDPLFV&)'UHVXOWVRIDQDLUFUDIWLVWKH;)/5,Q RUGHU WR VLPSOLI\ WKH VLPXODWLRQ RQO\ WKH ZLQJ DQG HPSHQQDJH DUH LQFOXGHG DV WKH\ DUH WKH PDLQ FRQWULEXWLQJ FRPSRQHQWVRIWKHDHURG\QDPLFOLIWDQGGUDJZKLOHWKHRWKHUFRPSRQHQWVDUHQHJOLJLEOH)LJXUHVKRZVWKHYLVXDO VLPXODWLRQUHVXOWRIVWUHDPOLQHOLIWDQGGUDJSURILOHRQWKH8$9ZKLOH)LJXUHVKRZVWKHOLIWDQGGUDJSRODUFXUYHV JHQHUDWHGIRUWKH8$9

(12)

)URP)LJXUHWKHFRORUGLVWULEXWLRQRQWKHDLUFUDIWVXUIDFHVKRZVWKHSUHVVXUHFRHIILFLHQWGLVWULEXWLRQ,WZDV WKLVIDFWRUWKDWFRQWULEXWHVWROLIWDQGGUDJIRUFHV/LIWDQGGUDJIRUFHVFDQEHFDOFXODWHGIURPWKLVSDUDPHWHUWKURXJK VLPSOHHTXDWLRQVLQ>@+RZHYHUVLQFHOLIWDQGGUDJDUHFRPSXWHGE\WKLVVRIWZDUHQRFDOFXODWLRQKDVWREHPDGH 7KH\HOORZGLVWULEXWLRQOLQHVVKRZWKHGUDJSURILOHZKLOHJUHHQGLVWULEXWLRQOLQHVKRZVWKHOLIWSURILOHZKHQWKH8$9 LVFUXLVLQJDWʹͲȀDWͲι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

),*85($LUFUDIWSRODUFXUYHV

)LJXUHVKRZVWKHSRODUFXUYHVRIDLUFUDIWREWDLQHGWKURXJKWKHVRIWZDUH;)/57KHSXUSOHOLQHZLWKELJ FLUFOHVLQGLFDWHV0LQHUYDDQGUHGOLQHZLWKVPDOOFLUFOHVLQGLFDWHVWKHILUVWGHVLJQRI0LQHUYDZKHUHLQFLGHQW DQJOHRIWKHZLQJLVDWͲι'XULQJFUXLVLQJWKH8$9ZDVDVVXPHGWRIO\DWDͲιDQJOHRIDWWDFN+HQFHFUXLVLQJVSHHG RIHDFKPRGHOFDQEHFDOFXODWHGXVLQJVLPSOHOLIWHTXDWLRQIRXQGLQ>@DQGOLIWFRHIILFLHQWREWDLQHGIURPWKHFXUYHV 7DNLQJZHLJKWDVOLIWGXULQJVWHDG\OHYHOIOLJKWDWͲιDQJOHRIDWWDFNOLIWFRHIILFLHQWRI0LQHUYDDVDQGRI 0LQHUYD DV FUXLVLQJ VSHHG ZDV FDOFXODWHG WR EH PV ZKLFK FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH IOLJKW GDWD REWDLQHG +RZHYHUIRU0LQHUYDWKHFUXLVLQJVSHHGZDVFDOFXODWHGWREHRQO\PVZKLFKLVEHORZWKHGHVLUHGFUXLVLQJ VSHHGRIPV+HQFHXVLQJUHYHUVHFDOFXODWLRQLWZDVIRXQGWKDWWKHOLIWFRHIILFLHQWDWͲιKDVWREHLQRUGHUWR DFKLHYHDFUXLVLQJVSHHGRIPV,WZDVIRXQGIURPWKHJUDSKWKDWOLIWFRHIILFLHQWRIFRUUHVSRQGVWRDQDQJOHRI DWWDFNRIെ͵ι+HQFHWRSUHYHQWWKH8$9IURPIO\LQJDWDQHJDWLYHDQJOHRIDWWDFNെ͵ιZDVLQFOXGHGDVLQFLGHQW

(13)

DQJOHRIWKHZLQJ$WKLUGVLPXODWLRQZLWKLQFLGHQWDQJOHZDVDGGHGDQGVKRZQRQWKHSRODUFXUYHVDVJUHHQOLQHVZLWK VTXDUHV7DEOHVKRZVWKHWDEXODWHGUHVXOWV

7$%/(&UXLVLQJVSHHGFDOFXODWHGIRUGLIIHUHQWPRGHOVDFFRUGLQJWROLIWFRHIILFLHQWVLPXODWHG

0RGHO /LIWFRHIILFLHQWܥ_௅ &UXLVLQJVSHHGܸ_ஶPV

0LQHUYDEOXH

0LQHUYDILUVWGHVLJQ\HOORZ

0LQHUYDVHFRQGGHVLJQJUHHQ

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

7KHRUHWLFDO$QDO\VLV

6LQFHWKHPDLQGHWHUPLQLQJIDFWRURISRZHUHIILFLHQF\LVWKHHQGXUDQFHDQGUDQJHRIWKH8$9WKHRUHWLFDOUHVXOWV FDQEHHVWLPDWHGXVLQJHTXDWLRQVDVVKRZQLQ(TVDQG

ܧ݊݀ݑݎܽ݊ܿ݁ ൌ஻௔௧௧௘௥௬௖௔௣௔௖௜௧௬ሺ୅୦ሻ

஼௨௥௥௘௡௧ௗ௥௔௪ሺ୅ሻ

ܴܽ݊݃݁ ൌ௞௏ൈ௏ൈ଺଴ൈ௣௜௧௖௛

ଵଶכହଶ଺଴ ൈ ݁݊݀ݑݎܽ݊ܿ݁

ZKHUHܸ݇LVWKHQXPEHURIUHYROXWLRQVSHUPLQXWHSHUYROWRIWKHPRWRUXVHGDQGܸLVYROWDJHGUDZQ

8VLQJHVWLPDWHGYDOXHRIFXUUHQWGUDZIURPKLVWRULFDOGDWDWKHHQGXUDQFHRI0LQHUYDFDQDFKLHYHPLQ ZKLOHWKHUDQJHLVNPDVFRPSDUHGWR0LQHUYDWKDWKDVDQDFWXDOHQGXUDQFHRIPLQDQGUDQJHRINP +HQFHWKHRUHWLFDOO\0LQHUYDVKRXOGKDYHDJUHDWHUIOLJKWHIILFLHQF\RIWR+RZHYHUWKHVHYDOXHVKDYHWR EHYHULILHGWKURXJKH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOW±WKHDFWXDOIOLJKWWHVWEHIRUHDVROLGFRQFOXVLRQFDQEHPDGH7KLVLVGXHWR WKHKLJKSHUFHQWDJHRIUDQGRPHUURUGXULQJD8$9IOLJKWVXFKDVWKHIOXFWXDWLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVXUIDFH ILQLVKRIWKHDFWXDOSURWRW\SHDQGYDULHGSLORWLQJVNLOOV

&21&/86,21

7KHREMHFWLYHVZHUHDFKLHYHGZKHUHDUHYLHZZDVGRQHRQGLIIHUHQWSODQIRUPFRQILJXUDWLRQVRIK\EULG972/

8$9V DQG WKH EHVW GHVLJQ VHOHFWHG 7KH SURWRW\SH ZDV DOVR GHVLJQ VLPXODWHG DQG EXLOW )LQDO VHOHFWHG SODQIRUP FRQILJXUDWLRQLVDWLOWURWRULQTXDGURWRUFRQILJXUDWLRQ$LUFUDIWLVGHVLJQHGWRKDYHVLQJOHZLQJZLWKDVSHFWUDWLRRI DQGZLQJDUHDRI^ଶ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

DWDQLQFUHDVHRIFUXLVLQJVSHHGHQGXUDQFHDQGUDQJHRI0LQHUYD)XUWKHUIOLJKWWHVWZLOOEHGRQH RQWKHSURWRW\SHWRREWDLQDFFXUDWHIOLJKWGDWDDQGWHVWLWVDELOLW\LQGLIIHUHQWIOLJKWPRGHV)XWXUHLPSURYHPHQWVFDQ EHGRQHRQFKDQJLQJWKHDLUIRLOSURILOHWREHWWHUVXLWWKHDSSOLFDWLRQ VR WKDWLWFDQDFKLHYHFUXLVLQJ VSHHGZLWKRXW QHJDWLYHLQFLGHQWDQJOHLVQRWQHHGHGDVLWUHGXFHVDHURG\QDPLFHIILFLHQF\)XUWKHUPRUHGLKHGUDODQGVZHHSDQJOH FDQEHDGGHGRQWKHZLQJVRWRIXUWKHULPSURYHDHURG\QDPLFHIILFLHQF\

(14)

**$&.12:/('*0(176**

7KLVUHVHDUFKLVFRIXQGHGE\WKH6FKRRORI(QJLQHHULQJ7D\ORU¶V8QLYHUVLW\DQG)RXU)DQJ6GQ%KG7KHDXWKRUV ZRXOGDOVROLNHWRDFNQRZOHGJH)RXU)DQJ6GQ%KGIRUSURYLGLQJFHUWDLQPDWHULDOVWRVXSSRUWWKHUHVHDUFK

5()(5(1&(6

1. - .OHLQHQ DQG 0 2VVHZHLMHU ³6RXWKHDVW $VLD´ LQPirates, ports, and coasts in Asiaࣟ: historical and contemporary perspectives,QVWLWXWHRI6RXWKHDVW$VLDQ6WXGLHVSS±

2. 5 5 6LQJK ³7HUURULVP 0DOD\VLD &RRSHUDWLRQ ZLWK $VHDQ 3RVW ´ 06 7KHVLV 8QLYHUVLWL 0DOD\VLD 6DUDZDN 3. $5$QXDU52PDU$$SDQGL/6XUL\DDQG'15DVLG³(IIHFWRI(66=21((VWDEOLVKPHQWRQ0DULWLPH 6HFXULW\DQG

(FRQRPLF$FWLYLW\$&DVH6WXG\RI7DZDX'LVWULFW´Indian Journal of Public Health Research & DevelopmentYRO QRSS±

4. 6XPLVKD1DLGX³/\LQJLQZDLW%HKLQG0DOD\VLD¶VLQIOX[RIIRUHLJQWHUURULVWV&1$´LQCNASS±

5. 0LFKDHO+DUW³(DVWHUQ6DEDK0DOD\VLD¶V)URQWOLQH$JDLQVW0LOLWDQF\_7KH'LSORPDW´LQThe Diplomat SS±

6. 1-66WDF\':&UDLJ-6WDURPO\QVNDDQG5%6PLWK³7KH*OREDO+DZN8$9$XVWUDOLDQGHSOR\PHQW LPDJLQJ UDGDU VHQVRU PRGLILFDWLRQV DQG HPSOR\PHQW IRU PDULWLPH VXUYHLOODQFH´ LQIEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing SymposiumSS±

7. * /RHJHULQJ ³*OREDO +DZN$ 1HZ 7RRO IRU $LUERUQH $WPRVSKHULF 6HQVLQJ´ LQAIAA’s 1st Technical Conference and Workshop on Unmanned Aerospace VehiclesSS±

8. % =KDQJ DQG + 'XDQ ³3UHGDWRU3UH\ 3LJHRQ,QVSLUHG 2SWLPL]DWLRQ IRU 8$9 7KUHH'LPHQVLRQDO 3DWK 3ODQQLQJ´

LQInternational Conference in Swarm IntelligenceSS±

9. &6FKQHLGHU0*RPH]DQG5/HH³(YDOXDWLRQRI*URXQG$PEXODQFH5RWRU:LQJDQG)L[HG:LQJ$LUFUDIW 6HUYLFHV´

Critical Care ClinicsYROQRSS±

10. )37KDPP1%ULHJHU.31HLW]NH00H\HU5-DQVHQDQG00|QQLQJKRI³6RQJELUG$Q,QQRYDWLYH 8$6

&RPELQLQJ WKH $GYDQWDJHV RI )L[HG:LQJ DQG 0XOWL5RWRU 8$6´ LQInternational Conference on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in GeomaticsSS±

11. 0+RFKVWHQEDFK&1RWWHERRP%7KH\VDQG-'H6FKXWWHU³'HVLJQDQG&RQWURORIDQ8QPDQQHG$HULDO 9HKLFOHIRU

$XWRQRPRXV3DUFHO'HOLYHU\ZLWK7UDQVLWLRQIURP9HUWLFDO7DNHRIIWR)RUZDUG)OLJKW±9HUWL.8/ D4XDGFRSWHU7DLOVLWWHU´

International Journal of Micro Air VehiclesYROQRSS±

12. 6&DUOVRQ³$+\EULG7ULFRSWHU)O\LQJ:LQJ972/8$9´LQ52nd Aerospace Sciences MeetingSS±

13. .:DQJ6.3KDQJ<.H;&KHQ.*RQJDQG%0&KHQ³9LVLRQDLGHGWUDFNLQJRIDPRYLQJJURXQG YHKLFOHZLWK DK\EULG8$9´LQIEEE International Conference on Control and Automation, ICCASS ±

14. - +ROVWHQ 7 2VWHUPDQQ DQG ' 0RRUPDQQ ³'HVLJQ DQG ZLQG WXQQHO WHVWV RI D WLOWZLQJ 8$9´CEAS Aeronautical JournalYROQR±SS±

15. (dHWLQVR\(6LULPRۜOX.7gQHU&+DQoHU0hQHO0)$NúLW,.DQGHPLUDQG.*OH]³'HVLJQDQG GHYHORSPHQWRIDWLOWZLQJ8$9´Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer SciencesYRO QRSS 16. ±33RXQGV50DKRQ\DQG3&RUNH³0RGHOOLQJDQG&RQWURORID4XDG5RWRU5RERW´LQIn the Proceedings of the

Australasian Conference on Robotics and AutomationSS±

17. 6 <X DQG < .ZRQ ³'HYHORSPHQW RI 972/ 'URQH IRU 6WDEOH 7UDQVLW )OLJKW´Journal of Computer and CommunicationsYROQRSS±

18. $:DQJDQG$5:DQJ³&RQFHSWXDO'HVLJQRID4XDG3ODQH+\EULG8QPDQQHG$HULDO9HKLFOH´LQ2017 AIAA Student Conference Region VII-AUSS±

19. )=KDQJ;/\X<:DQJ+*XDQG=/L³0RGHOLQJDQG)OLJKW&RQWURO6LPXODWLRQRID4XDGURWRU7DLOVLWWHU 972/

8$9´LQAIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference AIAA 2017-1561 Modeling SS±

20. 0+6DGUHD\Aircraft Dsign - A Systems Engineering Approach$-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV/GW3XEOLFDWLRQ 21. :)3KLOOLSVMechanics of flightQGHG/RJDQ-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV,QF

22. $56HUUDQR³'HVLJQPHWKRGRORJ\IRUK\EULG972/)L[HG:LQJXQPDQQHGDHULDOYHKLFOHV´Aeronautics and Aerospace Open Access JournalYROQRSS±

23. $9-DYLU.3DZDU6'KXGXP13DWDOHDQG63DWLO³'HVLJQ$QDO\VLVDQG)DEULFDWLRQRI4XDGFRSWHU´ Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and ScienceYROQRSS±

24. 0$NVXJXUDQG*,QDOKDQ³'HVLJQ0HWKRGRORJ\RID+\EULG3URSXOVLRQ'ULYHQ(OHFWULF3RZHUHG0LQLDWXUH 7DLOVLWWHU 8QPDQQHG$HULDO9HKLFOH´LQSelected papers from the 2nd International Symposium on UAVs, Reno, Nevada, U.S.A. June 8–10, 2009'RUGUHFKW6SULQJHU1HWKHUODQGVSS±

25. <<RNRNDZD00XUD\DPD7,WRDQG.<DPDPRWR³([SHULPHQWDQG&)'RID+LJK/LIW&RQILJXUDWLRQ &LYLO 7UDQVSRUW $LUFUDIW 0RGHO´ LQ25th AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference 26. SS±5+/LHEHFN³'HVLJQRIVXEVRQLFDLUIRLOVIRUKLJKOLIW´Journal of AircraftYROQRSS±

27. 53+HQGHUVRQ-55$0DUWLQVDQG5(3HUH]³$LUFUDIWFRQFHSWXDOGHVLJQIRURSWLPDOHQYLURQPHQWDO SHUIRUPDQFH´Aeronautical JournalYROQRSS±